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record prompted the
Department of Defense (DoD) to first pilot, and then adopt a yoga-based Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) reduction program utilizing a form of Yoga Nidra. The program, called iRest (Integrative Restoration), utilizes yoga, progressive relaxation, and meditation to manage negative emotions and stress. The iRest program has helped veterans reduce PTSD symptoms, anxiety, and insomnia. There are now iRest programs at Veterans Health Administration (VA) facilities in Miami, Chicago, and Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C. as well as active duty facilities nationwide.
677:, corpse pose. A second exercise, shithali karana, is said to induce "a very deep state of relaxation", and is described as a preliminary for yoga nidra (in a narrow sense). It too is performed in shavasana, involving exhalations imagined as directed from the crown of the head to different points around the body, each repeated 5 or 10 times. The yoga nidra exercise itself involves directed breathing lying on the left side, then the right side, then in shavasana. When in shavasana, the attention is directed in turn to the eyebrow, throat, and heart centres or
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711:, "Miller is responsible for bringing the practice to a remarkable variety of nontraditional settings" which includes "military bases and in veterans' clinics, homeless shelters, Montessori schools, Head Start programs, hospitals, hospices, chemical dependency centers, and jails." The iRest protocol was used with soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan suffering from
455:). The form of practice taught by Satyananda includes eight stages (internalisation, resolve (sankalpa), rotation of consciousness, breath awareness, manifestation of opposites, creative visualization, repeated resolve (sankalpa) and externalisation). Satyananda used this technique, along with suggestion, on the child who was to become his successor,
22:
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anxiety such as headache, giddiness, chest pain, palpitations, sweating and abdominal pain appeared to respond well. The approach has been used to help soldiers from war cope with posttraumatic stress disorder. A 2019 study suggests that yoga nidra can alleviate stress and improve self-esteem of university students.
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it at the different joints, and then carefully lay it down. See if you can give its weight entirely to the other person, so that it seems to be no part of you, but as separate as if it were three bags of sand, fastened loosely at the wrist, the elbow, and the shoulder; it will then be full of life without tension.
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as “a kind of deep sleep in which you don’t lose consciousness.” As well as creating a more restorative state of relaxation, Gurumaa also explains that yoga nidra can relieve stress, frustration and insomnia as well as muscular, emotional and mental tensions. In short, in can help us all deal better
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writes that the name yoga nidra is an umbrella term for different systems of "progressive relaxation or 'guided meditation'." He comments that
Satyananda promoted his version of yoga nidra, claiming it was ancient, when its connections to ancient texts "seem vague at best". Shearer writes that other
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Once on the floor, give way to it as far as possible. Every day you will become more sensitive to tension, and every day you will be better able to drop it. While you are flat on your backs, if you can find some one to "prove" your relaxation, so much the better. Let your friend lift an arm, bending
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Informal studies have suggested possible benefits of yoga nidra, without the large scale or strictly controlled trials that would be required to demonstrate medical benefit. A study suggested that regular practice of yoga relaxation could reduce tension and anxiety, while autonomic symptoms of high
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even with eyes open and talking. A therapeutic model was developed by Datta and
Colleagues (2017) and the same appeared to be useful for insomnia patients. Datta and colleagues (2022) report a beneficial effect of yoga nidra on the sleep of forty-five male athletes, noting that sportsmen often have
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As a natural alternative to medication, yoga offers tools that mitigate stress and improve quality of life. It can also have a positive effect on blood pressure and heart rate. Practicing yoga postures increase relaxation while the inward focus and meditation enhances calm. Yoga's favorable track
416:, reviewing Boyes's approach in 1984, writes that Boyes proposes relaxation in order to "reach the state of emptiness". The person thus imperceptibly moves to a stage where relaxation becomes meditation, and can remain there once the mind's obsession with external objects or thoughts is removed.
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The iRest military program, based on the ancient practice of Yoga Nidra, is designed to systematically reduce physical, emotional, mental, and even subconscious tension that characterizes PTSD. Participants are taught to manage disturbing moods and memories with a skill set that enables them to
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Yoga Nidra sleep has the power to positively impact every aspect of your life. It provides a sanctuary of calmness amidst the chaos, allowing you to release stress, access deep relaxation, and tap into your inner resources. Whether you seek physical relaxation, emotional balance, heightened
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Dirigez votre attention dans le front de votre visage... Sentez bien le front... Descendez un peu jusqu'à l’œil droit... Guidez votre attention dans l’œil... Eprouvez la forme sphéroïde du globe oculaire... Essayez de bien sentir, doucement... directement, sans utiliser la pensée ou l'image
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in the yoga nidra group compared to the control group. In another study, Yoga Nidra proved to be a helpful technique in the reduction of stress level, increase in concentration level, changes in behavioural patterns and increase in happiness level among the school going students.
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Direct your attention into your forehead... Feel the forehead well... Go down a little to the right eye... Guide your attention into the eye... Experience the spheroidal shape of the eyeball... Try to feel it well, softly... directly, without using thought or a mental image...
