245:
347:
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its being cooked. Those on the south were called Man. They tattooed their foreheads, and had their feet turned in towards each other. Some of them (also) ate their food without its being cooked. Those on the west were called . They had their hair unbound, and wore skins. Some of them did not eat grain-food. Those on the north were called . They wore skins of animals and birds, and dwelt in caves. Some of them also did not eat grain-food. The people of the Middle states, and of those , Man, , and , all had their dwellings, where they lived at ease; their flavours which they preferred; the clothes suitable for them; their proper implements for use; and their vessels which they prepared in abundance. In those five regions, the languages of the people were not mutually intelligible, and their likings and desires were different. To make what was in their minds apprehended, and to communicate their likings and desires, (there were officers) – in the east, called transmitters; in the south, representationists; in the west, ; and in the north, interpreters.
335:
323:
307:
244:
292:
1850:
44:
956:
There is research on the ethnic image of the northern nomadic people of the Altaic language family. It may be that this is the image of the
Xianyun tribe that once posed a serious military threat to the northern border of the Zhou Dynasty was called "Ghost people" because it looked different from the
407:
The people of those five regions – the Middle states, and the , , (and other wild tribes round them) – had all their several natures, which they could not be made to alter. The tribes on the east were called . They had their hair unbound, and tattooed their bodies. Some of them ate their food without
983:
Goldin, Paul R. "Steppe Nomads as a
Philosophical Problem in Classical China" in Mapping Mongolia: Situating Mongolia in the World from Geologic Time to the Present. Penn Museum International Research Conferences, vol. 2. Ed. Paula L.W. Sabloff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 2011. p.
1271:. text: "孟子曰：「舜生於諸馮，遷於負夏，卒於鳴條，東夷之人也。文王生於岐周，卒於畢郢，西夷之人也。" D.C.Lau (1970:128)'s translation: "Mencius said, 'Shun was an Eastern barbarian; he was born in Chu Feng, moved to Fu Hsia, and died in Ming T'iao. King Wen was a Western barbarian; he was born in Ch'i Chou and died in Pi Ying."
284:"warlike foreigners" was "often used in bronze inscriptions to mean 'warfare', it is likely that when a people was called 'Rong', the Zhou considered them as political and military adversaries rather than as cultural and ethnic 'others'." Paul R. Goldin also proposes that
346:
334:
1169:
Di Cosmo, Nicola (1999). "The northern frontier in pre-imperial China". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.). The
Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge University Press. p. 908 of pp.
1548:
1471:
We identified Mogou to be the earliest ~4000 yr. BP Di-Qiang population, and genetically related to
Taojiazhai in sharing up to 100% paternal (O3a) and ~60% maternal (D4, M10, F, Z) haplogroups.
1355:
Song, Mengyuan; Wang, Zefei; Lyu, Qiang; Ying, Jun; Wu, Qian; Jiang, Lanrui; Wang, Fei; Zhou, Yuxiang; Song, Feng; Luo, Haibo; Hou, Yiping; Song, Xingbo; Ying, Binwu (2022-11-01).
1541:
872:
997:"A Contextual Explanation for "Foreign" or "Steppic" Factors Exhibited in Burials at the Majiayuan Cemetery and the Opening of the Tianshan Mountain Corridor"
1534:
1401:
Furthermore, ancient DNA revealed genetic connections between early Di-Qiang (Di and Qiang were historically combined to be one group) and Han
Chinese , .
898:
322:
232:(1046–221 BCE) onwards. They were mentioned in some ancient Chinese texts as perhaps genetically and linguistically related to the people of the
362:, the term usually referred to various peoples in the west during early and late medieval times. Xirong was also the name of a state during the
1141:
913:"Hun & Huns -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- Research Into Origins Of Huns, Uygurs, Mongols And Tibetans"
1019:"China and the steppe: technological study of precious metalwork from Xigoupan Tomb 2 (4th–3rd c.BCE) in the Ordos region, Inner Mongolia"
563:. This would be the northwestern edge of what was then China and also the transition zone between agricultural and steppe ways of life.
1849:
248:
Anthropomorphic axe, bronze, excavated in the tomb of Heibo (潶伯), a military noble in charge of protecting the northern frontier, at
2171:
1504:
772:
Genetic data on ancient Qiang remains associated with the Xirong were determined to display high genetic affinity with contemporary
1522:. Taishan Yu. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 106. September, 2000. Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania.
1216:
443:
Spade-foot three-legged pottery vessels as well as one and two handled pots were primary cultural characteristics of the Xirong.
