40:
761:) is an active laser medium lasing at 2940 nm. Its absorption bands suitable for pumping are wide and located between 600 and 800 nm, allowing for efficient flashlamp pumping. The dopant concentration used is high: about 50% of the yttrium atoms are replaced. The Er:YAG laser wavelength couples well into water and body fluids, making this laser especially useful for medicine and dentistry uses; it is used for treatment of
568:
877:, and operates at a wavelength where the threshold for eye damage is relatively high. When pumped by a diode, the 785 nm band for Tm ion can be used. Other major pump bands are located between 400 and 800 nm. The dopant levels used are 0.35 atom.% Ho, 5.8 atom.% Tm, and 1.5 at.% Cr. The rods have green color, imparted by chromium(III).
632:
841:
region and transfer their energy to the neodymium atoms, increasing the pumping efficiency; the result is lower thermal distortion and higher power output than Nd:YAG at the same pumping level. The lasing wavelength, 1064 nm, is the same as for Nd:YAG. The material has a good resistance to
707:
concentration in commonly used Nd:YAG crystals usually varies between 0.5 and 1.4 molar percent. Higher dopant concentration is used for pulsed lasers; lower concentration is suitable for continuous-wave lasers. Nd:YAG is pinkish-purple, with lighter-doped rods being less intensely colored than
732:) has absorption characteristics which are superior to Nd:YAG. This is because energy is absorbed by the broad absorption bands of the Cr dopant and then transferred to Nd by dipole-dipole interactions. This material has been suggested for use in
873:) is an active laser medium material with high efficiency. It lases at 2080 nm and can be pumped by a flashlamp or a laser diode. It is widely used in military, medicine, and meteorology. It works well at room temperature, has high
923:. The dopant levels used range between 0.5 and 3 percent (molar). Cr:YAG can be used for passive Q-switching of lasers that operate at wavelengths between 1000 and 1200 nm, such as those based on Nd:YAG,
769:. The mechanical properties of Er:YAG are essentially the same as Nd:YAG. Er:YAG operates at wavelengths where the threshold for eye damage is relatively high (since the light is absorbed before striking the
1667:
Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) is an important optical ceramic material, especially when doped with Nd and Er, when it exhibits a specific color. For instance, Er:YAG is pink and Nd:YAG is a light reddish
892:) is an active laser medium that operates between 1930 and 2040 nm. It is suitable for diode pumping. A dual-mode Tm:YAG laser emits two frequencies separated by 1 GHz.
1044:
as a coating on a high-brightness blue InGaN diode, converting part of the blue light into yellow, which together then appear as white. Such an arrangement gives less than ideal
1063:, where it emits green (530 nm) to yellow-green (550 nm) light. When excited by electrons, it has virtually no afterglow (70 ns decay time). It is suitable for use in
911:
for Nd-doped lasers. The resulting devices are solid-state, compact and low-cost. Cr:YAG has high damage threshold, good thermal conductivity, good chemical stability, resists
975:
used in temperature measurements. The phosphor is excited by a laser pulse and its temperature-dependent fluorescence is observed. Dy:YAG is sensitive in ranges of 300–1700
554:; as of 1995 there was little production. Some demand exists as synthetic garnet, and for designs where the very high refractive index of cubic zirconia is not desirable.
680:
Most Nd:YAG lasers produce infrared light at a wavelength of 1064 nm. Light at this wavelength is rather dangerous to vision, since it can be focused by the eye's
792:) is an active laser medium lasing at 1030 nm, with a broad, 18 nm wide absorption band at 940 nm. It is one of the most useful media for high-power
1595:
Saiki, T; Imasaki, K; Motokoshi, S; Yamanaka, C; Fujita, H; Nakatsuka, M; Izawa, Y (2006). "Disk-type Nd/Cr:YAG ceramic lasers pumped by arc-metal-halide-lamp".
2310:
1987:
1630:
Lv, Haodong; Bao, Jinxiao; Chao, Luomeng; Song, Xiwen; An, Shengli; Zhou, Fen; Wang, Qingchun; Ruan, Fei; Zhang, Wen; Guo, Wenrong; Zhang, Yonghe (2019).
