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circuit for subsequent averaging. After each trigger event this sampling circuit has to be set back before receiving the next pulse. The time it takes for this reset is one of the major speed limitations for analog implementations, where maximum trigger rates of a few 10 kHz are typical even though the gate width itself can be as low as a few ten picoseconds and delay is set to zero.
109:, boxcar averagers are mostly used for the analysis of periodic signals. Whereas the lock-in can be understood as sophisticated band pass filters with adjustable center frequency and bandwidth, the boxcar averager allows to define the signal of interest and resulting time resolution mostly in the time domain.
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The origin of the boxcar averager dates back to as early as 1950 where the technique helped to improve signal quality in experiments investigating nuclear magnetic resonances with pulsed schemes.). The first reported application of "boxcar circuits to NMR was
Holcomb and Norberg". In their 1955 paper
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D. Ware and P. Mansfield mention in a publication of 1966 “Much of the early work on “boxcar” circuits, including a theoretical analysis is contained in J. L. Lawson and G. E. Uhlenbeck, Threshold
Signals, MIT Radiation Laboratory Series (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1950; J. L. Lawson
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by the following three mechanisms: 1) signal integration acts as a first averaging step that strongly suppresses noise components with a frequency of the reciprocal gate width and higher, 2) time-domain based selection of signal parts that actually carry information of interest and neglect of all
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Provided the filter time constant Ď„ = RC is set to sufficiently large values with respect to the gate width, the output voltage is to a good approximation the integral of the input signal with a signal bandwidth of B = 1/(4RC). The output of this filter can then be subjected to another analog
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the signal input voltage after a defined waiting time (trigger delay) over a specified period of time (gate width) and then averages over multiple integration results (samples) – for a mathematical description see
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The principle of operation can be understood as a two-step process: signal integration over the desired gate width and averaging the integrated signal over a defined amount of periods/trigger events
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The boxcar operation is defined by a trigger delay, a gate width and the number of trigger events (i.e., samples) that are averaged over in the buffer.
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Holcomb and
Norberg credit the invention of the “boxcar integrator” to a large extent to L. S. Kypta and H. W. Knoebel.
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The main purpose of this measurement technique is to improve signal to noise ratio in pulsed experiments with often low
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and G. E. Uhlenbeck, Threshold
Signals, MIT Radiation Laboratory Series (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1950
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signal parts where only noise is present, and 3) averaging over a defined number of periods provides
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Holcomb, D. F.; Norberg, R. E. (1955-05-15). "Nuclear Spin
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Equivalent circuit diagram describing the core functionality of a gated integrator.
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Electronic test instrument that averages an input according to the boxcar function
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Considering a simple implementation of the core circuitry looks like regular RC
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183:(4). American Physical Society (APS): 1074–1091.
210:Ware, D.; Mansfield, P. (1966). "High Stability
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101:Timing diagram of a boxcar averager.
93:Artifex Engineering gated integrator
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127:that can be gated by a switch S.
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222:(9). AIP Publishing: 1167–1171.
216:Review of Scientific Instruments
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253:What is a Boxcar Averager?
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