415:
900:
severity of illness was suspected to correlate with genetic differences in the victims. This has been difficult to study in animal models that respond to the virus with hemorrhagic fever in a similar manner as humans, because typical mouse models do not so respond, and the required large numbers of appropriate test subjects are not easily available. In late
October 2014, a publication reported a study of the response to a mouse-adapted strain of Zaire ebolavirus presented by a genetically diverse population of mice that was bred to have a range of responses to the virus that includes fatality from hemorrhagic fever.
48:
772:
813:(sGP) precursor is cleaved to sGP and delta peptide, both of which are released from the cell. As viral protein levels rise, a switch occurs from translation to replication. Using the negative-sense genomic RNA as a template, a complementary +ssRNA is synthesized; this is then used as a template for the synthesis of new genomic (-)ssRNA, which is rapidly encapsidated. The newly formed nucleocapsids and envelope proteins associate at the host cell's plasma membrane;
404:
67:
705:
6229:
6259:
5440:
6269:
487:
leader – NP – VP35 – VP40 – GP/sGP – VP30 – VP24 – L – trailer – 5′; with the leader and trailer being non-transcribed regions, which carry important signals to control transcription, replication, and packaging of the viral genomes into new virions. Sections of the NP, VP35 and the L genes from filoviruses have been identified as endogenous in the genomes of several groups of small mammals.
4396:
763:. TIM1 is expressed in tissues known to be seriously impacted by EBOV lysis (trachea, cornea, and conjunctiva). A monoclonal antibody against the IgV domain of TIM-1, ARD5, blocked EBOV binding and infection. Together, these studies suggest NPC1 and TIM-1 may be potential therapeutic targets for an Ebola anti-viral drug and as a basis for a rapid field diagnostic assay.
6249:
6239:
5430:
896:
previously been affected by the disease. The toll was particularly grave in three countries: Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. A few cases were also reported in countries outside of West Africa, all related to international travelers who were exposed in the most affected regions and later showed symptoms of Ebola fever after reaching their destinations.
1198:– Makona variant caused the 2014 West Africa outbreak. The outbreak was characterized by the longest instance of human-to-human transmission of the viral species. Pressures to adapt to the human host were seen at this time, however, no phenotypic changes in the virus (such as increased transmission, increased immune evasion by the virus) were seen.
1029:"). In 2011, the ICTV explicitly rejected a proposal (2010.010bV) to recognize this name, as ICTV does not designate names for subtypes, variants, strains, or other subspecies level groupings. At present, ICTV does not officially recognize "Ebola virus" as a taxonomic rank, but rather continues to use and recommend only the species designation
935:
834:, so other interim or amplifying hosts may exist. Ebola virus outbreaks tend to occur when temperatures are lower and humidity is higher than usual for Africa. Even after a person recovers from the acute phase of the disease, Ebola virus survives for months in certain organs such as the eyes and testes.
895:
Since the first recorded clinical description of the disease during 1976 in Zaire, the recent Ebola outbreak that started in March 2014, in addition, reached epidemic proportions and has killed more than 8000 people as of
January 2015. This outbreak was centered in West Africa, an area that had not
829:
pathogen. Intermediary hosts have been reported to be "various species of fruit bats ... throughout central and sub-Saharan Africa". Evidence of infection in bats has been detected through molecular and serologic means. However, ebolaviruses have not been isolated in bats. End hosts are humans
739:
individuals lacking this transporter were exposed to Ebola virus in the laboratory, the cells survived and appeared impervious to the virus, further indicating that Ebola relies on NPC1 to enter cells; mutations in the NPC1 gene in humans were conjectured as a possible mode to make some individuals
502:
technology, investigators were able to sequence samples as quickly as 48 hours. Like other RNA viruses, Ebola virus mutates rapidly, both within a person during the progression of disease and in the reservoir among the local human population. The observed mutation rate of 2.0 x 10 substitutions per
812:
These viral proteins are processed: a glycoprotein precursor (GP0) is cleaved to GP1 and GP2, which are then heavily glycosylated using cellular enzymes and substrates. These two molecules assemble, first into heterodimers, and then into trimers to give the surface peplomers. Secreted glycoprotein
486:
Each virion contains one molecule of linear, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA, 18,959 to 18,961 nucleotides in length. The 3′ terminus is not polyadenylated and the 5′ end is not capped. This viral genome codes for seven structural proteins and one non-structural protein. The gene order is 3′ –
478:-shapes, or other or circular/coiled appearances), the origin of which may be in the laboratory techniques applied. The characteristic "threadlike" structure is, however, a more general morphologic characteristic of filoviruses (alongside their GP-decorated viral envelope, RNA nucleocapsid, etc.).
497:
It was found that 472 nucleotides from the 3' end and 731 nucleotides from the 5' end are sufficient for replication of a viral "minigenome", though not sufficient for infection. Virus sequencing from 78 patients with confirmed Ebola virus disease, representing more than 70% of cases diagnosed in
899:
The severity of the disease in humans varies widely, from rapid fatality to mild illness or even asymptomatic response. Studies of outbreaks in the late twentieth century failed to find a correlation between the disease severity and the genetic nature of the virus. Hence the variability in the
1175:
remained constant before 1900. Then, around the 1960s, most likely due to climate change or human activities, the genetic diversity of the virus dropped rapidly and most lineages became extinct. As the number of susceptible hosts declines, so does the effective population size and its genetic
852:
of these ebolaviruses, averaging 83 percent since the first outbreaks in 1976, although a fatality rate of up to 90 percent was recorded in one outbreak in the
Republic of the Congo between December 2002 and April 2003. There have also been more outbreaks of Zaire ebolavirus than of any other
775:
Cross-sectional drawing of the Ebola virus particle, with structures of the major proteins shown and labeled at the side. Pale circles represent domains too flexible to be observed in the experimental structure. Drawn by David
Goodsell from PDB files 3csy, 4ldd, 4qb0, 3vne, 3fke, and
780:
Being acellular, viruses such as Ebola do not replicate through any type of cell division; rather, they use a combination of host- and virally encoded enzymes, alongside host cell structures, to produce multiple copies of themselves. These then self-assemble into viral
809:. Encapsidated, negative-sense genomic ssRNA is used as a template for the synthesis (3'–5') of polyadenylated, monocistronic mRNAs and, using the host cell's ribosomes, tRNA molecules, etc., the mRNA is translated into individual viral proteins.
1191:
lineages likely took place between 1996 and 2001 in wild apes giving rise to recombinant progeny viruses. These recombinant viruses appear to have been responsible for a series of outbreaks among humans in
Central Africa in 2001–2003.
3546:
Netesov SV, Feldmann H, Jahrling PB, Klenk HD, Sanchez A (2000). "Family
Filoviridae". In van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB (eds.).
3450:
748:. A further study has also presented evidence that NPC1 is the critical receptor mediating Ebola infection via its direct binding to the viral GP, and that it is the second "lysosomal" domain of NPC1 that mediates this binding.
442:
of the virion is derived by budding from domains of host cell membrane into which the GP spikes have been inserted during their biosynthesis. Individual GP molecules appear with spacings of about 10 nm. Viral proteins
55:
Colorized scanning electron micrograph of Ebola virus particles (green) found both as extracellular particles and budding particles from a chronically infected
African Green Monkey Kidney cell (blue); 20,000x magnification
4632:
492:
6504:
1236:: A 1994 best-selling book by Richard Preston about Ebola virus and related viruses, including an account of the outbreak of an Ebolavirus in primates housed in a quarantine facility in Reston, Virginia, USA
3615:
Feldmann H, Geisbert TW, Jahrling PB, Klenk HD, Netesov SV, Peters CJ, Sanchez A, Swanepoel R, Volchkov VE (2005). "Family
Filoviridae". In Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (eds.).
2706:
Miller EH, Obernosterer G, Raaben M, Herbert AS, Deffieu MS, Krishnan A, Ndungo E, Sandesara RG, Carette JE, Kuehne AI, Ruthel G, Pfeffer SR, Dye JM, Whelan SP, Brummelkamp TR, Chandran K (March 2012).
3356:"Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola Ça Suffit!)"
3682:
2480:
Carette JE, Raaben M, Wong AC, Herbert AS, Obernosterer G, Mulherkar N, Kuehne AI, Kranzusch PJ, Griffin AM, Ruthel G, Dal Cin P, Dye JM, Whelan SP, Chandran K, Brummelkamp TR (September 2011).
