388:'0000'). The chips made with customize-set MSB register bits allow the same processor to control more than one AY chip on the same bus (e.g. TurboSound for ZX Spectrum). There are many new-old-stock (NOS) chips on the secondary market with MSB bits factory set to a non-'0000' value. The non-'0000' value can cause significant developmental troubles for designers and repair technicians. Software must be written to identify the correct value of the MSB bits on any given chip. Also, software must be changed or hardware added to allow these factory-set-MSB chips to be used in place of the default '0000' chips.
155:
141:
36:
430:
351:(used both for addressing and data) by toggling one of the external pins. For instance, a typical setup cycle puts the bus into "address mode" to select a register, and then switches to "data mode" to set the contents of that register. This bus was implemented natively on GI's own CPUs, but it had to be recreated in
577:. This variant of the chip adds a number of major enhancements, such as separate envelopes for the three channels (as opposed to one shared envelope), variable duty-cycles, more bits of precision for note frequency, volume, and envelope frequency, and a much more configurable noise generator. It was used on the
384:
only one envelope shared between all three channels, many programmers ignored it and programmed their own envelope controllers in software (controlling volume directly). A well known trick was to run the hardware envelope at cycle times above 20 Hz to produce sawtooth or triangle-wave like bass sounds.
412:
By contrast, the SN76489 only has 10 bits of precision for its frequency dividers. Having the same base frequency of 125 kHz, it should in theory lack the two lowest octaves of the PSG. To get around this, the SN76489 plays its tone generators one octave lower than their calculated frequency, giving
383:
controller, by setting the envelope type and envelope cycle time. A total of eight envelope types include sawtooth shape or triangle shape, starting on either maximum or minimum. The shape can also be set to repeat for a cycling effect. A total of 65535 different cycle times can be set. As there is
473:
SSG (Software-controlled Sound
Generator) chip has the same pinout as the AY-3-8910, with the minor difference that pin 26 could halve the master clock if pulled low. If left unconnected, as it would be if replacing an AY-3-8910 chip, an internal resistor pulls the pin high, so the master clock is
403:
range. The existence of ultrasonic values is a consequence of the frequency-divider design; in order to have adequate resolution at audible frequencies it is necessary for the overall clock rate (and thus the output at small divisors) to be considerably higher than the audible range. Only divisors
462:
is the same chip in a 24-pin package, with both parallel ports not connected. Some users thought the small reduction in pin count over the 8912 made it less interesting; however, the I/O registers were rarely used by designers so GI created this fully functional 24 pin alternative and released it
387:
Although there are only 16 registers, the four MSB bits of the 8-bit bus must be set to the factory default '0000' value when selecting a register. Incorrectly setting the MSB bits causes the chip to ignore the register change. GI did take orders for customized MSB bits (factory set to other than
408:
range and even more finely at lower pitches. Despite the high maximum frequency, the ability to divide that figure by 4096 means the lowest directly definable output frequency is 30.6 Hz, roughly equal to B0, the third lowest note on a normal 88-key piano, and as good as subsonic with everyday
370:
Six registers control the pitches produced in the three primary channels. The frequency to generate is held in two 8-bit registers dedicated to each channel, but the value is limited to 12-bits for other reasons, for a total of 4095 (the register value is used as the
404:
below 5 give entirely-ultrasonic output frequencies. Frequencies equivalent to the top octave of a piano keyboard can be defined with reasonable accuracy versus the accepted note values for the even-tempered scale, to nearly 1 Hz precision in the
422:
375:
and 0 is treated as 1) different pitches. Another register controls the period of a pseudo-random noise generator (a total of 31 different cycle times), while another controls the mixing of this noise into the three primary channels.
133:
379:
Channel volume is controlled by three additional registers or by turning on or off the optional envelope controls on them. Finally the last three registers control the times of the
455:
is the same chip in a 28-pin package, with parallel port B simply not connected to any pins. Smaller packages save cost and board space. The 8912 was the most widely used variant.
1397:
502:
has a 28-pin package and features a built-in PCM. Has no parallel ports and two sound outputs: one with the three SSG channels mixed, other with the PCM output.
173:
53:
1189:
1358:
488:
is one of the newest variants of the YM2149, but in an 18-pin package. Has no parallel ports and only one sound output with the three channels mixed.
936:
573:. The function of the BC2 pin is changed (it is ignored and assumed to be 0 regardless of the pin state), otherwise the pinout is the same as the
463:
approximately 6 months after the 8910 and 8912 chips. The goal was to reduce complexity for the designer and reduce the foot print on the PCB.