810:
Yb:YAG is a good substitute for 1064 nm Nd:YAG in high-power applications, and its frequency-doubled 515 nm version can replace the 514 nm
328:
Due to its broad optical transparency, low internal stress, high hardness, chemical and heat resistance, YAG is used for a variety of optics. Its lack of
2783:
673:
crystals, however it is not as efficient and is less stable, requiring more precisely controlled temperatures. The best absorption band of Nd:YAG for
2379:
585:
924:
1680:
Grant-Jacob, James A.; Beecher, Stephen J.; Parsonage, Tina L.; Hua, Ping; Mackenzie, Jacob I.; Shepherd, David P.; Eason, Robert W. (2016-01-01).
343:, has no uses as a laser medium when pure. However, after being doped with an appropriate ion, YAG is commonly used as a host material in various
956:
in a Nd:YAG "loop resonator". Such a mirror provides compensation of both phase and polarization aberrations induced into the loop resonator.
1783:
1753:
928:
800:, and no excited-state absorption or up-conversion, high mechanical strength and high thermal conductivity. Yb:YAG can be pumped by reliable
667:
3195:
907:) provides a large absorption cross section in the 0.9-1.2 micrometer spectral region, which makes it an attractive choice as a passive
1040:
form, with a wide range of uses. It emits yellow light when subjected to blue or ultraviolet light or to x-rays. It is used in white
2303:
1496:
1161:
607:
427:, depending on light source), pink, and orange. As faceted gems they are valued (as synthetics) for their clarity, durability, high
650:) was developed in the early 1960s, and the first working Nd:YAG laser was invented in 1964. Neodymium-YAG is the most widely used
1306:
Sim, S.M.; Keller, K.A.; Mah, T.I. (2000). "Phase formation in yttrium aluminium garnet powders synthesized by chemical methods".
2807:
1149:
796:. The dopant levels used range between 0.2% and 30% of replaced yttrium atoms. Yb:YAG has very low fractional heating, very high
1351:"Wide spectral range optical characterization of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) single crystal by the universal dispersion model"
1980:
458:
As a synthetic gemstone YAG has numerous varietal and trade names, as well as a number of misnomers. Synonymous names include:
589:
128:
1915:
Carreira, J. F. C. (2017). "YAG:Dy – Based single white light emitting phosphor produced by solution combustion synthesis".
1732:
Beecher, Stephen J.; Grant-Jacob, James A.; Hua, Ping; Shepherd, David; Eason, Robert W.; Mackenzie, Jacob I. (2016-10-30).
3093:
2851:
1952:
and A. Bril, "A new phosphor for flying-spot cathode-ray tubes for color televisions", Appl. Phys. Lett., 11, 1967, 53-54
3175:
2296:
1071:
983:. It has also been studied as a single-phase white emitting phosphor in phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes.
39:
3180:
3072:
2482:
708:
heavier-doped ones. Since its absorption spectrum is narrow, the hue depends on the light under which it is observed.
3200:
3185:
3170:
2878:
2831:
1973:
662:(pulsed) lasers with power levels measured in the kilowatts. The thermal conductivity of Nd:YAG is higher and its
578:
3190:
3038:
2758:
2614:
3055:
2906:
2157:
700:, to produce green light with a wavelength of 532 nm or ultraviolet light at 355 nm, respectively.
2634:
2362:
2236:
2194:
2026:
440:
356:
837:) is an active laser medium material very similar to Nd:YAG. The added cerium atoms strongly absorb in the
2763:
2417:
2343:
2338:
2186:
1631:
953:
333:
1632:"Development mechanism of Ce-doped red zirconia ceramics prepared by a high-temperature reduction method"
2580:
2555:
2446:
2333:
2199:
2111:
2103:
2034:
1091:
737:
118:
1432:"Bulk optical damage thresholds for doped and undoped, crystalline and ceramic yttrium aluminum garnet"
1222:
1173:
3018:
2609:
2572:
2348:
2219:
2132:
2095:
1924:
1889:
1839:
1696:
1604:
1443:
1362:
1315:
1048:. The output brightness decreases with increasing temperature, further altering device color output.
1041:
380:
1827:
1533:
V. Lupei, , A. Lupei "Nd:YAG at its 50th anniversary: Still to learn" Journal of
Luminescence 2015,
1485:
Kalisky, Yehoshua (1997). "Hosts for Solid State
Luminescent Systems". In Rotman, Stanley R. (ed.).
2714:
2646:
2601:
2596:
2564:
2547:
2531:
2425:
2319:
2152:
2071:
1125:
651:
432:
207:
141:
1733:
2982:
2738:
2726:
2702:
2490:
2474:
2441:
2409:
2353:
2207:
1880:
Goss, L.P.; Smith, A.A.; Post, M.E. (1989). "Surface thermometry by laser-induced fluorescence".