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teachers have defined yoga nidra as "the state of conscious sleep" in which inner awareness is maintained, without reference to
Satyananda's method of progressive relaxation by directing attention to different parts of the body. Shearer attributes this "inner lucidity" to the
436:. In 1976, he constructed a system of relaxation through guided meditation, which he popularized in the mid-20th century. He explained yoga nidra as a state of mind between wakefulness and sleep that opened deep phases of the mind, suggesting a connection with the ancient
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or demigods named Madhu and
Kaitabha. These early mentions do not define any yoga technique or practice, but describe the God Vishnu's transcendental sleep in between the Yugas, the cycles of the universe, and the manifestation of the goddess as sleep itself.
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Yoga nidra in this modern sense is a state in which the body is completely relaxed, and the practitioner becomes systematically and increasingly aware of the inner world by following a set of verbal instructions. This state of consciousness is different from
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In 2021, the yoga teachers Uma
Dinsmore-Tuli and Nirlipta Tuli jointly published a "declaration of independence for Yoga Nidrā Shakti". In it they stated that yoga nidra had become commodified and promoted by commercial organisations for profit; that
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within those organisations; and that the organisations had propagated origin stories for yoga nidra "that privilege their own founders" and exclude or neglect older roots of the practice. They state their shock at abuses by
Satyananda, Swami Rama,
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credits
Sivananda and several of his disciples—Swamis Satyananda, Satchidananda, and Vishnudevananda as "revitaliz" yoga nidra in the 20th century; also Boyes, Swami Rama, Swami Veda Bharati, and Brahmananda Sarasvati of Surat Shabd Yoga "among
330:, its relaxation techniques "have no precedent in the pre-modern yoga tradition", but derive mostly from 19th and 20th century Western "proprioceptive relaxation". This prescriptive approach was described by authors such as the "relaxationist"
268:(24–26) gives a more detailed description, stating that yoganidra "removes all thought of the world of multiplicity" in the advanced yogi who has completely uprooted his "network of Karma". He then enters the "fourth state", namely
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or yoga pose where the legs are wrapped around the back of the neck. The text says that the yogi should sleep in this position, which "bestows bliss". These texts view yoganidra as a state, not a practice in itself.
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Progressive muscular relaxation is a method to relieve tension by tensing a group of muscles when breathing in, and relaxing it when breathing out; the muscle groups are tensed and relaxed in a prescribed
109:. These texts however offer no precedent for the modern technique of guided meditation. That derives from 19th and 20th century Western "proprioceptive relaxation" as described by practitioners such as
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taught a form of yoga nidra (in a broad sense) which involves an exercise called shavayatra, "inner pilgrimage ", which directs the attention around "61 sacred points of the body" during relaxation in
749:, and Richard Miller. They invite practitioners and teachers to learn about the history of yoga nidra outside organisational boundaries, and to work without "trademarked versions" of the practice.
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Markil, Nina; Whitehurst, Michael; Jacobs, Patrick L.; Zoeller, Robert F. (2012). "Yoga Nidra
Relaxation Increases Heart Rate Variability and is Unaffected by a Prior Bout of Hatha Yoga".
389:. This is the first known usage of "yoga nidra" in a modern sense. In the book, Boyes makes use of relaxation techniques including the direction of attention to each part of the body:
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Kjaer, Troels W.; Bertelsen, Camilla; Piccini, Paola; Brooks, David; Alving, Jørgen; Lou, Hans C. (2002). "Increased dopamine tone during meditation-induced change of consciousness".
557:'s translation (chapter 3, 39–43) says one should say mantras in turn over six parts of the body. Satyananda could have built up his practice starting from this. The 14th century
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Devraj, J. P.; Santosh Kumar, B.; Raja
Sriswan, M.; Jagdish, B.; Priya, B. S.; Neelu, S. B.; Desai Rao, Vijayabhaskar; Kumar, Manoj; Geddam, J. J. Babu; Hemalatha, R. (2021).
1715:"Pain Management Task Force | Providing a Standardized DoD and VHA Vision and Approach to Pain Management to Optimize the Care for Warriors and their Families | Final Report"
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259:(2.64) asserts that "Just as someone who has suddenly arisen from sleep becomes aware of sense objects, so the yogin wakes up from that at the end of his yogic sleep."
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is the Hatha yoga practice of folding the tongue back so that it reaches inside the nasal cavity, where it can enable the yogi to reach samadhi. In the 17th century
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of the brain. The reduced desire for action in the state is associated with the reduced flow of blood in parts of the brain connected with controlling actions: the
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states that "This body-sensing journey ... is one variation of the ancient practice of Yoga nidra ... and of the body-scan technique commonly used in the Buddhist
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Datta, Karuna; Yadav, Narendra; Narawade, Yogita; et al. (4 January 2022). "Sleep Strategies for Sportsmen; What can they be? A Randomised Controlled Trial".
2215:"To Study the Effects of Yoga Nidra on Reduction of Stress, Increase in Concentration, Changes in Behaviour and Increase in Happiness among School Going Students"
1964:
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864:, sometimes on a small scale, has been conducted on various aspects of yoga nidra. One found an association of yoga nidra meditation with increased endogenous
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It is unclear whether Satyananda made use of medieval texts for this activity. The texts speak of transcending opposites, whereas he uses them in meditation.
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or samadhi, beyond the usual states of waking, dreaming, and deep sleep, "that special thoughtless sleep, which consists of consciousness." The 15th century
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goes further, stating (4.49) that "One should practice Khecarī Mudrā until one is asleep in yoga. For one who has achieved Yoganidrā, death never occurs."
