2706:
2696:
210:
This value is defined as "modern carbon" referenced to AD 1950. Radiocarbon measurements are compared to this modern carbon value, and expressed as "fraction of modern" (fM). "Radiocarbon ages" are calculated from fM using the exponential decay relation and the "Libby half-life" 5568 a. The ages are expressed in years before present (BP) where "present" is defined as AD 1950.
283:
Many scholarly and scientific journals require that published calibrated results be accompanied by the name (standard codes are used) of the laboratory concerned, and other information such as confidence levels, because of differences between the methods used by different laboratories and changes in
209:
was prepared as NBS Standard
Reference Material (SRM) 4990B. Its C concentration was about 5% above what was believed to be the natural level, so the standard for radiocarbon dating was defined as 0.95 times the C concentration of this material, adjusted to a C reference value of −19 per mil (PDB).
64:
in the 1950s. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use 1 January 1950 as the commencement date (epoch) of the age scale, with 1950 being labelled as the "standard year". The abbreviation "BP" has been interpreted retrospectively as "Before
Physics", which refers to the time
280:(dating based on tree growth-rings) and stratigraphy (dating based on sediment layers in mud or sedimentary rock). Such calibrated dates are expressed as cal BP, where "cal" indicates "calibrated years", or "calendar years", before 1950.
268:
radiocarbon dates should be clearly noted as such by "uncalibrated years BP", because they are not identical to calendar dates. This has to do with the fact that the level of atmospheric radiocarbon (
296:
years to Before
Present years is by starting with the 1950-01-01 epoch of the Gregorian calendar and increasing the BP year count with each year into the past from that Gregorian date.
1343:
1257:"Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records"
911:
2291:
1134:
1938:
553:
272:
or C) has not been strictly constant during the span of time that can be radiocarbon-dated. Uncalibrated radiocarbon ages can be converted to calendar dates by
3295:
2971:
2556:
76:
In a convention that is not always observed, many sources restrict the use of BP dates to those produced with radiocarbon dating; the alternative notation
1255:; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kershaw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jacob (2009).
1251:
Walker, Mike; Jonsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune
Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jørgen-Peder; Gibbard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John;
1198:
1465:
1327:
888:
664:
574:
2742:
2083:
706:
1496:
2374:
3089:
3290:
2886:
1387:
1235:
1074:
299:
For example, 1000 BP corresponds to 950 AD, 1949 BP corresponds to 1 AD, 1950 BP corresponds to 1 BC, 2000 BP corresponds to 51 BC.
218:
at that time. It also marked the publication of the first radiocarbon dates in
December 1949, and 1950 also antedates large-scale
2926:
2033:
915:
190:
established 1950 as the origin year for the BP scale for use with radiocarbon dating, using a 1950-based reference sample of
3336:
680:
1289:
3084:
580:
3079:
2379:
2317:
2110:
1223:
370:
199:
3587:
3269:
3139:
2217:
1545:
3479:
3459:
2551:
2192:
1701:
528:
454:
362:
198:
The problem was tackled by the international radiocarbon community in the late 1950s, in cooperation with the U.S.
3469:
3441:
3053:
2321:
1155:
Arnold JR, Libby WF (1949-03-04). "Age determinations by radiocarbon content: Checks with samples of known age".
366:
60:, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical
3536:
2735:
2254:
1797:
1738:
1317:
756:
127:
3424:
1634:
3474:
3211:
3058:
2202:
2071:
1489:
66:
3597:
3592:
3374:
3175:
2921:
2820:
2028:
1652:
481:
354:
2976:
2667:
2662:
2429:
533:
3409:
2655:
552:
van der Plicht, Johannes (January 2004). "Radiocarbon, the
Calibration Curve and Scythian Chronology".
748:
276:
based on comparison of raw radiocarbon dates of samples independently dated by other methods, such as
3350:
3326:
3321:
2536:
2419:
2244:
2152:
1770:
1664:
1580:
1271:
1164:
1019:
950:
843:
808:
765:
88:
The BP scale is sometimes used for dates established by means other than radiocarbon dating, such as
31:
1344:"ICS chart containing the Quaternary and Cambrian GSSPs and new stages (v 2018/07) is now released!"