3955:
Wittmann TJ, Biek R, Hassanin A, Rouquet P, Reed P, Yaba P, Pourrut X, Real LA, Gonzalez JP, Leroy EM. "Isolates of Zaire ebolavirus from wild apes reveal genetic lineage and recombinants".
4712:
4707:
1575:
785:
in the host cell. The virus completes a set of steps when infecting each individual cell. The virus begins its attack by attaching to host receptors through the glycoprotein (GP) surface
438:(GP) projecting as 7–10 nm long spikes from its lipid bilayer surface. The cylinders are of variable length, typically 800 nm, but sometimes up to 1000 nm long. The outer
5172:
3438:
1498:
Bowen ETW, Lloyd G, Harris WJ, Platt GS, Baskerville A, Vella EE (1977). "Viral haemorrhagic fever in southern Sudan and northern Zaire. Preliminary studies on the aetiological agent".
865:. Transmission has been attributed to reuse of unsterilized needles and close personal contact, body fluids and places where the person has touched. During the 1976 Ebola outbreak in
3273:
3252:
name: S. Reardan.; N Engl. J Med. (2014) " The first nine months of the epidemic and projection, Ebola virus disease in west Africa". archive of Ebola
Response Team. 511(75.11):520
381:
720:
showed an 80 percent survival rate fifteen days after exposure to mouse-adapted Ebola virus, while only 10 percent of unmodified mice survived this long. In another study,
4637:
6362:
5177:
2633:
2542:
716:), which appears to be essential for entry of Ebola virions into the host cell and for its ultimate replication. In one study, mice with one copy of the NPC1 gene
1065:
947:
3170:
491:
6431:
6375:
5162:
498:
Sierra Leone from late May to mid-June 2014, provided evidence that the 2014 outbreak was no longer being fed by new contacts with its natural reservoir. Using
1620:
2816:
1025:, with the corresponding abbreviation EBOV. Previous abbreviations for the virus were EBOV-Z (for "Ebola virus Zaire") and ZEBOV (for "Zaire Ebola virus" or "
5167:
4216:
6514:
5152:
1021:" in parallel. Consequently, in 2010, a group of researchers recommended that the name "Ebola virus" be adopted for a subclassification within the species
459:
or 5′-capping (see following); the RNA is helically wound and complexed with the NP, VP35, VP30, and L proteins; this helix has a diameter of 80 nm.
5758:
4627:
4108:
385:
470:, respectively) varies considerably; simple cylinders are far less prevalent than structures showing reversed direction, branches, and loops (e.g., U-,
3686:
6099:
4687:
1080:, and to be preceded by the word "species". The names of its members (Zaire ebolaviruses) are to be capitalized, are not italicized, and used without
4717:
3013:"Human Ebola virus infection in West Africa: a review of available therapeutic agents that target different steps of the life cycle of Ebola virus"
5698:
1587:
874:
3416:
890:, diarrhea with blood, retrosternal abdominal pain, prostration with "heavy" articulations, and rapid evolution death after a mean of three days.
2846:"Cellular Entry of Ebola Virus Involves Uptake by a Macropinocytosis-Like Mechanism and Subsequent Trafficking through Early and Late Endosomes"
5116:
4682:
3503:
Johnson KM, Webb PA, Lange JV, Murphy FA (1977). "Isolation and partial characterisation of a new virus causing haemorrhagic fever in Zambia".
3439:"First FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus disease, marking a critical milestone in public health preparedness and response"
1450:
Pattyn S, Jacob W, van der Groen G, Piot P, Courteille G (1977). "Isolation of
Marburg-like virus from a case of haemorrhagic fever in Zaire".
4574:
3991:
1777:
6479:
5998:
5020:
4672:
4622:
261:
4430:
ICTV Files and Discussions – Discussion forum and file distribution for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
3263:
712:
There are two candidates for host cell entry proteins. The first is a cholesterol transporter protein, the host-encoded Niemann–Pick C1 (
3231:
2422:
Jenkins GM, Rambaut A, Pybus OG, Holmes EC (2002). "Rates of molecular evolution in RNA viruses: A quantitative phylogenetic analysis".
830:
and great apes, infected through bat contact or through other end hosts. Pigs in the Philippines have been reported to be infected with
414:
6134:
5476:
5157:
4642:
4462:
4287:
4164:
4072:
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3625:
3556:
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2281:
2049:
1810:
1740:
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4457:
6252:
736:
4352:
Pacheco, Daniela Alexandra de Meneses Rocha; Rodrigues, Acácio Agostinho Gonçalves; Silva, Carmen Maria Lisboa da (October 2016).
4315:
1707:
1546:
4441:
2163:"Unexpected Inheritance: Multiple Integrations of Ancient Bornavirus and Ebolavirus/Marburgvirus Sequences in Vertebrate Genomes"
1107:
272:
4030:
4657:
4617:
1289:"Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations"
997:
4468:
6499:
6124:
5558:
4652:
4247:
4178:
2082:
1746:
740:
resistant to this deadly viral disease. The same studies described similar results regarding NPC1's role in virus entry for
5443:
3196:
377:
2969:
2624:
2571:
Côté M, Misasi J, Ren T, Bruchez A, Lee K, Filone CM, Hensley L, Li Q, Ory D, Chandran K, Cunningham J (September 2011).
2533:
6104:
4677:
3481:
3444:
1037:
Ebola virus, variant Mayinga (EBOV/May), was named for Mayinga N'Seka, a nurse who died during the 1976 Zaire outbreak.
989:
923:
354:
5748:
5433:
6509:
6474:
4951:
4662:
4647:
3163:
1583:
499:
4432:
3713:
1423:
6436:
2758:"T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) is a receptor for Zaire Ebolavirus and Lake Victoria Marburgvirus"
1610:
66:
6484:
6380:
5728:
4941:
4499:
4487:
2822:
755:). TIM-1 was shown to bind to the receptor binding domain of the EBOV glycoprotein, to increase the receptivity of
314:. The members of the species are called Zaire ebolaviruses. The natural reservoir of Ebola virus is believed to be
4208:
3784:
Kesel AJ, Huang Z, Murray MG, Prichard MN, Caboni L, Nevin DK, Fayne D, Lloyd DG, Detorio MA, Schinazi RF (2014).
6469:
6157:
4567:
369:
455:, which is composed of a series of viral proteins attached to an 18–19 kb linear, negative-sense RNA without 3′-
6494:
5949:
5871:
5866:
5786:
5546:
4102:
4791:
1287:
Kuhn JH, Becker S, Ebihara H, Geisbert TW, Johnson KM, Kawaoka Y, Lipkin WI, Negredo AI, et al. (2010).
1017:. However, most scientific articles continued to refer to "Ebola virus" or used the terms "Ebola virus" and "
5929:
5903:
4604:
782:
346:
342:
276:
245:
1252:
terrorist attack on the United States using an airborne form of a deadly Ebola virus named "Ebola Mayinga".
6289:
5521:
5469:
4963:
1919:
Falasca L, Agrati C, Petrosillo N, Di Caro A, Capobianchi MR, Ippolito G, Piacentini M (4 December 2016).
1393:
771:
283:. The virus was renamed "Ebola virus" in 2010 to avoid confusion. Ebola virus is the single member of the
30:
3683:"Replace the species name Lake Victoria marburgvirus with Marburg marburgvirus in the genus Marburgvirus"
6459:
6172:
6058:
6031:
6004:
5956:
5910:
5605:
5439:
5270:
4751:
4732:
3737:"Role of Ebola Virus Secreted Glycoproteins and Virus-Like Particles in Activation of Human Macrophages"
1184:
1115:
6327:
2214:"Evidence that ebolaviruses and cuevaviruses have been diverging from marburgviruses since the Miocene"
618:
Shares ORF with GP. Cleaved by host furin into sGP (anti-inflammatory) and delta-peptide (viroporin).