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It is notoriously difficult to date Indian texts. This timeline should therefore be understood to provide only approximate dates for their composition.
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Parker, S. (2019). "Training attention for conscious non-REM sleep: The yogic practice of yoga-nidrā and its implications for neuroscience research".
716:
697:, has developed the use of yoga nidra for rehabilitating soldiers in pain, using the Integrative Restoration (iRest) methodology. Miller worked with
209:, written around the 6th century CE, mentions a goddess whose name is Yoganidrā. The God Brahma asks Yoganidrā to wake up Vishnu to go and fight the
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243:(2.19ab) it is named as a state in which perfected Buddhas may access secret knowledge. In the 11th or 12th century, yoganidra is first used in
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References to the fourth state (turiya) and the ordinary states of waking, dreaming and dreamless sleep can be found in the much older
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Satyananda's multi-stage yoga nidra technique is not found in ancient or medieval texts. However, the yoga scholars
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1965:"Yoga nidra practice shows improvement in sleep in patients with chronic insomnia: A randomized controlled trial"
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objectively respond to intense emotional experiences through conscious choices rather than unconscious reactions.
662:) with four senses internalised, that is, withdrawn, and only hearing still connects to any instructions given.
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Dol, Kim Sang (May 2019). "Effects of a yoga nidra on the life stress and self-esteem in university students".
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Modality: Yoga / Yoga Nidra; Passive: Facility based yoga classes; Active: Self directed with video, exercising
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that deity of immeasurable power enjoys yoga-nidra, the deep sleep under the spell of spiritual meditation.
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2157:"Effect of Yoganidra on Blood Pressure, Hs-CRP, and Lipid Profile of Hypertensive Subjects: A Pilot Study"
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for the action of yoga nidra is patchy. Parker (2019) conducted a single-observation study of a famous
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Datta, Karuna; Tripathi, Manjari; Verma, Mansi; Masiwal, Deepika; Mallick, Hruda Nanda (2021-10-22).
1751:"In Defence of the Practice of Yoga Nidrā: A joint declaration of independence for Yoga Nidrā Shakti"
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255:, a deep state of meditative consciousness where the yogi no longer thinks, moves, or breathes. The
174:, completed by the 3rd century CE, mentions a state called "yoganidra", and associates it with Lord
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and Jacqueline Hargreaves note that there are analogues for several of his yoga nidra activities.
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with four weeks of yoga nidra compared to progressive muscular relaxation (used as the control).
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Modern yoga nidra derives from Western "relaxationist" techniques proposed by authors such as
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1144:(2005). "Salvation through Relaxation: Proprioceptive Therapy and its Relationship to Yoga".
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Satyananda repeats the Resolve stage and then gradually brings the mind back to wakefulness.
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1645:"Yoga Nidra (iRest): A 'New Twist' on Treatment for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (Part I)"
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endorsed Yoga Nidra as a complementary alternative medicine (CAM) for chronic pain in 2010.
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The modern form of the technique, pioneered by Dennis Boyes in 1973, made widely known by
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459:, from the age of four. He claimed to have taught him several languages by this method.
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1924:"Yoga Nidra: An innovative approach for management of chronic insomnia- A case report"
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are mentally placed within specific body parts, while meditating on each part (of the
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Satyananda uses other images, such as the cross or golden egg, but his process of
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creativity, or spiritual growth, Yoga Nidra sleep can be a catalyst for profound
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Practices of the Himalayan Tradition as taught by Swami Rama Volume 2: Yoga Nidra
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536:, not to use it. Satyananda was probably following Western relaxation therapies.
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State of consciousness between waking and sleeping induced by a guided meditation
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140:. There is limited scientific evidence that the technique helps relieve stress.
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1845:"What is yoga nidra and why you need to incorporate it in your everyday life"
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Moving into Meditation: A 12-Week Mindfulness Program for Yoga Practitioners
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You Must Relax! A Practical Method of Reducing the Strains of Modern Living
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names the sounds of inbreath and outbreath, implying awareness of breath.
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Yoga Nidra: The iRest Meditative Practice for Deep Relaxation and Healing
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claimed to have experienced yoga nidra when he was living with his guru
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Datta, Karuna; Tripathi, Manjari; Mallick, Hruda Nanda (2017-04-12).
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Visualisations were the characteristic feature of tantric yoga, with
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1465:. Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India: Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust.
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texts use "yoganidra" as a synonym for the deep meditative state of
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1265:[Dennis Boyes: Relaxation is transformed into meditation].
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Sometimes called yogic sleep, yoga nidra is defined by yoga master
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Systematic review articles on Yoga Nidra indexed by Google Scholar
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1720:. Office of the Army Surgeon General. May 2010. pp. 42–44.
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602:(verse 90) calls yoga "the union of the multitude of opposites".
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385:("The Yoga of Waking Sleep: method of relaxation, yoga nidra")
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sleep through yoga nidra, while a disciple produced delta and
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International Association of Yoga Therapists • Richard Miller
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Dr Richard Miller: Not Recommending Yoga Would Be Malpractice
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Mindfulness Yoga: the awakened union of breath, body and mind
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Le Yoga du sommeil éveillé; méthode de relaxation, yoga nidra
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Le Yoga du sommeil éveillé; méthode de relaxation, yoga nidra
1295:. Munger, Bihar, India: Yoga Publications Trust. whole book.
