450:, that alarmed the British the most. In December 1895, Sarankye-Moré's soldiers entered the western Gonja region and left behind widespread destruction and depopulation, as was their custom. The British now felt compelled to act if they did not want to give up their positions north of the Ashanti Empire and leave the areas to the French and Germans. They therefore demanded the withdrawal of Samori's forces, albeit unsuccessfully. At the same time, preparations for a large military expedition aimed to the north were underway.
503:
As no French military could be seen in Kong, Samori had it occupied. His Sofa gang plundered and looted extensively, capturing and selling a large part of the population into slavery. The once flourishing trading city with its 20,000 inhabitants was reduced to smoking ruins after the massacre, and the
Islamic Kingdom of Kong, which had existed since 1710, ceased to exist.
646:. Initially, he refused to pledge allegiance to Babatu after the death of Gazari and led the resistance that delayed Babatu's installation as Emir of the Zabarma State for years. He often quarreled with Babatu, but later acknowledged Babatu's rule after a failed expedition. He lived in exile in Dagbon, which was accepted by Babatu. His grave is located in Yendi.
545:, many of the remaining authorities of the Zabarma Emirate in the Gurunsi area fled eastward towards Dagbon. However, eventually, they submitted to British sovereignty. On March 29, 1897, Samori's East Army clashed with the British expeditionary corps commanded by Francis B. Henderson. The battle ended with a crushing defeat of the Samorian army.
345:
continue the war. The Zarma army then moved to Sati and from there to the Kabala Land. The city of
Kawulalawuri was occupied during this campaign, but was largely destroyed by the Zarma. However, the Zarma army continued on without staying for long. Unfortunately, nothing else is known about the further course of the campaign.
300:, had been tasked by the Ya Naa to invade Gurunsi land and "bring back" the Zarmas, which violated a holy oath that the leaders of Dagbon and the Zarma had sworn on the Qur’an never to raise their hands against each other. This breach of trust finally sealed the end of the already strained Zarma-Dagbamba alliance.
572:
country who had joined the Zarma since their early campaigns. Despite being a minority, the Zarma had been able to secure the services of their followers of different origins, coupled with a rather long-lasting loyalty. The latter in particular was the basis on which the power of the Zarma was built.
502:
merchants, through whom trade in Kong almost exclusively ran, refused the deal due to the ravages of
Samorian Sofa gang, which had not spared other Islamic believers on their raids. Kong had already allied itself with the French or did so now, and this amounted to a declaration of war against Samori.
493:
Babatu and Samori now found themselves caught between the
European colonial powers and sensed that their downfall was inevitable, especially after the British rejected a negotiation offer from Samori, and the French refused to negotiate with him, having militarily fought against him for years. Samori
295:
The strained relationship between the
Dagbamba and Zarma is evident in Isaka's demand that Alfa Gazari of the Zarma be appointed Uban Dawaki (cavalry of the Dagbon army) before the next expedition, which was generally rejected by the Dagbamba. Some time later, there was a definitive break between the
481:
marched northeast and occupied
Gambaga in Mamprusi land, located northwest of the Dagbamba core area. The British were eager to win over the Dagbamba king to their side, hoping he would conclude a protection and trade treaty with the British Empire. However, the Dagbon anti-European uprising failed,
453:
Prior to this, there had been an attempt at reconciliation between Samori and Babatu. Samori proposed an anti-European alliance to Babatu, which also included the
Ashanti king and the Gyaman kingdom's leadership. Although the Asantehene signaled his willingness to participate, Braimah, the new Imam
348:
The political result of this Zarma campaign was that the Bona (Boya) residing in the West Gonja area signed a friendship and protection treaty with the
British on April 12, 1894. Similarly, on May 4, 1894, the Dagarti signed a similar treaty with the British near Wa, and the Mamprussi signed one in
291:
Despite their small numbers, the Zarma mercenaries were highly valued allies in the Dagbon army because they were relatively well-armed and experienced riders who knew how to fight with a high degree of internal unity and mobility. However, they remained only in a guest role within the Dagbon armed
373:
to "punish" a "disobedient vassal," the Lalle Naba, with their support. Despite this, due to the onset of the rainy season, the approaching Zarma army was forced to retreat without reaching the capital of the Lalle Naba. Various contemporary witnesses unanimously explain that the Zarma left a deep
344:
From Wa, Babatu soon began a campaign into
Dagarti Land. However, he only reached Baire (Bayayiri), where the Zarma set up their camp. When attempting to capture the nearby city of Sankana, Babatu army's attack was successfully repelled. Despite the warning of his Mallams, Babatu was determined to
469:
and were actively seeking to win over the
Dagbamba king. His kingdom was the most economically powerful central power in the entire region, considering the convergence of crucial caravan routes. This alarmed the British as it posed an immediate threat that the Ashanti Empire's hinterland would be
651:
Tunifikedubu (also mentioned as Kaga Zarumin): Zarma; described as wealthy, temperamental, and one of the bravest warriors in the Zabarma army. He was Galadima for the politically sensitive Walembele region and also lived in exile in Dagbon, which was accepted by Babatu. His grave is located in
441:
Until then, both Samori and Babatu had avoided any confrontation with the French and had sought to cultivate relationships with the British. This approach initially worked out well for both of them since, as long as they did not pose a threat to the British government based in
374:
trail of destruction in their path. This Zarma raid also drove the remaining tribes of the Mossi Empire into the hands of the Europeans. As a result, the Mogho Naba (Mossi Emperor) signed a friendship and protection treaty with the British on July 2, 1894, in Ouagadougou.
446:, they were left alone. However, this changed with Babatu's campaigns into Mamprusi, Dagarti, and Mossi, and the local authorities' requests for European assistance. But it was Samori's crossing of the Black Volta with his eastern army, under the command of his son
406:
land were divided into British and German spheres of influence, dissolving the Neutral Zone. The north of Mamprusi land was allocated to French territory. The British's strategic goal was to prevent further German and French expansion into the hinterland of the
229:
was triggered by this uprising and the already existing general longing for a more just social order. Large parts of the population of Zarma Land turned to Islam during these years, which increasingly established itself as the main religion in these areas.
292:
forces, based solely on unpaid debts of various Dagbon chiefs. In addition, the Zarma became increasingly unpopular in Dagbon due to their committed involvement in Dagbon's internal affairs. Property disputes also arose between Alfa Hanno and the Ya Naa.
276:, and his sons, and "punitive expeditions" were organized against neighboring peoples under the pretext that they had supported the other side. The Zarma participated as mercenaries in these expeditions, primarily in the campaigns of Adama, the then Na
534:. The survivors of this battle then fled south, prompting the British to take military action against them in October 1897. The fighting lasted until June 1898, when the last resistance of Babatu's former private army was finally defeated.
329:. However, he found the city largely deserted, as much of the population had fled. Those who remained in the city hastily fled as Babatu's troops approached. The Zarma pursued the fleeing population and engaged in another battle near
260:
chiefs took their time paying for their horses, which led the Zarma to settle in Dagbon until they were paid for. During this time, Alfa Hanno and Alfa Gazari arrived in Dagbon after dedicating themselves to religious studies in the
222:. In 1860, there was an uprising against the occupying power in and around Kebbi with the help of other ethnic groups. The Zarma rebelled and succeeded in regaining political power and largely driving the Fulanis out of the country.
523:. This move was intended to prevent the French and Germans from occupying the lands north of Ashanti as they battled against the pirate kings. However, this also meant that Babatu's army was cut off from their route back south.
426:(west of Ashanti), the Dagbamba began a rebellion that was directed mainly against the Europeans' efforts to gain political dominance in the Dagbon kingdom. Prior to this, the French had already reached the northern borders of
233:
Due to the general devastation as a result of the "warlike" events and the resulting failures in vital areas of economic production, numerous Zarma increasingly concentrated on trade outside their national borders.
218:(1790–1809) and was partially conquered by the Fulani jihadists. With the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1809, parts of the Zarma Land became known as the Emirate of Kebbi; Western Province of the New
296:
Zarma and Dagbon, as the Ya Naa sent troops to the Zarma to first emphasize his own property demands. Subsequently, at the time of Alfa Gazari's inauguration as Hanno's successor, Andani, the chief of
548:
At this point, the area north of Ashanti and east of the Black Volta was free of slave raiders. However, it's worth noting that the Zabarma Emirate no longer existed as a united entity at that time.
