1622:, was far more densely populated than Judah itself, and now held both the administrative capital, Mizpah, and the major religious centre of Bethel. Mizpah continued as the provincial capital for over a century. The position of Jerusalem before the administration moved back from Mizpah is unclear. From 445 BCE onwards, it was once more the main city of Yehud, with walls, the Temple, and other facilities needed to function as a provincial capital, including, from 420 BCE, a local mint striking silver coins. Nevertheless, Persian-era Jerusalem was modest: about 1,500 inhabitants. It was the only true urban site in Yehud, as the bulk of the province's population lived in small unwalled villages. This picture did not much change throughout the entire Persian period. The entire population of the province remained around 30,000. There is no sign in the archaeological record of massive inwards migration from Babylon, in contradiction to the biblical account where Zerubbabel's band of returning Israelite exiles alone numbered 42,360.
640:
1629:, who had kept his royal status even in captivity. Sheshbazzar, the governor of Yehud appointed by Cyrus in 538, was of Davidic origin, as was his successor (and nephew) Zerubbabel; Zerubbabel in turn was succeeded by his second son and then by his son-in-law, all of them hereditary Davidic governors of Yehud, a state of affairs that ended only around 500 BCE. This hypothesisâthat Zerubbabel and his immediate successors represented a restoration of the Davidic kingdom under Persian overlordshipâcannot be verified, but it would be in keeping with the situation in some other parts of the Persian Empire, such as Phoenicia.
1542:
1654:
384:
90:
6948:
73:
4200:, those who returned from the Babylonian exile. Despite Ezra's and Nehemiah's intolerance of gentiles and Samaritans, Jewish relations with the Samaritans and other neighbours were otherwise close and cordial. Comparison of Ezra-Nehemiah and Chronicles bears this out: Chronicles opens participation in Yahweh-worship to all twelve tribes and even to foreigners, but for Ezra-Nehemiah, "Israel" means the tribes of Judah and Benjamin alone as well as the holy tribe of Levi.
852:, and Persian Yehud saw considerable conflict over the construction and function of the Temple and matters of cult (i.e., how God was to be worshiped). Persia controlled Yehud using the same methods it used in other territories; Yehud's status as a Persian holding is crucial to understanding the society and literature of the period. The returnees from the exile community attempted to restore in Yehud the pre-Exile tripartite leadership template of king (
5343:
Ashdod, Idumea, etc., that were all part of the fifth
Persian satrapy called Ebir-NÄri. This interest is not only due to a more careful and differentiated analysis of the material culture (i.e., the archaeology of Persian period Palestine), but also to the fact that most modern scholars view this period as the hotbed of creative literary activity during which most books of the Hebrew Bible were edited or composed thus meriting a closer look.
906:
409:
1500:
702:, and other countries to seek refuge. The city fell after an 18-month siege, and Nebuchadnezzar again pillaged and destroyed Jerusalem and burned the Temple in Jerusalem. Thus, by 586 BCE, much of Judah was devastated; the royal family, the priesthood, and the scribes, the country's elite, were in exile in Babylon, and the former kingdom suffered a steep decline in economy and population.
4344:
4811:
5319:– via "Bibliography" (p. 247; just the work's title) in Kasher, Aryeh. "Jews, Idumaeans, and Ancient Arabs: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel with the Nations of the Frontier and the Desert During the Hellenistic and Roman Era (332 BCE-70 CE)". Mohr Siebeck, 1988, Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism Series (Volume 18), ISBN 9783161452406.
1578:
4219:
and even had their temple on the island. This community had probably been founded before the
Babylonian exile and had, therefore, remained cut off from religious reforms on the mainland. While it appears that the Elephantine community had some contact with the Second Temple (as evidenced by the fact
4180:
influenced the
Judahite religion and, subsequently, Judaism. Although the exact extent of that influence continues to be debated, a shared concept of God as creator, the one who guarantees justice, and the god of heaven. The experience of exile and restoration itself brought about a new worldview in
4161:
in the same way that surrounding nations each had their national gods. Monotheistic themes arose as early as the 8th century, in opposition to
Assyrian royal propaganda, which depicted the Assyrian king as "Lord of the Four Quarters" (the world), but the Exile broke the competing fertility, ancestor
4516:
says Ezra gathered the Jews together to read and enforce the law (his original commission from Darius but put into effect only now, 14 years after his arrival). Ezra argued to the people that failure to keep the law had caused the Exile. The Jews then agreed to separate themselves from the "peoples
774:
in the south. The administrative centre of the province was Mizpah. On hearing of the appointment, the Jews who had taken refuge in surrounding countries returned to Judah. However, before long, Gedaliah was assassinated by a member of the former royal house, and the
Babylonian garrison was killed,
5342:
The current thinking about
Persian period Yehud entails an (ethnically) multi-faceted population, a much better understanding of its archaeology, as well as the interaction between the smallish province of Yehud with other Persian provinces in Palestine, including Moab, Ammon, Gilead, Samaria,
4822:
The results of archaeological excavations and surveys suggest that in comparison to late Iron Age Judah, late
Persian period Yehud was a rural province with no more than half as many settlements as the late Iron Age, and a much smaller population. Jerusalem had shrunk to its pre-eighth century
1644:
The governor of Yehud would have been charged primarily with keeping order and seeing that tribute was paid. He would have been assisted by various officials and a body of scribes, but there is no evidence that a popular "assembly" existed, and he would have had little discretion over his core
4493:, the cup-bearer to the king and in a high official post, was informed that the wall of Jerusalem had been destroyed and was granted permission to return to Jerusalem to rebuild it. He succeeded in doing so but encountered strong resistance from the "people of the land," the officials of
799:
Although the
Babylonians deported many Judeans and Jerusalem was left in ruins, a small but far from negligible population of Judeans continued to live in their native land during this period. The population of Persian-period Jerusalem has been estimated at 1,500 inhabitants.
4539:
There is no complete agreement on the chronology of the Neo-Babylonian and
Achaemenid periods: the following table is used in this article, but alternative dates for many events are plausible. That is especially true of the chronological sequence of Ezra and Nehemiah, with
6554:
6563:
1632:
The second and third pillars of the early period of
Persian rule in Yehud, copying the pattern of the old Davidic kingdom destroyed by the Babylonians, were the institutions of High Priest and Prophet. Both are described and preserved in the
4548:"in the seventh year of Artaxerxes the King," without specifying whether he was Artaxerxes I (465â424 BCE) or Artaxerxes II (404â358 BCE). The probable date for his mission is 458 BCE, but it is possible that it took place in 398 BCE.
1641:, but by the mid-5th century BCE the prophets and Davidic kings had disappeared, leaving only the High Priest. The practical result was that after c.500 BCE Yehud became a theocracy, ruled by a line of hereditary High Priests.
1661:
The succession order and dates of most of the governors of the Achaemenid province of Yehud cannot be recreated with any degree of certainty. Coins, jar-stamp impressions, and seals from the period provide the names of
826:âan event in which the exiled populace of Judah returned to their homeland after it had been restructured as a self-governing Jewish province within the Achaemenid Empire. To replace Solomon's Temple, work began on the
1645:
duties. Evidence from seals and coins suggests that most, if not all, of the governors of Persian Yehud were Jewish, a situation which conforms with the general Persian practice of governing through local leaders.
7014:
7009:
4842:
Throughout the fourth century BCE, the province of Yehud was home to a network of strongholds. One of these is Hurvat Eres, a little rectangular fort that was discovered atop Har HaRuach, north of
4467:(520 BCE), Darius discovered the Decree of Cyrus in the archives. He directed the satrap to support the work, which he did, and the Temple was completed in the sixth year of Darius (516/515 BCE). (
1723:(second half of the sixth century BCE). Led the first wave of Jewish exiles back to Judea after the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire to Cyrus the Great. His family, however, remained behind in
2804:
864:(Haggai, Zechariah). However, by the middle of the next century, probably around 450 BCE, the kings and prophets had disappeared and only the high priest remained, joined by the scribe-sage (
716:
The numbers of those who were deported to Babylon or made their way to Egypt and the remnants that remained in Yehud Province and surrounding countries are subject to academic debate. The
1602:
Yehud was smaller than the former Iron-Age kingdom of Judah, stretching from around Bethel in the north to about Hebron in the south, which at the time belonged to Idumaea, and from the
4455:, Jeshua and Zerubbabel were frustrated in their efforts to rebuild the Temple by the enmity of the "people of the land" and the opposition of the governor of "Beyond-the-River" (the
4482:
in Beyond the River. Ezra led a large party of exiles back to Yehud, where he found that Jews had intermarried with the "peoples of the land" and immediately banned intermarriage. (
3382:
4184:
Possibly the single most important development in the post-Exilic period was the promotion and eventual dominance of the idea and practice of Jewish exclusivity, the idea that the
818:
The Edict of Cyrus, issued by the Achaemenid emperor Cyrus the Great shortly after the fall of Babylon, was a royal proclamation by which he ended the Babylonian captivity. In the
6577:
Becking, Bob, and Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette (eds), "The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic & Post-Exilic Times" (Brill, 1999)
4863:
3037:
2732:
1428:
634:
6355:
2924:
6018:
639:
4181:
which Jerusalem and the House of David continued to be central ingredients, and the destruction of the Temple came to be regarded as a demonstration of Yahweh's strength.
