3178:. While palatalisation occurred historically, it is still productive, as is shown by palatalization before the passive suffix /-w/ and before diminutive suffix /-ana/. This process can skip rightwards to non-local syllables (i.e. uku-sebenz-is-el + wa -> ukusetyenziselwa "be used for"), but does not affect morpheme-initial consonants (i.e. uku-bhal+wa -> ukubhalwa "to be written", instead of illicit *ukujalwa). The palatalization process only applies once, as evidenced by ukuphuphumisa+wa -> ukuphuphunyiswa "to be made to overflow", instead of the illicit alternative, *ukuphutshunyiswa.
755:
437:
691:
4710:
4247:
4563:
279:
4577:
314:
291:
771:
5554:
4278:
4362:
At present, Xhosa is used as the main language of instruction in many primary schools and some secondary schools, but is largely replaced by
English after the early primary grades, even in schools mainly serving Xhosa-speaking communities. The language is also studied as a subject in such schools.
2458:
than as breathy voiced. They are truly voiced only after nasals, but the oral occlusion is then very short in stops, and it usually does not occur at all in clicks. Therefore, the absolute duration of voicing is the same as in tenuis stops. (They may also be voiced between vowels in some speaking
782:
Xhosa is the most widely distributed
African language in South Africa, though the most commonly spoken South African language is Zulu. Xhosa is the second most common Bantu home language in South Africa. As of 2003 approximately 5.3 million Xhosa-speakers, the majority, live in the
4314:-speaking people; "as a result of this contact, the Xhosa people borrowed some Khoisan words along with their pronunciation, for instance, the click sounds of the Khoisan languages". The Bantu ancestor of Xhosa did not have clicks, which attests to a strong historical contact with a
2555:, and are actually distinct sounds. The prenasalized versions have a very short voicing at the onset which then releases in an ejective, like the prenasalized affricates, while the phonemically nasal clicks have a very long voicing through the consonant. When plain voiceless clicks (
848:; some of the letters have different pronunciations from English. Phonemes not represented by one of the 26 letters are written as multiple letters. Tone, stress, and vowel length are parts of the language but are generally not indicated in writing.
4332:
Press in the Alice region of the
Eastern Cape. But, as with any language, Xhosa had a rich history of oral traditions from which the society taught, informed, and entertained one another. The first Bible translation was in 1859, produced in part by
4290:
3470:
The Xhosa noun consists of two essential parts, the prefix and the stem. Using the prefixes, nouns can be grouped into noun classes, which are numbered consecutively, to ease comparison with other Bantu languages.
6204:
4377:
broadcasts in Xhosa on both radio (on
Umhlobo Wenene FM) and television, and films, plays and music are also produced in the language. The best-known performer of Xhosa songs outside South Africa was
4889:
The following languages, namely Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language, Venda, Tonga are the officially recognised languages of
Zimbabwe.
60:
2525:
is the voiced plosive . Prenasalisation occurs in several contexts, including on roots with the class 9 prefix /iN-/, for example on an adjective which is feature-matching its noun:
2481:, their pronunciation and spelling may change. The murmur no longer shifts to the following vowel. Fricatives become affricated and, if voiceless, they become ejectives as well:
6197:
5100:
5529:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
6190:
7160:
6011:
5438:
615:. Xhosa is spoken as a first language by approximately 10 million people and as a second language by another 10 million, mostly in South Africa, particularly in
5559:
4677:
The isiXhosa clicks are not glottalized nasal clicks like those of Nama; they are prenasalized and tenuis/ejective, as maintained by Xhosa linguists like Saul.
2437:
The ejectives tend to be ejective only in careful pronunciation or in salient positions and, even then, only for some speakers. Otherwise, they tend to be
5020:
4870:
4474:
Additional stanzas were written later by
Sontonga and other writers, and the original verse was translated into Sotho and Afrikaans, as well as English.
859:
4927:
Sands, Bonny & Gunnink, Hilde (2019). "Clicks on the fringes of the
Kalahari Basin Area". In Clem, Emily; Jenks, Peter & Sande, Hannah (eds.).
7093:
6218:
402:
4631:
These are variably tenuis pulmonic to ejective; the ejection tends to be weak even when present. With clicks, only the rear articulation is ejective.
4324:
was a
Scottish Presbyterian missionary and early Xhosa linguist. Bennie, along with John Ross (another missionary), set up a printing press in the
5522:
5397:
4961:
4374:
3462:
is modified by affixes to mark subject, object, tense, aspect and mood. The various parts of the sentence must agree in both class and number.
5182:
4944:
4854:
4761:
4732:
5387:
4367:
4300:
Xhosa-speaking people have inhabited coastal regions of southeastern Africa since before the 16th century. They refer to themselves as the
1937:
858:
2278:
5379:
4990:
6004:
4539:, a native of the Eastern Cape province who plays Wakandan King T'Chaka, speaks Xhosa and suggested that the directors of the fictional
3447:
must agree with the noun according to its gender. Agreements usually reflect part of the original class with which the word agrees. The
2191:
796:
7165:
5515:
5431:
4748:
Aarons, Debra & Reynolds, Louise (2003). "South
African Sign Language: Changing Policies and Practice". In Leila, Monaghan (ed.).
2448:
The murmured clicks, plosives and affricates are only partially voiced, with the following vowel murmured for some speakers. That is,
1785:
5382:
5250:
571:
537:
4551:"wanted to make it a priority to use Xhosa as much as possible" in the script, and provided dialect coaches for the film's actors.
4370:
is
English (or Afrikaans, to a diminishing extent), and Xhosa is taught as a subject, both for native and for non-native speakers.
5549:
5043:
4777:
1947:
1805:
678:
and with other Nguni languages to a lesser extent. Nguni languages are, in turn, classified under the much larger abstraction of
671:, called the Zunda languages. Zunda languages effectively form a dialect continuum of variously mutually intelligible varieties.
4412:
1917:
1197:
1008:
481:
5997:
4527:
998:
5424:
3171:
857:
137:
6974:
5774:
5744:
3452:
2086:
1927:
1431:
1028:
436:
7050:
5964:
4355:
in South Africa is complex and ambiguous. Their use in education has been governed by legislation, beginning with the
1969:
1773:
1018:
961:
951:
754:
5608:
5074:
4929:
Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics
690:
4846:
4753:
4503:
2268:
1057:
1047:
157:
1110:, which are each sequence of two vowels with different tones that are realized as long vowels with contour tones (
147:
142:
131:
6986:
6980:
6938:
6182:
6109:
6069:
5794:
5653:
5538:
4498:
4487:
4483:
4407:
4356:
1957:
1735:
668:
664:
608:
5690:
5266:
Jessen, Michael; Roux, Justus C. (2002). "Voice quality differences associated with stops and clicks in Xhosa".
7170:
7155:
5599:
4321:
2040:
1795:
981:
971:
491:
416:
5028:
4881:
4011:
The following is a list of phrases that can be used when one visits a region whose primary language is Xhosa:
341:
7145:
6265:
6084:
5616:
5576:
4329:
3443:(15 in Xhosa), with different prefixes for both singular and plural. Various parts of speech that qualify a
359:
252:
7150:
6241:
4709:
4591:
4515:
3474:
The following table gives an overview of Xhosa noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs.
3381:
3376:
3351:
3346:
3325:
3320:
3292:
3287:
3270:
3265:
3240:
3235:
3207:
3202:
3175:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2850:
2845:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2691:
2686:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2410:
2363:
1819:
1618:
1575:
1565:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1320:
1222:
1178:
901:
4725:
Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development
4373:
Literary works, including prose and poetry, are available in Xhosa, as are newspapers and magazines. The
1150:
7084:
6534:
6020:
5939:
5589:
5481:
4599:
2181:
2151:
2141:
2074:
2064:
2028:
2018:
2008:
1702:
1647:
1587:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1349:
1339:
1329:
1302:
1292:
1282:
816:
763:
612:
5198:
Jessen, Michael (2002). "An Acoustic Study of Contrasting Plosives and Click Accompaniments in Xhosa".