3436:
3331:
3274:
3249:
3239:
3014:
2911:
2901:
2728:
2618:
2389:
2351:
2187:
2137:
1987:
1965:
1960:
1906:
1836:
1804:
1365:
53:
2125:
3561:
3541:
3419:
3404:
3389:
3311:
3110:
3074:
2876:
2709:
2526:
2424:
2147:
2090:
2061:
1866:
1846:
1565:
1560:
1524:
1482:
1313:
1060:
1035:
859:
781:
637:
629:
468:
323:
293:
273:
239:
215:
183:
70:
61:
726:
3369:
3165:
3160:
3004:
2840:
2699:
2638:
2566:
2561:
2307:
2259:
2197:
2177:
1992:
1943:
1913:
1851:
1814:
1809:
1755:
1718:
1659:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1550:
1461:
1420:
1323:
1309:
1231:
1180:
1131:
1107:
1043:
966:
884:
878:
660:
570:
450:
346:
938:
3566:
3515:
3431:
3379:
3155:
3133:
2999:
2896:
2546:
2286:
2276:
2172:
1977:
1972:
1901:
1861:
1841:
1831:
1787:
1713:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1647:
1575:
1555:
1410:
1402:
1279:
1252:
1172:
1097:
1089:
1027:
958:
851:
816:
773:
718:
621:
562:
277:
3414:
92:. This usage differs from the recommendation by van der Plicht & Hogg, followed by the
3499:
3464:
3451:
3361:
3219:
3114:
3048:
3009:
2846:
2576:
2571:
2502:
2366:
2331:
2281:
2239:
2157:
2142:
2078:
2066:
2056:
2002:
1933:
1923:
1856:
1819:
1760:
1723:
1676:
1671:
1138:
407:
219:
2356:
2130:
1428:
1115:
914:. Centre for Ice and Climate – University of Copenhagen. 3 September 2009. Archived from
1275:
1168:
1023:
954:
847:
812:
769:
3399:
3197:
3185:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3043:
2966:
2891:
2399:
2264:
2249:
2207:
2182:
2120:
2115:
2038:
2023:
1997:
1950:
1928:
1918:
1824:
1792:
1777:
1745:
1728:
1696:
1570:
1529:
1519:
1415:
1102:
100:(for "annum", Latin for "year") and reserve the term "BP" for radiocarbon estimations.
985:
3581:
3316:
3234:
3229:
3180:
3170:
2931:
2810:
2269:
2222:
2212:
2167:
2162:
2007:
1982:
1955:
1896:
1879:
1750:
1733:
1614:
1585:
863:
785:
641:
160:
104:
855:
820:
17:
3394:
3192:
2906:
2881:
2866:
2832:
2792:
2606:
2581:
2456:
2384:
1874:
1142:
507:
89:
1176:
1031:
1007:
777:
684:
3094:
2991:
2953:
2936:
2871:
2852:
2785:
2765:
2586:
2512:
2481:
2476:
2394:
2232:
1884:
1256:
880:
Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for
Authors, Editors, and Publishers
446:
334:
203:
191:
187:
119:
113:
57:
2861:
2856:
2751:
2601:
2596:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2341:
1891:
1706:
442:
386:
358:
1008:"Age determinations by radiocarbon content: checks with samples of known age"
970:
3551:
3531:
3264:
3224:
2961:
2770:
2679:
2643:
2611:
2507:
2486:
2466:
1590:
962:
566:
422:
269:
227:
223:
206:
135:
1424:
1184:
1111:
1047:
3546:
3384:
3028:
2941:
2674:
2650:
2471:
2227:
1505:
1406:
1395:
Journal of
Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
1093:
1082:
Journal of
Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
705:
North
American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature (November 2005).
426:
390:
338:
138:
97:
1388:"The Remarkable Metrological History of Radiocarbon Dating [II]"
1132:"The Remarkable Metrological History of Radiocarbon Dating [II]"
1075:"The Remarkable Metrological History of Radiocarbon Dating [II]"
722:
3556:
2780:
2775:
1039:
377:
633:
561:. Vol. 42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 45-61 (47).
1284:
655:
Dincauze, Dena (2000). "Measuring time with isotopes and magnetism".
1230:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 165–167.
625:
2981:
2461:
398:
2915:
2797:
2591:
433:
414:
172:
2724:
1478:
683:. American Geophysical Union. 21 September 2007. Archived from
659:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 110.
2815:
988:. Universität Bremen: Marine Geochemistry - Laboratory Methods
2720:
986:"Numerous ways to say "thousand years" in a scientific paper"
244:
Dates determined using radiocarbon dating come as two kinds:
80:
stands for the explicit "radio carbon years before present".