413:
622:
During the
Western Zhou various Rong groups are interspersed among the cities of the North China Plain. It seems that the
471:
1326:
505:
306:
1413:
Li, Jiawei; Zeng, Wen; Zhang, Ye; Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Li, Chunxiang; Zhu, Hong; Fu, Qiaomei; Zhou, Hui (2017-12-04).
1357:"Paternal genetic structure of the Qiang ethnic group in China revealed by high-resolution Y-chromosome STRs and SNPs"
1063:"Transmission and innovation on gold granulation: the application of tin for soldering techniques in ancient China"
690:
defeated the last hostile Rong tribe. Threats from unified nomadic incursions would eventually reappear under the
1701:
1342:
876:
819:
750:) who have green eyes and red hair, and look like macaque monkeys, are the offspring of this people"; the exonym
683:
after 650 BCE the Rong are rarely mentioned. They seem to have been mostly absorbed by the States of Qi and Jin.
579:
363:
354:
cemetery in Gansu, the
Warring states Period, Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology.
476:
433:
943:
2176:
712:
367:
1153:
1356:
1696:
1426:
773:
273:
249:
2002:
850:
605:
1392:
809:
746:) in the Western Regions, the look of the Wusun is the most unusual. The present barbarians (胡人;
604:
sends the State of Qin to attack
Western Rong who submit and cede territory, sends the State of
1616:
1516:. 7 volumes. Instituts Ricci (Paris – Taipei). Desclée de Brouwer. 2001. Vol. III, p. 555.
1488:
2077:
1934:
1876:
1648:
1500:
1462:
1444:
1384:
1376:
1246:
1137:
1084:
1040:
1017:
Liu, Yan; Li, Rui; Yang, Junchang; Liu, Ruiliang; Zhao, Guoxing; Tan, Panpan (26 April 2021).
892:
644:
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777:
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110:
77:
1208:
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794:
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544:
387:
291:
214:
56:
1061:
Shi, Yong; Wen, Yadi; Li, Xiaojun; Liu, Zhaojian; Huang, Yumin; He, Bei (4 August 2022).
178:
131:
1606:
1430:
2139:
2108:
1970:
1939:
1457:
1414:
1264:
630:
519:
509:
450:
253:
1601:
1526:
535:) dwelt in southern Shandong and northern Jiangsu, thus east, not west, of the Shang.
2165:
2011:
1987:
1977:
1955:
1901:
1896:
1781:
1396:
1289:
799:
716:
637:
608:
against the
Northern Rong (probably 788); following year destroys the RongJiang clan.
528:
493:
210:
198:
2118:
2016:
1663:
1653:
1308:, (1998) pp. 141-142. Sino-Platonic Papers, Number 80. University of Pennsylvania.
824:
789:
766:
720:
659:
616:
523:). Průšek suggests relations between the Rong during the Zhou dynasty and the Rén (
359:
311:
277:
261:
257:
229:
117:
48:
1372:
970:
197:
were various people who lived primarily in and around the western extremities of
2082:
1965:
1891:
1886:
1658:
1641:
1558:
1415:"Ancient DNA reveals genetic connections between early Di-Qiang and Han Chinese"
1318:
1284:
1119:
1102:
931:
Ancient China and Its
Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History ,
699:
695:
687:
465:
454:
418:
393:
163:
84:
1079:
1062:
1035:
1018:
547:, 'Rong' was a vague term for warlike foreigner. He places them from the upper
17:
2092:
2087:
1924:
1871:
1808:
1716:
1611:
1439:
1323:
677:
648:
1448:
1380:
1088:
1044:
2026:
1908:
1680:
742:, one group included to the "western barbarians": "Among the barbarians (戎;
735:
655:
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351:
339:
327:
315:
1466:
1388:
1268:
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1786:
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912:
572:
489:
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Chinese. 有考证系阿尔泰语系的北方游牧民族人种形象。可能是曾经对周朝北方边境构成严重军事威胁的猃狁部族，因相貌异于华夏，被称作"鬼方"。
2144:
2021:
1997:
1992:
1960:
1929:
1881:
1830:
1803:
1796:
1774:
1769:
1736:
1636:
1631:
1158:
Chinese Statelets and the Northern Barbarians in the period 1400-300 BC
814:
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languages, and united with the Jiang clan to rebel against the Zhou.
