955:
revivalist Astarābādī which Shaykh Yūsuf denounced as extremist. He rejected the ʾUṣūlī principles of consensus (ʾIjmāʿ) and independent reasoning (ʿAql, ʾIjtihād). Indeed, he questioned rationalist approaches to religion in general, quoting with approval a condemnation of reading philosophy and theosophy. But Shaykh Yūsuf accepted the validity of Friday prayers in the
Occultation and did not completely reject ʾUṣūlī positions on other issues. His Baḥrānī neo-Akhbārism sought to be an intermediate path between extremist ʾUṣūlism and extremist Akhbārism.
759:
954:
al Baḥrānī‘s neo-Akhbārism accepted only two sources for ʾImāmī jurisprudence, the Qurʾān and the oral reports from the ʾImāms. He did not, however, go so far as to say that no verse in the Qurʾān could be understood without the interpretation of the Imams, a position held by the
Safavid-era Akhbāri
963:
Cole gives three reasons for the triumph of
Akhbarism in Bahrain over the Usulis: the invasions of Bahrain and Safavid Iran by Omanis and Afghans respectively, which undermined the state centric Usulism; a generational gap that appeared at the end of the seventeenth century in strict Usuli families
945:
Yusuf adopted the
Akbhari school, rejecting his early Usuli schooling in Bahrain. Yusuf's thought evolved from a strict Akhbarism to a position that adopted some Usuli elements; he became his generation's chief proponent of the neo-Akhbari creed. Nevertheless, he rejected Usuli principles of legal
980:
in the 1760s. Behbahani gradually became more confident, and with a growing number of students as well as wealth from relatives in Iran and India, he began to challenge al-Bahrani, eventually succeeding him as the dominant intellectual in
Karbala when al-Bahrani died in 1772. Al-Bahrani apparently
975:
In
Karbala, Yusuf and his followers continued the intellectual debate with Usulism that has spurred Bahrain's intellectual vitality. Under al-Bahrani's influence Karbala was dominated by Arab ulema-merchants, although the first Usuli cell was founded by Iranian cleric
959:
It has been proposed by that Yusuf may have found the state-centric
Usulism less appealing given the political turmoil he had experienced throughout his life: first as a refugee from his homeland and then again when the Safavids were deposed by Afghan invaders.
1238:, Autobiography of Yūsuf al-Bahrānī (1696–1772) from Lu’lu’at al-Baḥrayn, featured in Interpreting the Self, Autobiography in the Arabic Literary Tradition, Edited by Dwight F. Reynolds, University of California Press Berkeley 2001
871:. He became the head of his family after the death of his father in 1719, and travelled back and forth from Qatif, and the island of Bahrain. He then travelled in 1722 to Iran, soon following the Afghan capture of
894:
Despite having an Usuli father, al-Bahrani initially adhered to the
Akhbari position. He then took a modified Akhbari stance, criticizing the strict Akhbaris for dividing the ranks of the Twelvers, and praising
866:
Al-Bahrani was born in the village of Māḥūz, in present-day
Bahrain; his title of al-Bahrani is a reflection of this fact. Following an attack on the Bahrain island by Oman in 1717, al-Bahrani travelled to
887:, where he became an influential scholar and had many students. Al-Bahrain died in Karbala, while the plague was spreading in Iraq. Yusuf edited numerous books, many of which have survived, including
1235:
1137:
1167:
1222:
946:
reasoning, the syllogistic logic Usulis allowed in interpreting the law, and the legitimacy of holy war during the
Occultation of the Imam. Historian
964:
with sons disappointed at the Usuli clerics' failure to meet the Omani and Afghan challenges; and geographical divisions emerged between
883:
a book he never completed. Following disturbances in the area, his home was attacked, and he lost his library. He then left the area to
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942:. In Karbala he became the prestigious dean of the Shi'i scholarship and as such presided over the religious establishment.
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854:(“The blooming gardens”) (Arabic: الحدائق الناضرة) in jurisprudence. Indeed, he is often referred to as "The author of
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891:"The Pearl of Bahrain", a biographical dictionary of Shia scholars, the last chapter of which was his autobiography.
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for at least five years, and then moved to Fasā, in the southeast of Shiraz where he started writing his
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had a civil relationship with Behbahani as the latter led the prayers at al-Bahrani's funeral.
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Roots of North Indian Shi‘ism in Iran and Iraq, Religion and State in Awadh, 1722-1859
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Shi'ah Islam. His family were Usuli clerics who also worked as pearl merchants. The
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An Account of the Life of the Author and the Events That Have Befallen Him
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Interpreting the Self, Autobiography in the Arabic Literary Tradition
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Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p53-4
914:-ruled Bahrain, at a time of intellectual ferment between
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Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p72
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Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p67
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Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p53
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Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p71
850:. He is known among Shia scholars for his book entitled
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and a key figure in the intellectual development of
1225:, Vol. 19, No. 2, (May, 1987), pp. 177–203
1170:Juan Cole, University of California Press, 1989
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1223:International Journal of Middle East Studies
926:forced him and his family to flee, first to
858:(Arabic: صاحب الحدائق) among Shia clerics.
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1120:10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_6452
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924:1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
456:Other related sects and groups
1:
1106:Kohlberg, Etan (2020-08-30),
1061:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
1112:Encyclopaedia Iranica Online
1057:"al-Baḥrānī, Yūsuf b. Aḥmad"
745:Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism
484:Bektashism and folk religion
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906:The Akhbari - Usuli debate
740:List of Twelver Shia books
636:Other hadith collections
616:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih
978:Muhammad Baqir Behbahani
44:The Fourteen Infallibles
670:Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya
640:Book of Sulaym ibn Qays
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899:for his middle course
875:. There he settled in
1267:Bahraini Shia Muslims
1252:Bahraini Shia clerics
881:al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira,
764:Shia Islam portal
199:Imamate of the Family
1011:Abdullah al Samahiji
852:al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira
655:Reality of Certainty
331:Mourning of Muharram
209:Mourning of Muharram
1272:Bahraini ayatollahs
889:Lu’lu’at al-Baḥrayn
336:Arba'een Pilgrimage
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1001:Maitham Al Bahrani
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219:Occultation
169:Prophethood
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1074:2023-10-31
1017:References
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804:al-Baḥrānī
504:Bektashism
159:Monotheism
151:Principles
28:Shia Islam
1219:Juan Cole
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715:Consensus
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856:Ḥadāʾiq"
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816:Bahraini
814:) was a
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463:Alawites
134:al-Mahdi
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99:al-Baqir
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24:a series
22:Part of
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916:Akhbari
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