888:, whether or not it is preceded by a session of hatha yoga
237:(7.164), yoganidra is called "peace beyond words"; in the
1688:"Walter Reed Using Yoga to Fight PTSD | Danger Room"
2022:"Stress Management: Doing Progressive Muscle Relaxation"
1816:
The Story of Yoga: From Ancient India to the Modern West
1787:(1st ed.). Shambhala Publications. pp. 44–45.
1263:"Dennis Boyes La relaxation se transforme en méditation"
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It was a meditation technique, not a preparatory stage.
132:, and others has spread worldwide. It is applied by the
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Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
1348:. International Yoga Fellowship Movement. p. 25.
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states that while relaxation is a primary feature of
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studying the efficacy of the approach. According to
571:) but there is no evidence Satyananda knew of this.
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between waking and sleeping, typically induced by a
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1749:Tuli, Nirlipta; Dinsmore-Tuli, Uma (15 May 2021).
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2020:Healthwise staff (non-profit) (31 August 2020).
1570:The Yoga of Being on Retreat with Richard Miller
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3995:Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience
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563:(7.6–31ab) describes an 18-point body scan for
470:Birch & Hargreaves' analysis of origins of
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28:, the usual pose for the practice of yoga nidra
70:A state called yoga nidra is mentioned in the
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1269:(in French) (15 July-August 1984, Old Series)
8:
2254:Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice
1395:. Twin Lakes USA: Lotus Press. p. 689.
1393:Yoga Nidra The Art of Transformational Sleep
978:
976:
393:
222:Yoganidra is first linked to meditation in
4284:
4063:
3614:
3538:
3524:
3516:
3449:Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini)
2635:
2352:
2333:
2319:
2311:
160:asleep on the eternal waters, 19th century
2190:
2172:
1980:
1939:
1619:"How Yoga Nidra Benefits Mind & Body"
1034:; Hargreaves, Jacqueline (January 2015).
717:Surgeon General of the United States Army
381:In 1973, Dennis Boyes published his book
1539:(Winter 2010): 1–2. 2010. Archived from
1498:Yoga Nidra: the meditative heart of yoga
783:(intellect, literally "wakefulness") of
468:
90:. Yoga nidra is linked to meditation in
1359:
1357:
1355:
972:
922:
1581:
1579:
1366:"Yoga nidra: deep relaxation practice"
799:at about the same time as Patanjali's
567:(withdrawal of the senses, one of the
1969:The National Medical Journal of India
1656:United States Air Force Medical Corps
1327:a new edition of this acclaimed guide
1046:from the original on 16 November 2018
644:Intentional thinking, as in item (2.)
182:becomes the bed of the lotus-naveled
7:
2988:Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace
1877:. Vol. 244. pp. 255–272.
1727:from the original on April 12, 2019
1617:Griffin, Katherine (2 March 2012).
1530:"Yoga-based Treatments Beat Stress"
1427:. Wisdom Publications. p. 61.
703:United States Department of Defense
1500:. Boulder, Colorado: Sounds True.
1187:. London: Low, Marston, & Co.
14:
3251:Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga
933:(c. 300 BCE to 300 CE) and later
850:found improvements in subjective
186:when at the termination of every
2622:
1658:. pp. 12–13. Archived from
1147:Journal of Contemporary Religion
1117:"Mahabharata Book 1 Section XXI"
813:with the stress of modern life.
791:to the "intellect" discussed by
617:using complex images of a deity.
371:, Chapter 12 "Training for Rest"
136:to assist soldier recovery from
2762:Yoga and cultural appropriation
1586:Novotney, Amy (November 2009).
1315:. Sounds True. pp. Pt 24.
699:Walter Reed Army Medical Center
338:, and the Chicago psychiatrist
1364:Ross, Gillian (23 July 2009).
884:, a measure of balance in the
713:post-traumatic stress disorder
138:post-traumatic stress disorder
59:in modern usage is a state of
1:
2231:Rivers, Eileen (6 May 2008).
2099:10.1016/s0926-6410(01)00106-9
344:progressive muscle relaxation
292:is first described. It is an
1643:Money, Nisha (Winter 2009).
846:sleep problems. Their small
632:is like that in yoga texts.
541:3. Rotation of consciousness
1654:. Vol. 5, no. 4.
1340:Saraswati, Swami Satyananda
1181:Call, Annie Payson (1891).
848:randomised controlled trial
51:
4478:
2750:Sexual abuse by yoga gurus
2266:10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.03.004
2061:10.1007/s41782-021-00188-8
1928:Sleep Science and Practice
1883:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.016
1875:Progress in Brain Research
1813:Shearer, Alistair (2020).
1565:Soldier's Meditation IREST
1289:Swami Satyananda Saraswati
820:
735:Sexual abuse by yoga gurus
728:
593:5. Feelings and sensations
532:sought to rid the mind of
496:, lying down, was used in
4386:International Day of Yoga
3505:Modern Yoginis (template)
3245:Vishnudevananda Saraswati
3167:Tirumalai Krishnamacharya
2671:Harmonial gymnastics/yoga
2620:
2538:International Day of Yoga
1941:10.1186/s41606-017-0009-4
1588:"Yoga as a practice tool"
1160:10.1080/13537900500249780
610:6. Creative visualisation
523:was intentional thinking.
