103:
25:
3115:—marked by the coexistence of formal and colloquial forms—carries significant ethnic and socio-political implications. This linguistic duality has sparked debates within Lebanon's multi-ethnic and multi-sectarian society regarding whether the colloquial language can serve as an acceptable literary medium, leading to divisive opinions on the matter.
2872:
3174:, the local dialects were naturally, progressively and, eventually, greatly but never completely, replaced by Arabic, but with the influence of other languages still apparent. The ease with which this Arabization occurred is due to the fundamental kinship between Arabic and the local dialects — all being Semitic and thus based on derivations from
3407:
2981:
Zajal had its great ascendency as a popular art form in the 19th century when numerous poets contributed to its refinement in content and form. The format of the modern
Lebanese zajal evening was set in the 1930s mostly by the master poet Assad Al-Khuri Al-Fghali (1894–1937), known as Shahrur Al-Wadi
3210:
Although many audio and video recordings of zajal events have been made, especially on
Lebanese TV during the 1960s, 70s and 80s, there has been little effort to properly transcribe or archive these recordings at national or university libraries for serious scholarly research. The elevation of this
3098:
over zajal's centuries-long evolution. This regional bias is also reflected in the imagery of zajal, which mirrors more the bucolic and sensual sensibilities of the rural countryside than the cerebral and formal concerns of urban intellectuals. However, many colloquial poets were able to transcend
2957:
The statement that none of the extant oral poetry traditions can rival
Lebanese zajal in its sophistication, metric variety, extended lineage, and continued evolution may be arguable, but it is hard to contest the fact that none of them enjoys its ardent popularity. Today, many professional zajal
3028:
There seems to be a consensus among the few scholars who have seriously studied the metrics of zajal that it follows two distinct metrical systems. One metrical system is quantitative and is clearly based on some of the strict so-called
Khalili meters of classical Arabic poetry (for instance the
3190:
in the 1950s and 60s at a time when the
Lebanese schooling system witnessed its widest expansion and standardization. A consequence of this sociopolitically conditioned diglossia is that the rich canon of colloquial poetry, of which zajal is the foremost embodiment, remains mostly unwritten and
2949:
poetry. Many Near
Eastern, Arabian and Mediterranean cultures (including Greece, Algeria, Morocco, Spain and southern France) had, or still have, rich semi-improvised, semi-sung colloquial poetry traditions, which share some traits with Lebanese zajal, such as the verbal duel (e.g. the
2970:(1440–1516), although some scholarship traces Lebanese zajal back almost two centuries earlier to a poet by the name of Souleiman Al-Ashlouhi (1270–1335) and a few of his contemporaries, and in particular to a single poem in 1289, the year of the destruction of
2982:(Merle of the Valley), who is also credited with introducing many innovations in form and genre. The most common format for a modern evening of Lebanese zajal is a debate (or verbal duel) between two or more poets followed by a recitation of love poetry (
3065:
The regional variation in the appreciation of zajal in
Lebanon mirrors to a remarkable extent the ethnic and sectarian fragmentation, which remains despite six decades of national co-habitation. Traditionally cosmopolitan communities (e.g. the
3016:, which, in its Lebanese zajal incarnation, is a joyous and flirtatious genre. The whole is accompanied by a chorus with tambourines and other percussion instruments. The meeting often concludes with a love lament, typically in the
3191:
practically never part of curricula at schools and universities (although a few post-graduate theses have treated some aspects of the zajal tradition). Today, the majority of the educated
Lebanese do not know a
3130:
often sounds substantially different — considerably more so than in the case of, say, classical vs. (spoken) modern Greek. This difference is due, at least partly, to the colloquial having a clear
2954:
of the troubadours), the use of tambourines or other minimalist percussion instruments, and a chanting chorus of men (Reddadi, in
Lebanese) who repeat key verses or refrains recited by the poets.
3053:.) Both kinds of metrics in zajal are subject to fluid alteration by musical accentuation and syncopation which is possible due to the colloquial's malleability and its inherent allowance (like
2941:(Cordoba, 1078–1160). Zajal has close ties in prosody, delivery, form and spirit with various semi-sung colloquial poetry traditions, including such seemingly disparate traditions as
186:
35:
3211:
canon to scholarly attention was not helped by the fact that the cause of colloquial
Lebanese was espoused only by ultra-nationalists (especially during the divisive
1989:
3565:
301:
2577:
3449:
2661:
Abu ʿAbd Allāh al-Ghubārī. Zajal's origins may be ancient but it can be traced back to at least the 12th century. Today, it is most alive in the
1964:
3591:
3481:
3329:
3297:
3251:
2704:(poets who improvise the zajal). It is usually accompanied by percussive musical instruments (with the occasional wind instrument, e.g. the
1353:
2890:
2882:
1969:
1731:
895:
1974:
3078:
of the littoral cities) have had relatively little affinity for zajal and have produced, with some notable exceptions, few important
3649:
3356:
2908:
1318:
69:
3586:
1830:
515:
3199:(the two most common metrical forms of zajal) and are likely to be more familiar with a few forms of French prosody (e.g. the
3099:
these fluid boundaries and have composed verse that expressively tackles virtually the whole spectrum of humanistic concerns.