1855:
1651:
1513:
1388:
1331:
1115:
1052:
915:
radiation, and is easily machinable. It is replacing more traditional Q-switching materials like
733:
693:
108:
3122:
2998:
2949:
2929:
2746:
2686:
2674:
2519:
2514:
2498:
2466:
2458:
2181:
2144:
2010:
1996:
1800:
1779:
1749:
1714:
1492:
1467:
1459:
1380:
1157:
949:
655:
344:
1773:
332:(unlike sapphire) makes it an interesting material for high-energy/high-power laser systems.
2506:
1953:
1932:
1897:
1847:
1741:
1704:
1643:
1612:
1577:
1534:
1451:
1406:
1370:
1323:
1079:
1060:
942:
916:
874:
843:
797:
774:
428:
400:
376:
177:
151:
60:
1013:) is a phosphor used in cathode ray tubes. It emits at yellow-green color, at 544 nm.
2662:
2372:
2259:
2127:
2087:
1075:
1064:
1045:
1350:
1928:
1893:
1843:
1700:
1608:
1447:
1431:
1366:
1319:
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2119:
1087:
1037:
681:
551:
306:
292:
85:
17:
1851:
1681:
3164:
1949:
1859:
1655:
1392:
980:
941:
with outputs adjustable between 1350 and 1550 nm. The Cr:YAG laser can generate
938:
674:
329:
187:
1335:
228:
stones - inert to moderate orange in long wave, inert to weak orange in short wave;
1120:
1110:
1033:
979:. The phosphor can be applied directly to the measured surface, or to an end of an
762:
749:
689:
663:
626:
384:
364:
360:
220:
1734:"Laser Performance of Yb-doped-Garnet Thin Films Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition"
1647:
1550:
1936:
1616:
1538:
1486:
945:(in the femtoseconds range) when it is pumped at 1064 nm by a Nd:YAG laser.
455:(50,000 or 100,000 grit) on common polishing laps. YAG has low heat sensitivity.
1488:
Wide-Gap
Luminescent Materials: Theory and Applications: Theory and Applications
1407:"Custom YAG (Yttrium Aluminium Garnet, Yttrium Aluminium Oxide Y3Al5O12) optics"
912:
838:
811:
804:
766:
659:
658:, being used for everything from low-power continuous-wave lasers to high-power
567:
436:
217:
197:
1682:"An 115 W Yb:YAG planar waveguide laser fabricated via pulsed laser deposition"
1327:
1098:
964:
793:
310:
1745:
1718:
1463:
1384:
550:. Production for the gem trade decreased after the introduction of synthetic
2243:
822:
785:
717:
639:
424:
416:
348:
336:
levels of YAG ranged from 1.1 to 2.2 kJ/cm (1064 nm, 10 ns).
298:
271:
103:
Usually colorless, but may be pink, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple
1581:
1471:
846:. Usually 1.1–1.4% of Y atoms are replaced with Nd, and 0.05–0.1% with Ce.
1709:
1455:
991:
972:
908:
900:
858:
721:
420:
408:
404:
372:
340:
1375:
1006:
885:
862:
854:
697:
592: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
452:
448:
396:
295:
284:
265:
240:
stones - very strong yellow in long and short wave also phosphoresces;
2288:
1957:
1901:
765:
and in cosmetic surgery. Er:YAG is used for noninvasive monitoring of
2039:
1021:
976:
826:
801:
770:
754:
704:
685:
643:
444:
412:
407:
simulant. Colored variants and their doping elements include: green (
368:
352:
288:
277:
1965:
631:
1568:
Z. J. Kiss and R. J. Pressley (1996). "Crystalline solid lasers".
1083:
630:
937:
Cr:YAG can be also used as a laser gain medium itself, producing
2870:
2292:
1969:
1059:(yttrium phosphate-vanadate). It is also used as a phosphor in
1514:"How to Spot a Fake Diamond: What These 13 Tests Really Mean!"
920:
561:
1551:"ND:YAG crystal (neodymium doped yttrium aluminium garnet)"
1828:"Temperature sensing using YAG:Dy single-crystal phosphor"
1082:
detectors, and high-resolution imaging screens for gamma,
998:) is a temperature-sensitive phosphor similar to Dy:YAG.
