120:
113:
441:. Many manufacturing processes provide an opportunity for hydrates to form and the state of hydration can be changed with environmental humidity and time. The state of hydration of an active pharmaceutical ingredient can significantly affect the solubility and dissolution rate and therefore its
700:
Surov, Artem O., Nikita A. Vasilev, Andrei V. Churakov, Julia Stroh, Franziska
Emmerling, and German L. Perlovich. "Solid Forms of Ciprofloxacin Salicylate: Polymorphism, Formation Pathways and Thermodynamic Stability". Crystal Growth & Design (2019).
780:
Hassanpouryouzband, Aliakbar; Joonaki, Edris; Vasheghani
Farahani, Mehrdad; Takeya, Satoshi; Ruppel, Carolyn; Yang, Jinhai; J. English, Niall; M. Schicks, Judith; Edlmann, Katriona; Mehrabian, Hadi; M. Aman, Zachary; Tohidi, Bahman (2020).
759:
53:
or its constituent elements. The chemical state of the water varies widely between different classes of hydrates, some of which were so labeled before their chemical structure was understood.
339:, formed by the addition of H to one C and OH to the other C, and so can be considered as the hydrate of ethene. A molecule of water may be eliminated, for example, by the action of
481:
between water and guest molecules when methane is the guest molecule of the clathrate, guest–host hydrogen bonding often forms when the guest is a larger organic molecule such as
373:
Many organic molecules, as well as inorganic molecules, form crystals that incorporate water into the crystalline structure without chemical alteration of the organic molecule (
304:
In organic chemistry, a hydrate is a compound formed by the hydration, i.e. "Addition of water or of the elements of water (i.e. H and OH) to a molecular entity". For example:
671:
720:
284:; the remaining water, if any exists, can only be removed with very strong heating. A substance that does not contain any water is referred to as
655:
572:
76:" that are either bound to a metal center or that have crystallized with the metal complex. Such hydrates are also said to contain
599:
462:(also known as gas hydrates, gas clathrates, etc.) are water ice with gas molecules trapped within; they are a form of
721:"Linking microscopic guest properties to macroscopic observables in clathrate hydrates: guest-host hydrogen bonding"
72:
Hydrates are inorganic salts "containing water molecules combined in a definite ratio as an integral part of the
526:
374:
78:
67:
497:
The stability of hydrates is generally determined by the nature of the compounds, their temperature, and the
390:
119:
589:
564:
735:
623:
281:
168:
652:
619:
822:
459:
321:
845:
814:
751:
595:
568:
521:
498:
474:
454:
438:
172:
31:
804:
794:
743:
702:
685:
635:
556:
659:
482:
467:
442:
344:
739:
615:
486:
839:
826:
536:
511:
478:
386:
340:
681:
431:
200:
112:
396:
Molecules are also labeled as hydrates for historical reasons not covered above.
676:
531:
485:. In such cases the guest–host hydrogen bonds result in the formation of L-type
289:
87:
516:
706:
689:
662:. IUPAC Recommendations 2005. Table IV Multiplicative Prefixes, p. 258.
463:
382:
378:
293:
285:
127:
94:
42:
818:
755:
288:. Some anhydrous compounds are hydrated so easily that they are said to be
211:, though it is possible for fractional values to occur. For example, in a
35:
17:
799:
782:
397:
359:
305:
208:
91:
73:
809:
747:
680:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2019) "
639:
325:
203:
of the salt, is commonly used to show that a salt is hydrated. The
50:
477:
with water, especially under high pressure. Although there is no
225: = 6. Numerical prefixes mostly of Greek origin are:
591:
Displacement of Water and Its
Control of Biochemical Reactions
389:
203 °C) and as a dihydrate (melting point 97 °C).
470:(also known as gas hydrate, methane clathrate, etc.).
27:
Substance containing water or its constituent elements
280:A hydrate that has lost water is referred to as an
175:, and can therefore be used as a water indicator.
594:. Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd. p. 299.
358:, which can be formed by reaction of water with
719:Alavi S.; Susilo R.; Ripmeester J. A. (2009).
8:
473:Nonpolar molecules such as methane can form
393:commonly have as much as 50% water content.
34:. For hydration in humans or animals, see
808:
798:
90:in which the constituent hydrogen is the
426:
422:
418:
411:
407:
403:
365:
354:
350:
335:
331:
315:
311:
189:
151:
136:
783:"Gas hydrates in sustainable chemistry"
548:
199:is the number of water molecules per
7:
626:(1933). "A Name and Symbol for H²".
171:, which turns from blue to red upon
653:Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry
677:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
25:
381:, for example, exists in both an
292:and are used as drying agents or
437:Hydrate formation is common for
118:
111:
762:from the original on 2020-04-13
728:The Journal of Chemical Physics
415:, was originally thought of as
501:(if they are exposed to air).
1:
49:is a substance that contains
125:
628:Journal of Chemical Physics
466:. An important example is
862:
489:in the clathrate lattice.
452:
65:
29:
561:Chemistry of the Elements
559:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
218: = 1, and in a
787:Chemical Society Reviews
527:Water of crystallization
375:water of crystallization
320:, is the product of the
101:may be used in place of
79:water of crystallization
68:Water of crystallization
707:10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00185
690:10.1351/goldbook.H02876
167:A colorful example is
30:This article is about
565:Butterworth-Heinemann
557:Greenwood, Norman N.
343:. Another example is
740:2009JChPh.130q4501A
430:and described as a
169:cobalt(II) chloride
144:Cobalt(II) chloride
131:cobalt(II) chloride
86:. If the water is
62:Inorganic chemistry
800:10.1039/C8CS00989A
658:2018-07-09 at the
475:clathrate hydrates
460:Clathrate hydrates
449:Clathrate hydrates
439:active ingredients
322:hydration reaction
84:water of hydration
32:chemical compounds
793:(15): 5225–5309.