4132:
7024:
1896:
2919:
617:
followed, and their efforts to rebuild Jewish life in Judah are chronicled in biblical books named after them. Another significant Persian period achievement was the
3167:
6663:
4478:
in which case the year was 458 BCE. Ezra, a scholar of the commandments of Yahweh, was commissioned by Artaxerxes to rebuild the Temple and enforce the laws of
3421:
830:
after the region was conquered by the Persians. By the late sixth century BC, the temple in Jerusalem had been restored, and its body of worship, practice, and
5785:
5632:
6989:
1443:
674:, some supporting loyalty to Babylon and others urging rebellion. In the early years of the 6th century BCE, despite the strong remonstrances of the prophet
5660:
New Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea and their Historical Interpretation, In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (eds.). Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period
1614:, the slopes between the Judean highlands and the coastal plains in the west. After the destruction of Jerusalem the centre of gravity shifted northward to
7029:
6958:
6632:
Nodet, Ătienne, "A search for the origins of Judaism: from Joshua to the Mishnah" (Sheffield Academic Press, 1999, original edition Editions du Cerf, 1997)
5967:
2406:
2369:
1528:
6641:
6023:. Philippika - Altertumswissenschaftliche Abhandlungen / Contributions to the Study of Ancient World Cultures (Vol. 102, pp. 109-118). Vol. 102.
3345:
1413:
4444:
decreed that the deportees in Babylon could return to Yehud and rebuild the Temple. Led by Zerubbabel, 42,360 exiles returned to Yehud, where he and
6947:
4905:
3368:
6999:
2718:
1329:
1785:, 'ha-pechah' (the governor), by the script on a coin type dated to the late fourth century, possibly around 335 BCE, one of which was found at
5812:
4125:
3295:
3230:
3112:
690:, were exiled to Babylon. A few years later, Judah revolted yet again. In 589, Nebuchadnezzar again besieged Jerusalem, and many Jews fled to
6492:
6459:
6432:
6375:
6338:
6311:
6271:
6241:
6214:
6182:
6152:
6125:
6075:
5994:
5919:
5876:
5849:
5822:
5745:
5667:
5642:
5615:
5583:
5513:
5489:
5465:
5438:
5395:
5368:
5307:
5249:
5207:
5173:
5057:
5023:
4974:
2416:
618:
1348:
4252:
was revised and completed and the older prophetic books were redacted. New writing included the interpretation of older works, such as the
2854:
6261:
4224:
of Jerusalem), the exact relationship between the two is currently unclear. Following the expulsion of the Persians from Egypt by Pharaoh
754:, a native Judahite, as governor (or possibly ruling as a puppet king). According to Miller and Hayes, the province included the towns of
4992:. This was inherited by the Persians. Under the Greeks, Yehud was translated as Judaea and this was taken over by the Romans. After the
4912:
4828:
4241:
3122:
2939:
2929:
2169:
1370:
1038:
1006:
575:
4474:
The Book of Ezra dates Ezra's arrival in Jerusalem to the second year of Artaxerxes. Its position in the narrative implies that he was
732:. His court, other prominent citizens, craftsmen, and a sizable portion of the Jewish population of Judah, numbering about 10,000. The
6656:
4196:) were or should be an ethnic group apart from all others. According to Levine, that was a new idea originating from the party of the
3518:
3468:
3433:
3127:
2992:
2859:
657:
547:
6602:
Levine, Lee I., "Jerusalem: portrait of the city in the second Temple period (538 B.C.E.-70 C.E.)" (Jewish Publication Society, 2002)
4988:
The Babylonians translated the Hebrew name into Aramaic as Yehud Medinata ('the province of Judah') or simply 'Yehud' and made it a
6994:
5795:
4427:
4118:
3210:
3172:
3147:
3067:
3052:
2899:
2839:
2794:
4365:
4358:
4440:
In 539 BCE, Babylon fell to the Achaemenids. That event is dated securely from non-biblical sources. In his first year (538 BCE),
4280:
in the present form, suggesting the slow development of the idea of a body of "scripture" in the sense of authoritative writings.
7044:
7039:
7034:
3503:
3485:
3391:
3285:
3137:
3132:
3057:
3022:
2889:
4512:, the narrative abruptly switches back to Ezra, apparently with no change in the chronology, but the year is not specified. The
6798:
6587:
Berquist, Jon L., "Approaching Yehud: new approaches to the study of the Persian period" (Society of Biblical Literature, 2007)
4021:
3920:
3475:
3458:
3411:
3310:
3220:
3157:
3107:
3087:
3082:
3002:
2976:
2951:
2829:
2819:
2809:
2789:
2784:
1541:
1521:
621:, traditionally credited to Ezra. This process played an important role in shaping Jewish identity and had a lasting impact on
4936:
Some Israeli authors, such as Isaac Kalimi, Moshe Bar-Asher, and Joseph Fleishman, prefer "medinta" based on their reading of
1653:
1390:
6597:
Grabbe, Lester L., "A history of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period", vol.1 (T&T Clark International, 2004)
5911:
5299:
4408:
4208:
3494:
3480:
3448:
3428:
3396:
3340:
3315:
3290:
3270:
3260:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3215:
3205:
3200:
3177:
3092:
3077:
2997:
2956:
2909:
2904:
2824:
2769:
72:
6020:
Coins and Coinages in the Context of Ancient Greek Sanctuaries: Jerusalem â a Case Study from the Fringe of the Greek World
5333:
When Not to "Tie the Knot": A Study of Exogamous Marriage in EzraâNehemiah Against the Backdrop of Biblical Legal Tradition
4380:
6984:
6802:
6649:
6592:
Blenkinsopp, Joseph, "Judaism, the first phase: the place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the origins of Judaism" (Eerdmans, 2009)
3915:
3453:
3438:
3401:
3363:
3335:
3325:
3320:
3305:
3300:
3280:
3265:
3250:
3225:
3191:
3162:
3062:
3047:
2971:
2961:
2879:
2849:
2774:
2760:
150:
2396:
6288:
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, Princeton University Press, third edition with supplement 1969
5702:
4900:
3523:
3443:
3406:
3330:
3275:
3142:
3117:
3042:
3017:
3007:
2946:
2869:
2864:
2844:
2834:
2814:
2799:
2692:
2160:
2155:
1582:
5735:
5331:
4989:
4583:
4579:
4498:
4387:
3513:
3508:
3463:
3416:
3102:
3072:
3032:
3027:
2884:
2190:
1619:
1358:
1068:
1048:
745:
725:
661:
587:
539:
524:
321:
6627:
Stackert, Jeffrey, "Rewriting the Torah: literary revision in Deuteronomy and the holiness code" (Mohr Siebeck, 2007)
1625:
The Persians seem to have experimented with ruling Yehud as a vassal kingdom, but this time under the descendants of
6617:
Lipschitz, Oded, and Oeming, Manfred (eds), "Judah and the Judeans in the fourth century B.C.E." (Eisenbrauns, 2006)
4145:
There is a consensus among biblical scholars that ancient Judah during the 9th and 8th centuries BCE was basically
3987:
3832:
3540:
2934:
2130:
2120:
1856:
1514:
1423:
1312:
885:
4354:
2477:
1375:
5482:
A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period â Vol 1: A History of the Persian Province of Judah
4101:
3794:
3645:
3586:
4394:
6937:
6694:
4878:
4534:
4154:
3804:
3784:
2894:
2374:
1915:
1418:
1408:
1095:
993:
919:
89:
6612:
Lipschitz, Oded, and Oeming, Manfred (eds), "Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period" (Eisenbrauns, 2006)
4211:(usually dated to the 5th century BCE) shows that a small community of Jews living on the Egyptian island of
7004:
3945:
3935:
3900:
3779:
3769:
3552:
2723:
2665:
2499:
2178:
2135:
1850:
1685:
1486:
1448:
1363:
1151:
6475:
Lipschits, Oded; Tal, Oren (2007). "The Settlement Archaeology of the Province of Judah: A Case Study". In
4376:
6621:
5605:
4713:
4475:
4445:
4064:
3799:
3713:
2779:
2331:
1950:
1920:
1755:
4303:, it was necessary to have the Torah readings translated into Aramaic for them to be understood by Jews.
2326:
6904:
4890:
4717:
4575:
4319:
4221:
3955:
3950:
3895:
3683:
2598:
2313:
2208:
1925:
1567:
1481:
551:
203:
6117:
A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (vol. 1): The Persian Period (539-331BCE)
5841:
A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (vol. 1): The Persian Period (539-331BCE)
5787:
The crisis of Israelite religion: transformation of religious tradition in exilic and post-exilic times
5737:
A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (vol. 1): The Persian Period (539-331BCE)
4846:. Other noteworthy non-urban sites from the period include a fortress and agricultural estate found in
5411:
4489:
In the 20th year of Artaxerxes (almost definitely Artaxerxes I, whose twentieth year was 445/444 BCE)
6894:
6758:
6682:
4885:
4026:
3978:
3718:
3576:
2389:
2254:
2243:
2201:
1433:
1253:
1086:
843:
711:
622:
594:
571:
281:
6773:
6301:
6024:
5683:
4789:
4785:
4728:
4571:
4079:
2452:
2319:
2222:
2215:
2145:
2033:
1908:
1770:
1380:
1334:
1208:
574:. The province's overall population is gauged as having been considerably smaller than that of the
5241:
To stop Nehemiah from building the Jerusalem wall: Jewish aristocrats triggered an economic crisis
6834:
6743:
6738:
6529:
6085:
6040:
5936:
5337:
5266:
5109:
4797:
4591:
4253:
4174:
in a process that continued to evolve throughout the time of Yehud and into the Hellenistic age.