172:
495:
is an even smaller variation of the YM2149, in a 16-pin package. It's basically YMZ294 without the 4/6 MHz selection pin and the /TEST pin.
100:
72:
546:, except the control registers on the chip are shuffled around, and the 'expected input' on the A9 pin may be different. It was used in
409:
speaker systems. In essence, the chip is able to produce decently musical output at all reasonable pitches found in most compositions.
678:
119:
79:
1182:
86:
1110:
621:(also known as OPN2) which added some features but removed all other ones including the YM2149 sound channels and I/O ports.
606:
57:
531:
have the same pinout as the AY-3-8910 and are also 100% software compatible. They're still in production and used on many
68:
1210:
198:
164:
1134:
922:(Yamaha OPN / OPNA (some models), Sound Cards: PC-9801-26, PC-9801-86, Sound Blaster 16 (Optional socket) and others.)
481:
is a CMOS version of the YM2149F. It is available in two packages: 40-pin DIP (YM3439-D) and 44-pin QFP (YM3439-F).
1175:
897:
313:
262:
209:
296:
in 1987, the chip was sold for a few years under the
Microchip brand. It was also manufactured under license by
1368:
1084:
340:
145:
319:
The chips are no longer made, but functionally-identical clones are still in active production. An unofficial
1198:
601:
which were used in mobile phones, home computers, home and arcade video game systems, etc. For example, the
392:
46:
1115:
1412:
1005:
93:
1422:
986:
755:
706:
650:
617:(OPNB) which added other features and retained the YM2149 sound channels but not the I/O ports, and the
286:
1417:
1402:
964:
843:
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336:
293:
213:
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821:
741:
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396:
360:
356:
344:
1202:
467:
297:
246:
202:
1155:
916:(Yamaha OPN, models PC8801mkII SR models and newer. / Yamaha OPNA, models PC8801 FA and newer.)
613:(also known as OPNA) which retained all previous features and greatly expanded upon those, the
1407:
835:
807:
800:
636:
581:
Sound Master sound card for the IBM-PC. Very few games took advantage of it beyond the normal
372:
1130:
AY-3-8910, AY-3-8912 and YM2149 Homepage (AY chip emulator for Win32, big archive of AY music
206:
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555:
348:
217:
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is a compatible chip that has the same pinout as the AY-3-8910 and was used in some
1376:
1246:
1105:
970:
891:
885:
713:
532:
445:
413:
it one octave less in the bass and one octave less in the top compared to the PSG.
278:
258:
1124:
171:
1156:
Ballas, J.A., Houston, J. Evaluation of a sound-generator chip: The AY 3-8910.
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958:
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720:
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ports, A and B, and these are available in the 40-pin package of the same name.
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250:
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35:
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814:
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185:
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of up to 125 kHz (4 MHz input clock, or 6 MHz with the YM2149F), well beyond
17:
783:
664:
364:
421:
304:
pin and a double-resolution and double-rate volume envelope table) as the
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547:
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AY-3-8912 chip, 28-pin DIP package with computer case screw for scale
254:
226:
994:(as a popular aftermarket addition by enthusiasts and some sellers)
578:
405:
888:(GI AY-3-8910 in all models except FM77AV / Yamaha OPN in FM77AV)
220:
microcomputers. The AY-3-8910 and its variants were used in many
569:, is an enhanced but mostly-backwards-compatible version of the
355:
or with the help of an additional interface adapter such as the
324:
320:
1171:
1085:"Radio Shack Speech/Sound Cartridge Technical Reference Manual"
908:
510:
266:
29:
542:
has the same pinout and is in the same 40-pin package as the
437:
The 8910 silicon chip was sold in three different packages.
153:
1137:
Huge microscopic image of AY-3-8910 die and function blocks
609:
added in, as well as its far more advanced successors: the
312:
uses this version. It produces very similar results to the
939:(YM2149F and used an extra soundchip in the Famicom game
597:
Yamaha used the YM2149 core to produce a whole family of
1158:
Behavior
Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers
1111:
General
Instruments Micro Electronics Data Catalog 1978
1048:
french compagny : Papillon, Le King, Olympic games
1367:
1316:
1275:
1227:
1209:
585:features. This chip may have only been produced by
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1146:Video Game Music Preservation Foundation AY-3-8910
359:when the chip was used with the much more common
605:(also known as OPN) is basically a YM2149 with
1183:
323:description is freely available for use with
8:
316:and was on the market for a similar period.