47:
3406:
848:
Zaire ebolavirus is one of the four ebolaviruses known to cause disease in humans. It has the highest
6349:
6192:
6152:
6019:
5833:
5828:
5808:
5743:
5595:
5194:
4560:
4477:
3310:
2769:
2584:
2493:
2431:
2378:
2321:
2115:
1655:
61:
3549:
Virus Taxonomy – Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
3124:"Association between temperature, humidity and ebolavirus disease outbreaks in Africa, 1976 to 2014"
6272:
6214:
6197:
5856:
5573:
5111:
4837:
4797:
4727:
4722:
4612:
3618:
Virus Taxonomy – Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
1177:
843:
471:
467:
463:
257:
26:
6258:
3983:
6162:
6119:
6109:
5898:
5851:
5818:
5813:
5563:
5541:
5410:
5393:
4983:
4923:
4124:
3935:
3823:
3664:
3597:
3528:
3104:
2985:
2688:
2455:
1836:
1523:
1475:
1051:
1001:
857:. The first recorded case was Mabalo Lokela, a 44‑year-old schoolteacher. The symptoms resembled
849:
430:, matrix, and nucleocapsid components. The overall cylinders are generally approximately 80
5377:
5360:
4405:
6367:
6489:
6336:
6232:
6114:
6084:
6063:
6026:
6009:
5924:
5888:
5878:
5773:
5693:
5637:
5600:
5585:
5526:
5493:
5462:
5307:
5003:
4978:
4692:
4375:
4293:
4283:
4253:
4243:
4170:
4160:
4078:
4068:
4020:
3964:
3927:
3875:
3815:
3766:
3621:
3589:
3552:
3520:
3387:
3336:
3301:
3145:
3096:
3052:
3034:
2959:
2934:
2916:
2877:
2797:
2738:
2680:
2610:
2519:
2447:
2404:
2396:
2347:
2312:
2308:"Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during the 2014 outbreak"
2245:
2194:
2143:
2045:
2017:
1999:
1958:
1940:
1901:
1883:
1824:
1816:
1806:
1773:
1736:
1681:
1515:
1467:
1375:
1357:
1318:
1081:
798:
728:
glycoprotein (GP) from binding to NPC1. Hence, NPC1 was shown to be critical to entry of this
600:
Cleaved by host furin into GP1/2 to form envelope with spikes. Also makes shed GP as a decoy.
407:
403:
260:(EVD). Ebola virus has caused the majority of human deaths from EVD, and was the cause of the
6422:
3846:"Molecular Evolution of Viruses of the Family Filoviridae Based on 97 Whole-Genome Sequences"
3735:
Wahl-Jensen V, Kurz SK, Hazelton PR, Schnittler HJ, Stroher U, Burton DR, Feldmann H (2005).
3223:
1644:"The spatio-temporal distribution dynamics of Ebola virus proteins and RNA in infected cells"
1176:
diversity. This genetic bottleneck effect has implications for the species' ability to cause
5934:
5919:
5796:
5671:
5627:
5063:
4777:
4757:
4667:
4365:
3917:
3909:
3865:
3857:
3805:
3797:
3756:
3748:
3654:
3581:
3512:
3377:
3369:
3326:
3318:
3135:
3086:
3042:
3024:
2924:
2908:
2867:
2857:
2787:
2777:
2728:
2720:
2670:
2600:
2592:
2509:
2501:
2439:
2386:
2337:
2329:
2235:
2225:
2184:
2174:
2133:
2123:
2007:
1989:
1948:
1932:
1891:
1875:
1798:
1671:
1663:
1507:
1459:
1365:
1349:
1308:
1300:
1244:
1152:
967:
919:
297:
199:
2267:
410:
comparing ebolaviruses and marburgviruses. Numbers indicate percent confidence of branches.
6262:
6207:
6068:
6053:
6036:
5976:
5971:
5915:
5893:
5590:
5536:
5516:
5043:
5035:
4998:
4993:
4481:
4436:
4136:
2997:
2086:
1848:
980:
976:
456:
392:
373:
310:
306:
139:
115:
3197:"Clinical Aspects of Ebola Virus Disease at the Ngaliema Hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire, 1976"
3140:
3123:
2709:"Ebola virus entry requires the host-programmed recognition of an intracellular receptor"
2573:"Small molecule inhibitors reveal Niemann-Pick C1 is essential for Ebola virus infection"
4401:
4323:
3314:
2773:
2588:
2497:
2435:
2382:
2325:
2119:
1659:
6464:
6094:
6048:
5861:
5791:
5610:
5053:
5008:
4968:
4697:
3922:
3897:
3870:
3845:
3810:
3785:
3382:
3355:
3331:
3296:
3268:
3199:. European Network for Diagnostics of "Imported" Viral Diseases (ENIVD). Archived from
3047:
3012:
2929:
2896:
2872:
2845:
2792:
2757:
2733:
2708:
2605:
2572:
2514:
2481:
2342:
2307:
2272:
2240:
2213:
2189:
2162:
2138:
2103:
2012:
1977:
1953:
1920:
1896:
1863:
1699:
1676:
1643:
1642:
Nanbo, Asuka; Watanabe, Shinji; Halfmann, Peter; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro (4 February 2013).
1615:
1542:
1370:
1337:
1313:
1288:
1156:
1073:
1034:
922:), making it the first vaccine against the disease. VSV-EBOV was approved by the U.S.
814:
725:
721:
447:
and VP24 are located between the envelope and the nucleocapsid (see following), in the
439:
427:
423:
127:
4453:
4419:
3761:
3736:
3516:
3373:
2080:
Zaire ebolavirus isolate H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-Kissidougou-C15, complete genome
1511:
1463:
704:
6453:
6177:
5966:
5961:
5823:
5763:
5666:
5200:
4988:
4946:
4918:
4895:
4832:
4150:
4057:
4052:
4014:
2277:
1571:
1217:
943:
909:
794:
741:
717:
690:
361:
338:
280:
244:. Four of the six known ebolaviruses, including EBOV, cause a severe and often fatal
103:
4276:
3827:
3752:
3668:
3601:
3532:
3297:"Host genetic diversity enables Ebola hemorrhagic fever pathogenesis and resistance"
2692:
2459:
1732:
Virus Taxonomy – Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
1479:
881:, where he recorded the first clinical description of the disease in his daily log:
322:, and it is primarily transmitted between humans and from animals to humans through
6341:
6242:
6182:
6167:
5993:
5718:
5568:
5553:
5499:
5344:
5328:
5312:
5250:
5136:
5029:
4973:
4765:
4311:
4194:
4088:
3939:
3786:"Retinazone inhibits certain blood-borne human viruses including Ebola virus Zaire"
3108:
1527:
1232:
1121:
870:
831:
802:
452:
435:
388:
365:
1013:
In 1998, the virus name was changed to "Zaire Ebola virus" and in 2002 to species
6407:
4154:
2862:
2179:
2079:
1730:
264:, which resulted in at least 28,646 suspected cases and 11,323 confirmed deaths.
6416:
6321:
6041:
5986:
5883:
5738:
5713:
5531:
5223:
5121:
4885:
4842:
4827:
4783:
4584:
4465:– Genomic and other research data about Ebola and other human pathogenic viruses
4370:
4353:
3200:
2161:
Belyi, V. A.; Levine, A. J.; Skalka, A. M. (2010). Buchmeier, Michael J. (ed.).
1802:
1249:
1077:
1061:
985:
971:
887:
790:
462:
The overall shape of the virions after purification and visualization (e.g., by
301:
151:
6312:
6129:
3643:"ICTV at the Paris ICV: results of the plenary session and the binomial ballot"
2762:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1976:
Swetha, Rayapadi G.; Ramaiah, Sudha; Anbarasu, Anand; Sekar, Kanagaraj (2016).
6014:
5981:
5753:
5703:
5688:
5683:
5676:
5661:
5651:
5290:
5205:
5072:
4956:
4900:
4867:
4594:
4271:
3913:
3360:
3264:"Genes Influence How Mice React to Ebola, Study Says in 'Significant Advance'"
2953:
2443:
1304:
1239:
1094:
962:
760:
756:
330:
323:
292:
240:
163:
22:
3473:
3038:
2920:
2912:
2400:
2128:
2003:
1978:"Ebolavirus Database: Gene and Protein Information Resource for Ebolaviruses"
1944:
1887:
1820:
1361:
1353:
6202:
5944:
5939:
5803:
5781:
5656:
5620:
4877:
4297:
4257:
4174:
4082:
4064:
3322:
2782:
2333:
1415:
1207:
1171:
diverged from its ancestors between 1960 and 1976. The genetic diversity of
806:
745:
729:
504:
431:
91:
4379:
3968:
3931:
3879:
3819:
3770:
3391:
3340:
3149:
3100:
3056:
3029:
2938:
2881:
2801:
2742:
2684:
2614:
2523:
2451:
2408:
2351:
2249:
2198:
2147:
2021:
1994:
1962:
1905:
1685:
1379:
1338:"Ebola outbreak in Western Africa 2014: what is going on with Ebola virus?"
1322:
988:—a river that was at first thought to be in close proximity to the area in
934:
4429:
3709:
3659:
3642:
3593:
3585:
2724:
1828:
1793:
Feldmann, H. K. (1993). "Molecular biology and evolution of filoviruses".