4969:
421:
5969:
5447:
5268:
4789:
4509:
1441:
6968:
6422:
6416:
6306:
6171:
5840:
5789:
5341:
5320:
4568:
4352:
2460:
1850:
1840:
1828:
1728:
1657:
1635:
1625:
1597:
1131:
694:
Geographical distribution of the Xhosa in South Africa: density of Xhosa home-language speakers.
6861:
6271:
6034:
5346:
5223:
4815:
4334:
4282:
2096:
1764:
1558:
1421:
1273:
1217:
1186:
595:
4647:
4277:
1082:
tones: low and high. Tones are rarely marked in the written language, but they can be indicated
7096:
is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
6528:
5830:
5784:
5769:
5351:
5325:
5246:
5215:
5178:
5153:
5135:
5094:
5053:
4998:
4940:
4850:
4757:
4728:
4521:
2478:
2255:
2172:
2057:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1234:
243:
152:
5172:
6809:
6657:
6621:
6580:
6516:
6498:
6481:
6475:
6469:
6428:
6364:
6300:
6253:
6166:
6156:
6059:
6049:
5277:
5207:
5143:
5127:
4932:
4582:
4346:
4315:
3440:
2442:
2438:
2166:
1554:
1269:
1213:
1208:
1196:
The following table lists the consonant phonemes of the language, with the pronunciation in
824:
548:
514:
3666:- is a nasal consonant which assimilates in place to the following consonant (producing an
7015:
7009:
6962:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6791:
6785:
6728:
6716:
6699:
6693:
6687:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6651:
6645:
6639:
6592:
6586:
6574:
6540:
6440:
6434:
6352:
6214:
6151:
6094:
6089:
5882:
5856:
5820:
5799:
5698:
5645:
5632:
5486:
3416:
2051:
1263:
1229:
1146:
679:
656:
640:
636:
604:
186:
181:
172:
162:
123:
1177:, similar to the sound represented in English by "tut-tut" or "tsk-tsk"; a series of six
7077:
7056:
7044:
7021:
6956:
6950:
6932:
6903:
6897:
6891:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6867:
6826:
6797:
6779:
6773:
6722:
6633:
6627:
6604:
6510:
6504:
6463:
6358:
6335:
6329:
6323:
6283:
6277:
6259:
6247:
6161:
6125:
6099:
6079:
6074:
6054:
6039:
5954:
5944:
5916:
5851:
5845:
5825:
5764:
5759:
5717:
5661:
5624:
5464:
5148:
5115:
4609:
4432:
4383:
4293:
2441:(plain) stops. Similarly, the tenuis (plain) clicks are often glottalised, with a long
1075:
845:
584:
223:
167:
53:
4246:
3005:
Fricatives become affricates. Only phonemic, and thus reflected orthographically, for
392:
7139:
7027:
7003:
6926:
6745:
6522:
6388:
6382:
6376:
6370:
6135:
6130:
6044:
5804:
5779:
5677:
5496:
5406:
4378:
3420:
3174:
is a change that affects labial consonants whenever they are immediately followed by
2317:
2307:
2230:
2220:
2211:
2129:
2119:
1998:
1988:
808:
800:
675:
660:
644:
624:
239:
5227:
6944:
6803:
6598:
6457:
6064:
5174:
The Elements of English: An Introduction to the Principles of the Study of Language
4548:
4398:
In 1996, the literacy rate for first-language Xhosa speakers was estimated at 50%.
4325:
4302:
4237:
1609:
1170:
1162:
788:
784:
620:
616:
284:
259:
230:
98:
87:
72:
5410:
5045:
Isixhosa Ulwimi Lwabantu Abangesosininzi eZimbabwe: Ukuphila Nokulondolozwa Kwaso
5908:
5342:"Wakanda Is a Fake Country, but the African Language in 'Black Panther' is Real"
2455:
2294:
2112:
1981:
1866:
1673:
1367:
945:
927:
915:
897:
647:), with one count finding that 10% of basic vocabulary items contained a click.
4576:
770:
4702:
4558:
4310:. Ancestors of the Xhosa migrated to the east coast of Africa and came across
3448:
3436:
2396:
In informal writing, this murmured consonant can sometimes be seen spelled as
1039:
932:
920:
893:
804:
176:
113:
17:
5355:
5139:
5922:
5584:
5507:
5402:
5131:
4901:
4655:
4536:
4289:
3432:
2681:
Aspiration is lost on obstruents; ejection is added on voiceless consonant.
2472:
2341:
Two additional consonants, and , are found in borrowings. Both are spelled
2334:
Two additional consonants, and , are found in borrowings. Both are spelled
2249:
1910:
1904:
1887:
1875:
1758:
1712:
1690:
1680:
1139:
1127:
992:
775:
759:
385:
369:
351:
333:
5281:
5245:. Pietermaritzberg, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal. p. 87.
5219:
5157:
4936:
2419:"abandonment" are phonologically realized , but this sound is non-phonemic.
4697:
904:
vowel is long in the penultimate syllable and short in the last syllable.
376:
5949:
5887:
4491:
4424:
4416:
3428:
3424:
1166:
1154:
1135:
820:
499:
487:
319:
296:
5989:
6568:
5416:
5295:
4532:
4428:
4311:
2348:
Two additional consonants, and , are found in loans. Both are spelled
1548:
1158:
1099:
1079:
828:
812:
792:
632:
628:
495:
76:
5211:
4328:
Valley and the first printed works in Xhosa came out in 1823 from the
2454:
may be pronounced (or, equivalently, ). They are better described as
5959:
5877:
4420:
4318:
that did. An estimated 15% of Xhosa vocabulary is of Khoisan origin.
441:
Proportion of the South African population that speaks Xhosa at home
5050:
IsiXhosa Indigenous Languages in Zimbabwe: Survival and Preservation
4296:
was a Xhosa and was a member of the royal family of the Thembu tribe
1134:
sounds, which are found in all spoken languages, it has a series of
5974:
5835:
5555:
Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights
4288:
4276:
3435:. As in other Bantu languages, nouns in Xhosa are classified into
855:
769:
753:
689:
4750:
Many Ways to be Deaf: International Variation in Deaf Communities
5861:
5392:
4644:
etc. They are not prenasalized, as can be seen in words such as
3459:
3444:
607:
language, indigenous to Southern Africa and one of the official
7101:
Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates
6186:
5993:
5511:
5420:
2427:
may also be used for either of the aspirated affricates and .
4241:
3681:
Verbs use the following prefixes for the subject and object:
823:. Also, a small community of Xhosa speakers (18,000) live in
523:
5398:
Xhosa basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
1185:, similar to the sound used to call horses; and a series of
2430:
The breathy voiced glottal fricative is sometimes spelled
2355:
An additional consonant, is found in loans. It is spelled
563:
557:
529:
3160:
No change when the following consonant is itself a nasal.
872:
Xhosa has an inventory of ten vowels: , , , and written
498:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4531:, the language spoken in the fictional African nation of
3629:- respectively before stems beginning with a vowel, e.g.
1193:, that sounds somewhat like a cork pulled from a bottle.
774:
Sign outside the AmaZink township theatre restaurant in
674:
Xhosa is, to a large extent, mutually intelligible with
4727:. Impact: Studies in language and society. p. 78.
4258:
4535:
is Xhosa. This came about because South African actor
3670:
before vowels), but is typically absent in loanwords.
3313:
sebenz + -is + -el +wa -> setyenziselwa (used for)
2840:
Aspirated clicks become prenasalized ejective clicks.
2423:
In addition to the ejective affricate , the spelling
572:
560:
554:
538:
526:
520:
4931:. Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 703–724.
4470:
Lord, bless us, its family (, the family of Africa).
4395:) are known for their large number of click sounds.
2559:) are prenasalized, they become slack voiced nasal (
2375:
The unwritten glottal stop is present in words like
2372:"the clinic" can be realized as a single consonant .