438:, established on June 16, 1895. However, there was no final agreement at that time on the delineation of borders between these areas and the other European colonial powers' spheres of interest.
369:
and Zarma had otherwise remained distant from each other. However, this action had a background: Wobogo, the Moro Naba of Ouagadougou, had previously brought Zarma warriors into the country as
341:. However, envoys of the Wala king who went to negotiate with Babatu were murdered by the Zarma. Babatu then had the city of Wa occupied and established his new headquarters there.
325:. Both sides also had religious support from prominent Islamic leaders, known as “Mallams”. Babatu and his troops eventually emerged victorious and occupied the city of
556:
From an ethnic point of view, the Zabarma Emirate was a very heterogeneous entity in which the Zarma who founded the state were actually only a minority. It was mainly
172:
in Niger, a place that had been Muslim far longer than most of the other areas the Zabarma leadership came from, most of which became Muslim only in the 1850s or so.
273:
994:
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462:, rejected the proposal despite a generous offer to his person. The Zarma Mallams also threatened to withdraw their support if Babatu accepted Samori's offer.
1139:
1164:
1134:
520:
700:
Hamma Zuma (also known as "Salaga"): he had important relationships with Salaga, which was then a thriving trading center in the Gonja Empire.
662:
Alabira: Zarma; probably the most prominent of the leadership advisory Mallams. He was also the spokesperson for all Mallams in the Emirate.
634:(In the Zabarma State, Galadima was the title of the governor or deputy governor of an "important region" and the title is of Hausa origin.
1129:
756:
alternative Bezeichnungen und Schreibvarianten: Zarma, Dyerma, Dyabarma, Zabarima, Zamberba, Djemabe oder in ähnlichen Schreibweisen; die
269:. The Zarma in Dagbon chose Hanno as their leader, and he later became the leader of all Zarma who lived outside their homeland in Niger.
973:
927:
781:
728:
Holden, J. J. "THE ZABARIMA CONQUEST OF NORTH-WEST GHANA PART I." Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana 8 (1965): 60–86.
1144:
963:
771:
210:
Although the Zarma have been consistently subject to Islamic influences since then, they have been able to withstand extensive
1154:
829:
735:
Wilks, Ivor. "'He Was With Them': Malam Abu On The Zaberma Of The Middle Volta Basin." Sudanic Africa 4 (1993): 213–22.
917:
526:
Together with their local allies, the French successfully defeated Babatu and his Zarma army on March 14, 1897, at
383:
1159:
1149:
1124:
214:
for centuries. So it is not surprising that the Zarma Land was one of the primary goals in the great jihad of
584:, apart from the later settled group. The current head of the Zarma in Ghana, however, still bears the title
477:
on the northwest border of the Ashanti heartland, while simultaneously a British military detachment led by
431:
478:
610:
Gazari or Alfa Gazare dan Mahama (referred to as Gazari in colonial literature): Zarma; originally from
757:
447:
411:. However, they first needed to quickly eliminate the state structures of warlords like Babatu and
357:
In order to avoid an open confrontation with the British, Babatu turned northward and invaded the
1095:
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1021:
893:
885:
618:
Babatu or Mahama dan Issa (referred to as Babatu in colonial literature): Zarma; originally from
611:
435:
195:
After the Songhai campaign of 1516, some of them had settled in the newly conquered kingdom of
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969:
942:
923:
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527:
253:
243:
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877:
531:
165:
61:
718:
Hamma Giwa: Zarma; he was killed during the disastrous Zabarma advance on the Black Volta.
569:
483:
474:
403:
338:
215:
412:
706:
682:
Hamma Bruntaka: Zarma; initially, he was also an opponent of Babatu's seizure of power.