262:By the 14th century, the
40:
4406:Yoga scholars (template)
3671:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
3500:Yoga teachers (category)
3495:Yoga scholars (template)
3003:A History of Modern Yoga
2087:Cognitive Brain Research
886:autonomic nervous system
787:philosophy. He compares
457:Niranjanananda Saraswati
235:Ciñcinīmatasārasamuccaya
80:, while a goddess named
4044:Yogasopana Purvacatuska
3291:Satchidananda Saraswati
3042:The Path of Modern Yoga
2721:Autobiography of a Yogi
1242:(in French). p. 37
772:The cultural historian
725:Post-lineage yoga nidra
689:The western pioneer of
306:Western "relaxationism"
251:texts as a synonym for
2451:European Union of Yoga
2026:University of Michigan
1652:Medical Corps Examiner
1391:Desai, Kamini (2017).
1233:"La Dynamique Mentale"
1229:Godefroy, Christian H.
983:Boyes, Dennis (1973).
882:heart rate variability
637:7. Repeated resolve /
576:4. Awareness of breath
410:
394:
374:
319:
201:
161:
101:, while some medieval
29:
3207:Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga
2715:Paramahansa Yogananda
2495:Trauma-sensitive yoga
2446:British Wheel of Yoga
2134:10.1089/acm.2011.0331
1592:Monitor on Psychology
1368:. ABC. Archived from
821:Further information:
742:abuse had taken place
729:Further information:
313:
233:. In the Shaiva text
198:, Book 1, section XXI
156:
124:in 1976, and then by
24:
4391:List of yoga schools
4157:Kriyayoga (Buddhist)
3988:Hatha Yoga Pradipika
3490:List of yoga schools
3361:Yoga the Iyengar Way
3265:Satyananda Saraswati
3260:Bihar School of Yoga
2996:Yoga in Modern India
2905:Lilias, Yoga and You
2708:Seetharaman Sundaram
2174:10.1155/2021/2858235
1823:. pp. 270–272.
1345:Tantra-yoga panorama
1184:Power through Repose
526:Medieval texts like
503:Dattātreyayogaśāstra
426:Satyananda Saraswati
369:Power through Repose
336:Power through Repose
275:Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā
122:Satyananda Saraswati
4192:Six Yogas of Naropa
3974:Hathabhyasapaddhati
3317:Himalayan Institute
3179:T. K. V. Desikachar
3154:Swami Kuvalayananda
2968:Selvarajan Yesudian
2238:The Washington Post
2049:Sleep and Vigilance
1982:10.25259/NMJI_63_19
1456:Swami Rama (2016).
828:Scientific evidence
817:Scientific evidence
569:eight limbs of yoga
475:
430:Sivananda Saraswati
412:The French journal
350:, in his 1934 book
328:modern Western yoga
4081:Samadhi (Buddhism)
3953:Amaraugha Prabodha
3423:Beryl Bender Birch
3374:c. 1975
3205:c. 1948
3194:Srivatsa Ramaswami
3131:The Yoga Institute
3101:Breath of the Gods
2686:Genevieve Stebbins
2456:André Van Lysebeth
2233:"A Breath of Hope"
1755:Yoga Nidra Network
1267:Revue 3 Millénaire
931:Mandukya Upanishad
894:C-reactive protein
810:Anandmurti Gurumaa
555:Sir John Woodroffe
551:and other tantras.
469:
414:Revue 3 Millénaire
320:
218:Medieval practices
162:
30:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4396:Modern yoga gurus
4274:
4273:
4053:
4052:
4030:Vasishtha Samhita
3513:
3512:
3485:Asanas (template)
3480:Post-lineage yoga
3110:
3109:
3066:The Story of Yoga
2819:Frank Jude Boccio
2676:Marguerite Agniel
2646:Early modern yoga
2618:
2617:
1830:978-1-78738-192-6
1546:on May 28, 2010.
1507:978-1-59179-379-3
1472:978-81-88157-89-1
1434:978-0-86171-335-6
1402:978-1-6086-9213-2
1091:978-0-241-25304-5
1084:. p. xxxix.
937:texts (6–7th CE).
874:prefrontal cortex
797:Apostolic Fathers
731:Post-lineage yoga
651:
650:
596:The 14th century
582:The 13th century
549:Mahānirvānatantra
482:Earlier practices
424:In modern times,
365:Annie Payson Call
342:, the creator of
334:in her 1891 book
332:Annie Payson Call
322:The yoga scholar
316:Annie Payson Call
111:Annie Payson Call
65:guided meditation
49:
4469:
4285:
4064:
4037:Vimanarcanakalpa
4002:Gheranda Samhita
3915:Shaiva Siddhanta
3685:Yoga Yajnavalkya
3615:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3517:
3348:B. K. S. Iyengar
3335:Bikram Choudhury
3212:K. Pattabhi Jois
3199:Vanda Scaravelli
3011:Positioning Yoga
2863:Paddleboard Yoga
2693:Physical culture
2681:Mary Bagot Stack
2636:
2626:
2533:Competitive yoga
2501:Restorative Yoga
2483:Yoga using props
2435:Teacher training
2385:Meditation seats
2353:
2342:Yoga as exercise
2335:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2294:
2293:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2176:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1984:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1821:Hurst Publishers
1810:
1799:
1798:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1757:. Archived from
1746:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1665:on July 19, 2011
1664:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1583:
1574:
1551:
1545:
1534:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1464:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1426:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1237:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1207:Jacobson, Edmund
1203:
1197:
1196:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1078:Penguin Classics
1066:Mallinson, James
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1028:
997:
996:
980:
961:
957:
951:
944:
938:
927:
870:ventral striatum
862:Primary research
856:sleep efficiency
774:Alistair Shearer
547:is described in
476:
440:practice called
408:
398:
387:in Paris, France
372:
199:
144:Historical usage
54:
44:
42:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4462:Yoga as therapy
4447:
4446:
4443:transformation.