967:for Apple II - Echo Plus with two AY-3-8910
205:(GI) in 1978, initially for use with their
1190:
1176:
1168:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
428:
420:
277:home computers. It was also used in the
139:
131:
1058:
444:has two general-purpose 8-bit parallel
285:and the Speech/Sound Cartridge for the
1398:Computer-related introductions in 1978
183:
1135:Blog of Dr. Stack van Hay (in German)
7:
1125:ST SOUND, Hearing the AY-3-8910 chip
858:(GI AY-3-8912 / Microchip AY38912/P)
58:adding citations to reliable sources
391:The AY-3-8910 generates tones with
1106:AY-3-8914, AY-3-8916 and AY-3-8917
25:
876:- post-soviet ZX Spectrum Clones
433:YM2149F chip, 40-pin DIP package
281:and Cricket sound cards for the
184:Problems playing this file? See
169:
34:
933:(GI AY-3-8910 / Yamaha YM2149F)
45:needs additional citations for
234:machines as well as being the
230:contains five—and Bally
165:PSG play demo (noise not used)
69:"General Instrument AY-3-8910"
1:
1219:YM2149F (SSG,AY-3-8910 comp.)
347:are programmed over an 8-bit
199:programmable sound generator
985:Speech/Sound Cartridge for
1439:
335:The AY-3-8910 is a simple
898:Elektor TV Games Computer
314:Texas Instruments SN76489
263:Elektor TV Games Computer
961:128/+2/+3 (GI AY-3-8912)
789:Bally Midway MCR system
393:fundamental frequencies
1023:Rolling Stones (Bally)
434:
426:
292:After GI's spinoff of
158:
148:
137:
987:TRS-80 Color Computer
864:(Microchip AY38912/P)
432:
424:
287:TRS-80 Color Computer
157:
143:
136:AY-3-8910 chip DIP 40
135:
1359:Yamaha SMAF (MA/YMU)
1151:AY-3-8910 vs YM2149F
844:DECO Cassette System
587:Microchip Technology
337:finite-state machine
294:Microchip Technology
54:improve this article
1141:FPGA implementation
1020:Nitro Ground Shaker
947:Timex Sinclair 2068
397:human hearing range
361:MOS Technology 6502
357:MOS Technology 6522
300:(with a selectable
247:video game consoles
27:Sound generation IC
1116:AY Music and Audio
979:Mini-Expander for
965:Cricket sound card
435:
427:
203:General Instrument
201:(PSG) designed by
159:
149:
138:
1385:
1384:
1247:Y8950 (MSX-Audio)
1163:, 282–284 (1984).
373:frequency divider
343:of sixteen 8-bit
174:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1430:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1169:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1063:
1029:Silverball Mania
870:(Yamaha YM2149F)
565:, also known as
224:—Konami's
176:
175:
156:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
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1437:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1363:
1354:YMZ280B (PCMD8)
1312:
1271:
1262:YMF289 (OPL3-L)
1223:
1205:
1196:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1001:
981:Mattel Aquarius
973:sound card for
852:
686:Elevator Action
632:
627:
595:
419:
333:
216:1650 series of
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12:
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5:
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1336:
1331:
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1311:
1310:
1305:
1303:YM3438 (OPN2C)
1300:
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1290:
1285:
1279:
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1100:External links
1098:
1095:
1094:
1076:
1071:Arcade History
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1032:Space Invaders
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
992:Electronika BK
989:
983:
977:
968:
962:
956:
955:(GI AY-3-8912)
950:
949:(GI AY-3-8912)
944:
934:
928:
923:
917:
911:
906:
905:(GI AY-3-8914)
900:
895:
894:(GI AY-3-8910)
889:
883:
882:(GI AY-3-8910)
877:
874:ATM (computer)
871:
865:
862:Amstrad GX4000
859:
851:
848:
847:
846:
841:
840:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
808:Satan's Hollow
804:
797:
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212:or one of the
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110:September 2018
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
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13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1435:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:Intellivision
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:YMF7xx (DS-1)
1347:
1345:
1344:YMF292 (SCSP)
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:YM2154 (RYP4)
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1308:YMF288 (OPN3)
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:YM2612 (OPN2)
1296:
1294:
1293:YM2610 (OPNB)
1291:
1289:
1288:YM2608 (OPNA)
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1267:YMF278 (OPL4)
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1257:YMF262 (OPL3)
1255:
1253:
1252:YM3812 (OPL2)
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:YM2413 (OPLL)
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
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1226:
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935:
932:
929:
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921:
918:
915:
912:
910:
907:
904:
903:Intellivision
901:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
853:
850:Home hardware
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838:
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833:
831:
830:
826:
824:
823:
819:
817:
816:
812:
810:
809:
805:
803:
802:
798:
796:
795:
794:Discs of Tron
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790:
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764:
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709:
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697:
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694:
690:
688:
687:
683:
681:
680:
679:Dragon's Lair
676:
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673:
669:
667:
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655:
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648:
646:
645:
641:
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638:
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629:
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622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
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600:
593:Related chips
592:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
552:Intellivision
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
533:slot machines
530:
527:and the File
526:
522:
519:
514:
512:
508:
503:
501:
496:
494:
489:
487:
482:
480:
475:
472:
469:
464:
461:
456:
454:
449:
447:
443:
438:
431:
423:
416:
414:
410:
407:
402:
399:and into the
398:
394:
389:
385:
382:
377:
374:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:clock divider
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:
241:
240:Intellivision
237:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
197:is a 3-voice
196:
189:
187:
166:
147:
142:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
18:Yamaha YM2149
1423:MSX hardware
1339:YM2414 (OPZ)
1329:YM2164 (OPP)
1324:YM2151 (OPM)
1283:YM2203 (OPN)
1237:YM3526 (OPL)
1218:
1160:
1157:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1038:
1006:Flash Gordon
1004:
971:Mockingboard
892:Colour Genie
886:Fujitsu FM-7
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
714:Karate Champ
712:
705:
698:
691:
684:
677:
670:
663:
656:
649:
642:
635:
630:Arcade games
607:FM synthesis
596:
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574:
570:
566:
562:
560:
554:console and
543:
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505:The Toshiba
504:
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474:not halved.
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279:Mockingboard
259:Colour Genie
225:
222:arcade games
194:
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107:
97:
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76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1418:ZX Spectrum
1403:Sound chips
1199:Sound chips
1089:archive.org
959:ZX Spectrum
920:NEC PC-9801
914:NEC PC-8801
880:CCE MC-1000
856:Amstrad CPC
763:Super Cobra
721:Moon Patrol
599:music chips
498:The Yamaha
491:The Yamaha
484:The Yamaha
477:The Yamaha
331:Description
275:ZX Spectrum
251:Amstrad CPC
1392:Categories
1053:References
1014:Hotdoggin'
937:Sunsoft 5B
815:Spy Hunter
777:Time Pilot
749:Roc'n Rope
728:Omega Race
672:BurgerTime
558:computer.
401:ultrasonic
353:glue logic
273:and later
249:, and the
236:sound chip
186:media help
144:AY-3-8910
80:newspapers
1026:Skateball
784:Tutankham
665:Bomb Jack
583:AY-3-8910
575:AY-3-8910
571:AY-3-8910
563:AY-3-8930
544:AY-3-8910
540:AY-3-8914
460:AY-3-8913
453:AY-3-8912
442:AY-3-8910
365:Zilog Z80
345:registers
195:AY-3-8910
1408:Atari ST
1067:"Gyruss"
1011:Frontier
975:Apple II
941:Gimmick!
931:Sharp X1
868:Atari ST
756:Scramble
707:Kangaroo
651:Anteater
556:Aquarius
513:models.
417:Variants
381:envelope
310:Atari ST
283:Apple II
271:Tiki 100
999:Pinball
953:Vectrex
770:Swimmer
693:Frogger
529:KC89C72
521:WF19054
518:Winbond
471:YM2149F
306:YM2149F
244:Vectrex
238:in the
232:pinball
94:scholar
1203:Yamaha
1120:Curlie
1046:Jeutel
1035:Viking
1017:Mystic
926:Oric-1
829:Timber
822:Tapper
742:Popeye
735:Pooyan
700:Gyruss
658:Bagman
644:Amidar
619:YM2612
615:YM2610
611:YM2608
603:YM2203
567:AY8930
548:Mattel
523:, JFC
507:T7766A
500:YMZ285
493:YMZ284
486:YMZ294
479:YM3439
468:Yamaha
367:CPUs.
339:. Its
308:; the
298:Yamaha
255:Oric-1
227:Gyruss
210:CP1610
207:16-bit
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1377:DSP-1
1040:Xenon
625:Usage
579:Covox
525:95101
341:state
325:FPGAs
218:8-bit
101:JSTOR
87:books
1317:Misc
836:Tron
801:Kick
637:1942
561:The
538:The
516:The
466:The
458:The
451:The
440:The
406:A440
321:VHDL
242:and
193:The
73:news
1369:DSP
1276:OPN
1229:OPL
1211:PSG
1201:by
1118:at
909:MSX
550:'s
511:MSX
446:I/O
363:or
349:bus
267:MSX
214:PIC
146:die
56:by
1394::
1161:16
1087:.
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253:,
1191:e
1184:t
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98:·
91:·
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