1411:
3557:
3186:
The relegation of the colloquial literature, including zajal, to a sub-literary class was further solidified by the rise of
3094:
who inhabit, or have their roots, in the Lebanese mountains and rural areas, have disproportionately populated the ranks of
3422:
1706:
2958:
poets tour the Lebanese countryside and expatriate communities around the world performing for thousands of aficionados.
3654:
3644:
2570:
2251:
1313:
112:
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fleeing Spain in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. An early master of Egyptian zajal was the fourteenth century
3639:
2139:
1897:
1892:
1835:
1406:
2754:'s 14th century lexicon Lisan al-Arab in attributing the meaning of "to raise the voice in singing" to the root verb
51:
2640:' popular poetry traditions into Arabic—first at the folkloric level and then by lettered poets such as Ibn Quzman.
2021:
1902:
969:
226:
2823:
2637:
1954:
1949:
1416:
1323:
562:
456:
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1820:
900:
687:
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2216:
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1887:
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510:
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where professional zajal practitioners can attain high levels of recognition and popularity—as well as the
3634:
3163:
3119:
3045:
meters) and the other is stress-syllabic (for instance many sub-forms of the qerradi are clearly based on
2739:
2069:
1984:
1696:
1646:
1295:
1283:
865:
133:
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2826:' popular poetry traditions into Arabic—first at the folkloric level and then by lettered poets such as
2034:
1959:
1636:
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86:
2179:
3446:
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It is generally conceded that the early ancestors of Levantine dialectical poetry were the Andalusian
2967:
2851:
2801:
2625:
1421:
428:
153:
148:
143:
138:
123:
3553:"The Arab muwashsha and zajal poetry and their influence on European music and song". (English text)
3321:
Pens, Swords, And the Springs of Art: The Oral Poetry Dueling of Palestinian Weddings in the Galilee
2933:, but various similar manifestations of zajal can be traced to 10th- to 12th-century Moorish Spain (
2759:
2169:
2094:
1783:
1726:
1716:
1686:
1651:
1631:
445:
251:
221:
158:
3552:
2700:. Zajal is semi-improvised and semi-sung and is often performed in the format of a debate between
3389:
3212:
2805:
2677:
2629:
2109:
2044:
2029:
1999:
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1360:
1333:
1328:
520:
490:
3118:
To the ear of a non-Arabic speaker (and sometimes even to that of a native), a phrase spoken in
3049:
metrics, such as the syllabic metric of the Afframiyyat homilies attributed to the 4th-century
102:
3629:
3477:
3471:
3352:
3325:
3293:
3247:
3241:
3135:
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The earliest practitioner of zajal in what is present-day Lebanon is thought to be the Bishop
2930:
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1812:
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1721:
1711:
1701:
1676:
1661:
1624:
1510:
1255:
639:
525:
383:
3574:
3372:
Beinin, Joel (1994). "Writing Class: Workers and Modern Egyptian Colloquial Poetry (Zajal)".
3346:
3319:
3381:
3285:
3216:
3167:
3159:
3151:
2971:
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2256:
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398:
231:
2301:
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3453:
3426:
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3127:
3054:
3046:
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2781:
2729:
Zein Sh'eib, Talih Hamdan, Zaghloul alDamour, Moussa Zgheib, Asaad Said, and Khalil Rukoz.
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2406:
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2154:
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means variously to make a sound, to utter a cry, to evince emotion, to play or sport.
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Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance, Music, and the Visual Arts of the Middle East
1570:
1562:
3220:
2804:-syllable versification, or qualitative meter, also differs significantly from the
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Lebanese zajal is a semi-improvised, semi-sung or declaimed form of poetry in the
1441:
3510:
3497:
2601:
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3050:
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poetry declaimed in a colloquial dialect. The earliest recorded zajal poet was
3613:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3012:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2839:
2827:
2751:
2712:
2708:) and a chorus of men (and more recently, women) who sing parts of the verse.