7036:
6995:
6912:
6835:
6818:
6765:
6758:
6737:
6708:
6613:
6560:
6553:
6490:
6449:
6408:
6401:
6344:
6315:
6292:
6233:
6226:
6144:
6118:
6027:
5932:
5907:
5900:
5870:
5813:
5752:
5737:
5710:
5689:
5644:
5607:
5598:
5575:
5568:
5474:
5454:
551:
517:
415:
399:
383:
367:
349:
331:
326:
302:
270:
265:
249:
220:
120:
104:
94:
82:
68:
48:
34:
2459:styles.) The more notable characteristic is their
5099:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5021:"South Africa Population grows to 44.8 Million"
2567:List of consonant changes with prenasalisation
844:The Xhosa language employs 26 letters from the
4640:These are analogous to the slack-voice nasals
3182:List of consonant changes with palatalisation
1200:on the left and the orthography on the right:
6198:
6005:
5523:
5432:
4285:helped translate the Bible into Xhosa in 1859
2578:Examples (roots with class 10 /iiN-/ prefix)
2551:) to prevent confusion with the nasal clicks
643:in a Bantu language (approximately tied with
8:
5081:. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019
4902:"Xhosa alphabet, pronunciation and language"
4543:incorporate a dialogue in the language. For
7125:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)
7120:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)
7115:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)
7110:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)
7105:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)
4669:Incorrectly described as glottal clicks by
4627:
4625:
3641:
3630:
3601:
3590:
2449:
2414:
2401:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2367:
815:(14,225). There is a small but significant
40:
6762:
6557:
6405:
6230:
6205:
6191:
6183:
6012:
5998:
5990:
5904:
5749:
5604:
5572:
5530:
5516:
5508:
5439:
5425:
5417:
4603:, a 2005 Xhosa film adaptation of Bizet's
2710:Voiceless palatal plosive becomes voiced.
435:
31:
5413:), which include Xhosa language materials
5147:
4435:in 1897. The single original stanza was:
3673:Before monosyllabic stems in some words.
2775:Voiced clicks become slack voiced nasal.
4871:"Constitution of Zimbabwe (final draft)"
4013:
3683:
3476:
3180:
2565:
1202:
906:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4690:
4621:
1102:but are usually not written except for
758:Trilingual government building sign in
492:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
27:Nguni language of southern South Africa
5092:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5063:
4790:"Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation"
4660:in which they are preceded by a nasal.
4375:South African Broadcasting Corporation
2543:) are prenasalised, the silent letter
2467:Consonant changes with prenasalisation
3167:Consonant changes with palatalisation
3091:"Mr. Mule (as a storybook character)
1205:
583:
52:
7:
5383:(at UCLA Language Materials Project)
4595:, the first Xhosa-language newspaper
4455:Nkosi sikelela, thina lusapho lwayo.
2532:"beautiful" (of a class 9 word like
2463:effect on the tone of the syllable.
2366:from phonologized loanwords such as
1169:, has 83). There is a series of six
631:, and also in parts of Zimbabwe and
4431:. It is a hymn written in Xhosa by
4054:How are you?, to a group of people
7083:Languages between parentheses are
5243:Phonemes, Graphemes, and Democracy
4843:The Linguistics Student's Handbook
3950:yadlala – the children are playing
25:
5340:Eligon, John (16 February 2018).
5171:Branford, William (3 July 2015).
4193:May I please go to the bathroom?
4177:I've just started learning Xhosa
4002:ntwana – the men see the children
2316:
2306:
2277:
2267:
2229:
2219:
2190:
2180:
2150:
2140:
2128:
2118:
2095:
2085:
2073:
2063:
2039:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1968:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1886:
1874:
1849:
1839:
1827:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1772:
1734:
1711:
1701:
1689:
1679:
1656:
1646:
1634:
1624:
1608:
1596:
1586:
1574:
1564:
1530:
1520:
1510:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1440:
1430:
1420:
1395:
1385:
1375:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1165:, with roughly 4,000 speakers in
1056:
1046:
1027:
1017:
1007:
997:
980:
970:
960:
950:
803:(219,826), North West (214,461),
90:; scattered communities elsewhere
5550:Pan South African Language Board
4816:"Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa"
4708:
4575:
4561:
4245:
3589:Before monosyllabic stems, e.g.
2869:Implosive becomes slack voiced.
1239:
925:
892:in order, all occurring in both
791:(approximately 1 million),
547:
513:
312:
289:
277:
234:
4995:UCLA Language Materials Project
4778:New Updated Guthrie List Online
4413:national anthem of South Africa
4366:The language of instruction at
3984:ntwana – the man sees the child
655:Xhosa is part of the branch of
7087:of the language on their left.
5560:Department of Arts and Culture
4822:. Macmillan Publishers Limited
4528:Black Panther: Wakanda Forever
3940:yadlala – the child is playing
635:. It has perhaps the heaviest
1:
7161:Subject–verb–object languages
5388:PanAfrican L10n page on Xhosa
5027:. 9 July 2003. Archived from
4794:Oxford Learner's Dictionaries
4445:Maluphakanyis' uphondo lwayo;
4166:Uyakwazi ukuthetha isiNgesi?
4134:Goodbye/go well/safe travels
4126:Goodbye/go well/safe travels
2561:⟨ngc, ngx, ngq⟩
2549:⟨nkc, nkx, nkq⟩
5042:Kunju, Hlenze Welsh (2017).
4368:universities in South Africa
4174:Ndisaqala ukufunda isiXhosa
4136:(said to a group of people)
4038:hello, to a group of people
1504:prenasalized tenuis/ejective
1189:, represented by the letter
1181:, represented by the letter
1173:, represented by the letter
5177:. Routledge. pp. 65–.
4966:Webster's Online Dictionary
4423:, and the former anthem of
3423:language, with an array of
3415:In keeping with many other
2406:, but this is non-standard.
778:welcoming visitors in Xhosa
7187:
4962:"Xhosa-English Dictionary"
4960:Parker, Philip M. (2003).
4847:Edinburgh University Press
4754:Gallaudet University Press
4504:Captain America: Civil War
4464:May her horn rise high up;
4344:
4235:
3278:uku- + gab + wa → ukugajwa
2553:⟨nc, nx, nq⟩
2541:⟨ch, xh, qh⟩
2470:
1126:Xhosa is rich in uncommon
7166:Languages of South Africa
7069:
5545:
5539:Languages of South Africa
5114:Thambalwam, lwam (2020).
4796:. Oxford University Press
4499:Marvel Cinematic Universe
4357:Bantu Education Act, 1953
2248:
2165:
2050:
1903:
1757:
1547:
1262:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1212:
1207:
1043:
919:
914:
912:
748: > 3000 /km²
686:Geographical distribution
609:languages of South Africa
478:
434:
272:Official language in
39:
5241:Saul, Zandisile (2020).
5052:] (PhD) (in Xhosa).
4776:Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
4440:Nkosi, sikelel' iAfrika;
2445:, but that is uncommon.
5380:Xhosa language profile
5132:10.1126/science.aay8833
5120:Second Largest Language
4652:(overtone singing) and
4450:Yizwa imithandazo yethu
4391:) and "Click Song #2" (
4190:Ndicela ukuya ngasese?
4169:Can you speak English?
4007:Sample phrases and text
2557:⟨c, x, q⟩
2539:When aspirated clicks (
1179:alveolar lateral clicks
7094:Guthrie classification
6219:Guthrie classification
5475:Non-official languages
5321:"Afrikaans Phased Out"
5282:10.1006/jpho.2001.0150
4937:10.5281/zenodo.3365789
4841:Bauer, Laurie (2007).
4642:⟨mh, nh⟩
4516:Avengers: Infinity War
4408:Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika
4341:Role in modern society
4306:and their language as
4297:
4286:
4075:Ndiyabulela (kakhulu)
3642:
3631:
3602:
3591:
2450:
2415:
2402:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2368:
864:
779:
767:
751:
700: < 1 /km²
594:and also known by its
480:This article contains
41:
6021:Languages of Zimbabwe
5940:Tsotsitaal and Camtho
5482:Lesotho Sign Language
5405:has a collections of
5300:About World Languages
4600:U-Carmen eKhayelitsha
4467:Hear Thou our prayers
4415:, national anthem of
4292:
4280:
4091:Ngubani igama lakho?