1474:
1199:"Nuclear Bombs Made It Possible to Carbon Date Human Tissue"
134:, for "years before 2000 AD", often in combination with the
608:
Taylor RE (1985). "The beginnings of radiocarbon dating in
96:, both of which requested that publications should use the
834:
Wolff, Eric W. (December 2007). "When is the "present"?".
711:
The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin
555:
NATO Science Series: IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences
799:"The use of time units in Quaternary Science Reviews".
389:
age, the current and latest of the three stages in the
123:
as terminology for uncalibrated dates for these eras.
73:
in the atmosphere, which scientists must account for.
214:
The year 1950 was chosen because it was the standard
163:
may be used to express larger periods of time, e.g.
144:
Some authors who use the YBP dating format also use
3524:
3508:
3492:
3450:
3360:
3349:
3304:
3296:
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
3283:
3257:
3248:
3210:
3148:
3103:
3067:
3036:
3027:
2990:
2952:
2831:
2806:
2758:
2631:
2495:
2449:
2438:
2408:
2365:
2300:
2103:
2049:
2016:
1599:
1538:
1512:
707:"North American Stratigraphic Code: Article 13 (c)"
30:"YBP" and "ybp" redirect here. For other uses, see
657:Environmental Archaeology: Principles and Practice
527:Flint, Richard Foster; Deevey, Edward S (1962).
196:
2736:
1490:
1304:
1302:
883:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 495–.
747:van der Plicht, Johannes; Hogg, Alan (2006).
303:Example milestone years in the BP time scale
8:
1322:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
186:was first used in 1949. Beginning in 1954,
69:artificially altered the proportion of the
3357:
3254:
3033:
2828:
2743:
2729:
2721:
2695:
2446:
1607:
1497:
1483:
1475:
194:. According to scientist A. Currie Lloyd:
1414:
1283:
1101:
27:Time scale used in scientific disciplines
3291:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
603:
601:
301:
681:"AGU Editorial Style Guide for Authors"
519:
369:, which is November 24, 4714 BC in the
1364:Conners, Deanna (September 18, 2018).
220:atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons
126:The Centre for Ice and Climate at the
240:Radiocarbon dating § Calibration
141:Chronology 2005 (GICC05) time scale.
7:
1073:Currie, Lloyd A (March–April 2004).
484:of the Before Present dating scheme
222:, which altered the global ratio of
1458:Science-based Dating in Archaeology
877:Edward J. Huth (25 November 1994).
202:. A large quantity of contemporary
3090:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
1006:Arnold, J.R.; Libby, W.F. (1949).
365:noon on January 1, 4713 BC of the
25:
939:"Milankovitch Theory and Climate"
749:"A note on reporting radiocarbon"
2705:
2704:
2694:
1295:from the original on 2013-11-04.
2972:English and British regnal year
2557:English and British regnal year
1366:"Welcome to the Meghalayan age"
856:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.10.008
821:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.002
361:system: Julian day 0 starts at
152:) to denote years after 1950.
1:
3085:Old Style and New Style dates
1264:Journal of Quaternary Science
612:: a historical perspective".
130:instead uses the unambiguous
3037:Pre-Julian / Julian
1228:Archaeology: An Introduction
1177:10.1126/science.109.2827.227
1032:10.1126/science.110.2869.678
778:10.1016/j.quageo.2006.07.001
371:proleptic Gregorian calendar
200:National Bureau of Standards
3270:Geological history of Earth
3140:Astronomical year numbering
1145:(accessed 30 October 2019).
3614:
836:Quaternary Science Reviews
801:Quaternary Science Reviews
237:
107:use the lowercase letters
94:Quaternary Science Reviews
29:
3442:Thermoluminescence dating
3337:Samarium–neodymium dating
2690:
1610:
367:proleptic Julian calendar
3156:Chinese sexagenary cycle
1319:Calendrical Calculations
807:(9–10): 1193. May 2007.
757:Quaternary Geochronology
128:University of Copenhagen
3370:Amino acid racemisation
1625:Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)
1386:Currie Lloyd A (2004).
984:Martin Kölling (2015).
963:10.1029/RG026i004p00624
912:"The GICC05 time scale"
567:10.1007/1-4020-2656-0_5
449:, from the estimate by
234:Radiocarbon calibration
171:(million years BP) and
67:nuclear weapons testing
3375:Archaeomagnetic dating
2887:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
2656:Dungeons & Dragons
2062:Ethiopian and Eritrean
937:Berger, André (1988).