3930:
3880:
3827:
3822:
3736:
3606:
2874:
2703:
2462:
2382:
2236:
1802:
1703:
1438:
1220:
1137:
849:
759:
528:
492:
435:
352:
95:
4937:
5239:
5163:
4162:
and other cults and allowed it to emerge as the dominant theology of Yehud. The minor gods or "
6778:
6768:
6753:
6723:
6676:
6601:
6586:
6521:
6488:
6455:
6428:
6420:
6371:
6334:
6307:
6267:
6237:
6210:
6204:
6178:
6172:
6148:
6121:
6071:
5990:
5984:
5915:
5905:
5901:
5872:
5845:
5839:
5818:
5791:
5741:
5663:
5638:
5611:
5579:
5509:
5485:
5461:
5434:
5391:
5364:
5303:
5293:
5245:
5213:
5203:
5169:
5053:
5019:
4993:
4970:
4843:
4793:
4273:
4074:
4016:
3996:
3813:
3373:
3012:
2472:
2343:
2273:
2150:
2063:
1930:
1156:
1115:
947:
932:
894:
683:
644:
520:
472:
460:
134:
6616:
6596:
6328:
6115:
5866:
5428:
5385:
5197:
5047:
5013:
4964:
6480:
6363:
4997:
4686:
4518:
4513:
4464:
4401:
4284:
4044:
3925:
3885:
3849:
3547:
3097:
2608:
2364:
2268:
2183:
2073:
1865:
1764:
1731:
1273:
1215:
1198:
1132:
1125:
1058:
957:
942:
937:
717:
543:
389:
185:
43:
5000:. The area described by these land titles differed to some extent in the different periods.
1684:, all of them Jewish names. Some of them must have served between Zerubbabel and Nehemiah.
7019:
6859:
6854:
6844:
6097:
6052:
5948:
5278:
4642:
4631:
4441:
4288:
4006:
3965:
3960:
3940:
3862:
3856:
3789:
3741:
3581:
3562:
2713:
2442:
2354:
2337:
1881:
1695:
1476:
1307:
1263:
1187:
927:
555:
535:
264:
189:
80:
6622:
Middlemas, Jill Anne, "The troubles of templeless Judah" (Oxford University Press, 2005)
4276:. The literature from Ben Sira onwards is increasingly permeated with references to the
1828:
6874:
6864:
6822:
6690:
6476:
6206:
Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E. ? 70 C.E.)
5607:
Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E. ? 70 C.E.)
5127:
4832:
4657:
4653:
4620:
4265:
4249:
4245:
4177:
4106:
3905:
3774:
3760:
3640:
3619:
3596:
3591:
3569:
3557:
3152:
2633:
2567:
2532:
2510:
2447:
2285:
2125:
2104:
2080:
1846:
1637:
in the histories of EzraâNehemiahâChronicles and in the books of Zechariah, Haggai and
1466:
1242:
1183:
952:
823:
813:
809:
733:
598:
567:
559:
294:
277:
246:
5165:
An Ancient Israelite Historian: Studies in the Chronicler, His Time, Place and Writing
724:. To such numbers must be added those deported by Nebuchadnezzar in 597 BCE after the
6978:
6733:
5989:. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism, vol. 169. BRILL. p. 162.
4895:
4815:
4774:
4732:
4602:
4296:
4269:
4261:
4054:
4049:
3255:
3182:
2708:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2537:
2515:
2467:
2229:
2068:
1973:
1935:
1886:
1740:
1504:
1302:
1238:
827:
606:
307:
4448:, although they were in fear of the "people of the land", re-instituted sacrifices.
905:
5716:
4824:
4748:
4452:
4323:
4277:
4193:
4158:
4084:
3910:
3751:
3746:
3704:
3657:
2751:
2618:
2603:
2562:
2527:
2140:
1982:
1760:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1634:
1603:
1385:
1234:
872:). This new pattern provided the leadership model for Yehud for centuries to come.
819:
775:
triggering a mass movement of refugees to Egypt. In Egypt, the refugees settled in
667:
563:
6303:
Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E. - 70 C.E.)
5961:
5717:"Oded Lipschits, "Persian Period Finds from Jerusalem: Facts and Interpretation",
5363:] (in Hebrew). Vol. II. ××××: ×Ą×¤×¨× ×××× ××רץ××× ×פת×××. pp. 329â331.
4823:
proportions and also had a much smaller population, which now concentrated in the
6636:
6631:
6626:
6611:
6606:
6591:
6582:
Bedford, Peter Ross, "Temple restoration in early Achaemenid Judah" (Brill, 2001)
6581:
6576:
6367:
6231:
6142:
5455:
4667:
4343:
4330:, etc. In contrast, Aramaic-written epigraphic material is much more prevalent.
4311:
4283:
One of the more important cultural shifts in the Persian period was the rise of
4212:
4163:
4069:
4011:
3676:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2542:
1711:
1691:
1105:
1024:
853:
402:
193:
17:
6637:
Vanderkam, James, "An introduction to early Judaism (2nd ed.)" (Eerdmans, 2022)
5767:
5763:
5525:
5202:. Studia Judaica, Volume 71 (reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 76.
4468:
4215:, while being devout supporters of Yahweh, also venerated the Egyptian goddess
848:
Much of the literature which became the Hebrew Bible was compiled in the early
6922:
6879:
6828:
6686:
6407:
6396:
5540:
5238:
Fleishman, Joseph (2009). Gershon Galil; Markham Geller; Alan Millard (eds.).
5105:
4868:
4709:
4541:
4522:
4509:
4502:
4483:
4460:
4327:
4185:
4146:
3727:
2741:
2670:
2628:
2457:
2437:
1996:
1903:
1823:
1719:
1626:
1317:
1020:
962:
602:
223:
207:
117:
6525:
5551:
5529:
5217:
5142:, the canonical Jewish translation of the Bible into Aramaic, renders not as
4966:
The Christian Survivor: How Roman Christianity Defeated Its Early Competitors
165:
152:
6963:
6807:
6793:
6748:
6728:
5361:
Archaeology of the Land of Israel: From the Neolithic to Alexander the Great
5295:
Status and Territory of 'Yehud Medinta' in the Persian Period (dissertation)
5131:
4567:
4545:
4307:
4292:
4225:
4150:
3890:
3875:
2965:
2913:
2675:
2623:
2613:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2195:
1955:
1611:
1562:: Bearded head wearing crown, possibly representing the Persian Great King.
780:
750:
The former kingdom of Judah then became the Babylonian province Yehud, with
721:
679:
671:
484:
464:
233:
144:
37:
4906:
Timeline of Second Temple period Judaism#Persian Empire (538 BCE â 332 BCE)
2643:
686:. The revolt failed, and in 597 BCE, many Judahites, including the prophet
4810:
4623:, deported and imprisoned in Babylon in 597, released; remains in Babylon
6869:
6839:
6714:
4851:
4847:
4836:
4760:
4616:
4587:
4490:
4315:
4310:
material from the Persian period has survived, including some coins from
4257:
4059:
3669:
3601:
2432:
1940:
1891:
1786:
1724:
1664:
1657:
Coin of Hezekiah, Satrap of Judaea, Achaemenid period. Circa 375â333 BCE.
1615:
1607:
869:
767:
751:
729:
675:
614:
488:
6533:
6509:
5986:
Empire, Power and Indigenous Elites: A Case Study of the Nehemiah Memoir
670:
of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. There were rival factions at the court in
6899:
6884:
6849:
6783:
5080:
4606:
4494:
4456:
4204:
4035:
4001:
3870:
3664:
2653:
2648:
2520:
2411:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2047:
2042:
2019:
2001:
1876:
1871:
1861:
1839:
1814:
1789:
The inscription is also rendered in English as "the governor Hezekiah".
1638:
1471:
1324:
978:
861:
788:
771:
763:
687:
601:. Jewish returnees had come from various areas of the empire. Governor
583:
508:
214:
121:
6558:
6330:
A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (vol. 1)
5430:
Atlas of Empires: The World's Great Powers from Ancient Times to Today
1577:
6932:
6927:
6889:
6811:
6607:
Lipschitz, Oded, "The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem" (Eisenbrauns, 2005)
5168:. Studia Semitica Neerlandica. BRILL. pp. 12, 16, 89, 133, 157.