513:
423:
382:
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64:
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52:
996:
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2031:
1835:
1823:
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1236:
Chapter 14 of Keightley,'The Origins of Chinese Civilization',1983
757:"foreigners, barbarians", was used from the 6th century to denote
739:
666:
623:
437:
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345:
333:
321:
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290:
243:
233:
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68:
1197:
Mark Edward Lewis in Cambridge History of Ancient China, page 635
1982:
1706:
951:
399:
342:, Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology.
295:
1530:
1345:. International Journal of Eurasian Studies. 2: p. 62 of 35–63.
1188:
Nicola Di Cosmo in Cambridge History of Ancient China, page 924
1247:"Fortress Village - The Ethnic Minorities of Southwest China"
575:
and the following year attacked the Western Rong and Xurong.
629:
714 BCE: Northern (Bei) or Mountain (Shan) Rong attack the
403:"Record of Rites" details ancient stereotypes about them.
217:
that frequently (and often violently) interacted with the
711:
It is believed that the Quanrong during the Western Zhou-
326:
Xirong gold plate in the form of walking feline found in
470:
776:
as well as with ancient 'Yellow River farmers' of the
136:
122:
1343:"The Qai, the Khongai, and the Names of the Xiōngnú"
1179:
Cambridge History of Ancient China (1999) Chapter 13
224:
civilization. They typically resided to the west of
2127:
2101:
2070:
2063:
1948:
1917:
1864:
1857:
1757:
1689:
1589:
1573:
1566:
731:had ancestries from the "western barbarians" (西夷).
130:
116:
109:
104:
92:
76:
32:
676:650 BCE: Beirong attacked by the States of Qi and
338:Necklace decorated with granulation, unearthed in
264:. This is considered as a possible depiction of a
1520:A Hypothesis about the Source of the Sai Tribes
1514:Grand dictionnaire Ricci de la langue chinoise
1120:Grand dictionnaire Ricci de la langue chinoise
27:Ancient grouping of people or peoples in China
1542:
1132:Baxter, William H. and Laurent Sagart. 2014.
933:Cambridge University Press, 2004 pp. 108-112.
288:was a "pseudo-ethnonym" meaning "bellicose".
82:
8:
1279:
1277:
188:
2067:
1861:
1570:
1549:
1535:
1527:
488:. Today, similar-sounding self-designated
101:
42:
1456:
1438:
1078:
1034:
1012:
1010:
1361:Forensic Science International: Genetics
1207:The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica.
841:
582:: Zhou capital attacked by the Rong of
183:
1109:, Clarendon Press, vol.1, pp. 229-230.
897:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
890:
626:were pressing the Rong from the north.
615:is killed by the Quanrong, ending the
67:in the south, Xirong in the west, and
29:
1056:
1054:
974:, Cambridge University Press, p. 286.
954:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences).
769:, besides other non-Chinese peoples.
373:The Xirong together with the eastern
302:tomb figurines (3rd-2nd century BCE).
193:'Western warlike people') or
7:
1295:: 烏孫於西域諸戎其形最異。今之胡人青眼、赤須，狀類彌猴者，本其種也。
432:) in this quotation refers to the "
209:). They were known as early as the
1003:: 81, Figure 6 (Majiayuan Tomb 3).
971:Landscape And Power In Early China
397:; 'Four Barbarians'). The
25:
1134:Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction
496:peoples in western China include
1848:
1489:"Exploring the roots of the Qin"
950:. The Institute of Archaeology (
636:706 BCE: The same group attacks
1341:Atwood, Christopher P. (2015).
694:identity during the subsequent
213:(1765–1122 BCE), as one of the
1217:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
651:, has many wars with the Rong.
428:
417:
173:
137:
123:
83:
1:
1499:. Zhonghua Publishing. 1993.
738:made these remarks about the
597:raid deep into Zhou territory
385:were collectively called the
1373:10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102774
1290:with commentary by Yan Shigu
849:Waugh, Daniel C: Professor.
310:Xirong gold belt plaques in
1497:Ming Dynasty Record of 1574
1136:. Oxford University Press,
527:< OC *ni) tribes during
318:M4, Gansu, 3rd century BCE.
2193:
1080:10.1186/s40494-022-00753-y
1036:10.1186/s40494-021-00520-5
995:Linduff, Katheryn (2013).
853:. University of Washington
1846:
1440:10.1186/s12862-017-1082-0
820:Qiang (historical people)
751:
458:
392:
162:
148:
100:
41:
37:
2172:Ancient peoples of China
1419:BMC Evolutionary Biology
647:, ruler of the State of
580:King Yi of Zhou (Ji Xie)
1329:March 17, 2008, at the
1306:A Study of Saka History
1251:ethno.ihp.sinica.edu.tw
1123:, Vol. V, (2001) p. 938
453:(2014) reconstruct the
412:Note: "middle states" (
280:period, since the term
260:period (1045–771 BCE).