244:
stones - strong red in long wave, weak red in short wave
1055:
as one of the phosphors, often together with Eu:Y(P,V)O
688:, but the light is invisible and does not trigger the
677:
is centered at 807.5 nm, and is 1 nm wide.
1349:
Franta, Daniel; Mureșan, Mihai-George (2021-12-01).
2922:
2869:
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2402:
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2019:
2003:
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168:
160:
150:
140:
127:
117:
107:
99:
94:
84:
59:
51:
46:
32:
948:Cr:YAG has been demonstrated in an application of
842:damage caused by UV from the pump source, and low
27:Synthetic crystalline material of the garnet group
773:), works well at room temperature, and has high
1740:. Optical Society of America. pp. AM3A.3.
435:, and occasionally properties like simulating
2304:
1981:
8:
1805:Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
443:of YAG is 33 degrees. YAG cuts like natural
1767:
1765:
1430:Do, Binh T.; Smith, Arlee V. (2009-06-20).
666:lifetime is about twice as long as that of
301:oxide phase, with other examples being YAlO
2866:
2368:
2311:
2297:
2289:
2232:
1988:
1974:
1966:
38:
1708:
1491:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1374:
608:Learn how and when to remove this message
2858:
2854:
359:into YAG as active laser ions, yielding
1137:
692:. Nd:YAG lasers can also be used with
447:, with polishing being performed with
29:
1738:Lasers Congress 2016 (ASSL, LSC, LAC)
1145:
1143:
1141:
7:
635:Nd:YAG laser rod 0.5 cm in diameter.
590:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1097:Ce:YAG can be further doped with
371:-doped YAG (Ce:YAG) is used as a
1882:Review of Scientific Instruments
1150:Gemological Institute of America
566:
439:'s color-changing property. The
313:-like form, and the monoclinic Y
1852:10.1140/epjd/s10053-021-00068-w
1832:The European Physical Journal D
1636:Journal of Alloys and Compounds
794:diode-pumped solid state lasers
577:needs additional citations for
2923:Organoaluminium(III) compounds
347:. Rare earth elements such as
1:
1775:Solid-state laser engineering
1648:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.216
971:) is a temperature-sensitive
736:, which could form part of a
395:YAG for a period was used in
2237:Organoyttrium(III) compounds
1937:10.1016/j.jlumin.2016.11.017
1617:10.1016/j.optcom.2006.07.002
1539:10.1016/j.jlumin.2015.04.018
1308:Journal of Materials Science
1051:Ce:YAG is also used in some
3196:Phosphors and scintillators
1801:"Chromium-doped gain media"
1516:. International Gem Society
3217:
747:
624:
1772:Koechner, Walter (2006).
1689:Optical Materials Express
1355:Optical Materials Express
164:Vitreous to subadamantine
146:Vitreous to subadamantine
37:
1826:Sevic, Dragutin (2021).
1778:. Springer. p. 49.
1746:10.1364/assl.2016.am3a.3
258:Yttrium aluminium garnet
33:Yttrium aluminium garnet
1917:Journal of Luminescence
1570:Proceedings of the IEEE
1328:10.1023/A:1004709401795
1154:GIA Gem Reference Guide
807:at 940 or 970 nm.
558:Technical-use varieties
520:Linde simulated diamond
18:Yttrium aluminum garnet
1582:10.1109/PROC.1966.5112
1283:rt) Crystal Structure"
1198:ht) Crystal Structure"
1032:) is a phosphor, or a
954:phase-conjugate mirror
696:or frequency tripling
636:
367:lasers, respectively.
1597:Optics Communications
1092:ultraviolet radiation
1042:light-emitting diodes
738:solar power satellite
634:
423:), blue/pink/purple (
381:light-emitting diodes
339:YAG, like garnet and
1799:Paschotta, Rüdiger.
1710:10.1364/ome.6.000091
1456:10.1364/AO.48.003509
586:improve this article
309:or an orthorhombic,
123:Conchoidal to uneven
3176:Aluminium compounds
2320:Aluminium compounds
1929:2017JLum..183..251C
1894:1989RScI...60.3702G
1844:2021EPJD...75...56S
1701:2016OMExp...6...91G
1609:2006OptCo.268..155S
1448:2009ApOpt..48.3509D
1367:2021OMExp..11.3930F
1320:2000JMatS..35..713S
1126:Yttrium iron garnet
1053:mercury-vapor lamps
734:solar-pumped lasers
652:active laser medium
3181:Synthetic minerals
1376:10.1364/OME.441088
1287:Springer Materials
1202:Springer Materials
1116:Micro-pulling-down
1070:Ce:YAG is used in
865:triple-doped YAG (
829:double-doped YAG (
777:. Er:YAG is pink.