6401:
6306:
5708:
5485:
4475:
FILOVIR – scientific resources for research on filoviruses
3861:
3091:
3074:
3011:
Lai, Kang Yiu; Ng, Wing Yiu George; Cheng, Fan Fanny (28 November 2014).
1336:
Na, Woonsung; Park, Nanuri; Yeom, Minju; Song, Daesub (4 December 2016).
915:
826:
786:
684:
666:
648:
630:
612:
594:
576:
558:
540:
475:
279:, and was at first suspected to be a new "strain" of the closely related
4520:
3524:
2844:
Saeed MF, Kolokoltsov AA, Albrecht T, Davey RA (2010). Basler CF (ed.).
2596:
2505:
2482:"Ebola virus entry requires the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1"
1936:
1797:. Archives of Virology. Vol. 7. Vienna: Springer. pp. 81–100.
1611:"Killers in a Cell but on the Loose – Ebola and the Vast Viral Universe"
1519:
1471:
6187:
5647:
5615:
5508:
5275:
5233:
5228:
5081:
4857:
4852:
4847:
2090:
1921:"Molecular mechanisms of Ebola virus pathogenesis: focus on cell death"
1729:
Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, eds. (2005).
1576:"Insect-Eating Bat May Be Origin of Ebola Outbreak, New Study Suggests"
951:
918:
vaccine to be 70–100% effective against the Zaire ebola virus (not the
878:
862:
858:
854:
797:
in the host cell. To penetrate the cell, the viral membrane fuses with
334:
319:
284:
253:
21:
This article is about the species Zaire ebolavirus. For the genus, see
2230:
1879:
1667:
1228:
focused on individuals' reactions to the 1976 Ebola outbreak in Zaire.
4872:
1054:
1004:
752:
6283:
4540:
3801:
2675:
2658:
2391:
2366:
886:
The illness is characterized with a high temperature of about 39°C,
3959:. 2007 Oct 23;104(43):17123–17127. Epub 2007 Oct 17. "Erratum" in:
4890:
4862:
4424:
4213:
Review of Close, William T., Ebola: Through the Eyes of the People
1111:
1046:
993:
958:
866:
703:
413:
268:
249:
236:
78:
4016:
Fiction Book Review: 'Exposed' by Alex Kava, Author . Mira (332p)
732:, because it mediates infection by binding directly to viral GP.
4471:
3D model of the Ebola virus, prepared by Visual Science, Moscow.
2756:
Kondratowicz AS, Lennemann NJ, Sinn PL, et al. (May 2011).
713:
564:
Polymerase cofactor; suppresses innate immunity by binding RNA.
546:
Wraps genome for protection from nucleases and innate immunity.
444:
426:
RNA genome in virions that are cylindrical/tubular, and contain
350:
6354:
6287:
5458:
4556:
4354:"Ebola virus – from neglected threat to global emergency state"
2212:
Taylor DJ, Ballinger MJ, Zhan JJ, Hanzly LE, Bruenn JA (2014).
2104:"Filoviruses are ancient and integrated into mammalian genomes"
942:
Ebola virus was first identified as a possible new "strain" of
636:
Shares ORF with GP; created by mRNA editing. Unknown function.
329:
The EBOV genome is a single-stranded RNA, approximately 19,000
4552:
3411:
2067:
The Case for New Paradigms in Cell Biology and in Neurobiology
1064:). According to the rules for taxon naming established by the
315:
1214:, focuses on the virus as a serial killer's weapon of choice.
853:
ebolavirus. The first outbreak occurred on 26 August 1976 in
5454:
3354:
Henao-Restrepo, Ana Maria; et al. (22 December 2016).
217:
211:
202:
6505:
Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers
4474:
3572:
Pringle, C. R. (1998). "Virus taxonomy – San Diego 1998".
1864:"Ebolavirus glycoprotein structure and mechanism of entry"
1772:. Wymondham, Norfolk, UK: Horizon Bioscience. p. 28.
1770:
Ebola and Marburg Viruses – Molecular and Cellular Biology
724:
were shown to inhibit Ebola virus infection by preventing
2042:
Ebola and Marburg Viruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology
759:. Silencing its effect with siRNA prevented infection of
267:
Ebola virus and its genus were both originally named for
223:
5173:
2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Equatorial Guinea
3620:. San Diego: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 645–653.
1060:(which denotes an ebolavirus species and refers to the
4159:. Marbleton, Wyoming: Meadowlark Springs Productions.
3295:
Rasmussen, Angela L.; et al. (30 October 2014).
1566:
1564:
418:
A colorized scanning electron micrograph of the virus
382:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
4510:
3164:"Clinical care for survivors of Ebola virus disease"
2821:. Korea National Institute of Health. Archived from
214:
208:
6391:
6296:
6145:
6083:
5844:
5772:
5727:
5636:
5507:
5492:
5402:
5391:
5369:
5358:
5337:
5326:
5299:
5288:
5263:
5242:
5216:
5186:
5145:
5134:
5104:
5019:
4934:
4911:
4820:
4743:
4603:
4592:
4528:
4514:
2958:. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
391:, and a Biological Agent for Export Control by the
364:(up to 83 to 90 percent), EBOV is also listed as a
205:
4275:
4056:
3407:"Ebola vaccine gives 100% protection, study finds"
2623:
2532:
4059:Ebola: A Documentary Novel of Its First Explosion
1222:Ebola: A Documentary Novel of Its First Explosion
3708:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
3195:Isaacson M, Sureau P, Courteille G, Pattyn, SR.
2367:"Pint-sized DNA sequencer impresses first users"
1735:. Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 648.
5178:2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Tanzania
4446:virus isolates and other members of the family
3951:
3949:
3551:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 539–548.
2566:
2564:
2562:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
1862:Lee, Jeffrey E; Saphire, Erica Ollmann (2009).
672:Blocks IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma signaling.
451:. At the center of the virion structure is the
2625:"Key Protein May Give Ebola Virus Its Opening"
2534:"Key Protein May Give Ebola Virus Its Opening"
1795:Unconventional Agents and Unclassified Viruses
1066:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
948:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
5470:
5163:2021 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Guinea
4568:
2261:
2259:
984:. The name "Ebola virus" is derived from the
503:site per year is as fast as that of seasonal
16:Species of virus affecting humans and animals
8:
5168:2022 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Ghana
3068:
3066:
1445:
1443:
1441:
5153:1967 Marburg virus outbreak in West Germany
4623:2013−2016 West African Ebola virus epidemic
3984:"Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease"
2301:
2299:
1493:
1491:
1489:
6284:
5759:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
5504:
5477:
5463:
5455:
5399:
5366:
5334:
5296:
5142:
4600:
4575:
4561:
4553:
4511:
3474:"The virus detective who discovered Ebola"
3075:"Ebola – A Growing Threat?"
1342:Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
386:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
235:), is one of six known species within the
46:
35:
6100:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
4369:
3921:
3869:
3809:
3760:
3658:
3381:
3330:
3139:
3090:
3046:
3028:
2928:
2897:"Filovirus replication and transcription"
2871:
2861:
2791:
2781:
2732:
2674:
2604:
2513:
2390:
2341:
2239:
2229:
2188:
2178:
2137:
2127:
2040:Klenk, H.-D.; Feldmann, H., eds. (2004).
2035:
2033:
2031:
2011:
1993:
1952:
1895:
1768:Klenk, H.-D.; Feldmann, H., eds. (2004).
1675:
1369:
1312:
4704:Recent DR Congo outbreaks and epidemics
933:
770:
509:
434:in diameter, and have a virally encoded
402:
374:Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment
5096:(2019 miniseries based on Preston book)
4358:Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira
1262:
5117:Ebola virus disease treatment research
4132:
4122:
3790:Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy
3405:Berlinger, Joshua (22 December 2016).
2993:
2983:
2306:Gire, Stephen K.; et al. (2014).
1844:
1834:
1700:"Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103"
751:The second candidate is TIM-1 (a.k.a.
4463:Virus Pathogen Resource: Ebola Portal
4156:Ebola: Through the Eyes of the People
3978:
3976:
3898:"Evolutionary history of Ebola virus"
3891:
3889:
3839:
3837:
3453:from the original on 20 December 2019
3419:from the original on 27 December 2016
2972:from the original on 9 September 2018
2636:from the original on 20 February 2022
2545:from the original on 20 February 2022
1710:from the original on 14 December 2014
1623:from the original on 12 November 2020
1549:from the original on 14 December 2014
1233:The Hot Zone: A Terrifying True Story
1226:Ebola: Through the Eyes of the People
384:Category A Priority Pathogen, US CDC
7:
6238:
5999:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
5429:
4219:from the original on 21 October 2014
4181:from the original on 14 January 2023
4111:from the original on 21 October 2014
4104:More about the people than the virus
4033:from the original on 7 November 2021
3484:from the original on 26 October 2021
3141:10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.35.20892
2895:Mühlberger, Elke (4 December 2016).