4438:
4429:
4362:
4341:Yoga as therapy
4307:Standing asanas
4270:
4140:
4102:
4049:
3981:Hatha Ratnavali
3938:
3881:
3803:Viparita Karani
3690:
3649:
3604:
3549:
3544:
3514:
3509:
3453:
3118:
3106:
3071:
3058:Yoga in Britain
3026:The Subtle Body
2974:
2897:Yoga for Health
2878:
2844:Phillip Moffitt
2793:
2745:Science of yoga
2728:
2627:
2614:
2567:
2542:
2521:
2489:Accessible yoga
2469:
2429:
2404:Accompaniments
2370:Standing asanas
2344:
2339:
2302:
2297:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2241:. p. HE01.
2230:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2128:(10): 953–958.
2119:
2118:
2114:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1893:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1849:Hindustan Times
1843:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1812:
1811:
1802:
1795:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1543:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1508:
1494:Miller, Richard
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1435:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1372:on 29 July 2009
1363:
1362:
1353:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1307:Miller, Richard
1305:
1304:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1142:Singleton, Mark
1140:
1139:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1092:
1070:Singleton, Mark
1064:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1040:The Luminescent
1030:
1029:
1000:
982:
981:
974:
970:
965:
964:
958:
954:
945:
941:
935:Advaita Vedanta
928:
924:
919:
907:
868:release in the
825:
823:Science of yoga
819:
793:Saint Augustine
755:
737:
727:
691:yoga as therapy
687:
668:
560:Yogayājñavalkya
422:
409:
406:
379:
373:
363:
352:You Must Relax!
340:Edmund Jacobson
308:
303:
285:Haṭha Ratnāvalī
220:
200:
194:
151:
146:
115:Edmund Jacobson
84:appears in the
17:
12:
11:
5:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4449:
4448:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4418:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4353:
4348:
4346:Yoga for women
4343:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4334:Hasta Vinyasas
4326:
4324:Sun Salutation
4321:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4312:List of asanas
4309:
4304:
4293:
4291:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4184:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4023:Sritattvanidhi
4019:
4012:
4009:Joga Pradipika
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3722:Lotus position
3714:
3709:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3405:Jivamukti Yoga
3401:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3240:Sivananda Yoga
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3227:Kino MacGregor
3224:
3219:
3214:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3173:Yoga Makaranda
3169:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3141:Hansa Yogendra
3138:
3126:
3124:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2999:
2991:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2957:Rachel Brathen
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2834:Jon Kabat-Zinn
2831:
2826:
2821:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2767:In advertising
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2755:Matthew Remski
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2668:
2666:Pierre Bernard
2663:
2662:
2661:
2653:
2642:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2423:Hasta Vinyasas
2420:
2415:
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2390:Sun Salutation
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2382:
2380:Lotus position
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2365:List of asanas
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2300:External links
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2093:(2): 255–259.
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2012:
1975:(3): 143–150.
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1322:978-1683648987
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1231:(March 2019).
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1154:(3): 289–304.
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1119:. Sacred Texts
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998:
987:. Paris: Épi.
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947:Richard Miller
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490:1. Preparation
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324:Mark Singleton
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4357:Light on Yoga
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4016:Shiva Samhita
4013:
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3678:Yoga Vasistha
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3668:
3666:
3665:
3664:Bhagavad Gita
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
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3646:
3643:
3642:and sometimes
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3354:Light on Yoga
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3286:Integral Yoga
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3149:Kaivalyadhama
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3136:Shri Yogendra
3134:
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3132:
3128:
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3097:
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3093:Enlighten Up!
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3050:Roots of Yoga
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2596:Hugger Mugger
2594:
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2591:Angela Farmer
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2555:Asana Journal
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2463:Yoga Alliance
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1417:Boccio, Frank
1412:
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1261:Anon (1984).
1257:
1254:
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1234:
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1083:
1082:Penguin Books
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1075:
1074:Roots of Yoga
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953:
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902:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
857:
853:
852:sleep latency
849:
844:
840:
837:
833:
829:
824:
816:
814:
811:
806:
804:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
775:
770:
769:tradition."