694:frequency doubling
656:solid-state lasers
637:
345:solid-state lasers
169:Optical properties
3201:Diamond simulants
3186:Optical materials
3171:Yttrium compounds
3158:
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1997:Yttrium compounds
1958:10.1063/1.1755025
1902:10.1063/1.1140478
1888:(12): 3702–3706.
1785:978-0-387-29094-2
1755:978-1-943580-20-0
1442:(18): 3509–3514.
1061:cathode ray tubes
1024:(III)-doped YAG (
952:as a self-pumped
950:non-linear optics
943:ultrashort pulses
675:pumping the laser
618:
617:
610:
377:cathode ray tubes
283:) is a synthetic
255:
254:
172:Single refractive
55:synthetic mineral
16:(Redirected from
3208:
3191:Laser gain media
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1164:
1147:
1080:charged particle
1065:photomultipliers
917:lithium fluoride
903:(IV)-doped YAG (
875:slope efficiency
844:lasing threshold
798:slope efficiency
775:slope efficiency
613:
606:
602:
599:
593:
570:
562:
429:refractive index
287:material of the
236:stones - inert;
178:Refractive index
152:Specific gravity
133:
66:
65:(repeating unit)
42:
30:
21:
3216:
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3211:
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2373:Organoaluminium
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2255:
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2107:
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1914:
1913:
1909:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1660:
1658:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1512:Rice, Addison.
1511:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1148:
1139:
1134:
1107:
1076:gamma radiation
1058:
1046:color rendering
1019:
1004:
989:
962:
932:
898:
883:
852:
820:
783:
752:
746:
716:YAG doped with
714:
671:
629:
623:
614:
603:
597:
594:
583:
571:
560:
393:
324:
320:
316:
304:
291:group. It is a
282:
276:
270:
131:
80:
76:
72:
64:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1942:
1907:
1872:
1818:
1807:. RP Photonics
1791:
1784:
1761:
1754:
1724:
1672:
1622:
1587:
1560:
1542:
1526:
1504:
1497:
1477:
1436:Applied Optics
1422:
1411:Knight Optical
1398:
1341:
1314:(3): 713–717.
1298:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1214:
1192:
1180:
1165:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1088:beta radiation
1074:, high-energy
1056:
1038:single-crystal
1018:
1015:
1003:
1000:
988:
985:
961:
958:
939:tunable lasers
934:, and Yb:YAG.
930:
897:
894:
882:
879:
851:
848:
819:
816:
782:
779:
748:Main article:
745:
742:
713:
710:
669:
625:Main article:
622:
619:
616:
615:
574:
572:
565:
559:
556:
552:cubic zirconia
548:yttrium garnet
441:critical angle
392:
389:
322:
318:
314:
302:
280:
274:
268:
253:
252:
250:
246:
245:
223:
214:
213:
210:
204:
203:
200:
194:
193:
190:
184:
183:
180:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
154:
148:
147:
144:
138:
137:
134:
125:
124:
121:
115:
114:
111:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
95:Identification
92:
91:
88:
86:Crystal system
82:
81:
78:
74:
70:
67:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3213:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3147:
3121:
3119:
3092:
3090:
3071:
3069:
3054:
3052:
3037:
3035:
3017:
3015:
2997:
2995:
2981:
2979:
2948:
2946:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2850:
2848:
2830:
2828:
2806:
2804:
2782:
2780:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2685:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2645:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2530:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2377:
2375:(I) compounds
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2276:
2258:
2256:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2070:
2068:
2054:
2052:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1555:Red Optronics
1552:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1498:9780792398370
1494:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1288:
1284:
1218:
1215:
1203:
1199:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:0-87311-019-6
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:when in pure
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
986:
984:
982:
981:optical fiber
978:
974:
970:
966:
959:
957:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
935:
933:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
893:
891:
887:
880:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
847:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
815:
813:
808:
806:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
780:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
743:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
711:
709:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
633:
628:
620:
612:
609:
601:
591:
587:
581:
580:
575:This section
573:
569:
564:
563:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
390:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
330:birefringence
326:
312:
308:
300:
297:
294:
290:
286:
279:
273:
267:
263:
259:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
222:
219:
215:
211:
209:
205:
201:
199:
195:
191:
189:
188:Birefringence
185:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
161:Polish luster
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
143:
139:
135:
130:
126:
122:
120:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
89:
87:
83:
68:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2055:
2020:Yttrium(III)
1945:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1835:
1831:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1804:
1794:
1774:
1737:
1727:
1692:
1688:
1675:
1666:
1659:. Retrieved
1639:
1635:
1625:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1576:(10): 1236.