3437:morphological classes
3431:that are attached to
908:Xhosa vowel phonemes
862:
773:
757:
693:
659:, which also include
110:8 million (2013)
6119:Unofficial languages
5740:unofficial languages
5448:Languages of Lesotho
5269:Journal of Phonetics
4820:Macmillan Dictionary
4756:. pp. 194–210.
4752:. Washington, D.C.:
4490:, Rafiki the sagely
4353:indigenous languages
3560:u-, ulu-, ulw-, ul-
2477:When consonants are
1845:⟨thsh⟩
1118:low–high = rising).
1114:high–low = falling,
819:of about 200,000 in
742: 1000–3000 /km²
588:), formerly spelled
581:Xhosa pronunciation:
430:99-AUT-fb (isiHlubi)
426:varieties 99-AUT-faa
6307:Mwera of Mbamba Bay
6145:Immigrant languages
5467:(national language)
5001:on 14 December 2007
4887:on 2 October 2013.
4673:The Bantu Languages
4592:I'solezwe lesiXhosa
4569:South Africa portal
4461:Lord, bless Africa;
4281:English missionary
4094:What is your name?
4015:
3455:, like in English.
3453:subject–verb–object
3183:
2601:, /ǀʰ/, /ǁʰ/, /ǃʰ/
2568:
2425:⟨tsh⟩
2357:⟨ngh⟩
2156:⟨ngh⟩
2146:⟨nyh⟩
2101:⟨ngʼ⟩
1855:⟨krh⟩
1833:⟨ths⟩
1790:⟨tsh⟩
1652:⟨tyh⟩
1536:⟨nkq⟩
1526:⟨nkx⟩
1516:⟨nkc⟩
1491:⟨ngq⟩
1481:⟨ngx⟩
1471:⟨ngc⟩
909:
736: 300–1000 /km²
304:Recognised minority
6939:(Northern) Ndebele
6035:Zimbabwean English
6028:Official languages
5619:(Sesotho sa Leboa)
5455:Official languages
5347:The New York Times
4723:Webb, Vic (2002).
4478:In popular culture
4335:Henry Hare Dugmore
4298:
4287:
4283:Henry Hare Dugmore
4257:. You can help by
4185:What do you mean?
4182:Uthetha ukuthini?
4110:What is the time?
4099:Igama lam ngu....
4078:Thank you (a lot)
4014:
3367:wa → ukukrwentshwa
3337:zam + -wa → zanywa
3181:
2566:
2398:⟨vh⟩
2362:The onset cluster
2350:⟨dz⟩
2343:⟨zh⟩
2322:⟨wh⟩
2312:⟨yh⟩
2235:⟨lh⟩
2134:⟨nh⟩
2124:⟨mh⟩
2091:⟨ny⟩
2045:⟨hh⟩
2033:⟨gr⟩
2023:⟨zh⟩
2013:⟨dl⟩
1962:⟨rh⟩
1952:⟨sh⟩
1942:⟨hl⟩
1880:⟨dz⟩
1810:⟨kl⟩
1800:⟨kr⟩
1778:⟨ts⟩
1707:⟨dy⟩
1685:⟨bh⟩
1662:⟨kh⟩
1640:⟨th⟩
1630:⟨ph⟩
1592:⟨ty⟩
1446:⟨nq⟩
1436:⟨nx⟩
1426:⟨nc⟩
1401:⟨gq⟩
1391:⟨gx⟩
1381:⟨gc⟩
1354:⟨qh⟩
1344:⟨xh⟩
1334:⟨ch⟩
1132:pulmonic egressive
1098:. Long vowels are
1078:with two inherent
1062:⟨aa⟩
1033:⟨oo⟩
1013:⟨ee⟩
986:⟨uu⟩
966:⟨ii⟩
907:
865:
787:, followed by the
780:
768:
752:
730: 100–300 /km²
7133:
7132:
7078:extinct languages
7065:
7064:
6754:
6753:
6723:North-West Herero
6549:
6548:
6397:
6396:
6180:
6179:
5987:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5896:
5895:
5745:1996 constitution
5733:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5654:Southern Ndebele
5505:
5504:
5326:Language Magazine
5212:10.1159/000066068
5184:978-1-317-42065-1
5126:(6477): 569–573.
5054:Rhodes University
4972:on 13 April 2004.
4946:978-3-96110-205-1
4856:978-0-74862-759-2
4763:978-1-56368-234-6
4734:978-9-02721-849-0
4706:(26th ed., 2023)
4522:Avengers: Endgame
4494:chants in Xhosa.
4275:
4274:
4229:
4228:
4083:Enkosi (kakhulu)
3928:ntwana – children
3897:
3896:
3587:
3586:
3408:
3407:
3369:(to be scratched)
3280:(to be thrown up)
3256:-wa → ukuphutshwa
3164:
3163:
2545:⟨k⟩
2517:The orthographic
2432:⟨h⟩
2336:⟨r⟩
2331:
2330:
2297:
2283:⟨w⟩
2273:⟨y⟩
2258:
2225:⟨r⟩
2214:
2196:⟨l⟩
2186:⟨r⟩
2175:
2115:
2079:⟨n⟩
2069:⟨m⟩
2060:
2003:⟨z⟩
1993:⟨v⟩
1984:
1974:⟨h⟩
1932:⟨s⟩
1922:⟨f⟩
1913:
1892:⟨j⟩
1869:
1822:
1767:
1740:⟨b⟩
1731:
1717:⟨g⟩
1695:⟨d⟩
1676:
1621:
1602:⟨k⟩
1580:⟨t⟩
1570:⟨p⟩
1561:
1505:
1460:
1459:slack-voice nasal
1415:
1370:
1323:
1307:⟨q⟩
1297:⟨x⟩
1287:⟨c⟩
1276:
1191:⟨q⟩
1183:⟨x⟩
1175:⟨c⟩
1116:⟨ä⟩
1112:⟨â⟩
1108:⟨ä⟩
1104:⟨â⟩
1096:⟨ä⟩
1092:⟨â⟩
1088:⟨á⟩
1084:⟨a⟩
1067:
1066:
1052:⟨a⟩
1023:⟨o⟩
1003:⟨e⟩
976:⟨u⟩
956:⟨i⟩
860:
724: 30–100 /km²
585:[kǁʰóːsa]
506:
505:
488:rendering support
484:phonetic symbols.
244:Ditema tsa Dinoko
54:[kǁʰóːsa]
16:(Redirected from
7178:
6987:Sumayela Ndebele
6763:
6700:Kolonkadhi-Eunda
6558:
6406:
6231:
6217:(Zones N–S) (by
6207:
6200:
6193:
6184:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5991:
5965:SA Sign Language
5905:
5795:Northern Ndebele
5750:
5742:mentioned in the
5605:
5573:
5532:
5525:
5518:
5509:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5418:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5329:. 18 April 2019.
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5206:(2–3): 150–179.
5195:
5189:
5188:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5151:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5098:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5071:
5058:
5057:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5025:SouthAfrica.info
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4997:. Archived from
4987:
4974:
4973:
4968:. Archived from
4957:
4951:
4950:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4906:www.omniglot.com
4898:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4880:. Archived from
4875:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4695:
4678:
4676:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4585:
4583:Languages portal
4580:
4579:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4347:Xhosa literature
4316:Khoisan language
4270:
4267:
4249:
4242:
4131:Nihambe kakuhle
4118:Can I help you?
4107:Ngubani ixesha?
4016:
3922:ntwana – a child
3684:
3658:in the prefixes
3654:The placeholder
3650:
3639:
3610:
3599:
3571:ubu-, ub-, uty-
3477:
3383:
3378:
3353:
3348:
3339:(to be tried on)
3327:
3322:
3294:
3289:
3272:
3267:
3242:
3237:
3209:
3204:
3184:
3177:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
2996:"wear and tear"
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2852:
2847:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2693:
2688:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2489:is pronounced ,
2485:is pronounced ,
2453:
2443:voice onset time
2433:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2405:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2352:, as the sound .