408:
395:
358:
285:
257:
200:
189:
185:
333:, in which Babatu's troops again emerged victorious. From here, the Zarma invaded the
149:
ethnicity from which the Emirate is named, originated in an area now in the nation of
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897:
419:
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219:
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134:
was an Islamic state that existed from the 1860s to 1897 in what is today parts of
119:
605:
Hanno or Alfa Hano dan Tadano (referred to as Hanno in colonial literature): Zarma
819:
643:
619:
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495:
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370:
362:
326:
318:
314:
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158:
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Wonkoi: Zarma; an influential advisor despite having a subordinate position in
443:
695:
Takubaba: Zarma; he had already accompanied Alfa Gazari on the way to Dagbon.
512:
455:
330:
713:
Empire, who had a colony in Yendi since the late 18th/early 19th century.
642:, and was Galadima for the Dagarti, Pougouli, and Bobo regions along the
639:
494:
decided to create political facts of his own and sent negotiators to the
297:
281:
1099:
1089:
736:
729:
638:
Isaka dan Aljima (also known as "Isaka Karaga"): Zarma; originally from
538:
530:. The rest of Babatu's troops were defeated again on June 23, 1897, at
399:
334:
1069:
1045:
1025:
1009:
889:
865:
465:
At that time, the Germans were expanding further north to the east of
804:
is the title of the King of Dagomba. At that time, Yakuba reigned as
710:
466:
427:
423:
391:
387:
322:
272:
Dagbon was also engulfed in a civil war between Yakuba, the reigning
266:
154:
1061:
576:
Today, the descendants of the founders of the Zabarma Emirate, the
402:
spheres of influence. As a result, the Dagbamba and large parts of
581:
487:
226:
196:
150:
135:
114:
37:
313:
In 1890, Zarma troops invaded Wala. In the subsequent Battle of
490:, the following day, and destroying much of it in the process.
470:
divided by European competition without British involvement.
866:"Late nineteenth-century military technology in Upper Volta"
588:
and is a relative of the patrilineal lineage of the Babatu.
511:
In early 1897, tensions between the British and French over
709:; he likely had a connection to the Mallams of the Massina
1091:
The Zabarma conquests on the Gold Coast and in Upper Volta
1046:"The Samorian occupation of Bondoukou: an indigenous view"
519:
prompted the British to establish the protectorate of the
203:
in 1591, there was again a major wave of migration by the
145:
The leaders of the Zabarma Emirate, who belonged to the
1050:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
537:
As the British military presence continued to grow in
321:
King Bazori faced off against 9,000 Zarma warriors of
252:
warriors, among others, also made their way into the
821:
Die Geschichte und das Herrschaftssystem der Dagomba
691:
Tunifikedubu's army. His grave is located in Yendi.
107:
93:
83:
71:
55:
43:
33:
21:
337:, triggering a general movement of people towards
16:Islamic state in modern-day Ghana and Burkina Faso
773:The Zabarima conquest of North-West Ghana, Part I
776:, Polish Scientific Publishers, pp. 60–86,
430:and assigned the territory they occupied to the
180:The founders of the Zabarma Emirate were Muslim
473:In 1896, the British established a garrison at
580:(Zabarma, Zamrama) live across the country of
498:in 1894 to purchase weapons. However, muslim
482:and German troops defeated their army in the
8:
1010:"The Northern Territories of the Gold Coast"
486:on December 4, 1896, occupying the capital,
256:, initially appearing as horse traders. The
993:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
947:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
849:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
672:Baba Limam: Zarma; likely the Friday Imam.
595:Significant leaders of the Zabarma Emirate
164:The key moving force behind the state was
18:
394:discussed a possible border between the
749:
552:Ethnic Diversity in the Zabarma Emirate
986:
965:Historical Dictionary of Cote d'Ivoire
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842:
521:Northern Territories of the Gold Coast
737:https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653233
730:https://www.jstor.org/stable/41403569
353:Campaign to the North into Mossi-Land
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82:
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7:
1014:Journal of the Royal African Society
705:Daramani Kago: originally from the
677:Other significant military leaders:
626:Other high-ranking state officials
225:The genesis of their conversion to
422:and British were arguing over the
14:
1140:1890s disestablishments in Africa
386:negotiations, the governments in
378:Babatu, Samori, and the Europeans
309:Campaign to Wala and Dagarti Land
568:, and members of the peoples of
1165:Countries in precolonial Africa
1088:Pilaszewicz, Stanislaw (1991),
365:with his army, even though the
1135:1860s establishments in Africa
919:Historical Dictionary of Ghana
870:The Journal of African History
515:and the areas surrounding the
1:
280:, and Abudullai, the then Na
1008:Watherstone, A.E.G. (1908),
864:Echenberg, Myron J. (1971),
541:and other areas east of the
248:During this time, groups of
1130:Former monarchies of Africa
916:Owusu-Ansah, David (1995),
153:, in an area south-east of
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818:Benzing, Brigitta (1971),
384:Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty
241:
199:. After the defeat of the
962:Mundt, Robert J. (1995),
882:10.1017/S0021853700010653
808:of Dagomba (r. 1849–1864)
349:Gambaga on May 28, 1894.