1573:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1507:
1487:
1480:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:
1401:
1361:(12): 3930.
1358:
1354:
1344:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:
1168:
1153:
1121:Nd:YAG laser
1111:Er:YAG laser
1096:
1072:PET scanners
1069:
1050:
1034:scintillator
1029:
1025:
1020:
1010:
1009:-doped YAG (
1005:
995:
994:-doped YAG (
990:
968:
967:-doped YAG (
963:
947:
936:
919:and organic
904:
899:
889:
888:-doped YAG (
884:
871:Ho,Cr,Tm:YAG
870:
867:Ho:Cr:Tm:YAG
866:
853:
850:Ho:Cr:Tm:YAG
834:
830:
821:
812:argon lasers
809:
805:laser diodes
789:
788:-doped YAG (
784:
763:tooth enamel
758:
757:-doped YAG (
753:
750:Er:YAG laser
729:
725:
715:
702:
690:blink reflex
679:
664:fluorescence
647:
638:
627:Nd:YAG laser
604:
595:
584:Please help
579:verification
576:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
457:
394:
391:Gemstone YAG
385:scintillator
338:
334:Laser damage
327:
261:
257:
256:
241:
238:yellow-green
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:fluorescence
2565:Al(OH)(OAc)
2004:Yttrium(II)
1923:: 251–258.
1642:: 931–939.
913:ultraviolet
839:ultraviolet
767:blood sugar
437:alexandrite
419:), yellow (
383:, and as a
305:(YAP) in a
285:crystalline
218:Ultraviolet
198:Pleochroism
182:1.833±0.010
3165:Categories
1603:(1): 155.
1520:2021-02-15
1416:2022-03-15
1292:2020-01-28
1207:2019-12-23
1132:References
1099:gadolinium
965:Dysprosium
660:Q-switched
598:April 2013
492:diamonique
433:dispersion
403:and other
379:and white
311:perovskite
249:References
208:Dispersion
129:Mohs scale
1950:G. Blasse
1860:234033077
1838:(2): 56.
1719:2159-3930
1695:(1): 91.
1656:182269171
1464:0003-6935
1393:239534251
1385:2159-3930
835:Nd,Ce:YAG
831:Nd:Ce:YAG
823:Neodymium
818:Nd:Ce:YAG
786:Ytterbium
730:Nd/Cr:YAG
726:Nd:Cr:YAG
718:neodymium
712:Nd:Cr:YAG
684:onto the
640:Neodymium
496:diamonite
484:diamonair
468:circolite
425:neodymium
417:manganese
411:), blue (
349:neodymium
307:hexagonal
299:aluminium
226:Colorless
1865:20 April
1811:April 2,
1661:11 April
1472:19543361
1336:92455146
1105:See also
992:Samarium
973:phosphor
909:Q-switch
901:Chromium
859:chromium
740:system.
722:chromium
698:crystals
540:triamond
536:somerset
532:replique
528:regalair
524:nier-gem
516:kimberly
512:gemonair
508:geminair
500:diamonte
480:diamogem
421:titanium
415:), red (
409:chromium
405:gemstone
373:phosphor
341:sapphire
132:hardness
119:Fracture
109:Cleavage
52:Category
3139:ClAl(CH
2907:NaAl(SO
2573:Al(OAc)
2435:Al(III)
2027:Y(acac)
1925:Bibcode
1890:Bibcode
1840:Bibcode
1697:Bibcode
1605:Bibcode
1444:Bibcode
1363:Bibcode
1316:Bibcode
1253:; YAM (
1186:; YAP (
1007:Terbium
886:Thulium
863:thulium
855:Holmium
488:diamone
476:diamite
472:dia-bud
464:amamite
460:alexite
453:diamond
449:alumina
401:diamond
397:jewelry
355:can be
325:(YAM).
