330:. The Chinese retaliated in 612 by launching a massive retaliatory attack into Goguryeo territory, laying siege to Yodong fortress. The fortresses' defenders refused to surrender and successfully held off the Sui army. Frustrated by the invasion's lack of progress, one third of the Sui army disengaged itself from the siege and marched on the Goguryeo capital of Pyongyang. The Sui army would later be destroyed at the pivotal
193:(公孙度), a Liaodong native and former governor of Liaodong, declared himself the Marquis of Liaodong and governor of the newly established Pingzhou. Gongsun Du divided the Liaodong Commandery into three, establishing the Liangdong (辽东), Zhongliao (中辽), and Liaoxi (辽西) Commandaries. The newly established Liaodong Commandery contained 8 counties, including Xiangping, Jujiu (居就), and Anshi (安市) counties. Gongsun Du's grandson
223:, Pingzhou (平州) was reestablished, governing the Liaodong (辽东郡), Xuantu (玄菟郡) and Changli (昌黎郡) Commandaries. The position of Dongyi Jiaowei was renamed Hudongyi Jiaowei (护东夷校尉), and given simulatenously to the regional inspector/cishi of Pingzhou, with the Jiaowei's authority extended to managing the relations with the many disparate peoples of the East, as far north as the
345:
Goguryeo, successfully breaching the latter's border defenses. Yodong fortress, which was garrisoned with 10,000 soldiers and holding 40,000 civilians, held off the Tang army for some time, but an army sent to relieve the fortress was destroyed. The Tang were able to breach the fortress walls with a
227:
area and southwards, the entirety of the Korean peninsula. In 277 AD, Sima Rui (司馬蕤) was given the title of King of
Liaodong, and Liaodong Commandery was reestablished as the Kingdom of Liaodong. 6 years later, Sima Rui was given another title, the King of Donglai, and the Liaodong Kingdom was
275:. The region was contested territory between the northern Korean Kingdom of Goguryeo and the various imperial dynasties of China. The two political forces competed with each-other over trade and influence in the area by constructing fortresses in strategic locations.
188:
In the chaos of the late
Eastern Han Dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period, Liaodong Commandery prospered, due to its location far from the warlordism and warfare going on in China, and many scholars and talented individuals sought refuge at Xiangping. In 189 AD,
205:
the next year. Sima Yi ordered all of
Gongsun Yuan's officials to be killed, and all men aged 15 and above in Xiangping to be massacred. Over 10,000 bodies were stacked in a mound to terrorise the locals. With the Kingdom of Yan vanquished, the
210:
merged
Pingzhou with Youzhou, and set the capital of Liaodong Commandery at Xiangping, governing over 9 counties. The important new martial position of Dongyi Jiaowei (东夷校尉) was established to govern over non-Han peoples.
286:. One source refers to the fortress as the anchor of the Korean kingdom's border defense. The fortress was well-stocked with provisions and maintained a large complement of troops in case of a siege.
278:
Yodong fortress was established prior to the year 612, possibly as early as 397. The fortress was considered to be a formidable defensive obstacle as it was located near the strategically important
341:
Following the conflict with the Sui dynasty, Goguryeo strengthened its border defenses in preparation for a future war with the
Chinese. This war came when in 642 the Tang Dynasty
141:, Qin Kai was sent to the Donghu as a hostage, and was deeply trusted by the Donghu people. When Qin Kai returned to Yan, he raised a force and decimated the Donghu, and per the
362:
The
Goguryeo kingdom eventually collapsed in the final war of 668. The Tang established Liaocheng Prefecture (遼城州) at Liaodong City. Liaodong became the capital of the
350:
would later intercede and offer freedom to the prisoners and the fortress was incorporated into a new
Imperial prefecture. However, the Tang unsuccessfully
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149:
east'. With the expansion of their borders, the Yan started to build the earliest version of the Yan Great Wall. The Yan Great Wall started in the west at
363:
438:
550:
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In 404 AD, the
Goguryeo seized Liaodong, and renamed Xiangping to Liaodong/Yodong. The name of Xiangping was never used again. Most of
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173:, the Qin's Liaodong Commandery was retained, but the most important matters of governance of the Northeast were handled at the
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disestablished
Liaodong Commandery. Yodong fortress was located at the same place and had a similar size as the
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was initially placed under the jurisdiction of the Xuantu
Commandery, but the king of Buyeo during the reign of
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347:
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153:(造陽) and ended in the east at Xiangping. The Kingdom of Yan was conquered by the Qin in 222 BC. In 221 BC,
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sent tribute, and Northern Wei gave Jangsu the title of King of Goguryeo and Duke of Liaodong Commandery.