5139:
3695:
3690:
3650:
3635:
2746:
2638:
2058:
2024:
2010:
1945:
1699:
1590:
1586:
1339:
983:
969:
857:
831:
776:
755:
512:
504:
476:
430:
6452:
Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century BCE
5572:"New Perspectives on the Return from Exile and Persian-Period Yehud"
5571:
4835:. The most impressive building plan of the period was discovered at
5357:×××× ××ר××××××××× ×Š× ×ר׼-×׊ר××: ×׊××× ×Ş×§×פת ×××× ××˘× ×××××Š× ××××Ą× ×ר
6788:
6763:
6698:
4479:
4237:
4197:
4189:
4171:
4167:
2658:
2087:
1991:
1960:
1652:
1576:
1547:
1540:
988:
695:
523:, among others. It existed for just over two centuries before the
500:
480:
347:
108:
5868:
Pseudo Hecataeus, "On the Jews": Legitimizing the Jewish Diaspora
6914:
6817:
4873:
4744:
4698:
4300:
4216:
1810:
865:
784:
699:
691:
610:
516:
496:
468:
219:
104:
6645:
6510:"Ḥurvat ŐEres: A Fourth-Century BCE Fortress West of Jerusalem"
6109:
6107:
5784:
Becking, Bob; Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette (26 March 1999).
5576:
The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible
4203:
Despite Yehud being consistently monotheistic, some pockets of
5355:
Faust, Avraham; Katz, Hayah, eds. (2019). "9. ×תק××¤× ×פרץ×ת".
4517:
of the land" (once again, intermarriage was banned), keep the
4337:
1735:(mid-fifth or early fourth century BCE, depending on whether
856:
and Zerubbabel), the high priest (Joshua, descended from the
5244:. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements. Brill. pp. 361-390 .
4497:(the province immediately to the north of Yehud, the former
1593:(Athenian coinage was the standard for Mediterranean trade).
7015:
States and territories disestablished in the 4th century BC
4228:(404 BCE), the Jewish temple in Elephantine was abandoned.
1759:(second half of the fifth century BCE), the subject of the
6260:
Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (31 December 2000).
6230:
McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (January 1998).
5085:
Bible Hub: Search, Read, Study the Bible in Many Languages
605:, who led the first returnees, laid the foundation of the
4780:
4766:
4754:
4738:
4722:
4703:
4692:
4681:
4673:
4662:
4647:
4626:
4611:
4596:
4561:
7010:
States and territories established in the 6th century BC
6423:. In Stuckenbruck, Loren T.; Gurtner, Daniel M. (eds.).
5973:(1910â11), via theodora.com. Accessed 28 September 2020.
5052:. Beginner's Guides. Oneworld Publications. p. 27.
4697:
Negotiations in Babylon between Darius I and the exiled
647:
at its greatest extent, including the province of Yehud.
6198:
6196:
6194:
5130:,...the opening verse of the Hebrew text tells us that
4773:
Arrival in Jerusalem of Ezra (7th year of the reign of
1715:(either identical with, or governor before, Zerubbabel)
491:
in the eastâit was one of several Persian provinces in
6362:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 128,
1589:. The coin at bottom right has an image of the owl of
4864:
History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel
4501:) and other provinces and peoples around Jerusalem. (
4166:" of the old pantheon now turned into a hierarchy of
635:
History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel
542:, which, in turn, had been established to absorb the
5015:
The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History
3674:
3655:
2078:
475:) to the south, lying along the frontier of the two
6566:
Border map, CET â Center For Educational technology
6427:. Vol. 2. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 263.
6425:
T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism
6354:SĂĄenz-Badillos, Angel; Elwolde, John, eds. (1993),
5907:
Historical Roots of the Old Testament (1200-63 BCE)
4207:still appeared to exist in the Persian period: the
459:, was an autonomous administrative division of the
423:
340:
318:
304:
291:
274:
261:
243:
229:
213:
199:
181:
140:
129:
32:
6070:. New York and London: Continuum. pp. 89â90.
4220:that they had written a letter to the High Priest
822:, this decree is accredited as having enabled the
6485:Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E
6166:
6164:
4236:Scholars believe that in the Persian period, the
1706:, and must therefore have served after Nehemiah.
1551:) minted in the Persian province of Yehud, dated
791:, and Jeremiah went with them as moral guardian.
5634:The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms
4322:, two seal impressions on bullae from a cave in
1566:: Falcon facing, head right, with wings spread;
6487:. Penn State University Press. pp. 33â37.
5814:The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction
5574:. In Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.).
5504:James Maxwell Miller and John Haralson Hayes,
4529:Attempt at matching with historical chronology
566:as his authorization and encouragement of the
6657:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5578:. Oxford University Press. pp. 147â169.
4287:as the predominant language of Yehud and the
4126:
1522:
8:
5336:. Berrien Springs, Michigan, United States:
4601:Assassination of Gedaliah; refugees flee to
720:reports that a total of 4600 were exiled to
666:In the late 7th century BCE, Judah became a
6959:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
6356:"Hebrew in the period of the Second Temple"
6266:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 291.
5779:
5777:
5775:
5390:. Oxford University Press. pp. 42â43.
2370:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
593:The Persian period marked the start of the
527:resulted in it being incorporated into the
6664:
6650:
6642:
6446:
6444:
6306:. Jewish Publication Society. p. 35.
5018:. Cambridge University Press. p. 39.
4299:of the empire, and already in the time of
4133:
4119:
3983:
3624:
2697:
2504:
2109:
1978:
1797:
1743:was king in his time), the subject of the
1529:
1515:
879:
795:Neo-Babylonian Empire v. Achaemenid Empire
88:
29:
6470:
6468:
5759:
5757:
5631:Edelman, Diana Vikander (26 March 1995).
5500:
5498:
4763:(20th year of the reign of Artaxerxes I)
4689:(ruled 522â486 BCE) succeeds Cambyses II
4428:Learn how and when to remove this message
4295:, the Persians adopted it and became the
4192:, followers of the God of Israel and the
1694:) is known by this short form of several
868:) and the appointed aristocrat-governor (
652:Kingdom of Judah v. Neo-Babylonian Empire
7025:Political entities in the Land of Israel
6066:Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson (2001).
5871:. Univ of California Press. p. 86.
5705:. Mohr Siebeck – via Google Books.
5703:"Iconographic Exegesis and Third Isaiah"
5599:
5597:
5595:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5559:
4958:
4956:
4809:
4550:
4256:, and genuinely original work including
638:
538:in 539 BCE, Yehud province absorbed the
6559:CET â Center For Educational technology
6327:Grabbe, Lester L. (27 September 2006).
6255:
6253:
6171:Hulster, Izaak Jozias (26 March 2009).
6114:Grabbe, Lester L. (27 September 2006).
5838:Grabbe, Lester L. (27 September 2006).
5734:Grabbe, Lester L. (27 September 2006).
5701:Hulster, Izaak Jozias (26 March 2009).
4952:
4929:
4850:, as well as an agricultural estate in
4034:
3986:
3812:
3759:
3726:
3703:
3627:
3493:
3381:
3355:
3190:
2984:
2759:
2731:
2590:
2424:
2353:
2253:
2168:
2112:
2032:
2009:
1981:
1809:
1610:in the east to, but not including, the
893:
882:
6174:Iconographic Exegesis and Third Isaiah
6093:
6083:
6048:
6038:
5944:
5934:
5274:
5264:
4364:Please improve this article by adding
4306:Only a small amount of Hebrew-written
728:, when he deported the king of Judah,
5506:A History of Ancient Israel and Judah
4459:of which Yehud was a smaller unit). (
1702:. He is mentioned in the 5th-century
317:
303:
290:
273:
260:
242:
238:
7:
6508:Mazar, Amihai; Wachtel, Ido (2015).
4998:Syria Palaestina or simply Palestine
1581:Coins attributed to the region. The
6990:Autonomous administrative divisions
5983:Fitzpatrick-McKinley, Anne (2015).
5811:Wylen, Stephen M. (26 March 1996).
5138:from India to Ethiopia â which the
4670:(ruled 530â522 BCE) succeeds Cyrus
4242:history of ancient Israel and Judah
586:and was first introduced after the
7030:Jewish Persian and Iranian history
6300:Levine, Lee I. (2 December 2002).
6203:Levine, Lee I. (2 December 2002).
5604:Levine, Lee I. (2 December 2002).
1618:; this region, once a part of the
25:
4463:) However, in the second year of
2161:Historical population comparisons
27:Province of the Achaemenid Empire
6946:
6360:A History of the Hebrew Language
6263:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
5457:The Times Atlas of World History
4712:as the governor of Yehud and of
4521:and generally observe the Law. (
4342:
2805:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2719:Historical population by country
1690:the Persian (Bagohi or Bagoi in
1498:
904:
407:
382:
71:
6236:. Westminster John Knox Press.
5413:Philip's Atlas of World History
4969:. Springer. p. 25 f.n. 4.
1598:Administration and demographics
658:Judah's revolts against Babylon
548:Judah's revolts against Babylon
7000:Ancient Jewish Persian history
6419:Lanfranchi, Pierluigi (2019).
6209:. Jewish Publication Society.
5912:Society of Biblical Literature
5610:. Jewish Publication Society.
5454:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1989).
5384:O'Brien, Patrick Karl (2002).
5300:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
4996:, the Romans renamed the area
4209:Elephantine papyri and ostraca
1176:Late Antiquity and Middle Ages
678:and others, the Judahite king
1:
6246:– via books.google.com.
6157:– via books.google.com.