2351:
2344:
2337:
2323:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2293:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2254:
2236:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2210:
2197:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2171:
2157:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2135:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2111:
2102:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2080:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2056:
2046:
2043:
2034:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1963:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1909:
1893:
1890:
1881:
1878:
1865:
1856:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1834:
1831:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1779:
1776:
1763:
1741:
1738:
1727:
1718:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1696:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1672:
1663:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1641:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1581:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1553:
1537:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1503:
1492:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1458:
1447:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1413:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1366:
1355:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1319:
1308:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1268:
1203:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1149:(in comparison,
1147:click consonants
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1063:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1004:
1001:
987:
984:
977:
974:
967:
964:
957:
954:
910:
903:
861:
825:Quthing District
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
718: 10–30 /km²
717:
711:
705:
699:
669:Northern Ndebele
665:Southern Ndebele
641:click consonants
587:
582:
575:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
541:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
439:
411:
405:
395:
379:
372:
363:
362:
354:
345:
344:
336:
318:
316:
315:
306:language in
295:
293:
292:
283:
281:
280:
255:
226:
158:Southern Bantoid
126:
64:
63:
62:
56:
44:
32:
21:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7171:Click languages
7156:Nguni languages
7136:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7061:
7032:
6991:
6908:
6831:
6814:
6750:
6733:
6729:Botswana Herero
6704:
6609:
6545:
6535:Lomwe of Malawi
6486:
6445:
6393:
6340:
6311:
6288:
6284:Ngoni of Malawi
6222:
6215:Bantu languages
6211:
6181:
6176:
6140:
6114:
6023:
6018:
5988:
5979:
5928:
5892:
5866:
5809:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5725:
5706:
5685:
5640:
5625:Southern Sotho
5617:Northern Sotho
5594:
5564:
5541:
5536:
5506:
5501:
5470:
5450:
5445:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5302:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5091:
5084:
5082:
5073:
5072:
5061:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5031:on 22 May 2005.
5019:
5018:
5014:
5004:
5002:
4989:
4988:
4977:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4910:
4908:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4884:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4857:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4764:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4653:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4623:
4618:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4480:
4411:is part of the
4404:
4349:
4343:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4255:needs expansion
4240:
4234:
4115:Ndingakunceda?
4102:My name is....
4086:Thanks (a lot)
4009:
3902:
3688:
3679:
3468:
3417:Bantu languages
3413:
3193:
3188:
3169:
2958:→ iintshumayelo
2927:
2893:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2475:
2469:
2431:
2424:
2397:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2321:
2311:
2282:
2272:
2234:
2224:
2195:
2185:
2155:
2145:
2133:
2123:
2100:
2090:
2078:
2068:
2044:
2032:
2022:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1973:
1961:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1891:
1879:
1854:
1844:
1832:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1777:
1739:
1716:
1706:
1694:
1684:
1661:
1651:
1639:
1629:
1601:
1591:
1579:
1569:
1535:
1525:
1515:
1490:
1480:
1470:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1353:
1343:
1333:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1224:
1190:
1187:alveolar clicks
1182:
1174:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1072:
1061:
1051:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1002:
985:
975:
965:
955:
870:
856:
854:
842:
837:
817:Xhosa community
795:(671,045), the
750:
749:
745:
743:
739:
737:
733:
731:
727:
725:
721:
719:
715:
713:
712: 3–10 /km²
709:
707:
703:
701:
697:
688:
680:Bantu languages
657:Nguni languages
653:
637:functional load
580:
573:
550:
546:
539:
516:
512:
486:Without proper
474:
473:
472:
468:
466:
462:
460:
456:
454:
450:
448:
444:
429:
428:to 99-AUT-faj +
427:
425:
409:
406:
401:
391:
375:
368:
358:
357:
350:
340:
339:
332:
322:
313:
311:
307:
305:
290:
288:
287:
278:
276:
273:
266:Official status
256:
251:
242:
238:
227:
222:
216:
127:
124:Language family
122:
111:
107:
106:Native speakers
75:
59:
58:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7184:
7182:
7174:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7146:Xhosa language
7138:
7137:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7098:
7097:
7089:
7088:
7081:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7053:
7047:
7040:
7038:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7024:
7018:
7012:
7006:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6983:
6977:
6971:
6965:
6959:
6953:
6947:
6941:
6935:
6929:
6923:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6900:
6894:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6822:
6820:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6788:
6782:
6776:
6769:
6767:
6760:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6725:
6719:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6601:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6564:
6562:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6460:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6412:
6410:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6367:
6361:
6355:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6303:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6280:
6274:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6237:
6235:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5994:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5955:Pretoria Sotho
5952:
5947:
5945:Oorlams Creole
5942:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5919:
5913:
5911:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5756:
5754:
5747:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5695:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5675:
5667:
5659:
5650:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5630:
5622:
5613:
5611:
5602:
5600:Southern Bantu
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5570:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5512:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5409:'s materials (
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5375:
5374:External links
5372:
5369:
5368:
5332:
5312:
5287:
5258:
5251:
5233:
5190:
5183:
5163:
5106:
5059:
5034:
5012:
4975:
4952:
4945:
4918:
4893:
4862:
4855:
4833:
4807:
4781:
4769:
4762:
4740:
4733:
4715:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4675:. p. 616.
4671:Nurse, Derek.
4662:
4633:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4610:Xhosa calendar
4607:
4596:
4587:
4586:
4572:
4556:
4553:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4433:Enoch Sontonga
4403:
4400:
4393:Baxabene Ooxam
4342:
4339:
4294:Nelson Mandela
4273:
4272:
4252:
4250:
4236:Main article:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:Ndiyakuthanda
4195:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:Hamba kakuhle
4120:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3985:
3966:
3965:
3959:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3910:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3678:
3675:
3651:(hand/hands).
3585:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3467:
3464:
3419:, Xhosa is an
3412:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3402:(to be caught)
3384:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3258:(to be dreamt)
3243:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:(to be copied)
3210:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3172:Palatalisation
3168:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:"adam's apple"
3146:
3136:
3135:"conversation"
3126:
3116:
3106:
3096:
3084:
3054:
3023:
3022:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2929:
2909:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:"to continue"
2826:
2816:
2815:"descriptions"
2804:
2791:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2739:
2726:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2605:
2602:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2471:Main article:
2468:
2465:
2421:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2387:"to stutter",
2373:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2212:breathy voiced
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2126:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1687:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1572:
1562:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1438:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1346:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1299:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1211:
1206:
1161:, has 48, and
1138:stops and one
1123:
1120:
1076:tonal language
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
989:
988:
978:
968:
958:
948:
942:
941:
938:
935:
930:
924:
923:
918:
913:
869:
866:
853:
850:
846:Latin alphabet
841:
838:
836:
833:
811:(51,228), and
807:(46,553), the
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
706: 1–3 /km²
702:
696:
695:
687:
684:
652:
651:Classification
649:
504:
503:
490:, you may see
476:
475:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
442:
440:
432:
431:
419:
413:
412:
407:
400:
397:
396:
389:
381:
380:
373:
365:
364:
355:
347:
346:
337:
329:
328:
327:Language codes
324:
323:
310:
308:
303:
300:
299:
274:
271:
268:
267:
263:
262:
257:
250:
247:
246:
235:Xhosa alphabet
228:
224:Writing system
221:
218:
217:
215:
214:
213:
212:
211:
210:
209:
208:
207:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
168:Southern Bantu
138:Atlantic–Congo
130:
128:
121:
118:
117:
108:
105:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
84:
80:
79:
70:
69:Native to
66:
65:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
18:Xhosa alphabet
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7183:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7151:Xhosa culture
7149:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7058:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7035:
7029:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7017:
7013:
7011:
7007:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6984:
6982:
6981:South Ndebele
6978:
6976:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6958:
6954:
6952:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6940:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6887:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6869:
6865:
6863:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6807:
6805:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6775:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6747:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6730:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6697:
6695:
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6689:
6685:
6683:
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6667:
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6661:
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6641:
6637:
6635:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6570:
6566:
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6559:
6556:
6552:
6542:
6538:
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6532:
6530:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6400:
6390:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6308:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6220:
6216:
6208:
6203:
6201:
6196:
6194:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6117:
6111:
6110:Zimbabwe Sign
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6015:
6010:
6008:
6003:
6001:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
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5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5736:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5577:West Germanic
5574:
5571:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5528:
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5514:
5513:
5510:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
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5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5442:
5437:
5435:
5430:
5428:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5412:
5408:
5407:Arthur Capell
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5336:
5333:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5262:
5259:
5254:
5252:9781869144388
5248:
5244:
5237:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5167:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5038:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4956:
4953:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4922:
4919:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4848:
4845:. Edinburgh:
4844:
4837:
4834:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4716:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4691:
4684:
4674:
4666:
4663:
4657:
4649:
4637:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4573:
4570:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4545:Black Panther
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4510:Black Panther
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4484:The Lion King
4477:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4384:Click Song #1
4380:
4379:Miriam Makeba
4376:
4371:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4279:
4269:
4260:
4256:
4253:This section
4251:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4231:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4161:I don't know
4160:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4046:how are you?