2659:"Achilles heel of Ebola viral entry"
2284:from the original on 25 January 2021
2102:Taylor D, Leach R, Bruenn J (2010).
1749:from the original on 14 January 2023
914:In December 2016, a study found the
262:2013–2016 epidemic in western Africa
6248:
3176:from the original on 31 August 2016
3169:. World Health Organization. 2016.
2952:Feldmann, H.; Klenk, H.-D. (1996).
2622:Amanda Schaffer (16 January 2012).
2531:Amanda Schaffer (16 January 2012).
2266:Richard Preston (27 October 2014).
1609:Angier, Natalie (27 October 2014).
1396:(Report). World Health Organization
861:, and subsequent patients received
6515:Virus-related cutaneous conditions
6135:Medical Scientist Training Program
5158:2017 Uganda Marburg virus outbreak
4643:United Nations Ebola Response Fund
4456:– Virological repository from the
3234:from the original on 2 August 2014
2365:Check Hayden, Erika (5 May 2015).
1426:from the original on 23 March 2021
1120:it has a genome with two or three
644:Hexameric zinc-finger protein VP30
333:long. It encodes seven structural
14:
4458:Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
3716:from the original on 10 July 2015
3276:from the original on 9 March 2021
950:(ICTV) identifies Ebola virus as
626:Super small secreted glycoprotein
372:Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring
290:, which is assigned to the genus
6267:
6257:
6247:
6237:
6228:
6227:
5438:
5428:
4394:
4316:"Who's That in the Oval Office?"
3994:from the original on 17 May 2019
1108:Democratic Republic of the Congo
662:Membrane-associated protein VP24
490:
273:Democratic Republic of the Congo
198:
65:
6268:
3753:10.1128/JVI.79.4.2413-2419.2005
3262:Gina Kolata (30 October 2014).
998:1976 Zaire Ebola virus outbreak
608:Pre-small/secreted glycoprotein
6125:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
5559:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3710:"Virus Taxonomy: 2013 Release"
3228:The Scripps Research Institute
3017:Infectious Diseases of Poverty
2424:Journal of Molecular Evolution
1925:Cell Death and Differentiation
1416:"Ebola virus disease outbreak"
1:
4454:ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses
4425:Ebolavirus proteins (PDB-101)
4207:Pink, Brenda (24 June 2008).
3963:. 2007 Dec 4;104(49):19656.
3517:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92000-1
3374:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32621-6
1512:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92001-3
1464:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92002-5
817:occurs, destroying the cell.
680:RNA-directed RNA polymerase L
389:Category A Bioterrorism Agent
378:National Institutes of Health
6105:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
5872:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
4420:Ebolavirus molecular biology
4318:. Books News & Reviews.
3445:Food and Drug Administration
3122:Ng, S.; Cowling, B. (2014).
2863:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001110
2180:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001030
990:Democratic Republic of Congo
924:Food and Drug Administration
355:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
275:), the country where it was
6480:Biosafety level 4 pathogens
4952:Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
4648:Operation United Assistance
4371:10.1590/1806-9282.62.05.458
4209:"A fascinating perspective"
4101:Grove, Ryan (2 June 2006).
4013:Kava, Alex (October 2008).
3472:Brown, Rob (18 July 2014).
2657:Flemming A (October 2011).
1803:10.1007/978-3-7091-9300-6_8
1584:National Geographic Society
1580:news.nationalgeographic.com
1098:is a member of the species
654:Transcriptional activator.
500:third-generation sequencing
6531:
4320:The New York Times Company
3902:Epidemiology and Infection
1982:Advances in Bioinformatics
907:
841:
20:
6223:
5424:
4633:Reported cases and deaths
4238:Preston, Richard (1995).
3914:10.1017/S0950268813002215
2444:10.1007/s00239-001-0064-3
1704:World Health Organization
1420:World Health Organization
1305:10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x
1159:EBOV/May by less than 30%
783:macromolecular structures
370:World Health Organization
192:, more commonly known as
60:
54:
45:
38:
6393:Orthoebolavirus zairense
6059:Transplantation medicine
5950:Clinical neurophysiology
5867:Obstetric anesthesiology
5787:Interventional radiology
5547:Digestive system surgery
4019:. PublishersWeekly.com.
3961:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
3957:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2913:10.2217/17460794.2.2.205
2129:10.1186/1471-2148-10-193
2108:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1354:10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.17
1088:Virus inclusion criteria
930:History and nomenclature
554:Polymerase cofactor VP35
5930:Intensive care medicine
5904:Mass gathering medicine
5749:Maternal–fetal medicine
3323:10.1126/science.1259595
3222:Bardi, Jason Socrates.
3073:Feldmann H (May 2014).
2783:10.1073/pnas.1019030108
2334:10.1126/science.1259657
2085:24 January 2018 at the
957:, which is part of the
347:transcription activator
25:. For the disease, see
5522:Cardiothoracic surgery
4435:7 October 2011 at the
3990:. CDC. 2 August 2017.
3988:Ebola Hemorrhagic Feve
3844:Carroll, S.A. (2012).
3224:"Death Called a River"
3030:10.1186/2049-9957-3-43
2044:. Horizon Bioscience.
1155:that differs from the
939:
892:
777:
709:
419:
411:
31:Ebola (disambiguation)
29:. For other uses, see
6500:Animal viral diseases
6173:Personalized medicine
6032:Reproductive medicine
5957:Occupational medicine
5911:Evolutionary medicine
5411:Huangjiao thamnovirus
5271:Marburg virus disease
4792:Taï Forest ebolavirus
4752:Bundibugyo ebolavirus
4504:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
4492:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
3660:10.1007/s007050200052
3586:10.1007/s007050050389
2725:10.1038/emboj.2012.53
2069:. Edwin Mellen Press.
1543:"Ebola virus disease"
1210:'s 2008 crime novel,
1116:Republic of the Congo
1106:it is endemic in the
1092:A virus of the genus
937:
884:
805:is released into the
774:
707:
590:Envelope glycoprotein
417:
406:
6193:Traditional medicine
6153:Alternative medicine
6020:Addiction psychiatry
5834:Transfusion medicine
5829:Medical microbiology
5744:Gynecologic oncology
5596:Reproductive surgery
5195:Marburg marburgvirus
4488:"'Zaire ebolavirus'"
4480:30 July 2020 at the
4314:(2 September 1996).
4282:. New York: Putnam.
4242:. New York: Anchor.
3862:10.1128/JVI.03118-12
3647:Archives of Virology
3641:Mayo, M. A. (2002).
3574:Archives of Virology
3449:. 19 December 2019.
3092:10.1056/NEJMp1405314
2815:Biomarker Database.
2065:Hillman, H. (1991).
1995:10.1155/2016/1673284
1574:(30 December 2014).
1293:Archives of Virology
992:, previously called
511:Proteins encoded by
360:Because of its high
345:(VP35), (VP40), GP,
62:Virus classification
6215:History of medicine
6198:Veterinary medicine
6005:Preventive medicine
5857:Adolescent medicine
5699:Infectious diseases
5112:Ebola virus disease
4618:1976 Zaire outbreak
4613:1976 Sudan outbreak
4500:"'Ebola virus sp.'"
3850:Journal of Virology
3741:Journal of Virology
3315:2014Sci...346..987R
2774:2011PNAS..108.8426K
2663:Nat Rev Drug Discov
2597:10.1038/nature10380
2589:2011Natur.477..344C
2506:10.1038/nature10348
2498:2011Natur.477..340C
2436:2002JMolE..54..156J
2383:2015Natur.521...15C
2326:2014Sci...345.1369G
2320:(6202): 1369–1372.
2120:2010BMCEE..10..193T
1937:10.1038/cdd.2015.67
1660:2013NatSR...3E1206N
1590:on 31 December 2014
1394:Ebola virus disease
1178:Ebola virus disease
844:Ebola virus disease
838:Ebola virus disease
737:Niemann–Pick Type C
572:Matrix protein VP40
515:
468:electron microscopy
464:ultracentrifugation
343:polymerase cofactor
258:Ebola virus disease
27:Ebola virus disease
6510:Hemorrhagic fevers
6475:Biological weapons
6163:Molecular oncology
6120:Doctor of Medicine
6110:Master of Medicine
6027:Radiation oncology
5899:Emergency medicine
5852:Addiction medicine
5819:Clinical chemistry
5814:Clinical pathology
5606:Transplant surgery
5564:Orthopedic surgery
5542:Colorectal surgery
4984:Thomas Eric Duncan
4529:External resources
4404:has a profile for
3368:(10068): 505–518.
