22:
152:
throughout the year. Scores are made public so students are able to compare their scores with the scores of other students to find their academic standing. Based on their scores, students know whether they can meet the required entrance test scores required by the college to which they plan to apply.
106:
Designed to prepare students to pass college entrance exams, the curriculum had memorization of facts and learning of exam-taking skills. A study of a typical yobikō found that the curriculum consisted of studying questions that were on previous exams, specific ways to improve answers, and specific
92:
Yobikō mainly differ by the number of enrolled students. The most numerous are those for each city, and each has less than 500 students. National yobikō, called mammoth yobikō, have 10,000 students or more. Some also prepare students to pass specialized entrance exams such as those for medical and
62:, has different versions, with different schools looking for results from different exams. In Japan, the test is generally considered the most important event in a child's education. Students who fail may spend a year or more studying to retake the examination. They are colloquially referred to as
84:. At the municipal level, they are supervised by boards of education. Even so, they are subject to little supervision, as compliance with regulations for physical conditions what is mainly checked, and curriculum and teacher salaries are not inspected.
168:
One of the most well-known yobikō is the Kawai Juku. Although it is considered a juku, among the courses it offers are classes specifically for entrance exam preparation, giving it a yobikō-like characteristic. It appeals not only to
123:
The lines between the age groups of students that attend yobikō are becoming blurred. Junior high school students and high school seniors are known to attend after their regular school hours and on
Sundays but most students are
115:
The teaching personnel is variety of teachers, mostly employed and casual part-time teachers such as retired teachers and teachers affiliated with another school. A few are regular full-time teachers.
81:
664:
Tsukada, M. (1988b). The yobiko, the institutionalized supplementary educational institution in Japan: A study of the social stratification process (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from
323:
Tsukada, Mamoru (1988). "Institutionalised
Supplementary Education in Japan: The Yobiko and Ronin Student Adaptations". Comparative Education. Taylor & Francis. 24 (3): p.287-288
52:
from
January to March to determine college admissions. The students generally graduated from high school but failed to enter the school of their choice. The test, unlike the French
476:
Tsukada, M. (1988b). The yobiko, the institutionalized supplementary educational institution in Japan: A study of the social stratification process (Doctoral dissertation) p. 31-32
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Tsukada, M. (1988b). The yobiko, the institutionalized supplementary educational institution in Japan: A study of the social stratification process (Doctoral dissertation) p. 31-32
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Tsukada, M. (1988b). The yobiko, the institutionalized supplementary educational institution in Japan: A study of the social stratification process (Doctoral dissertation) p. 44-49
278:
Tsukada, Mamoru (1988). "Institutionalised
Supplementary Education in Japan: The Yobiko and Ronin Student Adaptations." Comparative Education. Taylor & Francis. 24 (3): 285–303
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Tsukada, M. (1988b). The yobiko, the institutionalized supplementary educational institution in Japan: A study of the social stratification process (Doctoral dissertation) p.31-32
512:
Tsukada, M. (1988b). The yobiko, the institutionalized supplementary educational institution in Japan: A study of the social stratification process (Doctoral dissertation) p. 309
287:
Tsukada, Mamoru (1988). "Institutionalised
Supplementary Education in Japan: The Yobiko and Ronin Student Adaptations". Comparative Education. Taylor & Francis. 24 (3): p.301
440:
Tsukada, M. (1988b). The yobiko, the institutionalized supplementary educational institution in Japan: A study of the social stratification process (Doctoral dissertation) p. 40
521:
Tsukada, Mamoru (1988). "Institutionalised
Supplementary Education in Japan: The Yobiko and Ronin Student Adaptations." Comparative Education. Taylor & Francis. 24 (3): 300
503:
Tsukada, Mamoru (1988). "Institutionalised
Supplementary Education in Japan: The Yobiko and Ronin Student Adaptations." Comparative Education. Taylor & Francis. 24 (3): 288
431:
Tsukada, Mamoru (1988). "Institutionalised
Supplementary Education in Japan: The Yobiko and Ronin Student Adaptations". Comparative Education. Taylor & Francis. 24 (3): 287
422:
Tsukada, M. (1988b). The yobiko, the institutionalized supplementary educational institution in Japan: A study of the social stratification process (Doctoral dissertation) p. 1
404:
Tsukada, Mamoru (1988). "Institutionalised
Supplementary Education in Japan: The Yobiko and Ronin Student Adaptations". Comparative Education. Taylor & Francis. 24 (3): 288
386:
Tsukada, Mamoru (1988). "Institutionalised
Supplementary Education in Japan: The Yobiko and Ronin Student Adaptations". Comparative Education. Taylor & Francis. 24 (3): 288
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Tsukada, Mamoru (1988). "Institutionalised Supplementary Education in Japan: The Yobiko and Ronin Student Adaptations". Comparative Education. Taylor & Francis. 24 (3): 288
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Tsukada, Mamoru (1988). "Institutionalised Supplementary Education in Japan: The Yobiko and Ronin Student Adaptations". Comparative Education. Taylor & Francis. 24 (3): 288
140:
The quality of teaching is observed and evaluated by methods such as cameras in classrooms and a survey related to the quality of teachers' performances that students take.