4045:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3421:agglutinative
3418:
3410:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3055:
3053:
3025:
3024:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2910:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:"to support"
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:"to explain"
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2792:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2768:→ iingqeqesho
2765:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2727:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2701:"to be rich"
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:"to support"
2661:
2658:
2656:"information"
2655:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:"care about"
2641:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2604:, , , , , ,
2603:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:Prenasalised
2574:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2417:
2409:Sequences of
2408:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2384:uku(ʔ)a(ʔ)aza
2379:
2378:uku(ʔ)ayinela
2374:
2370:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1171:dental clicks
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1101:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1000:
996:
994:
991:
990:
983:
979:
973:
969:
963:
959:
953:
949:
947:
944:
943:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
922:
917:
911:
905:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
867:
851:
849:
847:
839:
834:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:Northern Cape
806:
802:
801:KwaZulu-Natal
798:
794:
790:
786:
777:
772:
765:
761:
756:
692:
685:
683:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
650:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:Northern Cape
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:
597:
593:
592:
586:
578:
577:
568:
544:
543:
534:
510:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
483:
477:
471: 80–100%
438:
433:
423:
420:
418:
414:
408:
404:
398:
394:
390:
388:
387:
382:
378:
374:
371:
366:
361:
356:
353:
348:
343:
338:
335:
330:
325:
321:
309:
301:
298:
286:
275:
269:
264:
261:
258:
254:
248:
245:
241:
240:Xhosa Braille
236:
232:
229:
225:
219:
193:
190:
189:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
179:
178:
174:
171:
170:
169:
166:
165:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
155:
154:
151:
150:
149:
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144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
133:
129:
125:
119:
115:
109:
103:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
61:
55:
51:
49:Pronunciation
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7073:
6920:
6104:
5921:
5848:(historical)
5719:
5700:
5679:
5671:
5669:
5663:
5656:(isiNdebele)
5655:
5634:
5626:
5618:
5609:Sotho–Tswana
5491:
5359:. Retrieved
5345:
5335:
5324:
5315:
5303:. Retrieved
5299:
5290:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5242:
5236:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5173:
5166:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5083:. Retrieved
5078:
5049:
5044:
5037:
5029:the original
5024:
5015:
5003:. Retrieved
4999:the original
4994:
4970:the original
4965:
4955:
4928:
4921:
4909:. Retrieved
4905:
4896:
4888:
4882:the original
4878:Kubatana.net
4877:
4865:
4842:
4836:
4824:. Retrieved
4819:
4810:
4798:. Retrieved
4793:
4784:
4772:
4749:
4743:
4724:
4718:
4701:
4693:
4672:
4665:
4636:
4604:
4598:
4590:
4549:Ryan Coogler
4544:
4540:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4481:
4473:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4392:
4389:Qongqothwane
4388:
4382:
4372:
4365:
4361:
4351:The role of
4350:
4320:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4263:
4259:adding to it
4254:
4238:Xhosa people
4135:
4010:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3958:doda – a man
3955:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3933:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3906:
3680:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3563:iiN-, iziN-
3552:iiN-, iziN-
3473:
3469:
3457:
3414:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3336:
3332:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3277:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3226:→ ukukotshwa
3225:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3170:
3152:
3148:
3145:"sea shores"
3142:
3141:"sea shore"
3138:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3071:
3041:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2956:"to preach"
2953:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2861:
2857:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2767:
2763:
2760:"rectangles"
2757:
2756:"rectangle"
2753:
2747:
2743:
2702:
2698:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2644:→ iinkathalo
2643:
2639:
2636:"weaknesses"
2633:
2632:"to weaken"
2629:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:prenasalised
2476:
2456:slack voiced
2447:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2256:fully voiced
2173:fully voiced
2058:fully voiced
1195:
1153:, spoken in
1144:
1125:
1073:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
871:
863:Spoken Xhosa
843:
840:Latin script
789:Western Cape
785:Eastern Cape
781:
673:
654:
621:Western Cape
617:Eastern Cape
599:
598:
590:
589:
508:
507:
479:
465: 60–80%
459: 40–60%
453: 20–40%
417:Linguasphere
403:Guthrie code
384:
285:South Africa
260:Signed Xhosa
253:Signed forms
191:
88:Eastern Cape
73:South Africa
29:
6389:Sena-Malawi
5970:Angloromani
5909:LGBTQ slang
5720:(Tshivenḓa)
5393:Learn Xhosa
5305:11 December
5276:(1): 1–52.
5005:13 December
4547:, director
4322:John Bennie
4266:August 2019
4225:Talk/speak
4201:I love you
4070:We're okay
4059:Ndiphilile
3530:ama-, ame-
3497:aba-, abe-
3400:→ ukubanjwa
3192:Palatalised
3111:"bring in"
2980:"approvals"
2936:"to breed"
2864:"histories"
2835:"processes"
2770:"trainings"
2766:"training"
2758:→ iingxande
2748:→ iingcango
2672:"to drive"
2654:→ inkcazelo
2622:"to speak"
2528:/iN- + ɬɛ/
2393:"to stall".
2381:"to iron",
2295:slack voice
2113:slack voice
1982:slack voice
1867:slack voice
1674:slack voice
1368:slack voice
1074:Xhosa is a
835:Orthography
799:(246,192),
494:instead of
447: 0–20%
148:Benue–Congo
143:Volta-Congo
132:Niger–Congo
114:L2 speakers
112:11 million
7140:Categories
6969:Nhlangwini
6945:Old Mfengu
6886:Phalaborwa
6682:Dombondola
6417:Ndengereko
6172:Portuguese
5841:Portuguese
5790:Nhlangwini
5753:Indigenous
5738:Recognised
5701:(Xitsonga)
5691:Tswa–Ronga
5672:(isiXhosa)
5635:(Setswana)
5116:"IsiXhosa"
5085:22 October
5079:Ethnologue
4703:Ethnologue
4685:References
4648:umngqokolo
4488:its reboot
4345:See also:
4067:Siphilile
3964:doda – men
3887:reflexive
3733:2nd plur.
3722:1st plur.
3711:2nd sing.
3700:1st sing.