296:yttrium
156:4.5–4.6
61:Formula
47:General
2983:(Al(CH
2895:KAl(SO
2883:)Al(SO
2764:Al(OH)
2635:Al(MnO
2556:Al(OH)
2548:Al(OH)
2483:NaAlCl
2467:Al(CN)
2403:Al(II)
1858:
1782:
1752:
1717:
1668:purple
1654:
1495:
1470:
1462:
1391:
1383:
1334:
1160:
1156:1995,
1084:x-rays
1030:YAG:Ce
1026:Ce:YAG
1022:Cerium
1017:Ce:YAG
1011:Tb:YAG
1002:Tb:YAG
996:Sm:YAG
987:Sm:YAG
969:Dy:YAG
960:Dy:YAG
929:Nd:YVO
925:Nd:YLF
905:Cr:YAG
896:Cr:YAG
890:Tm:YAG
881:Tm:YAG
827:cerium
802:InGaAs
790:Yb:YAG
781:Yb:YAG
771:retina
759:Er:YAG
755:Erbium
744:Er:YAG
705:dopant
686:retina
668:Nd:YVO
648:Nd:YAG
621:Nd:YAG
546:, and
504:di'yag
445:garnet
413:cobalt
369:Cerium
365:Er:YAG
361:Nd:YAG
353:erbium
289:garnet
142:Luster
3077:CH(CH
3073:Al(CH
3023:CH(CH
3019:Al(CH
2999:(Al(C
2871:Alums
2808:LiAlH
2784:NaAlH
2759:AlOHO
2739:AlAsO
2589:(OAc)
2520:Al(NO
2447:Al(BH
2327:Al(I)
2159:Y(ClO
2145:Y(OH)
1856:S2CID
1685:(PDF)
1652:S2CID
1389:S2CID
1332:S2CID
869:, or
833:, or
646:YAG (
644:doped
399:as a
357:doped
293:cubic
242:green
212:0.028
100:Color
90:Cubic
3123:Ti(C
3094:Al(C
3056:Al(C
3039:Al(C
2930:Al(C
2651:(MoO
2615:Al(C
2610:AlSb
2602:AlPO
2475:AlCl
2459:AlBr
2442:AlAs
2380:Al(C
2363:AlOH
2339:AlCl
2334:AlBr
2133:Y(NO
1867:2023
1813:2011
1780:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1715:ISSN
1663:2022
1493:ISBN
1468:PMID
1460:ISSN
1381:ISSN
1188:YAlO
1176:YAlO
1158:ISBN
1090:and
1078:and
921:dyes
720:and
703:The
682:lens
544:YAIG
431:and
363:and
351:and
234:pink
232:and
230:blue
202:None
192:None
113:None
2969:AlO
2879:(NH
2857:AlF
2820:OCH
2812:(OC
2796:OCH
2788:(OC
2731:SiO
2691:(SO
2597:AlP
2560:OAc
2536:(CO
2515:AlN
2507:AlI
2499:AlH
2491:AlF
2426:AlO
2418:AlB
2410:AlB
2384:(CH
2349:AlI
2344:AlF
2244:Y(C
2200:YVO
2195:YSb
2187:YPO
2153:YOF
2104:YCl
2096:YBr
2044:(BO
2040:YAl
2035:YAs
1954:doi
1933:doi
1921:183
1898:doi
1848:doi
1742:doi
1705:doi
1644:doi
1640:797
1613:doi
1601:268
1578:doi
1535:doi
1452:doi
1371:doi
1324:doi
1028:or
728:or
654:in
588:by
451:or
375:in
262:YAG
136:8.5
3167::
3135:CH
3118:Cl
3106:Cl
3068:CN
3051:Cl
2965:69
2956:36
2836:Al
2774:17
2768:CO
2747:Al
2727:Al
2719:Te
2715:Al
2707:Se
2703:Al
2687:Al
2675:Al
2663:Al
2647:Al
2585:SO
2581:Al
2532:Al
2420:12
2354:Al
2264:(C
2182:YP
2128:YN
2120:YI
2112:YF
2088:YB
2082:12
2076:Fe
2066:12
2060:Al
2011:YO
1931:.
1919:.
1896:.
1886:60
1884:.
1854:.
1846:.
1836:75
1834:.
1830:.
1803:.
1764:^
1748:.
1736:.
1713:.
1703:.
1691:.
1687:.
1665:.
1650:.
1638:.
1634:.
1611:.
1599:.
1574:54
1572:.
1553:.
1466:.