748:10.1063/1.3124187
640:10.1063/1.1749326
574:978-0-08-037941-8
522:Mineral hydration
499:relative humidity
455:Clathrate hydrate
300:Organic chemistry
207:is usually a low
180:hydrated compound
165:
164:
16:(Redirected from
853:
831:
830:
812:
802:
777:
771:
770:
768:
767:
725:
716:
710:
698:
692:
669:
663:
650:
644:
643:
624:F. G. Brickwedde
612:
606:
605:
585:
579:
578:
563:(2nd ed.).
553:
479:hydrogen bonding
429:
414:
391:Protein crystals
369:
357:
338:
319:
193:
159:
139:
122:
115:
108:
107:
97:, then the term
21:
861:
860:
856:
855:
854:
852:
851:
850:
836:
835:
834:
779:
778:
774:
765:
763:
723:
718:
717:
713:
699:
695:
670:
666:
660:Wayback Machine
651:
647:
614:
613:
609:
602:
587:
586:
582:
575:
567:. p. 625.
555:
554:
550:
546:
541:
507:
495:
487:Bjerrum defects
483:tetrahydrofuran
468:methane hydrate
457:
451:
443:bioavailability
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:
409:
405:
401:
367:
363:
356:
352:
348:
345:chloral hydrate
337:
333:
329:
317:
313:
309:
302:
278:
191:
187:
157:
153:
149:
147:
145:
138:
134:
132:
130:
70:
64:
59:
57:Chemical nature
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
859:
857:
849:
848:
838:
837:
833:
832:
772:
734:(17): 174501.
711:
693:
664:
645:
616:Harold C. Urey
607:
600:
588:Sherry Lewin.
580:
573:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
508:
506:
503:
494:
491:
453:Main article:
450:
447:
301:
298:
277:
276:
275:Tetradeca – 14
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
227:
178:The notation "
163:
162:
155:
142:
124:
123:
116:
66:Main article:
63:
60:
58:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
858:
847:
844:
843:
841:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
776:
773:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
715:
712:
708:
704:
697:
694:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:
673:
668:
665:
661:
657:
654:
649:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
611:
608:
603:
597:
593:
592:
584:
581:
576:
570:
566:
562:
558:
552:
549:
543:
538:
537:Hydrous oxide
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
512:Efflorescence
510:
509:
504:
502:
500:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
456:
448:
446:
444:
440:
435:
433:
399:
394:
392:
388:
387:melting point
384:
380:
377:). The sugar
376:
371:
361:
346:
342:
341:sulfuric acid
327:
323:
307:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
226:
224:
221:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
186:
181:
176:
174:
170:
160:
143:
140:
129:
126:
121:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:
75:
69:
61:
56:
54:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
790:
786:
775:
764:. Retrieved
731:
727:
714:
696:
675:
667:
648:
631:
627:
620:G. M. Murphy
610:
590:
583:
560:
551:
496:
472:
458:
436:
432:carbohydrate
395:
372:
303:
279:
272:Trideca – 13
236:Sesqui – 1.5
222:
219:
215:
212:
204:
201:formula unit
196:
184:
182:
179:
177:
166:
148:
133:
102:
98:
83:
77:
71:
46:
40:
634:: 512–513.
532:Hemihydrate
290:hygroscopic
269:Dodeca – 12
266:Undeca – 11
220:hexahydrate
213:monohydrate
146:hexahydrate
88:heavy water
810:1912/26136
766:2010-09-09
601:0124462502
544:References
517:Hygroscopy
294:desiccants
230:Hemi – 0.5
827:219971360
682:Hydration
493:Stability
464:clathrate
383:anhydrous
379:trehalose
286:anhydrous
282:anhydride
263:Deca – 10
254:Hepta – 7
248:Penta – 5
245:Tetra – 4
195:", where
173:hydration
128:Anhydrous
99:deuterate
95:deuterium
43:chemistry
18:Dihydrate
846:Hydrates
840:Category
819:32567615
760:Archived
756:19425784
656:Archived
505:See also
260:Nona – 9
257:Octa – 8
251:Hexa – 6
233:Mono – 1
154:·6H
36:drinking
736:Bibcode
398:Glucose
360:chloral
353:−CH(OH)
306:ethanol
242:Tri – 3
209:integer
161:(pink)
103:hydrate
92:isotope
74:crystal
47:hydrate
825:
817:
754:
598:
571:
385:form (
326:ethene
239:Di – 2
141:(blue)
823:S2CID
724:(PDF)
672:IUPAC
368:−CH=O
51:water
815:PMID
752:PMID
596:ISBN
569:ISBN
150:CoCl
135:CoCl
45:, a
805:hdl
795:doi
744:doi
732:130
703:doi
686:doi
684:".
636:doi
364:CCl
349:CCl
334:=CH
324:of
318:−OH
314:−CH
82:or
41:In
842::
821:.
813:.
803:.
791:49
789:.
785:.
758:.
750:.
742:.
730:.
726:.
674:,
630:.
622:;
618:;
445:.
434:.
425:O)
421:(H
408:12
400:,
370:.
362:,
347:,
330:CH
328:,
310:CH
308:,
296:.
105:.
829:.
807::
797::
769:.
746::
738::
709:.
705::
688::
642:.
638::
632:1
604:.
577:.
427:6
423:2
419:6
417:C
412:6
410:O
406:H
404:6
402:C
366:3
355:2
351:3
336:2
332:2
316:2
312:3
223:n
216:n
205:n
197:n
192:O
190:2
188:H
185:n
183:⋅
158:O
156:2
152:2
137:2
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