2630:The New York Times
2539:The New York Times
1648:Scientific Reports
1582:. Washington, DC:
940:
926:in December 2019.
850:case-fatality rate
801:membrane, and the
778:
710:
510:
420:
412:
6485:Tropical diseases
6447:
6446:
6290:Taxon identifiers
6281:
6280:
6115:Master of Surgery
6079:
6078:
6064:Tropical medicine
6010:Prison healthcare
5925:Hospital medicine
5889:Disaster medicine
5879:Aviation medicine
5694:Hospital medicine
5601:Surgical oncology
5586:Pediatric surgery
5580:
5527:Endocrine surgery
5452:
5451:
5420:
5419:
5387:
5386:
5378:Xilang striavirus
5354:
5353:
5322:
5321:
5308:Lloviu cuevavirus
5284:
5283:
5130:
5129:
4979:Pauline Cafferkey
4942:Ebola researchers
4882:
4766:Reston ebolavirus
4693:Ouse to Ouse Tock
4550:
4549:
4410:
4407:Zaire ebolavirus
4151:Close, William T.
4053:Close, William T.
3896:Li, Y.H. (2013).
3653:(11): 2254–2260.
3511:(8011): 569–571.
3309:(6212): 987–991.
3085:(15): 1375–1378.
2768:(20): 8426–8431.
2583:(7364): 344–348.
2492:(7364): 340–343.
2231:10.7717/peerj.556
1880:10.2217/fvl.09.56
1779:978-0-9545232-3-7
1668:10.1038/srep01206
1506:(8011): 571–573.
1458:(8011): 573–574.
1299:(12): 2083–2103.
1068:(ICTV), the name
1000:occurred—and the
825:Ebola virus is a
697:
696:
408:Phylogenetic tree
246:hemorrhagic fever
185:
184:
6522:
6470:Primate diseases
6440:
6439:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6384:
6383:
6371:
6370:
6358:
6357:
6345:
6344:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6328:Zaire ebolavirus
6317:
6316:
6315:
6298:Zaire ebolavirus
6285:
6271:
6270:
6261:
6251:
6250:
6241:
6240:
6231:
6230:
5935:Medical genetics
5920:General practice
5797:Nuclear medicine
5672:Gastroenterology
5628:Vascular surgery
5578:
5505:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5456:
5442:
5432:
5431:
5400:
5367:
5335:
5297:
5256:
5143:
5097:
5087:
5077:
5069:
5064:Executive Orders
5059:
5049:
5039:
4880:
4806:Zaire ebolavirus
4778:Sudan ebolavirus
4601:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4554:
4512:
4507:
4495:
4442:Genomic data on
4408:
4398:
4397:
4383:
4373:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4326:on 10 April 2009
4322:. Archived from
4308:
4302:
4301:
4281:
4278:Executive Orders
4268:
4262:
4261:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4204:
4198:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4062:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3980:
3971:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3925:
3908:(6): 1138–1145.
3893:
3884:
3883:
3873:
3856:(5): 2608–2616.
3841:
3832:
3831:
3813:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3747:(4): 2413–2419.
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3685:. Archived from
3679:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3580:(7): 1449–1459.
3569:
3563:
3562:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3203:on 4 August 2014
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3128:Eurosurveillance
3119:
3113:
3112:
3094:
3070:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3032:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2865:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2825:on 22 April 2008
2812:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2785:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2719:(8): 1947–1960.
2703:
2697:
2696:
2678:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2627:
2618:
2608:
2568:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2536:
2527:
2517:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2394:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2268:"The Ebola Wars"
2263:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2233:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2182:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2099:
2093:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2037:
2026:
2025:
2015:
1997:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1931:(8): 1250–1259.
1916:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1832:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1586:. Archived from
1568:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1495:
1484:
1483:
1447:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1284:
1245:Executive Orders
1196:Zaire ebolavirus
1189:Zaire ebolavirus
1180:in human hosts.
1169:Zaire ebolavirus
1153:genomic sequence
1100:Zaire ebolavirus
1072:is always to be
1070:Zaire ebolavirus
1044:is derived from
1042:Zaire ebolavirus
1031:Zaire ebolavirus
1027:Zaire ebolavirus
1023:Zaire ebolavirus
1019:Zaire ebolavirus
1015:Zaire ebolavirus
955:Zaire ebolavirus
920:Sudan ebolavirus
735:When cells from
687:
669:
651:
633:
615:
597:
579:
561:
543:
516:
513:Zaire ebolavirus
494:
472:shepherd's crook
288:Zaire ebolavirus
230:
229:
226:
225:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
189:Zaire ebolavirus
178:Zaire ebolavirus
70:
69:
50:
40:Zaire ebolavirus
36:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6495:1976 in biology
6450:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6435:
6430:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6387:
6379:
6374:
6366:
6361:
6353:
6348:
6340:
6335:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6292:
6282:
6277:
6219:
6208:Chief physician
6141:
6086:
6075:
6069:Travel medicine
6054:Sports medicine
6037:Sexual medicine
5977:Palliative care
5972:Pain management
5916:Family medicine
5894:Diving medicine
5840:
5768:
5730:
5723:
5639:
5632:
5591:Plastic surgery
5537:General surgery
5517:Cardiac surgery
5498:
5496:
5488:
5483:
5453:
5448:
5416:
5383:
5350:
5318:
5280:
5259:
5254:
5243:Popular culture
5238:
5217:Drug candidates
5212:
5182:
5126:
5100:
5095:
5085:
5075:
5067:
5057:
5047:
5036:Richard Preston
5033:
5021:Popular culture
5015:
4999:Matthew Lukwiya
4994:Sheik Umar Khan
4930:
4907:
4821:Drug candidates
4816:
4739:
4733:2021 North Kivu
4673:in Sierra Leone
4588:
4581:
4551:
4546:
4545:
4524:
4523:
4498:
4486:
4482:Wayback Machine
4469:The Ebola Virus
4437:Wayback Machine
4416:
4415:
4414:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4351:
4348:
4346:Further reading
4342:
4340:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4290:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4250:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4184:
4182:
4167:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4131:
4121:
4114:
4112:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4075:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4027:
4012:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3982:
3981:
3974:
3954:
3947:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3802:10.3851/IMP2568
3783:
3782:
3778:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3689:on 5 March 2016
3681:
3680:
3676:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3277:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3079:N. Engl. J. Med
3072:
3071:
3064:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2992:
2982:
2975:
2973:
2966:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2901:Future Virology
2894:
2893:
2889:
2856:(9): e1001110.
2843:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2676:10.1038/nrd3568
2656:
2655:
2651:
2639:
2637:
2621:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2548:
2546:
2530:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2392:10.1038/521015a
2377:(7550): 15–16.
2364:
2363:
2359:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2173:(7): e1001030.
2160:
2159:
2155:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2087:Wayback Machine
2078:
2074:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2039:
2038:
2029:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1868:Future Virology
1861:
1860:
1856:
1843:
1833:
1813:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1743:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1286:
1285:
1264:
1259:
1242:'s 1996 novel,
1204:
1166:
1090:
981:Mononegavirales
932:
912:
906:
873:travelled from
846:
840:
823:
769:
722:small molecules
702:
683:
665:
647:
629:
611:
593:
575:
557:
539:
484:
457:polyadenylation
422:EBOV carries a
401:
393:Australia Group
318:, particularly
311:Mononegavirales
277:first described
222:
201:
197:
181:
141:Mononegavirales
117:Negarnaviricota
64:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6528:
6526:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6452:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6428:
6413:
6397:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6372:
6359:
6346:
6333:
6318:
6302:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6265:
6255:
6245:
6235:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6146:Related topics
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6095:Medical school
6091:
6089:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6049:Sleep medicine
6046:
6045:
6044:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5996:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5913:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5862:Anesthesiology
5859:
5854:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5792:Neuroradiology
5789:
5778:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5729:Obstetrics and
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5644:
5642:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5613:
5611:Trauma surgery
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5574:Otolaryngology
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5502:
5500:subspecialties
5490:
5489:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5459:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5436:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5406:
5404:
5397:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5373:
5371:
5364:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5341:
5339:
5332:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5303:
5301:
5294:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5140:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5088:
5078:
5070:
5060:
5054:Ebola Syndrome
5050:
5040:
5034:(1995 book by
5025:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5009:Patrick Sawyer
5006:
5004:Mayinga N'Seka
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4969:Ameyo Adadevoh
4964:Ebola patients
4961:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4938:
4936:
4935:Notable people
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4698:Womey massacre
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4598:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4557:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:Classification
4509:
4508:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4451:
4439:
4427:
4422:
4400:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:External links
4386:
4385:
4384:
4364:(5): 458–467.