1160:. New York, 1971. p.38
715:(1122–476 BC) spoke a
669:drive the Rong out of
410:
368:Warring States periods
355:
343:
331:
319:
303:
269:
96:Western warlike people
917:www.imperialchina.org
713:Warring States period
551:valley and along the
405:
349:
337:
325:
309:
294:
276:says that during the
247:
774:Sino-Tibetan peoples
734:7th-century scholar
727:mentioned that even
559:basin as far as the
531:, however, the Rén (
370:of Chinese history.
234:Chinese civilization
1431:2017BMCEE..17..239L
1101:Wangzhi chap., tr.
593:: Western Rong and
944:"灵台白草坡 西周墓葬里的青铜王国"
810:Hua-Yi Distinction
356:
344:
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55:surrounded by the
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2158:
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1844:
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1142:978-0-19-994537-5
1001:Asian Archaeology
968:Li, Feng (2006),
929:Nicola Di Cosmo,
851:"Silk Road Texts"
645:Duke Zhuang of Lu
602:King Xuan of Zhou
561:Taihang Mountains
492:among modern-day
484:
469:
447:William H. Baxter
364:Spring and Autumn
350:Xirong earrings,
300:Majiayuan culture
191:
152:
151:
144:
143:
111:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
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875:. Archived from
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778:Yangshao culture
753:
729:King Wen of Zhou
613:King You of Zhou
512:of northwestern
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520:Rung languages
451:Laurent Sagart
434:Middle Kingdom
272:The historian
254:Lingtai County
241:
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105:Transcriptions
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798:
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761:, especially
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717:Tibeto-Burman
714:
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643:693–662 BCE:
642:
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611:781–771 BCE:
610:
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600:827–782 BCE:
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571:defeated the
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543:According to
538:
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529:Shang dynasty
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494:Tibeto-Burman
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199:ancient China
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147:
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133:
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71:in the north.
70:
66:
63:in the east,
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2177:Zhou dynasty
2064:Early Modern
1726:
1519:
1513:
1496:
1470:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1400:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1337:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1283:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1212:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
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1128:
1118:
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1106:
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1026:
1022:
1000:
989:
979:
969:
964:
955:
947:
938:
930:
925:
916:
907:
881:. Retrieved
877:the original
867:
855:. Retrieved
844:
825:Sinocentrism
790:Qiang people
771:
767:Central Asia
754:
747:
743:
733:
721:Sino-Tibetan
710:
660:State of Yan
617:Western Zhou
567:c. 964 BCE:
542:
517:
485:
445:
442:
427:
411:
406:
398:
386:
372:
360:Zhou dynasty
357:
312:animal style
285:
281:
278:Western Zhou
271:
262:Gansu Museum
258:Western Zhou
230:Zhou dynasty
194:
182:
172:
154:
153:
118:Hanyu Pinyin
1319:Book of Han
1285:Book of Han
1103:James Legge
658:attack the
455:Old Chinese
377:, northern
201:(in modern
51:geography:
2166:Categories
1925:Karakhanid
1425:(1): 239.
1367:: 102774.
1073:(1): 122.
831:References
702:Dynasties.
358:After the
330:M3, Gansu.
179:Wade–Giles
132:Wade–Giles
2027:Xueyantuo
1935:Khotanese
1717:Tocharian
1449:1471-2148
1397:252254620
1381:1872-4973
1269:Li lou II
1222:August 2,
1209:"Xiongnu"
1107:The Li Ki
1105:(1879),
1089:2050-7445
1045:2050-7445
1029:(1): 46.
883:April 23,
836:Citations
736:Yan Shigu
707:Ethnicity
686:314 BCE:
665:662 BCE:
656:Shan Rong
654:664 BCE:
578:859 BCE:
553:Fen River
549:Wei River
518:see also
498:Rgyalrong
490:ethnonyms
352:Majiayuan
340:Majiayuan
328:Majiayuan
316:Majiayuan
314:found in
240:Etymology
228:from the
2102:Northern
2071:Southern
1949:Northern
1865:Southern
1858:Medieval
1814:Shanrong
1787:Dingling
1758:Northern
1732:Quanrong
1617:Lạc Việt
1590:Southern
1467:29202706
1389:36156385
1327:Archived
1324:vol. 96b
1170:885–966.