212:
3275:Geological time units
2668:The Lord of the Rings
2375:Hanke–Henry Permanent
1456:Aitken, M.J. (1990).
943:Reviews of Geophysics
337:and beginning of the
284:calibrating methods.
167:(thousand years BP),
161:SI prefix multipliers
3327:Law of superposition
3322:Isotope geochemistry
1407:10.6028/jres.109.013
1203:Smithsonian Magazine
1094:10.6028/jres.109.013
918:on 18 September 2018
842:(25–28): 3023–3024.
467:Introduction of the
455:Incarnation of Jesus
406:Introduction of the
46:years before present
32:YBP (disambiguation)
18:Years before present
3460:Fluorine absorption
3437:Luminescence dating
3332:Luminescence dating
3240:Milankovitch cycles
3080:Proleptic Gregorian
2912:Hindu units of time
2380:International Fixed
2318:Proleptic Gregorian
1939:Slavic Native Faith
1460:. London: Longman.
1314:Reingold, Edward M.
1276:2009JQS....24....3W
1169:1949Sci...109..227L
1024:1949Sci...110..678A
955:1988RvGeo..26..624B
848:2007QSRv...26.3023W
813:2007QSRv...26.1193.
770:2006QuGeo...1..237V
723:10.1306/07050504129
304:
150:years after present
3588:1950 introductions
3562:Terminus post quem
3542:Synchronoptic view
3509:Linguistic methods
3470:Obsidian hydration
3405:Radiometric dating
3390:Incremental dating
3312:Chronostratigraphy
2050:Christian variants
1310:Dershowitz, Nachum
1137:2023-01-01 at the
614:American Antiquity
610:American Antiquity
469:Gregorian calendar
302:
294:Gregorian calendar
274:calibration curves
216:astronomical epoch
184:Radiocarbon dating
179:Radiocarbon dating
62:radiocarbon dating
3575:
3574:
3488:
3487:
3345:
3344:
3206:
3205:
3161:Geologic Calendar
3023:
3022:
2718:
2717:
2700:List of calendars
2627:
2626:
2326:historiographical
2193:French Republican
2099:
2098:
1857:Manipuri (Meitei)
1467:978-0-582-49309-4
1329:978-0-521-70238-6
1163:(2827): 227–228.
1063:, pp. 60–61.
1018:(2869): 678–680.
890:978-0-521-47154-1
717:(11): 1547–1591.
666:978-0-5213-1077-2
576:978-1-4020-2655-3
529:"Volume 4 – 1962"
499:
498:
441:Beginning of the
385:Beginning of the
16:(Redirected from
3605:
3567:ASPRO chronology
3516:Glottochronology
3432:Tephrochronology
3380:Dendrochronology
3358:
3255:
3054:Proleptic Julian
3044:Pre-Julian Roman
3034:
2829:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2722:
2708:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2562:Human (Holocene)
2547:Chinese Imperial
2447:
2367:Reform proposals
2322:Proleptic Julian
2084:Eastern Orthodox
1714:Germanic heathen
1692:Earthly Branches
1608:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1471:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1427:. Archived from
1418:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1285:10.1002/jqs.1227
1261:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1152:
1146:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1114:. Archived from
1105:
1079:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
981:
975:
974:
934:
928:
927:
925:
923:
908:
902:
901:
899:
897:
874:
868:
867:
831:
825:
824:
796:
790:
789:
753:
744:
738:
737:
735:
734:
725:. Archived from
702:
696:
695:
693:
692:
677:
671:
670:
652:
646:
645:
605:
596:
595:
593:
591:
585:
579:. Archived from
560:
549:
543:
542:
524:
330:
315:
310:
305:
292:Conversion from
278:dendrochronology
21:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3520:
3504:
3500:Molecular clock
3493:Genetic methods
3484:
3465:Nitrogen dating
3452:Relative dating
3446:
3415:Potassium–argon
3362:Absolute dating
3352:
3341:
3300:
3279:
3244:
3220:Cosmic Calendar
3212:Astronomic time
3202:
3144:
3099:
3063:
3049:Original Julian
3019:
2986:
2948:
2847:Ab urbe condita
2825:
2802:
2754:
2749:
2719:
2714:
2686:
2623:
2577:Nirayana system
2503:Ab urbe condita
2491:
2443:
2441:
2434:
2413:
2411:
2404:
2361:
2312:anthropological
2296:
2095:
2079:Liturgical year
2045:
2012:
1604:
1602:
1595:
1534:
1508:
1503:
1468:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1139:Wayback Machine
1124:
1122:
1118:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
983:
982:
978:
936:
935:
931:
921:
919:
910:
909:
905:
895:
893:
891:
876:
875:
871:
833:
832:
828:
798:
797:
793:
751:
746:
745:
741:
732:
730:
704:
703:
699:
690:
688:
679:
678:
674:
667:
654:
653:
649:
607:
606:
599:
589:
587:
583:
577:
558:
551:
550:
546:
526:
525:
521:
516:
504:
408:Julian calendar
328:
313:
308:
290:
242:
236:
181:
158:
86:
71:carbon isotopes
56:used mainly in
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3611:
3609:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3537:New Chronology
3534:
3528:
3526:
3525:Related topics
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3402:
3400:Paleomagnetism
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3198:New Earth Time
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3127:
3122:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3059:Revised Julian
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2977:Lists of kings
2974:
2969:
2967:Canon of Kings
2964:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Before present
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2552:Chinese Minguo
2549:
2544:
2542:Before Present
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2039:Calendar round
2036:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1697:Heavenly Stems
1694:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1401:(2): 185–217.
1378:
1356:
1335:
1328:
1298:
1253:Björck, Svante
1243:
1236:
1215:
1190:
1147:
1088:(2): 185–217.
1065:
1053:
998:
976:
949:(4): 624–657.
929:
903:
889:
869:
826:
791:
764:(4): 237–240.
739:
697:
672:
665:
647:
626:10.2307/280489
620:(2): 309–325.
597:
575:
544:
518:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
503:
500:
497:
496:
493:
490:
486:
485:
479:
476:
472:
471:
465:
462:
458:
457:
439:
436:
430:
429:
420:
417:
411:
410:
404:
401:
395:
394:
383:
380:
374:
373:
352:
349:
343:
342:
331:
326:
320:
319:
316:
311:
309:Gregorian year
289:
286:
238:Main article:
235:
232:
180:
177:
157:
154:
105:archaeologists
85:
82:
38:Before Present
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3610:
3599:
3598:Geochronology
3596:
3594:
3593:Calendar eras
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:Chronological
3348:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Geochronology
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3250:Geologic time
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Metonic cycle
3233:
3231:
3230:Galactic year
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:ISO week date
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Byzantine era
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2833:Calendar eras
2830:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2711:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Anno Martyrum
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2442:and numbering
2437:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2357:'Pataphysical
2355:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Tōnalpōhualli
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Vikram Samvat
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:Vikram Samvat
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1434:on 2010-12-06
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1237:0-8122-1828-0
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:Greene, Kevin
1219:
1216:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1121:on 2010-12-06
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:Aitken (1990)
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
999:
987:
980:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
930:
922:September 17,
917:
913:
907:
904:
892:
886:
882:
881:
873:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
750:
743:
740:
729:on 2014-02-02
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
701:
698:
687:on 2008-07-14
686:
682:
676:
673:
668:
662:
658:
651:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
602:
598:
586:on 2011-07-24
582:
578:
572:
568:
564:
557:
556:
548:
545:
540:
536:
535:
530:
523:
520:
513:
509:
506:
505:
501:
495:Current year
494:
491:
488:
487:
483:
480:
477:
474:
473:
470:
466:
463:
460:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:
435:
432:
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260:(also called
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19:
3480:Stratigraphy
3425:Uranium–lead
3395:Lichenometry
3193:Winter count
3176:Mesoamerican
3104:Astronomical
2922:Mesoamerican
2907:Sothic cycle
2882:Seleucid era
2867:Bosporan era
2855: /
2845:
2793:Paleontology
2678:
2666:
2663:Middle-earth
2654:
2642:
2541:
2412:applications
2410:Displays and
2320: /
2301:By specialty
2270:
2131:Xiuhpōhualli
2029:Mesoamerican
1875:Nepal Sambat
1546:Astronomical
1457:
1436:. Retrieved
1429:the original
1398:
1394:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1338:
1318:
1267:
1263:
1246:
1227:
1218:
1207:. Retrieved
1205:. 2013-02-19
1202:
1193:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1143:Google Books
1123:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1085:
1081:
1068:
1056:
1015:
1011:
1001:
990:. Retrieved
979:
946:
942:
932:
920:. Retrieved
916:the original
906:
894:. Retrieved
879:
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839:
835:
829:
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742:
731:. Retrieved
727:the original
714:
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689:. Retrieved
685:the original
675:
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588:. Retrieved
581:the original
554:
547:
538:
532:
522:
508:Anthropocene
298:
291:
282:
266:Uncalibrated
265:
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257:
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246:uncalibrated
245:
243:
213:
197:
188:metrologists
182:
168:
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125:
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112:
108:
102:
93:
90:stratigraphy
87:
77:
75:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:
3420:Radiocarbon
3095:Dual dating
2954:Regnal year
2932:Short Count
2872:Bostran era
2853:Anno Domini
2786:Big History
2766:Archaeology
2513:Anno Domini
2482:Regnal year
2477:Regnal name
2450:Terminology
2440:Year naming
2395:Symmetry454
2245:Pentecontad
2168:Culāsakaraj
2153:Cappadocian
1885:Yele Sambat
1771:Zoroastrian
1665:Bangladeshi
1603:limited use
1581:Solar Hijri
1576:Lunar Hijri
1539:In wide use
1371:February 6,
1349:February 6,
1270:(1): 3–17.
534:Radiocarbon
447:Anno Domini
335:Pleistocene
333:End of the
204:oxalic acid
192:oxalic acid
173:many others
156:SI prefixes
58:archaeology
3582:Categories
3015:Vietnamese
2927:Long Count
2862:Anno Mundi
2857:Common Era
2759:Key topics
2752:Chronology
2619:Vietnamese
2532:Anno Mundi
2522:Anno Lucis
2517:Common Era
2420:Electronic
2390:Positivist
2352:Discordian
2342:Dreamspell
2277:Sexagenary
2218:Macedonian
2188:Florentine
2138:Babylonian
2104:Historical
2034:Long Count
1988:Vietnamese
1944:Macedonian
1907:Nanakshahi
1837:Lithuanian
1707:Solar term
1438:2018-06-24
1209:2020-01-09
1125:30 October
992:2023-03-24
733:2009-06-29
691:2009-01-09
443:Common Era
387:Meghalayan
359:Julian day
288:Conversion
258:calibrated
54:time scale
3552:Year zero
3532:Chronicle
3475:Seriation
3410:Lead–lead
3284:Standards
3265:Deep time
3225:Ephemeris
3111:Lunisolar
3075:Gregorian
3068:Gregorian
3029:Calendars
2992:Era names
2962:Anka year
2841:Human Era
2771:Astronomy
2680:Star Trek
2644:Discworld
2639:Discworld
2632:Fictional
2508:Anka year
2487:Year zero
2467:Leap year
2425:Perpetual
2148:Byzantine
1867:Mongolian
1847:Malayalam
1591:Unix time
1566:Gregorian
1561:Ethiopian
1525:Lunisolar
1506:Calendars
971:8755-1209
896:4 October
864:131227900
786:128628228
642:163900461
514:Citations
451:Dionysius
423:Year zero
363:Greenwich
270:carbon-14
264:) dates.
262:Cambridge
228:carbon-12
224:carbon-14
207:dihydrate
136:Greenland
3547:Timeline
3385:Ice core
3258:Concepts
3005:Japanese
2937:Tzolk'in
2902:Egyptian
2710:Category
2675:Stardate
2651:Greyhawk
2582:Seleucid
2567:Japanese
2537:Assyrian
2472:New Year
2308:Holocene
2260:Rapa Nui
2233:Tzolkʼin
2198:Germanic
2178:Egyptian
1914:Romanian
1892:Nisg̱a'a
1852:Mandaean
1842:Maithili
1815:Javanese
1810:Japanese
1765:medieval
1719:Georgian
1630:Assyrian
1620:Armenian
1551:Buddhist
1425:27366605
1316:(2008).
1290:Archived
1226:(2002).