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282:. The fortress protected the roads leading into Korea and the nearby Goguryeo cities of Yodong and
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dynasty, the king of Goguryeo was given the title of the King of Liaodong. Shortly thereafter,
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390:列傳》：「其後燕有賢將秦開，為質於胡，胡甚信之。歸而襲破走東胡，東胡郤千餘里。與荊軻刺秦王秦舞陽者，開之孫也。燕亦築長城，自造陽，至襄平。置上谷、漁陽、右北平、遼西、遼東郡以拒胡。
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rapid cavalry assault, and Yodong was eventually captured and its inhabitants enslaved.
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by the Qin dynasty, Xiangping became the political and cultural center of what is now
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In 598 AD, Goguryeo launched an attack across the Liao river against the newly-risen
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requested to change the jurisdiction of Buyeo under the Liaodong Commandery instead.
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455:"CHINA'S IMPACT ON KOREAN PENINSULA UNIFICATION AND QUESTIONS FOR THE SENATE"
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seized Xiangping. Later on, he would declare himself the King of Yan of the
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province. Xiangping was first mentioned in history as the capital of the
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set Liaodong Commandery within the confines of the area west of today's
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66:. From the 4th century onward, Xiangping was successively ruled by the
130:, with Xiangping as its capital. The Yan subsequently constructed its
334:; the war continued until 614, but the battle effectively ending the
283:
178:
408:"獻帝時, 其王求屬遼東云", Dongyi, Fuyu chapter of the Book of the Later Han
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in 676. However, the capital was moved again the following year.
524:"Tang Taizong in Korea: The Siege of Ansi | East Asian History"
267:'s lands were annexed by Goguryeo, and the later kingdom of
399:"夫餘本屬玄菟", Dongyi, Fuyu chapter of the Book of the Later Han
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was given the title of Duke Kaiguo of Liaodong. In 519,
86:(遼東) City. It saw several major battles during the
354:and were forced to retreat into Northern China.
243:Dynasty. In 380 AD, Former Yan was destroyed by
482:Kim, Sung Nam. "Koguryo: Kingdom or Empire?."
8:
134:, and Xiangping was the eastern terminus.
110:conquest, the area was inhabited by the
375:
177:. For example, the Han vassal state of
484:The Journal of Northeast Asian History
247:, and Liaodong was seized. In 384 AD,
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551:List of Goguryeo fortresses in China
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169:During both the Western and Eastern
427:Lee, Ki-baik; Yi, Ki-baek (1984).
54:, and the eastern terminus of the
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500:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900
228:reverted to Liaodong Commandery.
201:in 237 AD, but was killed during
94:before eventually falling to the
58:established in 284 BC. After the
215:Jin dynasty and Sixteen Kingdoms
219:In 274 AD, during the reign of
145:, 'drove the Donghu a thousand
165:Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms
143:Records of the Grand Historian
1:
122:. In 300 BC, the Yan general
433:. Harvard University Press.
251:established the kingdom of
203:Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign
197:(公孙渊) declared himself the
592:
38:) is a historical name of
78:in AD 404 and renamed to
35:
528:www.eastasianhistory.org
308:was regiven the title.
175:Four Commanderies of Han
74:. The city was taken by
348:Emperor Taizong of Tang
302:Munjamyeong of Goguryeo
498:Graff, David. (2002).
430:A New History of Korea
338:in favor of Goguryeo.
311:In 577 AD, during the
289:In 435 AD, during the
157:divided China into 36
502:. London: Routledge.
576:History of Manchuria
137:During the reign of
60:unification of China
571:Goguryeo fortresses
364:Andong Protectorate
183:Emperor Xian of Han
128:Liaodong Commandery
48:Liaodong Commandery
306:Anjang of Goguryeo
295:Jangsu of Goguryeo
92:Goguryeo–Tang Wars
64:Northeastern China
440:978-0-674-61576-2
221:Emperor Wu of Jin
56:Great Wall of Yan
16:(Redirected from
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321:Western Han
317:Northern Qi
300:In 492 AD,
249:Murong Chui
199:King of Yan
120:Gija Joseon
106:Before the
560:Categories
533:2020-11-04
464:2020-11-04
370:References
280:Liao River
245:Former Qin
241:Former Yan
191:Gongsun Du
132:Great Wall
68:Former Yan
293:dynasty,
265:Later Yan
253:Later Yan
72:Later Yan
28:Xiangping
566:Liaoyang
545:See also
510:. pp 197
273:Liaoning
259:Goguryeo
116:Shanrong
80:Liaodong
76:Goguryeo
44:Liaoning
40:Liaoyang
343:invaded
235:leader
233:Xianbei
151:Zaoyang
124:Qin Kai
50:in the
32:Chinese
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284:Baegam
118:, and
84:Yodong
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179:Buyeo
504:ISBN
435:ISBN
90:and
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108:Yan
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388:匈奴
384:史記
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147:li
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36:襄平
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386:·
382:《
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30:(
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