5686:The Origin of Biblical Israel
5330:Klingbeil, Gerald A. (2016).
5110:"The Jews of Old-Time Medina"
5049:The Bible: A Beginner's Guide
4963:Crotty, Robert Brian (2017).
4635:
4366:secondary or tertiary sources
2376:Christianity and Judaism
1552:
327:
252:
59:
52:
6368:10.1017/cbo9781139166553.006
5865:Bar-Kochva, Bezalel (2010).
5719:Journal of Hebrew Scriptures
4901:Cyrus the Great in the Bible
4781:
4767:
4755:
4739:
4723:
4704:
4693:
4682:
4674:
4663:
4648:
4627:
4612:
4597:
4562:
4244:contained in the books from
4240:assumed its final form, the
1583:God on the Winged Wheel coin
740:Babylonian province of Judah
588:Babylonian conquest of Judah
562:, which is described in the
540:Babylonian province of Yehud
38:
6147:. Society of Biblical Lit.
6141:Petersen, David L. (2009).
5460:. Times Books. p. 79.
5199:Studies in Classical Hebrew
4913:History of Israel and Judah
4678:Cambyses II conquers Egypt
3675:
3656:
3383:Latin America and Caribbean
2079:
746:Yehud (Babylonian province)
662:Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)
463:. It constituted a part of
306:⢠Construction of the
265:Persian conquest of Babylon
7061:
6514:Israel Exploration Journal
6483:; Albertz, Rainer (eds.).
5914:(SBL Press). p. 208.
4994:Jewish rebellion of 135 CE
4784:
4772:
4758:
4747:(7th year of the reign of
4742:
4726:
4707:
4696:
4685:
4677:
4666:
4651:
4630:
4615:
4600:
4565:
4544:stating that Ezra came to
4532:
3988:Jewish political movements
3685:Conversion to Judaism
841:
807:
743:
709:
655:
632:
6955:
6944:
6709:
6286:Pritchard, James B. ed.,
6219:– via Google Books.
6187:– via Google Books.
6130:– via Google Books.
6068:Achzib Beth Zur; Bethsura
5854:– via Google Books.
5827:– via Google Books.
5800:– via Google Books.
5750:– via Google Books.
5647:– via Google Books.
5620:– via Google Books.
5570:Leith, Mary Joan (2020).
5292:Kochman, Michael (1981).
5196:Bar-Asher, Moshe (2014).
5116:. The Forward Association
5012:Spolsky, Bernard (2014).
4590:installed as governor in
4556:
4553:
2391:Hinduism and Judaism
838:Persian province of Judah
834:had been re-established.
619:canonization of the Torah
361:
336:
239:
87:
68:
51:
6995:Ancient Israel and Judah
5427:Davidson, Peter (2018).
4879:Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle
4759:Arrival in Jerusalem of
4743:Arrival in Jerusalem of
4535:Historicity of the Bible
4188:(meaning descendants of
2217:Temple in Jerusalem
1910:Bar and bat mitzvah
1698:that was often used for
1063:10th century BCEâ587 BCE
1053:10th century BCEâ720 BCE
1007:Ancient Israel and Judah
994:Late Bronze Age collapse
766:in the east, Jerusalem,
726:first siege to Jerusalem
576:fallen Israelite kingdom
525:Greek conquest of Persia
322:Greek conquest of Persia
220:Jewish, Judean, Judahite
7045:4th-century BCE Judaism
7040:5th-century BCE Judaism
7035:6th-century BCE Judaism
6333:. Bloomsbury Academic.
6120:. Bloomsbury Academic.
5969:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
5844:. Bloomsbury Academic.
5740:. Bloomsbury Academic.
4990:new Babylonian province
4790:Mediterranean provinces
4708:Return to Jerusalem of
4605:; third deportation to
4291:. Originally spoken by
4232:Language and literature
2179:Twelve Tribes of Israel
1585:(top) may show the god
1033:12thâ10th centuries BCE
706:Jewish exile to Babylon
550:. Upon the fall of the
6233:The Hebrew Bible Today
5721:(vol.9, art.20, 2009)"
5637:. Peeters Publishers.
5387:Atlas of World History
5162:Kalimi, Isaac (2005).
5046:Gooder, Paula (2013).
4831:, especially near the
4819:
4446:Joshua the High Priest
4353:relies excessively on
1794:Community and religion
1756:Nehemiah ben Hachaliah
1658:
1594:
1574:
648:
6905:Hellespontine Phrygia
5433:. i5 Publishing LLC.
4891:Second Temple Judaism
4813:
4777:, ruled 404â358 BCE)
4751:, ruled 465â424 BCE)
4718:High Priest of Israel
4533:Further information:
2925:SĂŁo TomĂŠ and PrĂncipe
2920:Republic of the Congo
2314:Second Temple Judaism
2185:Kingdom of Judah
2156:Modern historiography
1656:
1580:
1544:
1419:Historical literature
1414:Historical population
1376:ArabâIsraeli conflict
842:Further information:
808:Further information:
804:Jewish return to Zion
744:Further information:
710:Further information:
656:Further information:
642:
570:, thereby ending the
558:issued the so-called
552:Neo-Babylonian Empire
182:Common languages
6985:Achaemenid satrapies
6017:Lykke, Anna (2016).
5662:. pp. 413â456.
5340:. pp. 156â158.
4886:Second Temple period
4654:Declaration of Cyrus
4205:polytheistic Yahwism
4027:World Agudath Israel
3168:United Arab Emirates
2255:Second Temple period
2245:Babylonian captivity
1391:IranâIsrael conflict
1254:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1235:Early Islamic period
1209:Byzantine Palaestina
1087:Second Temple period
844:Second Temple period
736:also suggests 8000.
712:Babylonian captivity
623:Western civilization
595:Second Temple period
572:Babylonian captivity
308:Second Jewish Temple
282:Babylonian captivity
6025:Harrassowitz Verlag
5684:"Philip R. Davies,
5146:, 'cities,' but as
4818:from Yehud Medinata
4786:Alexander the Great
4729:Temple in Jerusalem
4658:return to Jerusalem
4656:" allowing Jews to
4582:(first deportation
4570:and destruction of
4320:Paleo-Hebrew script
2320:Hellenistic Judaism
1898:Land of Israel
1857:Principles of faith
529:Hellenistic empires
487:in the west to the
479:. Spanning most of
467:and was bounded by
162: /
98:under the Persians:
6919:Samaritan Province
6027:. pp. 109â118
5971:, Eleventh Edition
5480:Lester L. Grabbe,
5338:Andrews University
4820:
4798:Hellenistic period
4727:Rebuilding of the
4639: 559â530 BCE
4580:second deportation
4334:Biblical narrative
4254:Book of Chronicles
3881:Jewish Koine Greek
3423:Dominican Republic
2704:Judaism by country
2383:Jews and Christmas
2238:Assyrian captivity
1704:Elephantine papyri
1659:
1595:
1575:
1106:Hellenistic period
920:Prehistoric Levant
850:post-Exilic period
649:
609:. Leaders such as
436:State of Palestine
6972:
6971:
6677:Achaemenid Empire
6675:Provinces of the
6494:978-1-57506-580-9
6481:Knoppers, Gary N.
6460:978-1-58983-055-4
6434:978-0-567-66095-4
6377:978-0-521-55634-7
6340:978-0-567-04352-8
6313:978-0-8276-0750-7
6273:978-90-5356-503-2
6243:978-0-664-25652-4
6216:978-0-8276-0750-7
6184:978-3-16-150029-9
6154:978-1-58983-444-6
6127:978-0-567-04352-8
6077:978-0-8264-1316-1
5996:978-90-04-29222-2
5921:978-1-62837-006-5
5878:978-0-520-26884-5
5851:978-0-567-04352-8
5824:978-0-8091-3610-0
5817:. Paulist Press.
5747:978-0-567-04352-8
5669:978-1-57506-104-7
5644:978-90-390-0124-0
5617:978-0-8276-0750-7
5585:978-0-19-026116-0
5541:Jeremiah 40:11â12
5514:978-0-664-21262-9
5490:978-0-567-08998-4
5467:978-0-7230-0304-5
5440:978-1-62008-288-1
5397:978-0-19-521921-0
5370:978-965-06-1603-8
5309:978-3-16-145240-6
5251:978-90-474-4124-3
5209:978-3-11-030039-0
5175:978-90-04-35876-8
5108:(21 March 2003).
5059:978-1-78074-239-7
5025:978-1-107-05544-5
4976:978-981-10-3214-1
4803:
4802:
4794:Achaemenid Empire
4782:333/332 BCE
4756:445/444 BCE
4724:520â515 BCE
4714:Joshua the Priest
4634:(Cyrus II, ruled
4499:kingdom of Israel
4438:
4437:
4430:
4412:
4272:and, much later,
4143:
4142:
4092:
4091:
3840:
3839:
3587:Reconstructionist
3531:
3530:
2683:
2682:
2490:
2489:
2327:JewishâRoman wars
2275:Hasmonean dynasty
2191:Kingdom of Israel
2095:
2094:
1620:kingdom of Israel
1539:
1538:
1505:Israel portal
1354:
1299:
1282:
1281:
1167:
1166:
1157:Jewish-Roman Wars
1116:Hasmonean dynasty
1077:
1076:
1049:Kingdom of Israel
974:
924:
684:Nebuchadnezzar II
682:revolted against
645:Achaemenid Empire
473:Achaemenid Arabia
461:Achaemenid Empire
444:
443:
419:
418:
415:
414:
395:
394:
166:31.783°N 35.217°E
135:Achaemenid Empire
34:Province of Judah
16:(Redirected from
7052:
6967:
6950:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6643:
6538:
6537:
6505:
6499:
6498:
6472:
6463:
6450:Rainer Albertz,
6448:
6439:
6438:
6416:
6410:
6405:
6399:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6297:
6291:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6257:
6248:
6247:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6200:
6189:
6188:
6177:. Mohr Siebeck.