893:cite web
857:20 April
784:See also
763:Sogdians
573:Quanrong
539:Timeline
436:", i.e.
429:Zhōngguó
250:Baicaopo
184:Hsi-jung
138:Hsi-jung
2145:Khoshut
2140:Dzungar
2128:Western
1993:Khereid
1971:Jurchen
1961:Kumo Xi
1940:Tibetan
1918:Western
1882:Cuanman
1831:Xianyun
1804:Guifang
1797:Xianbei
1775:Xiongnu
1770:Chunwei
1737:Xianyun
1690:Western
1637:Yangyue
1632:Shanyue
1612:Dong'ou
1607:Âu Việt
1574:Eastern
1567:Ancient
1481:Sources
1458:5716020
1427:Bibcode
1265:Mencius
815:Ji Jili
805:Guifang
725:Mencius
692:Xiongnu
671:Taiyuan
595:Xianyun
584:Taiyuan
557:Taiyuan
555:to the
502:Sichuan
474:
414:Chinese
298:-style
274:Li Feng
266:Xianyun
219:sinitic
207:Qinghai
159:Chinese
78:Chinese
2135:Oirats
2114:Manchu
2049:Shatuo
2044:Yueban
2022:Uyghur
2012:Tangut
1998:Naiman
1978:Shiwei
1956:Khitan
1930:Karluk
1902:Zhuang
1897:Bouyei
1819:Sushen
1792:Wuhuan
1782:Donghu
1749:Yuezhi
1727:Xirong
1676:Yelang
1671:Nanman
1627:Nanyue
1622:Minyue
1602:Âu Lạc
1597:Baiyue
1581:Dongyi
1503:
1465:
1455:
1447:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1140:
1087:
1043:
740:Wusuns
514:Yunnan
504:, and
463:,
426::
424:pinyin
416::
383:Nanman
375:Dongyi
222:Huaxia
181::
174:Xīróng
171::
169:pinyin
161::
155:Xirong
124:Xīróng
65:Nanman
61:Dongyi
53:Huaxia
33:Xirong
2119:Nivkh
2039:Tujue
2032:Yugur
2017:Tiele
2003:Tatar
1836:Xunyu
1824:Yilou
1765:Beidi
1742:Xunyu
1722:Wusun
1712:Sumpa
1702:Qiang
1664:Hmong
1393:S2CID
765:, in
755:Húrén
748:húrén
667:Beidi
624:Beidi
510:Trung
438:China
379:Beidi
203:Gansu
69:Beidi
2083:Shan
1983:Zubu
1966:Mohe
1707:Saka
1659:Miao
1654:Dian
1501:ISBN
1463:PMID
1445:ISSN
1385:PMID
1377:ISSN
1224:2016
1138:ISBN
1085:ISSN
1041:ISSN
993:See
952:CASS
899:link
885:2011
859:2014
744:Róng
698:and
508:and
506:Nung
486:róng
482:mod.
449:and
400:Liji
388:Sìyí
366:and
296:Saka
286:Rong
282:Rong
205:and
195:Rong
190:lit.
49:Zhou
2093:Yao
2088:She
1892:Rau
1872:Bai
1809:Jie
1642:Yue
1559:Han
1453:PMC
1435:doi
1369:doi
1075:doi
1031:doi
984:235
700:Han
696:Qin
688:Qin
606:Jin
500:of
477:nuŋ
2168::
2078:Bo
1909:Yi
1887:Li
1877:Bo
1697:Di
1681:Yi
1649:Bo
1469:.
1461:.
1451:.
1443:.
1433:.
1423:17
1421:.
1417:.
1399:.
1391:.
1383:.
1375:.
1365:61
1363:.
1359:.
1322:,
1288:,
1276:^
1249:.
1215:.
1211:.
1156:.
1083:.
1071:10
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915:.
895:}}
891:{{
780:.
752:胡人
678:Xu
649:Lu
638:Qi
479:,
466:OC
440:.
422:;
419:中國
394:四夷
256:,
252:,
236:.
187:;
177:;
167:;
164:西戎
85:西戎
1550:e
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1491:.
1437::
1429::
1371::
1253:.
1226:.
1144:.
1091:.
1077::
1047:.
1033::
1027:9
919:.
901:)
887:.
861:.
680:.
673:.
662:.
640:.
633:.
619:.
586:.
533:人
525:人
516:(
472:*
468::
460:戎
391:(
268:.
157:(
59:—
20:)
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