768:
764:
760:
752:
750:
748:
743:
736:
732:
724:
722:
720:
718:
714:
710:
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684:
682:
680:
676:
672:
665:
663:
661:
657:
646:
643:
640:
636:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:concentration
619:
616:
612:
609:
608:
604:
601:
600:
595:
592:
591:
587:
586:
581:
578:
575:
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561:
556:
553:
550:
546:
543:
540:
539:
535:
531:
530:
525:
522:
519:
517:
514:2. Resolve /
513:
512:
508:
505:
504:
499:
495:
492:
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477:
473:
467:
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349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
317:
312:
305:
300:
298:
295:
291:
290:Yoganidrasana
287:
286:
281:
280:Khecarī Mudrā
277:
276:
271:
267:
266:
260:
258:
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246:
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236:
232:
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207:
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149:Ancient times
148:
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123:
118:
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108:
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73:
68:
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62:
61:consciousness
58:
53:
47:
38:
34:
27:
23:
19:
4439:
4422:Yoga Journal
4420:
4413:
4379:Mindful Yoga
4374:Yoga hybrids
4355:
4302:Downward dog
4167:Anuttarayoga
4095:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3960:Amritasiddhi
3958:
3951:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3641:
3568:Five sheaths
3563:Three bodies
3436:Anusara Yoga
3399:Forrest Yoga
3391:Sarah Powers
3386:Paul Grilley
3359:
3352:
3343:Iyengar Yoga
3309:Stephen Cope
3299:Kripalu Yoga
3249:
3217:Mysore style
3171:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3034:Selling Yoga
3032:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2963:Switzerland
2919:Lyn Marshall
2903:
2895:
2829:Janice Gates
2824:Anne Cushman
2814:Mindful Yoga
2789:Yoga tourism
2772:For children
2719:
2656:
2562:Yoga Journal
2560:
2553:
2517:Janice Gates
2506:
2375:Downward dog
2257:
2253:
2247:
2236:
2226:
2209:
2164:
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2150:
2125:
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2115:
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2048:
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2015:
1972:
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1853:. Retrieved
1851:. 2016-12-12
1848:
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1763:. Retrieved
1759:the original
1754:
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1709:
1698:. Retrieved
1696:. 2008-05-06
1691:
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1673:
1667:. Retrieved
1660:the original
1651:
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1628:11 September
1626:. Retrieved
1623:Yoga Journal
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1595:
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1541:the original
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1370:the original
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1039:
1032:Birch, Jason
984:
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763:Anne Cushman
759:Mindful Yoga
756:
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715:(PTSD). The
708:Yoga Journal
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87:Devīmāhātmya
85:
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69:
56:
32:
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4289:As exercise
4187:Yantra yoga
4182:Devata yoga
4091:Anapanasati
3934:Sexual Yoga
3855:Kapalabhati
3825:Sama vritti
3776:Surat Shabd
3702:Eight limbs
3632:Bhakti yoga
3619:Three Yogas
3555:Subtle body
3475:Modern yoga
3441:John Friend
3381:Paulie Zink
3330:Bikram Yoga
3304:Amrit Desai
3273:Ananda Yoga
3184:A. G. Mohan
2869:Aerial yoga
2698:B. C. Ghosh
2651:Vivekananda
2260:: 232–236.
2167:: 2858235.
2055:: 165–171.
1555:Walter Reed
1240:My réussite
1215:McGraw-Hill
1036:"Yoganidrā"
843:theta waves
747:Amrit Desai
474:Yoga nidra
464:Jason Birch
348:biofeedback
196:Mahabharata
171:Mahabharata
77:Mahabharata
57:yogic sleep
4451:Categories
4401:Yoga Nidra
4207:Karmamudra
4172:Sahajayana
3944:Hatha yoga
3910:Mahasiddha
3830:Shatkarmas
3781:Aghor Yoga
3734:Pratyahara
3655:Philosophy
3637:Jnana yoga
3627:Karma yoga
3470:Hatha yoga
3447:2006
3434:1997
3428:Bryan Kest
3418:Power Yoga
3416:1995
3403:1984
3397:1982
3368:1975
3341:1975
3328:1973
3322:Swami Rama
3315:1971
3297:1966
3284:1966
3278:Kriyananda
3271:1965
3258:1963
3238:1959
3222:Tim Miller
3189:Indra Devi
3160:1934
3147:1924
3129:1918
3098:2012
3090:2009
3082:2006
3063:2020
3055:2019
3047:2017
3039:2016
3031:2015
3016:2010
3008:2005
2993:2004
2985:1996
2883:By country
2867:2014
2861:2013
2850:2003
2812:1990
2808:Naked yoga
2806:1938
2703:K. V. Iyer
2655:1896
2603:Yoga pants
2581:Yoga brick
2507:Yoga nidra
2505:2008
2499:2007
2493:2002
2487:1979
2442:Standards
1871:Meditation
1855:2023-10-17
1819:. London:
1700:2010-12-22
1669:2010-12-22
1537:Let's Talk
1293:Yoga Nidra
1193:1068777782
1080:. London:
968:References
911:Dream yoga
878:cerebellum
839:delta wave
802:Yoga Sutra
671:Swami Rama
666:Swami Rama
660:pratyahara
656:meditation
630:absorption
626:meditation
565:pratyāhāra
479:Satyananda
444:, whereby
420:Satyananda
396:mentale...