6168:
6159:
6158:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6111:
6102:
6101:
6095:
6091:
6089:
6081:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6050:
6046:
6044:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5980:
5974:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5946:
5942:
5940:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5910:. Vol. 13.
5898:
5883:
5882:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5781:
5770:
5764:Nehemiah 7:66â67
5761:
5752:
5751:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5658:Lemaire (2006).
5655:
5649:
5648:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5601:
5590:
5589:
5567:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5526:2 Kings 25:22â24
5523:
5517:
5502:
5493:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5276:
5272:
5270:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5123:
5121:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5009:
5003:
5002:
4985:
4983:
4960:
4941:
4934:
4640:
4637:
4572:Solomon's Temple
4551:
4514:Book of Nehemiah
4433:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4377:"Yehud Medinata"
4370:
4346:
4338:
4285:Imperial Aramaic
4135:
4128:
4121:
3984:
3865:
3686:
3680:
3661:
3625:
3572:
3519:New Zealand
3471:
3434:El Salvador
3424:
3356:Northern America
3348:
2942:
2698:
2609:Crimean Karaites
2505:
2483:
2481:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2377:
2365:Rabbinic Judaism
2346:
2340:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2276:
2269:Maccabean Revolt
2246:
2239:
2233:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2204:
2186:
2110:
2084:
1979:
1911:
1899:
1798:
1781:, identified as
1765:Book of Nehemiah
1732:Ezra ben Seraiah
1696:theophoric names
1557:
1554:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1424:Economic history
1352:
1297:
1274:Mamluk Sultanate
1199:Syria Palaestina
1180:
1179:
1126:Herodian dynasty
1092:
1091:
1059:Kingdom of Judah
1043:10th century BCE
1012:
1011:
973:
923:
908:
898:
880:
832:sacrificial cult
770:in the west and
718:Book of Jeremiah
544:Kingdom of Judah
495:, together with
411:
410:
399:
398:
390:Babylonian Yehud
386:
385:
379:
378:
363:
362:
332:
329:
257:
254:
177:
176:
174:
173:
172:
167:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
133:Province of the
115:
102:
92:
75:
64:
61:
57:
54:
41:
30:
21:
18:Yehud (Province)
7060:
7059:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7049:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6961:
6951:
6942:
6928:Skudra (Thrace)
6909:Greater Phrygia
6705:
6704:
6670:
6573:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6507:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6477:Lipschits, Oded
6474:
6473:
6466:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6391:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6341:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6285:
6281:
6274:
6259:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6217:
6202:
6201:
6192:
6185:
6170:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6128:
6113:
6112:
6105:
6092:
6082:
6078:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6047:
6037:
6030:
6028:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5960:
5956:
5943:
5933:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5902:Nelson, Richard
5900:
5899:
5886:
5879:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5852:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5825:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5798:
5783:
5782:
5773:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5670:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5603:
5602:
5593:
5586:
5569:
5568:
5557:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5535:
5530:Jeremiah 40:6â8
5524:
5520:
5503:
5496:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5441:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5302:. p. 247.
5291:
5290:
5286:
5273:
5263:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5222:
5220:
5210:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5134:ruled over 127
5119:
5117:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5089:
5087:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5011:
5010:
5006:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4962:
4961:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4944:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4860:
4808:
4796:; beginning of
4769:
4643:conquer Babylon
4641:) and his army
4638:
4632:Cyrus the Great
4558:
4537:
4531:
4442:Cyrus the Great
4434:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4371:
4369:
4363:
4359:primary sources
4347:
4336:
4289:Jewish diaspora
4234:
4139:
4094:
4093:
3981:
3971:
3970:
3961:Judeo-Malayalam
3941:Judaeo-Georgian
3861:
3852:
3842:
3841:
3742:Yiddish theatre
3684:
3622:
3612:
3611:
3570:
3543:
3533:
3532:
3469:
3422:
3346:
2940:
2724:Genetic studies
2695:
2685:
2684:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2478:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2380:
2375:
2357:and Middle Ages
2355:Rabbinic period
2342:
2336:
2329:
2317:
2288:
2274:
2244:
2237:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2202:in Judaism
2199:
2184:
2107:
2097:
2096:
1976:
1966:
1965:
1909:
1897:
1842:
1796:
1651:
1600:
1555:
1535:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1477:Hebrew calendar
1462:
1454:
1453:
1409:Historical maps
1404:
1396:
1395:
1349:State of Israel
1335:British Mandate
1292:
1284:
1283:
1264:Ayyubid dynasty
1188:Rabbinic period
1177:
1169:
1168:
1089:
1079:
1078:
1069:Babylonian rule
1039:United Monarchy
1009:
999:
998:
916:
896:
889:
878:
846:
840:
816:
806:
797:
748:
742:
714:
708:
664:
654:
637:
631:
556:Cyrus the Great
536:fall of Babylon
440:
408:
383:
357:
330:
324:
311:
297:
284:
267:
255:
249:
170:
168:
164:
161:
156:
153:
151:
149:
148:
147:
125:
113:
112:
100:
99:
83:
81:Cyrus the Great
77:
76:
62:
55:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7058:
7056:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7005:Return to Zion
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6977:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6962:(according to
6956:
6953:
6952:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6917:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6826:
6820:
6815:
6805:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6718:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6691:Naqsh-e Rustam
6679:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6564:Yehud Medinata
6561:
6555:Yehud Medinata
6550:
6547:
6545:
6544:External links
6542:
6540:
6539:
6520:(2): 214â244.
6500:
6493:
6464:
6440:
6433:
6411:
6400:
6389:
6376:
6346:
6339:
6319:
6312:
6292:
6279:
6272:
6249:
6242:
6222:
6215:
6190:
6183:
6160:
6153:
6144:Method Matters
6133:
6126:
6103:
6076:
6058:
6009:
5995:
5975:
5954:
5920:
5884:
5877:
5857:
5850:
5830:
5823:
5803:
5796:
5771:
5753:
5746:
5726:
5708:
5693:
5675:
5668:
5650:
5643:
5623:
5616:
5591:
5584:
5555:
5544:
5533:
5518:
5494:
5473:
5466:
5446:
5439:
5419:
5403:
5396:
5376:
5369:
5347:
5322:
5308:
5284:
5250:
5230:
5208:
5188:
5174:
5154:
5150:, 'provinces.'
5132:King Ahasuerus
5128:book of Esther
5097:
5072:
5058:
5038:
5024:
5004:
4975:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4859:
4856:
4844:Kiryat Ye'arim
4833:Pool of Siloam
4807:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4741:
4740:458? BCE
4737:
4736:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4599:
4598:582? BCE
4595:
4594:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4530:
4527:
4436:
4435:
4350:
4348:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4326:, a seal from
4233:
4230:
4178:Zoroastrianism
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4039:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4022:Territorialism
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3906:Judaeo-Spanish
3903:
3901:Judaeo-Iranian
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3708:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3681:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3498:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:United Kingdom
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2780:Bilad-el-Sudan
2777:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2736:
2735:
2733:Land of Israel
2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2591:Related groups
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:Jewish atheism
2445:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:IslamicâJewish
2394:
2387:
2372:
2367:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2324:
2311:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2264:Yehud Medinata
2258:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2213:
2205:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2170:Ancient Israel
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:Land of Israel
2123:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2081:Shulchan Aruch
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1847:God in Judaism
1843:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1768:
1752:
1728:
1716:
1650:
1647:
1599:
1596:
1556: 375â332
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:Jewish history
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:Jewish warfare
1446:
1444:Jewish leaders
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1353:(1948âpresent)
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1295:Modern history
1293:
1291:Modern history
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1249:
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1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1184:Late antiquity
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
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1122:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
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1090:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1071:
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1055:
1054:
1051:
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1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
966:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
917:
914:
913:
910:
909:
901:
900:
891:
890:
883:
877:
874:
839:
836:
824:return to Zion
814:Return to Zion
810:Edict of Cyrus
805:
802:
796:
793:
758:in the north,
741:
738:
707:
704:
653:
650:
633:Main article:
630:
627:
599:Jewish history
582:is originally
580:Yehud Medinata
568:return to Zion
560:Edict of Cyrus
534:Following the
451:, also called
449:Yehud Medinata
442:
441:
439:
438:
433:
427:
425:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
405:
396:
393:
392:
387:
375:
374:
369:
359:
358:
356:
355:
350:
344:
342:
338:
337:
334:
333:
331: 332 BCE
325:
319:
316:
315:
312:
305:
302:
301:
298:
295:Return to Zion
292:
289:
288:
285:
278:Edict of Cyrus
275:
272:
271:
268:
262:
259:
258:
256: 539 BCE
250:
247:Battle of Opis
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
231:
230:Historical era
227:
226:
217:
211:
210:
201:
197:
196:
183:
179:
178:
171:31.783; 35.217
142:
138:
137:
131:
127:
126:
93:
85:
84:
78:
70:
69:
66:
65:
63: 332 BCE
56: 539 BCE
49:
48:
39:YĂŞhĹŤd MĂŞdÄŤnÄta
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7057:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6965:
6960:
6954:
6949:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6701:inscriptions)
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6673:
6667:
6662:
6660:
6655:
6653:
6648:
6647:
6644:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6570:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6543:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6504:
6501:
6496:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6393:
6390:
6379:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6350:
6347:
6342:
6336:
6332:
6331:
6323:
6320:
6315:
6309:
6305:
6304:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6280:
6275:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6226:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6186:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6146:
6145:
6137:
6134:
6129:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6087:
6079:
6073:
6069:
6062:
6059:
6054:
6042:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6013:
6010:
5998:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5950:
5938:
5923:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5861:
5858:
5853:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5834:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5807:
5804:
5799:
5797:90-04-11496-3
5793:
5789:
5788:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5730:
5727:
5722:
5720:
5712:
5709:
5704:
5697:
5694:
5689:
5687:
5679:
5676:
5671:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5627:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5609:
5608:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5552:Jeremiah 44:1
5548:
5545:
5542:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5522:
5519:
5516:, p.xxi, 425.