317:, 12,000 warriors of the
103:
79:
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51:
28:
1044:Muhammad, Akbar (1977),
760:-Bezeichnung ist Zabarma
157:on the east side of the
1145:History of Burkina Faso
432:Upper Senegal and Niger
304:Campaigns and Conquests
479:Donald William Stewart
95:• Disestablished
1155:19th century in Ghana
770:Holden, J.J. (1965),
434:, which was part of
184:, a subgroup of the
323:Emir Babatu dan Isa
85:• Established
586:Sarkin Zabaramawa'
436:French West Africa
207:to these regions.
458:north od present
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244:Kingdom of Dagbon
238:Kingdom of Dagbon
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108:Today part of
106:
102:
98:
88:
74:
70:
66:
63:
60:
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27:
20:
1103:, retrieved
1090:
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1029:, retrieved
1017:
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964:
957:
933:, retrieved
918:
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772:
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578:Zarma people
575:
555:
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510:
492:
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417:
413:Samori Touré
381:
359:Mossi Empire
356:
347:
343:
335:Dagarti Land
312:
294:
290:
286:Gurunsi land
271:
247:
232:
224:
212:Islamization
209:
194:
179:
163:
144:
140:Burkina Faso
131:
129:
120:Burkina Faso
57:• 1860
644:Volta river
543:Black Volta
517:Black Volta
496:Kong Empire
460:Ivory Coast
371:mercenaries
363:Ouagadougou
159:Niger River
1119:Categories
1105:2023-03-04
1075:2023-03-04
1031:2023-03-04
981:2023-03-04
968:, London,
935:2023-03-04
922:, London,
903:2023-03-04
837:2023-03-04
831:3445008019
789:2023-03-04
744:References
444:Cape Coast
418:While the
898:154628133
630:Galadima:
513:Bondoukou
456:Bondoukou
192:dialect.
34:Religion
29:1860–1897
1100:25653233
989:citation
943:citation
845:citation
657:Mallams:
640:Kirtachi
620:N'Dounga
528:Gandiogo
475:Kintampo
404:Mamprusi
298:Savelugu
282:Kumbungu
258:Dagbamba
170:N'Dounga
723:Sources
570:Gurunsi
539:Gambaga
396:British
186:Songhai
176:History
72:History
1098:
1070:217348
1068:
1026:714630
1024:
972:
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896:
890:180881
888:
828:
780:
758:Haussa
711:Fulani
652:Yendi.
600:Emirs:
562:Fulani
532:Doucie
467:Dagbon
428:Dagbon
420:French
400:German
392:Berlin
388:London
278:Karaga
274:Ya Naa
267:Salaga
166:Babatu
155:Niamey
75:
62:Babatu
47:
1096:JSTOR
1066:JSTOR
1022:JSTOR
894:S2CID
886:JSTOR
806:Ya Na
802:Ya Na
582:Ghana
566:Mossi
558:Hausa
500:Dyula
488:Yendi
367:Mossi
263:Gonja
250:Zarma
227:Islam
205:Zarma
197:Kebbi
190:Zarma
182:Zarma
151:Niger
147:Zarma
136:Ghana
115:Ghana
38:Islam
995:link
970:ISBN
949:link
924:ISBN
851:link
826:ISBN
778:ISBN
612:Kara
507:Fall
398:and
390:and
339:Wala
327:Nasa
319:Wala
315:Nasa
138:and
130:The
99:1897
89:1860
1058:doi
878:doi
454:of
361:of
284:in
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