3621:- replace
3449:word order
3433:root words
3411:Morphology
3194:consonant
3189:consonant
3151:"worship"
3143:→ iinxweme
3131:"to chat"
3113:→ ingeniso
3103:→ iinoveli
3093:→ iimeyile
2998:→ iindleko
2990:"attempts"
2976:"approve"
2968:→ iintloko
2950:"children"
2948:→ iintsana
2833:→ iinkqubo
2825:"supports"
2823:→ iinkxaso
2813:→ iinkcazo
2703:→ iindyebo
2652:"explain"
2634:→ iintyafo
2626:"speeches"
2624:→ iintetho
2614:→ iimpumlo
2612:"to rest"
2547:is added (
2390:uku(ʔ)amza
1145:It has 18
1130:. Besides
1128:consonants
1122:Consonants
805:Mpumalanga
797:Free State
596:local name
7085:varieties
7076:indicate
6862:Khalaxadi
6694:Kwaluudhi
6670:Ndongwena
6640:Ngandyera
6272:Ndendeule
5923:IsiNgqumo
5871:Religious
5680:(isiZulu)
5664:(siSwati)
5627:(Sesotho)
5585:Afrikaans
5403:Paradisec
5356:0362-4331
5200:Phonetica
5140:1095-9203
4656:umngqusho
4541:Civil War
4537:John Kani
4158:Andiyazi
4062:I'm okay
4051:Ninjani?
3909:– to play
3527:i-, ili-
3483:Singular
3310:(alcohol)
3197:Examples
3153:→ iinqula
3123:→ iinyawo
2988:→ iinzame
2978:→ iimvume
2960:"sermons"
2954:shumayela
2938:→ iimfuyo
2862:→ iimbali
2705:"wealths"
2676:"process"
2674:→ inkqubo
2666:"support"
2664:→ inkxaso
2513:becomes
2473:Fortition
2461:depressor
2416:ukushiywa
2250:Semivowel
1911:voiceless
1905:Fricative
1820:aspirated
1759:Affricate
1729:implosive
1619:aspirated
1321:aspirated
1140:implosive
852:Phonology
776:Kayamandi
766:and Xhosa
760:Afrikaans
422:99-AUT-fa
386:Glottolog
370:ISO 639-3
352:ISO 639-2
334:ISO 639-1
95:Ethnicity
6774:Korekore
6664:Mbalanhu
6622:Kwanyama
6336:Manganja
6045:Chibarwe
5950:Fanagalo
5888:Sanskrit
5831:Gujarati
5569:Official
5228:13216903
5220:12232465
5158:32001654
5095:cite web
4826:16 April
4800:16 April
4658:⟩
4654:⟨
4650:⟩
4646:⟨
4555:See also
4492:mandrill
4425:Zimbabwe
4417:Tanzania
4381:, whose
4330:Lovedale
4308:isiXhosa
4303:amaXhosa
4043:Unjani?
4035:Molweni
4022:English
3916:– to see
3900:Examples
3692:Subject
3611:(list).
3429:suffixes
3425:prefixes
3187:Original
3133:→ incoko
3115:"profit"
3105:"novels"
3101:"novel"
2994:ukudleka
2966:"title"
2964:isihloko
2946:"child"
2940:"breeds"
2928:, , , ?
2860:"story"
2764:uqeqesho
2640:khathala
2572:Phoneme
2501:becomes
2493:becomes
2369:ikliniki
1765:ejective
1559:ejective
1274:ejective
1225:alveolar
1218:Alveolar
1167:Botswana
1155:Botswana
1151:Juǀʼhoan
1136:ejective
1100:phonemic
1080:phonemic
821:Zimbabwe
613:Zimbabwe
600:isiXhosa
500:Help:IPA
393:xhos1239
320:Botswana
297:Zimbabwe
99:AmaXhosa
86:eastern
42:isiXhosa
7074:Italics
7028:Hlengwe
6810:Kalanga
6798:Karanga
6786:Manyika
6676:Kwankwa
6658:Mbandja
6581:Nyaneka
6569:Umbundu
6470:Makonde
6429:Matumbi
6365:Nyungwe
6301:Tumbuka
6254:Matengo
6213:Narrow
6167:Chinese
6157:Punjabi
6070:Ndebele
6050:Kalanga
5814:Foreign
5770:Khoisan
5699:Tsonga
5633:Tswana
5590:English
5465:Sesotho
5461:English
5296:"Xhosa"
5149:9558321
5075:"Xhosa"
4991:"Xhosa"
4533:Wakanda
4497:In the
4429:Namibia
4387:(Xhosa
4312:Khoisan
4232:History
4222:Thetha
4217:Family
4214:Usapho
3946:ntwana
3936:ntwana
3695:Object
3687:Person/
3600:(eye),
3541:iz(i)-
3538:is(i)-
3486:Plural
3441:genders
3308:utywala
3139:unxweme
3129:ncokola
3121:"foot"
3099:inoveli
3095:"mules"
3089:umeyile
3000:"costs"
2970:"heads"
2750:"doors"
2746:"door"
2692:/n̠d̠ʲ/
2650:chazela
2646:"cares"
2616:"noses"
2536:"dog")
1549:Plosive
1257:lateral
1252:central
1247:lateral
1242:central
1235:Glottal
1159:Namibia
829:Lesotho
813:Limpopo
793:Gauteng
764:English
633:Lesotho
629:Gauteng
603:, is a
496:Unicode
153:Bantoid
77:Lesotho
7055:[S611
7026:[S511
7016:Tsonga
7010:Gwamba
6963:Phuthi
6943:[S401
6904:Pulana
6892:Kutswe
6884:[S301
6874:Lobedu
6856:Ngwatu
6850:Kgatla
6844:Tswana
6780:Zezuru
6759:Zone S
6721:[R311
6717:Herero
6688:Esinga
6646:Kafima
6644:[R211
6634:Kwambi
6628:Ndonga
6593:Kuvale
6591:[R101
6587:Khumbi
6575:Ndombe
6554:Zone R
6541:Moniga
6529:Sakati
6521:[P311
6482:Mabiha
6476:Ndonde
6441:Mbunga
6435:Ngindo
6402:Zone P
6387:[N441
6353:Nsenga
6324:Nyanja
6305:[N201
6270:[N101
6227:Zone N
6152:French
6095:Tswana
6090:Tsonga
6060:Nambya
6055:Koisan
5960:Scamto
5883:Hebrew
5878:Arabic
5857:Telugu
5821:German
5800:Phuthi
5718:Venda
5670:Xhosa
5662:Swazi
5487:Phuthi
5354:
5249:
5226:
5218:
5181:
5156:
5146:
5138:
4943:
4911:6 July
4853:
4760:
4731:
4605:Carmen
4525:, and
4501:films
4421:Zambia
4402:Anthem
4326:Tyhume
4209:Sorry
4206:Uxolo
4030:Hello
4019:Xhosa
3706:-ndi-
3689:Class
3662:- and
3625:- and
3617:- and
3557:11/10
3502:1a/2a
3480:Class
3363:krwemp
3125:"feet"
3119:unyawo
2986:"try"
2851:/mb̥ʱ/
2754:uxande
2744:ucango
2630:tyhafa
2620:thetha
2610:phumla
2595:/t̠ʲʰ/
2439:tenuis
2413:as in
2403:ukuvha
2400:as in
2167:Liquid
1555:tenuis
1270:tenuis
1214:Dental
1209:Labial
1142:stop.