1185:17818054
1135:Archived
1112:27366605
1048:15407879
590:8 August
502:See also
438:1949 BP
427:ISO 8601
419:1950 BP
403:1994 BP
391:Holocene
382:4200 BP
351:6663 BP
339:Holocene
329:11650 BP
139:Ice Core
98:unit "a"
52:)" is a
3557:Floruit
3305:Methods
3166:Iranian
3134:Islamic
3000:Chinese
2811:Periods
2781:History
2776:Geology
2607:Dvapara
2587:Spanish
2496:Systems
2346:New Age
2336:Martian
2292:Turkmen
2287:Swedish
2173:Coligny
2111:Arabian
2072:Revised
1978:Tripuri
1973:Tibetan
1929:Sesotho
1902:Punjabi
1862:Melanau
1832:Kurdish
1798:Tabular
1788:Islamic
1756:Iranian
1687:Chinese
1682:Burmese
1660:Bengali
1648:Pawukon
1601:In more
1556:Chinese
1513:Systems
1450:Sources
1416:4853109
1272:Bibcode
1165:Bibcode
1157:Science
1103:4853109
1040:1677049
1020:Bibcode
1012:Science
951:Bibcode
844:Bibcode
809:Bibcode
766:Bibcode
541:(1): i.
492:74 YAP
464:368 BP
453:of the
378:2251 BC
357:of the
347:4714 BC
324:9701 BC
314:BP year
65:before
3353:dating
3149:Others
3115:Hebrew
3010:Korean
2821:Epochs
2572:Korean
2332:Darian
2282:Soviet
2255:Qumran
2240:Muisca
2158:Celtic
2143:Bulgar
2091:Saints
2067:Julian
2057:Coptic
2003:Yoruba
1934:Slavic
1924:Somali
1871:Nepal
1820:Korean
1782:Gaelic
1761:Jalali
1724:Hebrew
1702:Minguo
1677:Borana
1672:Berber
1635:Baháʼí
1464:
1423:
1413:
1326:
1234:
1183:
1110:
1100:
1046:
1038:
969:
887:
862:
784:
663:
640:
634:280489
632:
573:
341:epoch
318:Event
256:) and
44:) or "
3186:Aztec
3130:Lunar
3125:Solar
3119:Hindu
2982:Limmu
2942:Haab'
2897:Hijri
2602:Treta
2597:Satya
2592:Yugas
2462:Epoch
2400:World
2265:Roman
2250:Pisan
2228:Haabʼ
2208:Hindu
2203:Greek
2183:Enoch
2121:Aztec
2116:Attic
2024:Runic
2017:Types
1998:Xhosa
1993:Wicca
1966:solar
1961:lunar
1951:Tamil
1919:Shona
1825:Juche
1793:Fasli
1778:Irish
1746:Hmong
1729:Hindu
1644:Bali
1639:Badí‘
1571:Hindu
1530:Solar
1520:Lunar
1432:(PDF)
1391:(PDF)
1293:(PDF)
1260:(PDF)
1119:(PDF)
1078:(PDF)
1036:JSTOR
860:S2CID
782:S2CID
752:(PDF)
638:S2CID
630:JSTOR
584:(PDF)
559:(PDF)
489:2024
482:Epoch
475:1950
461:1582
399:45 BC
393:era.
355:Epoch
250:Libby
169:Ma BP
165:ka BP
132:"b2k"
103:Some
84:Usage
78:RCYBP
3181:Maya
2916:Yuga
2816:Eras
2798:Time
2612:Kali
2430:Wall
2271:Rumi
2223:Maya
2213:Inca
2163:Cham
2008:Zulu
1983:Tulu
1956:Thai
1897:Odia
1805:Jain
1751:Igbo
1739:Saka
1653:Saka
1615:Akan
1462:ISBN
1421:PMID
1373:2019
1351:2019
1324:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1181:PMID
1127:2019
1108:PMID
1044:PMID
967:ISSN
924:2018
898:2012
885:ISBN
661:ISBN
592:2024
571:ISBN
445:and
434:AD 1
415:1 BC
117:and
2457:Era
2385:Pax
1586:ISO
1411:PMC
1403:doi
1399:109
1280:doi
1173:doi
1161:109
1141:at
1098:PMC
1090:doi
1086:109
1028:doi
1016:110
959:doi
852:doi
817:doi
774:doi
719:doi
622:doi
563:doi
425:in
254:raw
252:or
226:to
146:YAP
50:YBP
3584::
3117:,
1419:.
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1397:.
1393:.
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1010:.
965:.
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713:.
709:.
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618:50
616:.
600:^
569:.
537:.
531:.
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230:.
175:.
120:ad
114:bc
111:,
109:bp
42:BP
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3121:)
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