4347:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4303:
4289:978-0399142185
4288:
4263:
4248:
4230:
4199:
4166:978-0970337115
4165:
4142:
4093:
4074:978-0804114325
4073:
4044:
4026:978-0778325574
4025:
4005:
3972:
3945:
3885:
3833:
3796:(5): 197–215.
3776:
3727:
3700:
3674:
3633:
3627:978-0123702005
3626:
3607:
3564:
3558:978-0123702005
3557:
3538:
3495:
3464:
3430:
3397:
3346:
3287:
3269:New York Times
3254:
3245:
3214:
3187:
3155:
3114:
3062:
3003:
2965:978-0963117212
2964:
2944:
2907:(2): 205–215.
2887:
2850:PLOS Pathogens
2836:
2807:
2748:
2698:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2465:
2430:(2): 156–165.
2414:
2357:
2295:
2273:The New Yorker
2255:
2204:
2167:PLOS Pathogens
2153:
2094:
2072:
2057:
2051:978-1904933496
2050:
2027:
1968:
1911:
1874:(6): 621–635.
1854:
1812:978-3211824801
1811:
1785:
1778:
1760:
1742:978-0080575483
1741:
1721:
1706:. March 2014.
1691:
1634:
1616:New York Times
1601:
1572:Quammen, David
1560:
1533:
1485:
1437:
1407:
1385:
1328:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:Middle Eastern
1237:
1229:
1215:
1203:
1200:
1187:event between
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1149:
1118:
1089:
1086:
931:
928:
908:Main article:
905:
902:
842:Main article:
839:
836:
822:
819:
795:macropinosomes
768:
765:
726:viral envelope
701:
698:
695:
694:
688:
681:
678:
674:
673:
670:
663:
660:
656:
655:
652:
645:
642:
638:
637:
634:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
609:
606:
602:
601:
598:
591:
588:
584:
583:
580:
573:
570:
566:
565:
562:
555:
552:
548:
547:
544:
537:
534:
530:
529:
526:
523:
520:
483:
480:
440:viral envelope
428:viral envelope
424:negative-sense
400:
397:
183:
182:
175:
173:
169:
168:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
137:
133:
132:
129:Monjiviricetes
125:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
101:
97:
96:
89:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
57:
52:
51:
43:
42:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6527:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6438:
6433:
6429:
6424:
6418:
6414:
6409:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6382:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6338:
6334:
6329:
6323:
6319:
6314:
6308:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6286:
6274:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6254:
6246:
6244:
6236:
6234:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6216:
6213:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6178:Public health
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6158:Allied health
6156:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6082:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5967:Oral medicine
5965:
5963:
5962:Ophthalmology
5960:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5824:Cytopathology
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5764:Urogynecology
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5667:Endocrinology
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5475:
5473:
5468:
5466:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5435:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:Miscellaneous
5262:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:Miscellaneous
5103:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5071:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4989:Salome Karwah
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4947:William Close
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4833:Brincidofovir
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:2020 Équateur
4726:
4724:
4723:Kivu epidemic
4721:
4719:
4718:2018 Équateur
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4578:
4573:
4571:
4566:
4564:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4403:
4387:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4312:Stone, Oliver
4307:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4231:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4126:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4009:
4006:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3728:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3701:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3215:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3172:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3134:(35): 20892.
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2987:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1722:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1248:, involves a
1247:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:William Close
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:In literature
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:recombination
1181:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:gene overlaps
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:
978:
974:
973:
969:
965:
964:
960:
956:
953:
949:
946:in 1976. The
945:
944:Marburg virus
938:Marburg virus
936:
929:
927:
925:
921:
917:
911:
910:Ebola vaccine
903:
901:
897:
893:
891:
889:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
845:
837:
835:
833:
828:
820:
818:
816:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
773:
766:
764:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
742:Marburg virus
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
706:
699:
692:
691:RNA replicase
689:
686:
682:
679:
676:
675:
671:
668:
664:
661:
658:
657:
653:
650:
646:
643:
640:
639:
635:
632:
628:
625:
622:
621:
617:
614:
610:
607:
604:
603:
599:
596:
592:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
574:
571:
568:
567:
563:
560:
556:
553:
550:
549:
545:
542:
538:
536:Nucleoprotein
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
521:
518:
517:
514:
508:
506:
501:
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362:fatality rate
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339:nucleoprotein
336:
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299:
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281:Marburg virus
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105:Orthornavirae
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6168:Nanomedicine
5719:Rheumatology
5650: /
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5554:Neurosurgery
5409:
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5345:Mengla virus
5327:
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5289:
5251:The Hot Zone
5249:
5193:
5137:Marburgvirus
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5092:The Hot Zone
5090:
5080:
5068:(1996 novel)
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5030:The Hot Zone
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4974:Kent Brantly
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4330:10 September
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4324:the original
4319:
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4240:The Hot Zone
4239:
4233:
4223:17 September
4221:. Retrieved
4212:
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4058:
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2713:EMBO Journal
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2701:
2666:
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2652:
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2629:
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2547:. Retrieved
2538:
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2271:
2221:
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1731:
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1703:
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1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1614:
1604:
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1588:the original
1579:
1551:. Retrieved
1536:
1503:
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1455:
1451:
1428:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1388:
1348:(1): 17–22.
1345:
1341:
1331:
1296:
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996:, where the
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970:
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954:
941:
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894:
885:
883:
871:Ngoy Mushola
847:
832:Reston virus
824:
811:
803:nucleocapsid
779:
750:
744:, a related
734:
711:
512:
496:
489:
485:
461:
453:nucleocapsid
449:matrix space
448:
436:glycoprotein
421:
366:select agent
359:
328:
309:
300:
291:
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193:
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177:
176:
164:
152:
140:
128:
116:
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92:
85:
75:(unranked):
39:
18:
6423:Ebola virus
6417:Wikispecies
6322:Wikispecies
6253:Wikiproject
6042:Venereology
5987:Neonatology
5884:Dermatology
5739:Gynaecology
5731:gynaecology
5714:Pulmonology
5532:Eye surgery
5494:Specialties
5444:Wikispecies
5394:Thamnovirus
5329:Dianlovirus
5255:(1995 book)
5122:Ebola River
5086:(2016 film)
5076:(2014 meme)
5058:(1996 film)
5048:(1995 film)
4886:Triazavirin
4843:Favipiravir
4585:Filoviridae
4448:Filoviridae
4272:Clancy, Tom
4133:|work=
3998:11 November
3457:19 December
3423:27 December
2994:|work=
2955:Filoviruses
2818:Ebola virus
2669:(10): 731.
2640:26 February
2549:26 February
1988:: 1673284.
1845:|work=
1654:(1): 1206.
1594:30 December
1074:capitalized
1062:Ebola River
986:Ebola River
972:Filoviridae
888:hematemesis
791:endocytosed
767:Replication
331:nucleotides
324:body fluids
302:Filoviridae
256:, known as
194:Ebola virus
153:Filoviridae
6454:Categories
6015:Psychiatry
6001:(PM&R)
5994:Phlebology
5982:Pediatrics
5809:Anatomical
5774:Diagnostic
5754:Obstetrics
5704:Nephrology
5689:Hematology
5684:Geriatrics
5677:Hepatology
5662:Cardiology
5652:Immunology
5361:Striavirus
5291:Cuevavirus
5073:Ebola-chan
4957:Peter Piot
4924:rVSV-ZEBOV
4901:cAd3-ZEBOV
4868:Lamivudine
4668:in Nigeria
4658:in Liberia
4595:Ebolavirus
4409:(Q8064876)
4249:0385479565
4185:7 February
4037:7 November
3720:31 October
3693:31 October
3361:The Lancet
3280:30 October
3180:4 December
2976:4 December
2288:20 October
2278:Condé Nast
2114:(1): 193.