937:short
900:. The
868:Vowels
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
317:
294:
282:
177:Tsonga
116:(2002)
83:Region
7057:Lenge
7051:Tonga
7022:Ronga
6985:S408
6979:S407
6973:S406
6967:S405
6961:S404
6957:Hlubi
6955:S403
6951:Bhaca
6949:S402
6933:Swati
6921:Xhosa
6902:S304
6896:S303
6890:S302
6880:Sotho
6872:S32b
6866:S32a
6860:S31d
6854:S31c
6848:S31b
6842:S31a
6827:Venda
6790:S13b
6784:S13a
6727:R312
6698:R242
6692:R241
6686:R218
6680:R217
6674:R216
6668:R215
6662:R214
6656:R213
6652:Evale
6650:R212
6605:Mbali
6603:R103
6599:Kwisi
6597:R102
6539:P341
6533:P331
6527:P312
6517:Cuabo
6511:Ngulu
6505:Lomwe
6499:Makua
6464:Mwera
6423:Ruihi
6383:Podzo
6359:Kunda
6334:N31c
6328:N31b
6322:N31a
6282:N121
6278:Nindi
6276:N102
6266:Tonga
6260:Mpoto
6248:Ngoni
6242:Manda
6162:Hindi
6126:Kunda
6105:Xhosa
6100:Venda
6085:Tonga
6080:Sotho
6075:Shona
6040:Chewa
5975:Kaaps
5933:Other
5917:Gayle
5901:Other
5852:Tamil
5846:Malay
5836:Hindi
5826:Greek
5760:Bhaca
5711:Venda
5678:Zulu
5646:Nguni
5492:Xhosa
5361:7 May
5224:S2CID
5048:[
4885:(PDF)
4874:(PDF)
4698:Xhosa
4616:Notes
4150:Hayi
4027:Molo
3998:bona
3990:doda
3980:bona
3972:doda
3907:dlala
3893:-zi-
3882:-ku-
3871:-bu-
3860:-lu-
3849:-zi-
3838:-yi-
3827:-zi-
3816:-si-
3805:-wa-
3794:-li-
3783:-yi-
3772:-wu-
3761:-ba-
3739:-ni-
3728:-si-
3717:-ku-
3703:ndi-
3677:Verbs
3647:andla
3636:andla
3581:uku-
3546:9/10
3519:imi-
3466:Nouns
3439:, or
3382:nd̥ʒʱ
3252:phuph
3149:nqula
3109:ngena
3065:/n̠ʲ/
3035:/n̠ʲ/
3019:/ŋkx/
3015:/ntɬ/
3011:/ntʃ/
3007:/nts/
2944:usana
2925:/ŋkx/
2921:/ntɬ/
2917:/ntʃ/
2913:/nts/
2858:ibali
2829:qhuba
2819:xhasa
2809:chaza
2802:/ŋǃ'/
2798:/ŋǁ'/
2794:/ŋǀʼ/
2789:/kǃʰ/
2785:/kǁʰ/
2781:/kǀʰ/
2737:/ŋǃʱ/
2733:/ŋǁʱ/
2729:/ŋǀʱ/
2699:tyeba
2687:/t̠ʲ/
2670:qhuba
2660:xhasa
2581:Rule
2052:Nasal
1703:d̠̥ʲʱ
1414:nasal
1264:Click
1230:Velar
1223:Post-
1070:Tones
946:Close
940:long
928:short
916:Front
898:short
605:Nguni
509:Xhosa
424:incl.
231:Latin
192:Xhosa
187:Zunda
182:Nguni
173:Nguni
163:Bantu
35:Xhosa
7092:The
7049:S62
7045:Copi
7043:S61
7020:S54
7014:S53
7008:S52
7004:Tswa
7002:S51
6975:Lala
6937:S44
6931:S43
6927:Zulu
6925:S42
6919:S41
6878:S33
6868:Pedi
6825:S21
6808:S16
6804:Ndau
6802:S15
6796:S14
6792:Tebe
6778:S12
6772:S11
6744:R41
6715:R31
6638:R24
6632:R23
6626:R22
6620:R21
6585:R14
6579:R13
6573:R12
6567:R11
6523:Koti
6515:P34
6509:P33
6503:P32
6497:P31
6480:P25
6474:P24
6468:P23
6462:P22
6456:P21
6439:P15
6433:P14
6427:P13
6421:P12
6415:P11
6381:N46
6375:N45
6371:Sena
6369:N44
6363:N43
6357:N42
6351:N41
6330:Cewa
6299:N21
6264:N15
6258:N14
6252:N13
6246:N12
6240:N11
6136:Lozi
6131:Tswa
6065:Ndau
5862:Urdu
5785:Nama
5780:Lozi
5775:Lala
5765:Khoe
5497:Zulu
5363:2018
5352:ISSN
5307:2017
5247:ISBN
5216:PMID
5179:ISBN
5154:PMID
5136:ISSN
5101:link
5087:2019
5007:2006
4941:ISBN
4925:See
4913:2017
4851:ISBN
4828:2014
4802:2014
4758:ISBN
4729:ISBN
4486:and
4427:and
4419:and
4145:Yes
4142:Ewe
3914:bona
3879:ku-
3868:bu-
3857:lu-
3846:zi-
3824:zi-
3813:si-
3791:li-
3758:ba-
3750:-m-
3736:ni-
3725:si-
3549:iN-
3535:7/8
3524:5/6
3516:um-
3513:3/4
3508:oo-
3494:um-
3491:1/2
3460:verb
3458:The
3445:noun
3427:and
3393:bamb
3377:mb̥ʱ
3359:uku-
3333:uku-
3304:-ala
3300:ubu-
3271:d̥ʒʱ
3248:uku-
3219:kopa
3215:uku-
3081:/ǃ̃/
3077:/ǁ̃/
3073:/ǀ̃/
3051:/ǃ̃/
3047:/ǁ̃/
3043:/ǀ̃/
3017:and
2984:zama
2974:vuma
2934:fuya
2599:/kʰ/
2591:/tʰ/
2587:/pʰ/
2534:inja
2515:etc.
2491:n+hl
2411:/jw/
2364:/kl/
2142:n̠̈ʲ
1888:d̥ʒʱ
1876:d̥zʱ
1806:kʟ̥ʼ
1648:t̠ʲʰ
1588:t̠ʲʼ
1532:ŋᵏǃʼ
1522:ŋᵏǁʼ
1512:ŋᵏǀʼ
1397:ᶢ̥ǃʱ
1387:ᶢ̥ǁʱ
1377:ᶢ̥ǀʱ
1157:and
1106:and
1040:Open
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921:Back
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894:long
888:and
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6614:R20
6561:R10
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6458:Yao
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6409:P10
6377:Rue
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6316:N30
6293:N20
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5805:Tuu
5411:AC1
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5128:doi
5124:367
4933:doi
4700:at
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3988:ama
3962:ama
3944:aba
3926:aba
3912:uku
3905:uku
3876:15
3865:14
3854:11
3843:10
3835:i-
3802:a-
3780:i-
3769:u-
3747:u-
3714:u-
3668:im-
3664:iiN
3627:izi
3623:isi
3607:hlu
3605:ulu
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3568:14
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3389:uku
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3241:tʃʰ
3223:-wa
3176:/j/
3069:/ŋ/
3061:/n/
3057:/m/
3039:/ŋ/
3031:/n/
3027:/m/
2907:/ɣ/
2903:/ɮ/
2899:/z/
2895:/v/
2891:/x/
2887:/ɬ/
2883:/ʃ/
2879:/s/
2875:/f/
2846:/ɓ/
2724:/ǃ/
2720:/ǁ/
2716:/ǀ/
2563:).
2521:in
2503:ndz
2499:n+z
2495:ntl
2487:ndl
2087:n̠ʲ
1851:kxʰ
1841:tʃʰ
1829:tsʰ
1796:kxʼ
1786:tʃʼ
1774:tsʼ
1713:ɡ̊ʱ
1691:d̥ʱ
1681:b̥ʱ
1487:ᵑǃʱ
1477:ᵑǁʱ
1467:ᵑǀʱ
1350:ᵏǃʰ
1340:ᵏǁʰ
1330:ᵏǀʰ
1303:ᵏǃʼ
1293:ᵏǁʼ
1283:ᵏǀʼ
1198:IPA
1163:Taa
993:Mid
902:/i/
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576:-sə
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542:-sə
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360:xho
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3619:iz
3615:is
3596:so
3397:wa
3395:+
3391:+
3365:+
3361:+
3347:mp
3335:+
3306:→
3302:+
3254:+
3250:+
3236:pʰ
3221:+
3217:+
3208:tʃ
3079:,
3075:,
3067:,
3063:,
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3009:,
2923:,
2919:,
2915:,
2911:,
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2130:n̤
2120:m̤
2029:ɣ̈
2019:ʒ̈
2009:ɮ̈
1999:z̤
1989:v̤
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1636:tʰ
1626:pʰ
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1566:pʼ
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2279:w
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2041:ɦ
1970:h
1958:x
1948:ʃ
1938:ɬ
1928:s
1918:f
1736:ɓ
1610:ʔ
1557:/
1272:/
1216:/
1048:a
1019:ɔ
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