1458:.
1450:.
1440:48
1438:.
1434:.
1409:.
1387:.
1379:.
1369:.
1359:11
1357:.
1353:.
1330:.
1322:.
1312:35
1310:.
1285:.
1264:Al
1234:Al
1200:.
1152:,
1140:^
1101:.
1094:.
1086:,
1067:.
927:,
814:.
542:,
538:,
534:,
530:,
526:,
522:,
518:,
514:,
510:,
506:,
502:,
498:,
494:,
490:,
486:,
482:,
478:,
474:,
470:,
466:,
462:,
387:.
317:Al
281:12
272:Al
264:,
79:12
73:Al
3145:2
3143:)
3141:3
3137:2
3133:2
3131:)
3129:5
3127:H
3125:5
3116:5
3114:H
3112:2
3110:C
3108:2
3104:2
3102:)
3100:5
3098:H
3096:2
3089:H
3087:2
3085:)
3083:2
3081:)
3079:3
3075:2
3066:2
3064:)
3062:5
3060:H
3058:2
3049:2
3047:)
3045:5
3043:H
3041:2
3033:3
3031:)
3029:2
3027:)
3025:3
3021:2
3013:2
3011:)
3009:3
3007:)
3005:5
3003:H
3001:2
2993:2
2991:)
2989:3
2987:)
2985:3
2974:6
2960:H
2951:C
2944:3
2942:)
2940:3
2938:O
2936:5
2934:H
2932:3
2913:2
2911:)
2909:4
2901:2
2899:)
2897:4
2889:2
2887:)
2885:4
2881:4
2859:6
2855:3
2853:K
2846:7
2844:O
2842:2
2840:B
2838:2
2834:2
2832:K
2826:2
2824:)
2822:3
2818:4
2816:H
2814:2
2810:2
2802:2
2800:)
2798:3
2794:4
2792:H
2790:2
2786:2
2778:5
2776:H
2772:C
2770:2
2766:2
2753:3
2751:C
2749:4
2741:4
2733:5
2729:2
2721:3
2717:2
2709:3
2705:2
2697:3
2695:)
2693:4
2689:2
2681:3
2679:S
2677:2
2669:3
2667:O
2665:2
2657:3
2655:)
2653:4
2649:2
2641:3
2639:)
2637:4
2629:3
2627:)
2625:2
2623:O
2621:7
2619:H
2617:5
2604:4
2591:4
2587:4
2583:2
2575:3
2567:2
2558:2
2550:3
2542:3
2540:)
2538:3
2534:2
2526:3
2524:)
2522:3
2509:3
2501:3
2493:3
2485:4
2477:3
2469:3
2461:3
2453:3
2451:)
2449:4
2412:2
2392:)
2390:5
2388:)
2386:3
2382:5
2358:O
2356:2
2312:e
2305:t
2298:v
2274:3
2272:)
2270:4
2268:O
2266:2
2262:2
2260:Y
2254:3
2252:)
2250:5
2248:H
2246:5
2226:3
2224:S
2222:2
2220:Y
2214:3
2212:O
2210:2
2208:Y
2202:4
2189:4
2173:3
2168:)
2164:4
2147:3
2139:3
2137:)
2135:3
2122:3
2114:3
2106:3
2098:3
2090:6
2080:O
2078:5
2074:3
2072:Y
2064:O
2062:5
2058:3
2056:Y
2050:4
2048:)
2046:3
2042:3
2029:3
1989:e
1982:t
1975:v
1956::
1939:.
1935::
1927::
1904:.
1900::
1892::
1869:.
1850::
1842::
1815:.
1788:.
1758:.
1744::
1721:.
1707::
1699::
1693:6
1646::
1619:.
1615::
1607::
1584:.
1580::
1557:.
1537::
1523:.
1501:.
1474:.
1454::
1446::
1419:.
1395:.
1373::
1365::
1338:.
1326::
1318::
1295:.
1278:9
1273:O
1269:2
1260:4
1255:Y
1248:9
1243:O
1239:2
1230:4
1225:Y
1223:"
1212:.
1210:.
1193:3
1181:3
1174:"
1057:4
977:K
931:4
861:-
857:-
825:-
724:(
670:4
642:-
611:)
605:(
600:)
596:(
582:.
323:9
321:O
319:2
315:4
303:3
278:O
275:5
269:3
266:Y
260:(
77:O
75:5
71:3
69:Y
20:)
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