165:
reported that in 2013, private spending accounted for about 66 percent of higher education costs and about 80 percent of that amount came from households (p. 2-3).
680:
181:
Japan’s low juvenile crime rate may be caused in part because children who attend yobikō or juku, in addition to regular school, have less free time.
173:
students but also to a wide range of age groups, as classes are offered to students from elementary school to college (Kawaijuku Group, 2012).
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branch of a yobikō, which could be considered a typical one, found that more males attend yobikō than females. One reason is that a female
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The strain on family income created by the expenses of sending children to yobikō or juku may be contributing to the declining
59:
550:
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230:
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Tsukada, Mamoru (1988). "Institutionalised Supplementary Education in Japan: The Yobiko and Ronin Student Adaptations".
685:
588:
296:
Blumenthal, Tuvia (1992). "Japan's Juken Industry". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 32 (5): 448–60.
250:
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Blumenthal, Tuvia (1992). "Japan's Juken Industry". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 32 (5): 448–60
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Blumenthal, Tuvia (1992). "Japan's Juken Industry". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 32 (5): 448–60
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Blumenthal, Tuvia (1992). "Japan's Juken Industry." Asian Survey. University of California Press. 32 (5): 448–60
21:
530:
Blumenthal, Tuvia (1992). "Japan's Juken Industry." Asian Survey. University of California Press. 32 (5): 460
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Blumenthal, Tuvia (1992). "Japan's Juken Industry". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 32 (5): 460
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Blumenthal, Tuvia (1992). "Japan's Juken Industry". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 32 (5): 449
449:
Blumenthal, Tuvia (1992). "Japan's Juken Industry". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 32 (5): 455
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Blumenthal, Tuvia (1992). "Japan's Juken Industry". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 32 (5): 449
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Blumenthal, Tuvia (1992). "Japan's Juken Industry". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 32 (5): 449
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Blumenthal, Tuvia (1992). "Japan's Juken Industry". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 32 (5): 455
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Blumenthal, Tuvia (1992). "Japan's Juken Industry". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 32 (5): 455
350:
Blumenthal, Tuvia (1992). "Japan's Juken Industry". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 32 (5): 456
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Yobiko could improve students' chances of being accepting to a higher-quality college. Also, in general,
128:, high school graduates who have failed the college entrance exam and are preparing to take it again. As
695:
624:
29:, at the announcement of test results, a successful student is being thrown into the air in celebration.
582:
596:"Does "examination hell" pay off? A cost-benefit analysis of "ronin" and college education in Japan"
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except for differences such as curriculum, legal status, and the main type of students who attend.
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Family spending on private higher education is as common as that for public higher education. The
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art schools and have less than 100 students and typically charge higher tuition than other types.
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is frowned upon in Japanese society. Also, not all students are able to afford to attend one.
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are privately-run schools marketed to students who are taking examinations held each year in
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26:
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OCED. (n.d.). Education at a glance 2013: Country note for Japan. Retrieved from OCED url;
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They are for-profit private corporations that are officially listed as schools by Japan's
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The yobikō is not equally accessible to students. A national survey and a survey on the
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http://www.oecd.org/japan/educationataglance2013-countrynotesandkeyfacttables.htm
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who attend higher-quality colleges earn more income (Ono, 2007, p. 282).
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Kawaijuku Group. (2012). Details about our businesses. Retrieved from
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http://www.kawaijuku.jp/en/education/college/detail.html#college02
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69:
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Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Blumenthal, Tuvia (1992). "Japan's Juken Industry".
107:subject topics that would be covered in the exam.
132:students, they attend yobikō classes full-time.
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681:Academic pressure in East Asian culture
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666:http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10289
615:10.1016/j.econedurev.2006.01.002
60:College Scholastic Ability Test
551:University of California Press
1:
603:Economics of Education Review
241:University-preparatory school
231:History of education in Japan
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701:Testing and exams in Japan
691:Japanese words and phrases
251:Sundai Preparatory School
157:Attendance and popularity
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642:10.1080/0305006880240303
68:. Yobiko are similar to
16:Type of school in Japan
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625:Comparative Education
58:and the South Korean
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634:Taylor & Francis
686:Education in Japan
236:Education in Japan
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609:(3): 271–284.
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636:: 285–303.
221:Cram school
675:Categories
553:: 448–60.
257:References
246:Jaesusaeng
211:in Japan.
209:birth rate
177:Advantages
150:mock exams
144:Mock exams
136:Monitoring
102:Curriculum
650:1360-0486
567:1533-838X
198:Hiroshima
111:Personnel
97:Structure
215:See also
119:Students
658:3099184
575:2644976
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36:yobikō
654:JSTOR
632:(3).
599:(PDF)
571:JSTOR
549:(5).
202:rōnin
186:rōnin
171:rōnin
130:rōnin
126:rōnin
88:Types
65:rōnin
50:Japan
646:ISSN
563:ISSN
226:Juku
163:OECD
70:juku
33:The
638:doi
611:doi
555:doi
43:予備校
25:At
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