1753:7 February
1627:27 October
1430:4 December
1257:References
1240:Tom Clancy
1173:Ebolavirus
1157:type virus
1095:Ebolavirus
1078:italicized
1058:ebolavirus
963:Ebolavirus
761:Vero cells
757:Vero cells
474:-, 9-, or
320:fruit bats
293:Ebolavirus
252:and other
241:Ebolavirus
165:Ebolavirus
23:Ebolavirus
6408:Q10538943
6203:Physician
6087:education
5945:Neurology
5940:Narcology
5804:Pathology
5782:Radiology
5657:Angiology
5621:Andrology
5146:Outbreaks
4878:TKM-Ebola
4688:in the UK
4683:in the US
4653:in Guinea
4638:Responses
4605:Outbreaks
4506:. 205488.
4494:. 186538.
4135:ignored (
4125:cite book
4065:Ivy Books
3238:9 October
3039:2049-9957
3023:(1): 43.
2996:ignored (
2986:cite book
2921:1746-0794
2401:0028-0836
2004:1687-8027
1945:1350-9047
1888:1746-0794
1847:ignored (
1837:cite book
1821:0939-1983
1553:5 October
1362:2287-3651
1224:and 2002
1208:Alex Kava
1164:Evolution
1151:it has a
1114:, or the
1052:taxonomic
1040:The name
1035:prototype
1002:taxonomic
807:cytoplasm
746:filovirus
730:filovirus
528:Function
505:influenza
399:Structure
271:(now the
172:Species:
100:Kingdom:
93:Riboviria
6490:Zoonoses
6402:Wikidata
6368:11461247
6313:Q8064876
6307:Wikidata
6233:Category
5709:Oncology
5640:medicine
5638:Internal
5486:Medicine
5044:Outbreak
4919:Vaccines
4896:Vaccines
4881:(failed)
4678:in Spain
4628:Timeline
4541:Q8064876
4478:Archived
4433:Archived
4380:27656857
4298:34878804
4274:(1996).
4258:32052009
4217:Archived
4179:Archived
4175:49193962
4153:(2002).
4109:Archived
4083:32753758
4055:(1995).
4031:Archived
3992:Archived
3969:17942693
3932:24040779
3880:23255795
3828:34249020
3820:23636868
3771:15681442
3714:Archived
3669:43887711
3602:13229117
3533:19368457
3482:Archived
3478:BBC News
3451:Archived
3417:Archived
3392:28017403
3341:25359852
3274:Archived
3232:Archived
3171:Archived
3150:25210981
3101:24805988
3057:25699183
2970:Archived
2939:24093048
2882:20862315
2802:21536871
2743:22395071
2693:26888076
2685:21959282
2634:Archived
2615:21866101
2543:Archived
2524:21866103
2460:20759532
2452:11821909
2409:25951262
2352:25214632
2282:Archived
2250:25237605
2224:: e556.
2199:20686665
2148:20569424
2083:Archived
2022:27190508
1963:26024394
1906:20198110
1747:Archived
1714:12 April
1708:Archived
1686:23383374
1621:Archived
1547:Archived
1480:33060636
1424:Archived
1380:25648530
1323:21046175
1220:'s 1995
1082:articles
1050:and the
916:VSV-EBOV
827:zoonotic
787:peplomer
582:Matrix.
476:eye bolt
376:), a US
349:(VP30),
335:proteins
148:Family:
112:Phylum:
6437:1570291
6273:Outline
6243:Commons
6188:Therapy
6085:Medical
5648:Allergy
5616:Urology
5509:Surgery
5434:Commons
5403:Species
5370:Species
5338:Species
5300:Species
5276:Marburg
5234:FGI-106
5229:FGI-103
5224:BCX4430
5187:Species
5082:93 Days
4858:FGI-106
4853:FGI-104
4848:FGI-103
4828:BCX4430
4744:Species
4663:in Mali
4537:Scholia
4402:Scholia
3940:9873900
3923:9151191
3871:3571414
3811:7714485
3594:9742051
3488:21 June
3383:5364328
3332:4241145
3311:Bibcode
3302:Science
3207:24 June
3109:4657264
3048:4334593
2930:3787895
2873:2940741
2793:3100998
2770:Bibcode
2734:3343336
2606:3230319
2585:Bibcode
2515:3175325
2494:Bibcode
2432:Bibcode
2379:Bibcode
2343:4431643
2322:Bibcode
2313:Science
2241:4157239
2190:2912400
2139:2906475
2116:Bibcode
2091:GenBank
2013:4848411
1954:4495366
1897:2829775
1829:8219816
1677:3563031
1656:Bibcode
1528:3092094
1371:4313106
1314:3074192
1212:Exposed
952:species
904:Vaccine
879:Yambuku
863:quinine
859:malaria
855:Yambuku
821:Ecology
815:budding
799:vesicle
789:and is
718:removed
525:UniProt
285:species
254:mammals
160:Genus:
136:Order:
124:Class:
6381:186538
6355:741151
6263:Portal
6130:MD–PhD
5347:(MLAV)
4873:mAb114
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1400:6 June
1378:
1368:
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1055:suffix
1033:. The
1005:suffix
968:family
753:HAVCR1
685:Q05318
667:Q05322
649:Q05323
631:Q9YMG2
613:P60170
595:Q05320
577:Q05128
559:Q05127
541:P18272
519:Symbol
482:Genome
353:, and
341:(NP),
298:family
250:humans
6465:Ebola
6363:IRMNG
6342:7GBKF
5845:Other
4912:Drugs
4891:ZMapp
4863:JK-05
4838:DZNep
4771:RESTV
4444:Ebola
3936:S2CID
3824:S2CID
3665:S2CID
3598:S2CID
3529:S2CID
3525:65661
3447:(FDA)
3443:U.S.
3174:(PDF)
3167:(PDF)
3105:S2CID
2689:S2CID
2456:S2CID
2218:PeerJ
1541:WHO.
1524:S2CID
1520:65662
1476:S2CID
1472:65663
1112:Gabon
1047:Zaire
1008:virus
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977:order
959:genus
875:Bumba
867:Zaire
793:into
776:2i8b.
700:Entry
357:(L).
307:order
269:Zaire
237:genus
86:Realm
79:Virus
6432:NCBI
6376:NCBI
5313:LLOV
5206:RAVV
5201:MARV
4811:EBOV
4798:TAFV
4784:SUDV
4758:BDBV
4713:2017
4708:2014
4376:PMID
4332:2014
4294:OCLC
4284:ISBN
4254:OCLC
4244:ISBN
4225:2014
4187:2016
4171:OCLC
4161:ISBN
4137:help
4117:2014
4079:OCLC
4069:ISBN
4039:2021
4021:ISBN
4000:2017
3965:PMID
3928:PMID
3876:PMID
3816:PMID
3767:PMID
3722:2014
3695:2014
3622:ISBN
3590:PMID
3553:ISBN
3521:PMID
3490:2018
3459:2019
3425:2016
3388:PMID
3337:PMID
3282:2014
3240:2014
3209:2014
3182:2016
3146:PMID
3097:PMID
3053:PMID
3035:ISSN
2998:help
2978:2016
2960:ISBN
2935:PMID
2917:ISSN
2878:PMID
2831:2009
2798:PMID
2739:PMID
2681:PMID
2642:2017
2611:PMID
2551:2017
2520:PMID
2448:PMID
2405:PMID
2397:ISSN
2348:PMID
2290:2014
2246:PMID
2195:PMID
2144:PMID
2046:ISBN
2018:PMID
2000:ISSN
1986:2016
1959:PMID
1941:ISSN
1902:PMID
1884:ISSN
1849:help
1825:PMID
1817:ISSN
1807:ISBN
1774:ISBN
1755:2016
1737:ISBN
1716:2014
1682:PMID
1629:2014
1596:2014
1555:2020
1516:PMID
1468:PMID
1432:2016
1402:2019
1376:PMID
1358:ISSN
1319:PMID
1142:VP24
1138:VP30
1130:VP40
1126:VP35
1102:if:
714:NPC1
708:NPC1
659:VP24
641:VP30
623:ssGP
569:VP40
551:VP35
522:Name
466:and
445:VP40
351:VP24
316:bats
233:EBOV
6350:EoL
6337:CoL
5579:ENT
5497:and
4366:doi
4087:At
3918:PMC
3910:doi
3906:142
3866:PMC
3858:doi
3806:PMC
3798:doi
3757:PMC
3749:doi
3655:doi
3651:147
3582:doi
3578:143
3513:doi
3509:309
3412:CNN
3378:PMC
3370:doi
3366:389
3327:PMC
3319:doi
3307:346
3136:doi
3087:doi
3083:371
3043:PMC
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2868:PMC
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2729:PMC
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2175:doi
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