5515:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5450:
5447:
5442:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5423:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5407:
5404:
5399:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5380:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5326:
5323:
5311:
5305:
5301:
5298:(in Hebrew).
5297:
5296:
5288:
5285:
5280:
5268:
5253:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5234:
5231:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5192:
5189:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5061:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5042:
5039:
5027:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4978:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:Yehud coinage
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4829:City of David
4826:
4817:
4816:Yehud coinage
4812:
4805:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4788:conquers the
4787:
4776:
4775:Artaxerxes II
4768:397? BCE
4762:
4750:
4746:
4734:
4733:Second Temple
4730:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4705:520 BCE
4700:
4694:521 BCE
4688:
4683:522 BCE
4675:525 BCE
4669:
4664:530 BCE
4659:
4655:
4649:538 BCE
4644:
4633:
4628:539 BCE
4622:
4621:king of Judah
4618:
4613:562 BCE
4608:
4604:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4563:587 BCE
4552:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4523:Nehemiah 8â12
4520:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4451:According to
4449:
4447:
4443:
4432:
4429:
4421:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379: â
4378:
4374:
4373:Find sources:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4351:This article
4349:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4297:lingua franca
4294:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:Judeo-Aramaic
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Judeo-Italian
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:GhardaĂŻa Sign
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:Denominations
3537:
3536:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3369:United States
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:Guinea-Bissau
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:Lists of Jews
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2484:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:The Holocaust
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:Mishneh Torah
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1829:Who is a Jew?
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1545:Silver coin (
1543:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1313:Mutasarrifate
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1096:Persian Yehud
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1002:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
975:
972:
971:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
915:Early history
912:
911:
907:
903:
902:
899:
892:
887:
881:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
858:priestly line
855:
851:
845:
837:
835:
833:
829:
828:Second Temple
825:
821:
815:
811:
803:
801:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
747:
739:
737:
735:
734:Book of Kings
731:
727:
723:
719:
713:
705:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
663:
659:
651:
646:
641:
636:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:Second Temple
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
471:(now part of
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:Yehud Medinta
450:
446:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
426:
424:Today part of
422:
406:
404:
401:
400:
397:
391:
388:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
360:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
343:
339:
335:
326:
323:
313:
310:in Jerusalem
309:
299:
296:
286:
283:
279:
269:
266:
251:
248:
235:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
216:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
175:
146:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
123:
119:
110:
106:
97:
91:
86:
82:
74:
67:
50:
45:
40:
31:
19:
6697: /
6693: /
6689: /
6685: /
6517:
6513:
6503:
6484:
6451:
6424:
6414:
6403:
6392:
6381:, retrieved
6359:
6349:
6329:
6322:
6302:
6295:
6287:
6282:
6262:
6232:
6225:
6205:
6173:
6143:
6136:
6116:
6067:
6061:
6031:27 September
6029:. Retrieved
6019:
6012:
6002:27 September
6000:. Retrieved
5985:
5978:
5968:
5962:
5957:
5927:28 September
5925:. Retrieved
5906:
5867:
5860:
5840:
5833:
5813:
5806:
5786:
5768:Ezra 2:64â65
5736:
5729:
5718:
5711:
5696:
5685:
5678:
5659:
5653:
5633:
5626:
5606:
5575:
5547:
5536:
5521:
5505:
5481:
5476:
5456:
5449:
5429:
5422:
5412:
5406:
5386:
5379:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5341:
5332:
5325:
5315:28 September
5313:. Retrieved
5294:
5287:
5257:28 September
5255:. Retrieved
5240:
5233:
5223:28 September
5221:. Retrieved
5198:
5191:
5181:28 September
5179:. Retrieved
5164:
5157:
5147:
5143:
5135:
5125:
5118:. Retrieved
5113:
5100:
5088:. Retrieved
5084:
5075:
5063:. Retrieved
5048:
5041:
5029:. Retrieved
5014:
5007:
4987:
4982:28 September
4980:. Retrieved
4965:
4932:
4841:
4825:Temple Mount
4821:
4749:Artaxerxes I
4566:Conquest of
4538:
4507:
4503:Nehemiah 1â7
4488:
4476:Artaxerxes I
4473:
4453:Book of Ezra
4450:
4439:
4424:
4415:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4372:
4352:
4324:Wadi Daliyeh
4305:
4282:
4278:Hebrew Bible
4235:
4202:
4194:law of Moses
4183:
4176:
4159:national god
4147:henotheistic
4144:
4085:Post-Zionism
3956:Judeo-Berber
3951:Judeo-Arabic
3911:Judeo-Gascon
3658:Pidyon haben
3577:Conservative
3123:Saudi Arabia
2941:South Africa
2930:Sierra Leone
2752:Israeli Jews
2666:Mosaic Arabs
2619:Kaifeng Jews
2480:ArabâIsraeli
2453:Emancipation
2332:Great Revolt
2263:
2141:Anti-Judaism
2136:Antisemitism
2131:Name "Judea"
1926:Baal teshuva
1782:
1778:
1774:
1761:Hebrew Bible
1754:
1749:Book of Ezra
1745:Hebrew Bible
1737:Artaxerxes I
1730:
1718:
1710:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1643:
1635:Hebrew Bible
1631:
1624:
1604:Jordan River
1601:
1570:
1568:Paleo-Hebrew
1563:
1559:
1546:
1386:Silicon Wadi
1371:Independence
1347:
1346:
1303:Ottoman rule
1294:
1152:Roman Judaea
968:
967:
918:
847:
820:Hebrew Bible
817:
798:
749:
715:
668:vassal state
665:
592:
579:
564:Hebrew Bible
533:
456:
452:
448:
447:
445:
372:Succeeded by
371:
366:
208:Samaritanism
79:Standard of
6094:|work=
6049:|work=
5945:|work=
5275:|work=
4814:Obverse of
4806:Archaeology
4770:(possible)
4668:Cambyses II
4576:Babylonians
4312:Tell Jemmeh
4213:Elephantine
4164:sons of God
4151:monolatrous
4080:Revisionist
4070:Neo-Zionism
3677:Zeved habat
3470:Puerto Rico
3296:Netherlands
3128:South Korea
3113:Philippines
2993:Afghanistan
2860:Ivory Coast
2634:Crypto-Jews
2599:Bnei Anusim
2578:Bene Israel
2543:Beta Israel
2500:Communities
2407:Middle Ages
2146:Persecution
1921:Bereavement
1712:Sheshbazzar
1482:Archaeology
1298:(1517â1948)
1163:6 CEâ136 CE
1146:37 BCEâ6 CE
1110:333â164 BCE
1100:538â333 BCE
1073:587â538 BCE
1025:Philistines
1015:Iron Age I
895:History of
854:Sheshbazzar
578:. The name
403:Coele-Syria
367:Preceded by
314:520â515 BCE
194:Old Persian
169: /
6979:Categories
6923:Sattagydia
6880:Massagetae
6831:(Gandhara)
6759:Cappadocia
6713:Akaufaka (
6687:Persepolis
6408:Ezra 3:2â5
6397:Ezra 1:3â4
5126:...in the
5106:Philologos
4919:References
4869:Jew (word)
4710:Zerubbabel
4542:Ezra 7:6â8
4510:Nehemiah 8
4461:Ezra 3â4:4
4418:March 2023
4388:newspapers
4355:references
4328:Tel Michal
4318:using the
4308:epigraphic
4065:Maximalism
4017:Secularism
3997:Autonomism
3814:Literature
3607:Humanistic
3211:Azerbaijan
3173:Uzbekistan
3148:Tajikistan
3068:Kyrgyzstan
3053:Kazakhstan
2900:Mozambique
2875:Madagascar
2795:Cape Verde
2747:New Yishuv
2742:Old Yishuv
2693:Population
2671:Subbotniks
2629:Samaritans
2568:Romanyotim
2511:Ashkenazim
2458:Old Yishuv
2438:Sabbateans
2425:Modern era
2417:Golden Age
2344:Bar Kokhba
2064:Beit Yosef
1931:Philosophy
1775:Yehezqiyah
1720:Zerubbabel
1627:Jehoiachin
1318:Old Yishuv
1120:164â37 BCE
1021:Israelites
963:Ghassulian
629:Background
603:Zerubbabel
546:after the
483:âfrom the
455:or simply
222:, or
215:Demonym(s)
118:Samaritans
6964:Herodotus
6957:See also
6895:Phoenicia
6808:Eber-Nari
6803:2nd Egypt
6799:1st Egypt
6794:Drangiana
6774:Chorasmia
6749:Babylonia
6729:Arachosia
6526:0021-2059
6454:, (2003)
6383:31 August
6096:ignored (
6086:cite book
6051:ignored (
6041:cite book
5947:ignored (
5937:cite book
5790:. BRILL.
