214:
The new germanium detector was no more sensitive than the earlier PbTe element, but was considered easier to use in service. Its detection results were disappointing: in 1956 trials it only detected around 20% of snorkeling submarines, even when their position was already known. It could not detect a
44:
The original idea was that a submerged submarine would mix colder water from its depth with the warmer water on the surface, which would produce a visible patch of lower temperature on the surface. In multiple tests, the system proved unable to detect any such temperature difference and the system
95:
These early detectors had no scanning or imaging ability: they detected heat sources at a single spot. To make them militarily useful they were generally mounted as part of a 'track-follow' mount, where the detector head could be kept pointing at the target. This work would give rise to the
211:. The whole assembly, mirror and detector, rotated continuously at 150rpm. Its axis was inclined at 30° to the vertical, to give a view facing forwards and slightly down. Rotation gave a sideways line scan, with the aircraft's motion scanning perpendicular to this.
124:. These seekers scanned from side to side and could measure the position of target stars. It was recognised that if the tracker was turned upside down to point downwards, its scanning would build up a heat picture of the ground map.
242:
re-emerged in the early 1960s, to counter the problem of nuclear submarines. Yellow
Duckling was developed further as Clinker. The distinction between the two systems is unclear, but Clinker appears, by name, in 1962 studies.
170:
Yellow
Duckling began with the Blue Lagoon work, using it as a sea surface scanner in an attempt to detect the disturbed wake of a submerged submarine and its heat signature. The detector element was a 6 mm PbTe square.
215:
submarine any deeper than 100 feet (30 m). These were in the optimum conditions of the warm, calm
Mediterranean at night, rather than the rough Atlantic of its likely service conditions.
495:
207:
temperatures. This was potentially sensitive to temperature differences of 1/2000 °C. The new scanner used a 24 inches (610 mm) diameter mirror with a 12 inches (300 mm)
162:-sensitive thermometer. Although impossible to detect by measuring the temperature in the wake, imaging the temperature of the overall sea would show the wake as standing out from it.
37:
The system used an infrared detector placed in front of a magnifying mirror. The entire apparatus spun at 150 rpm to produce horizontal stripes of image. The motion of the
500:
53:
Infrared detection systems had been considered as far back as the 1930s. During World War II, the
Germans were the innovators in this field. Studies of captured FuG.280
158:
of cold surface and underlying warm water, this would raise the apparent surface temperature slightly. This temperature change could be detected using an
69:
193:
still in commission. The PbTe detector was found to be capable of detecting a surfaced submarine, but not one submerged, snorkeling nor its wake.
80:
cooling to improve sensitivity and extend the lower range of temperatures it could detect. Kielgerät also demonstrated the use of a rotating
505:
362:
226:
during the late 1950s. Never an important piece of equipment in ASW terms, Yellow
Duckling did give rise to the very important field of
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An improved detector was developed, with a new element and new scanner. The detector element was a large 15 mm square of copper-
190:
147:
would become ineffective with the Soviet shift to nuclear submarines in the 1960s; which could run submerged, without needing to
113:
132:
Detection of submarines had so far relied on spotting them whilst surfaced. Infrared approaches aimed to spot the heat of their
140:
154:
Some of these methods detected not the submarine itself, but the disturbances it made in the sea. If its passage mixed
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provided the vertical scanning motion, producing a 2D display that moved down the display as the aircraft flew.
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surveillance, which was an important military reconnaissance technique throughout the 1960s and 1970s.
178:, WD484. Later tests would use TG514, after WD484 was lost. These later tests were carried out around
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121:
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Either
Clinker, or Yellow Duckling, was required as a submarine wake detection system for part of
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54:
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to enter service by 1968. It was included, mounted in wing nacelles, as part of both the
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WD484 was lost on 2 March 1955 with two fatalities in a take-off accident from
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Not significantly useful at sea, it was used experimentally on land during the
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200:
112:
for missile navigation. The Blue Lagoon seeker was developed as part of the
266:-based responses to OR.381 of 1964, the Interim Maritime Patrol aircraft.
96:
heat-seeking air-to-air missiles such as the Green
Thistle seeker for the
159:
27:
20:
151:. New methods were sought with which to detect a submerged submarine.
108:. Another approach being developed with these detectors was that of a
223:
179:
415:"Infra-Red Committee: field trials of Yellow Duckling equipment"
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417:. The National Archives, Kew. 1954. AC 13351 / WO 195/13347.
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26:, developed for the detection of submarines during the
68:(PbS) detector. This was developed by the British at
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In 1953 the first test equipment was flown aboard a
496:Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom
104:) and the improved Violet Banner seeker used on
136:, whilst running surfaced on diesel engines.
8:
30:. The name is one of the series of British
501:Military electronics of the United Kingdom
139:The earlier submarine detectors such as
357:. Hikoki Publications. pp. 25–26.
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311:This "line scan" motion gave the later
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477:
451:
439:
427:
7:
88:to extract a usable signal from a
14:
397:"Handley Page Hastings C.2 WD484"
189:, the last of the World War II
76:(PbTe) detector and the use of
19:was an early development of an
1:
45:was not put into production.
84:mirror and a simple form of
532:
506:Military sensor technology
256:maritime patrol aircraft
120:trackers for use in the
465:Air Staff Target OR.350
401:Aviation Safety Network
252:Operational Requirement
353:Gibson, Chris (2015).
276:List of Rainbow Codes
176:Handley Page Hastings
98:de Havilland Blue Jay
64:showed the use of a
480:, pp. 161–162.
454:, pp. 114–115.
442:, pp. 116–117.
315:systems their name
302:were left engaged.
222:armed struggle in
191:S-class submarines
313:infrared linescan
296:RAF Boscombe Down
254:issued for a new
228:infrared linescan
122:Blue Moon missile
86:boxcar integrator
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355:Nimrod's Genesis
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264:Vickers Vanguard
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383:Most Secret War
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364:978-190210947-3
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205:liquid hydrogen
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78:liquid nitrogen
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39:patrol aircraft
24:linescan camera
17:Yellow Duckling
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467:, 18 July 1960
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300:elevator locks
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260:BAC One-Eleven
240:wake detection
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128:Wake detection
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74:lead telluride
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478:Gibson (2015)
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452:Gibson (2015)
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440:Gibson (2015)
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118:Orange Tartan
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114:Blue Sapphire
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66:lead sulphide
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62:night fighter
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32:Rainbow Codes
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516:Rainbow code
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238:Interest in
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209:focal length
203:, cooled to
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145:search radar
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110:star tracker
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379:Jones, R.V.
298:, when the
166:Description
59:Ju 88G
511:Code names
490:Categories
282:References
182:, hunting
102:Firestreak
92:detector.
201:germanium
186:Sea Devil
184:HMS
141:Autolycus
82:'chopper'
55:Kielgerät
381:(1978).
270:See also
160:infrared
28:Cold War
21:infrared
234:Clinker
149:snorkel
134:exhaust
106:Red Top
100:(later
72:into a
57:from a
49:Origins
361:
250:, the
248:OR.350
224:Cyprus
156:layers
198:doped
180:Malta
90:noisy
359:ISBN
262:and
220:EOKA
116:and
143:or
70:TRE
492::
399:.
325:^
34:.
403:.
385:.
367:.
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