245:Hatha yoga
126:Swami Rama
103:hatha yoga
72:Upanishads
52:yoga nidrā
41:योग निद्रा
33:Yoga nidra
4410:Journals
4244:Mahamudra
4162:Caryayoga
4146:Vajrayana
4119:Yogachara
4086:Vipassana
4068:Theravada
3927:Kundalini
3922:Laya Yoga
3860:Bhastrika
3798:Mahamudra
3729:Pranayama
3645:Rāja yoga
3019:Yoga Body
2874:Beer yoga
2839:Cyndi Lee
2777:For women
2658:Raja Yoga
2608:Lululemon
2413:Pranayama
2395:Tree pose
2274:1873-6947
2183:1741-427X
2069:245653181
2032:8 January
2007:240482546
1991:0970-258X
1693:Wired.com
1602:8 January
1291:(2009) .
1168:144625589
1100:928480104
960:sequence.
767:Vipassana
753:Reception
675:shavasana
498:Laya yoga
434:Rishikesh
249:Raja yoga
134:U.S. Army
82:Yoganidrā
46:romanized
26:Shavasana
4229:Mahayoga
4108:Mahayana
4059:Buddhism
3820:Kumbhaka
3695:Concepts
3610:Hinduism
3588:Sushumna
3376:Yin Yoga
3162:Viniyoga
2852:Acroyoga
2740:Hot yoga
2586:Yoga mat
2547:Journals
2290:88035952
2282:31003664
2201:35003295
2142:22866996
2107:11958969
1999:34825538
1950:34047778
1934:(1): 7.
1909:73442387
1901:30732840
1783:(2014).
1765:11 March
1731:12 April
1722:Archived
1598:(10): 38
1516:62705943
1496:(2005).
1478:11 March
1443:53483563
1419:(2004).
1376:12 April
1342:(1974).
1309:(2022).
1273:13 March
1246:13 March
1209:(1934).
1123:12 April
1072:(2017).
1050:11 March
1044:Archived
950:others".
905:See also
866:dopamine
795:and the
761:teacher
701:and the
641:, ending
639:Sankalpa
599:Yogabīja
534:Sankalpa
529:Amanaska
521:Sankalpa
516:Sankalpa
494:Savasana
453:bodymind
446:Sanskrit
405:—
362:—
288:(3.70),
257:Amanaska
228:Buddhist
193:—
96:Buddhist
74:and the
37:Sanskrit
4367:Related
4329:Vinyāsa
4319:Drishti
4264:Shingon
4239:Atiyoga
4234:Anuyoga
4076:Samatha
3877:Sādhanā
3865:Trataka
3766:Pranava
3749:Samadhi
3739:Dhāraṇā
3593:Pingala
3458:Related
3116:Schools
2931:Germany
2913:Britain
2890:America
2799:Hybrids
2733:Aspects
2632:History
2475:Therapy
2418:Vinyāsa
2408:Drishti
2400:Warrior
2192:8739171
993:2283047
785:Sankhya
679:chakras
449:mantras
438:tantric
253:samadhi
231:tantras
107:samadhi
99:tantras
48::
4280:Modern
4260:Japan
4254:Tangmi
4250:China
4178:Tibet
4153:India
4129:Tendai
4125:Japan
4115:India
3905:Siddhi
3900:Yogini
3887:Tantra
3840:Dhauti
3793:Bandha
3788:Mudras
3761:Mantra
3744:Dhyana
3712:Niyama
3573:Chakra
2951:Sweden
2946:Russia
2926:France
2526:Events
2357:Asanas
2349:Topics
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2028:Health
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876:, the
789:buddhi
780:buddhi
615:dhyāna
485:Notes
270:turiya
224:Shaiva
211:Asuras
184:Vishnu
176:Vishnu
158:Vishnu
92:Shaiva
4457:Sleep
4351:Props
4297:Asana
4222:Phowa
4217:Bardo
4212:Milam
4197:Tummo
4134:Zazen
3872:Tapas
3850:Basti
3845:Nauli
3815:Nyasa
3756:Kriyā
3717:Asana
3600:Prana
3121:Gurus
3076:Films
2979:Books
2966:1941
2955:2015
2941:Italy
2936:India
2917:1976
2902:1970
2894:1961
2639:Early
2573:Props
2286:S2CID
2218:(PDF)
2065:S2CID
2003:S2CID
1946:S2CID
1905:S2CID
1725:(PDF)
1718:(PDF)
1663:(PDF)
1648:(PDF)
1544:(PDF)
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1236:(PDF)
1164:S2CID
917:Notes
545:Nyāsa
442:nyasa
294:asana
168:epic
166:Hindu
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4202:Ösel
3895:Yogi
3835:Neti
3808:List
3771:Nada
3707:Yama
3578:Nadi
3547:Yoga
3465:Yoga
3085:Guru
2857:Doga
2278:PMID
2270:ISSN
2197:PMID
2179:ISSN
2165:2021
2138:PMID
2103:PMID
2034:2022
1995:PMID
1987:ISSN
1897:PMID
1887:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1767:2022
1733:2019
1630:2022
1604:2021
1512:OCLC
1502:ISBN
1480:2022
1467:ISBN
1439:OCLC
1429:ISBN
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1317:ISBN
1275:2022
1248:2022
1189:OCLC
1125:2019
1096:OCLC
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1052:2022
989:OCLC
854:and
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832:yogi
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