5277:ignored (
5267:cite book
5218:0585-5306
5081:"medinah"
4948:Citations
4568:Jerusalem
4546:Jerusalem
4484:Ezra 6â10
4469:Ezra 6:15
4293:Aramaeans
4274:Maccabees
4226:Amyrtaeus
4075:Religious
3931:Zarphatic
3921:Bukharian
3891:Judeo-Tat
3876:Yeshivish
3850:Languages
3805:Sephardic
3795:Israelite
3785:Ethiopian
3775:Ashkenazi
3714:Religious
3504:Australia
3486:Venezuela
3392:Argentina
3374:Greenland
3286:Lithuania
3138:Sri Lanka
3133:Singapore
3058:Kurdistan
3023:Indonesia
3013:Hong Kong
2966:Abayudaya
2890:Mauritius
2624:Igbo Jews
2614:Krymchaks
2533:Sephardim
2401:relations
2295:Sadducees
2291:Pharisees
2281:Sanhedrin
2196:Jerusalem
1956:Synagogue
1824:Etymology
1649:Governors
1612:Shephelah
1573:to right.
1434:Jerusalem
1381:Austerity
1278:1260â1517
1268:1174â1260
1258:1099â1291
1138:Tetrarchy
948:Yarmukian
933:Mushabian
781:Tahpanhes
680:Jehoiakim
672:Jerusalem
493:Palestine
485:Shephelah
477:satrapies
465:Eber-Nari
234:Axial Age
224:Israelite
200:Religion
145:Jerusalem
96:Palestine
6870:Margiana
6840:Hyrcania
6835:Gedrosia
6769:Carmania
6715:Quhistan
6683:Behistun
6534:43855693
6290:, p. 492
5904:(2014).
5144:medinata
4938:Ezra 5:8
4858:See also
4852:Qalandia
4848:Har Adar
4837:Ein Gedi
4827:and the
4761:Nehemiah
4687:Darius I
4617:Jeconiah
4588:Gedaliah
4491:Nehemiah
4316:Beth-zur
4258:Ben Sira
4102:Category
4060:Kahanism
4007:Feminism
3979:Politics
3863:Biblical
3833:American
3780:Bukharan
3770:American
3670:Shidduch
3646:Clothing
3602:Haymanot
3548:Orthodox
3476:Suriname
3459:Paraguay
3412:Colombia
3311:Portugal
3221:Bulgaria
3158:Thailand
3108:Pakistan
3088:Mongolia
3083:Malaysia
3003:Cambodia
2977:Zimbabwe
2952:Tanzania
2830:Eswatini
2820:Ethiopia
2810:Djibouti
2790:Cameroon
2785:Botswana
2714:Diaspora
2676:Noahides
2649:Marranos
2573:Cochinim
2558:Bukharim
2548:Gruzinim
2538:Teimanim
2528:Mizrahim
2516:Galician
2482:conflict
2443:Hasidism
2433:Haskalah
2338:Diaspora
2209:timeline
2121:Timeline
2034:Rabbinic
1941:Kabbalah
1916:Marriage
1892:Tzedakah
1882:Holidays
1840:Religion
1803:a series
1801:Part of
1787:Beth Zur
1779:Hezekiah
1771:Hezekiah
1725:Nehardea
1674:Jehoezer
1670:Hananiah
1665:Elnathan
1616:Benjamin
1608:Dead Sea
1606:and the
1403:By topic
1359:Timeline
1248:638â1099
1239:Filastin
958:Nizzanim
943:Harifian
938:Natufian
886:a series
884:Part of
870:Nehemiah
768:Beth-Zur
752:Gedaliah
730:Jeconiah
676:Jeremiah
615:Nehemiah
489:Dead Sea
341:Currency
6900:Phrygia
6885:Parthia
6850:Hindush
6829:GandÄra
6825:(Nubia)
6784:Colchis
6779:Cilicia
6754:Bactria
6744:Assyria
6739:Armenia
6720:Amyrgoi
6462:, p.xxi
5508:(1986)
5492:, p.28.
5484:(2004)
5416:. 1999.
5148:pilkhin
5136:medinas
5114:Forward
4792:of the
4716:as the
4619:, 19th
4607:Babylon
4574:by the
4519:Sabbath
4495:Samaria
4457:satrapy
4402:scholar
4270:1 Enoch
4222:Johanan
4153:, with
4045:General
4036:Zionism
4012:Leftism
4002:Bundism
3926:Knaanic
3886:Yevanic
3871:Yiddish
3828:Yiddish
3823:Israeli
3800:Mizrahi
3790:Israeli
3761:Cuisine
3737:Ancient
3719:Secular
3665:Kashrut
3641:Wedding
3628:Customs
3620:Culture
3597:Science
3592:Renewal
3582:Karaite
3563:Hasidic
3495:Oceania
3481:Uruguay
3449:Jamaica
3429:Ecuador
3397:Bolivia
3341:Ukraine
3316:Romania
3291:Moldova
3271:Hungary
3261:Germany
3256:Georgia
3246:Finland
3241:Estonia
3236:Denmark
3231:Czechia
3216:Belarus
3206:Austria
3201:Armenia
3178:Vietnam
3093:Myanmar
3078:Lebanon
2998:Bahrain
2957:Tunisia
2935:Somalia
2910:Nigeria
2905:Namibia
2895:Morocco
2825:Eritrea
2770:Algeria
2654:Neofiti
2563:Italkim
2553:Juhurim
2463:Zionism
2412:Khazars
2307:Sicarii
2303:Zealots
2299:Essenes
2286:Schisms
2151:Leaders
2113:General
2105:History
2048:Tosefta
2043:Midrash
2020:Mishnah
2002:Ketuvim
1997:Nevi'im
1946:Customs
1877:Shabbat
1872:Halakha
1864: (
1862:Mitzvot
1849: (
1815:Judaism
1700:eunuchs
1692:Persian
1639:Malachi
1487:Museums
1472:Yahwism
1461:Related
1439:Zionism
1429:Judaism
1325:Zionism
1229:395â638
1221:Secunda
1203:136â395
1133:Kingdom
979:Retjenu
928:Kebaran
876:History
862:prophet
860:), and
789:Pathros
772:En-Gedi
764:Jericho
722:Babylon
688:Ezekiel
584:Aramaic
509:Samaria
469:Idumaea
320:â˘
300:538 BCE
293:â˘
287:538 BCE
276:â˘
270:539 BCE
263:â˘
245:â˘
204:Judaism
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157:35°13â˛E
154:31°47â˛N
141:Capital
122:Samaria
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7020:539 BC
6933:Sogdia
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6724:Arabia
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4246:Joshua
4172:demons
4168:angels
4155:Yahweh
4107:Portal
3966:Domari
3896:Shassi
3857:Hebrew
3752:Humour
3696:Hiloni
3691:Aliyah
3651:Niddah
3636:Minyan
3571:Reform
3558:Haredi
3553:Modern
3454:Mexico
3439:Guyana
3402:Brazil
3364:Canada
3336:Sweden
3326:Serbia
3321:Russia
3306:Poland
3301:Norway
3281:Latvia
3266:Greece
3251:France
3226:Cyprus
3192:Europe
3163:Turkey
3153:Taiwan
3063:Kuwait
3048:Jordan
3038:Israel
2972:Zambia
2962:Uganda
2880:Malawi
2850:Guinea
2840:Gambia
2775:Angola
2761:Africa
2644:DĂśnmeh
2639:Anusim
2583:Berber
2521:Litvak
2473:Israel
2379:
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2230:Second
2198:
2059:Targum
2025:Gemara
2011:Talmud
1983:Tanakh
1936:Ethics
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1591:Athena
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6875:Media
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6699:Daeva
6571:Books
6557:map,
6530:JSTOR
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1992:Torah
1974:Texts
1961:Rabbi
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1851:names
1678:Ahzai
1672:(?),
1558:BCE.
1548:gerah
1364:Years
1216:Prima
989:Shasu
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501:Ammon
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280:ends
109:Judea
6915:Saka
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6549:Maps
6522:ISSN
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6385:2022
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