2649:
2614:
2610:
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2401:
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1994:
1860:
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Encuentro y desencuentro entre el zéjel marroquí y el español (Spanish text)
3289:
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3083:
3075:
2951:
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2336:
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2004:
1907:
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790:
738:
703:
413:
216:
181:
2503:
1505:
1446:
1029:
3526:
2711:
Egyptian poets known for their literary use of the popular zajal form are
2538:
2451:
2431:
2416:
2371:
2366:
2311:
2211:
2184:
1580:
1540:
1500:
1034:
815:
770:
723:
713:
597:
316:
311:
306:
296:
266:
3150:, as well as having later infusions of Persian (e.g. culinary matters),
3393:
3139:
3112:
3091:
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2845:
2835:
2697:
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2666:
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2376:
2321:
2316:
2246:
2201:
2159:
2039:
1641:
1468:
1382:
1343:
1338:
1019:
979:
947:
765:
733:
373:
3511:
Al-zajal, its History, Literature, and Masters in Old and Modern Times
3134:
made up of (extinct or semi-extinct) non-Arabic dialects of Levantine
3200:
3171:
3147:
3067:
2990:
2984:
2942:
2785:
2685:
2662:
2523:
2508:
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2351:
2306:
2149:
2144:
2134:
2114:
2064:
1535:
1530:
1520:
1485:
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1392:
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418:
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368:
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348:
326:
256:
3385:
1241:
1061:
957:
3587:
Video recording of a zajal evening in New York City (English text)
3087:
2750:, a scholar specializing in Arabic language and literature, cites
2681:
2654:
2548:
2478:
2411:
2361:
2356:
2341:
2296:
2124:
2089:
2084:
2074:
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1927:
1917:
1840:
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1367:
1348:
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1156:
1116:
989:
880:
825:
820:
785:
755:
408:
403:
276:
241:
201:
176:
171:
3429:
University of Arkansas, King Fahd Center for Middle East Studies.
3447:
The Development of Lebanese Zajal: Genre, Meter, and Verbal Duel
2628:-syllable versification of which differs significantly from the
2426:
2346:
2099:
1932:
1922:
1436:
1387:
984:
875:
291:
236:
211:
3204:
2865:
2705:
18:
3002:
forms (a popular sub-form of the latter is sometimes called
2792:
differs from classical Arabic poetry in that the former has
3563:
Sinopsis de la ponencia "zéjeles y moriscos" (Spanish text)
3592:
Video recording of a zajal evening at Columbia University
3547:
3476:. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. p. 134.
3348:
The Composition of Mutanabbī's Panegyrics to Sayf Al-Dawla
3548:
A repository of zajal recordings and videos (French text)
3513:(in Arabic), p. 131, Harisa, Lebanon: The Pauline Press.
43:
2988:). The format typically consists of recitation in the
2653:, brought to Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean by
2617:who lived from 1078 to 1160. Most scholars see the
3558:Interviews with the masters of zajal (Arabic text)
3278:"Andalusī Heterodoxy and Colloquial Arabic Poetry"
3240:Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul, eds. (1998).
3207:) taught in many private and even public schools.
3033:and related forms scan according to the classical
2762:, another scholar maintains that the etymology of
3500:(in Arabic), Vol. 2, p. 366, Beirut: Dar al-Jeel.
3057:) to erode inflections and internal voweling.
2766:is related to play and musical entertainment.
3521:
3519:
3246:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 819.
2571:
32:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
3243:Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, Volume 2
2937:), and specifically to the colloquial poet
2758:. Focusing on one of the meanings given by
2578:
2564:
1990:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
81:
3010:recitations in various forms such as the
2909:Learn how and when to remove this message
2830:. The versification patterns of Andalusi
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
3597:Egyptian zajal about the old and the new
3527:A study of the spoken Arabic of Baskinta
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3284:, New York: Routledge, pp. 86–107,
3282:The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Poetry
3232:
2994:form (ode), followed by debates in the
2636:, as a form of expression adapted from
93:
1965:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
3603:Zajal on the reality of life in Egypt
2822:as a form of expression adapted from
7:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3215:, 1975–1990), who sought to claim a
2671:
2600:
1970:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
1625:National literatures of Arab States
3166:in the 7th century, which brought
2974:(in present north Lebanon) by the
2881:tone or style may not reflect the
1975:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
14:
3460:, Vol. 4, No. 1-2, pages 189-212.
3324:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 58–59.
3111:nature of the Arabic language in
2929:. Its roots may be as ancient as
2891:guide to writing better articles
2870:
2605:) is a traditional form of oral
101:
23:
3498:Complete Works of Maroun Abboud
3408:Lane's Lexicon: زَجِلَ (zajila)
3276:Monroe, James T. (2023-11-30),
2782:colloquial Arabic of al-Andalus
3609:"Three Words" (Egyptian zajal)
3509:Wahibeh, Mounir Elias (1952).
3162:vocabulary. Starting with the
3103:The language of Lebanese zajal
2968:Gabriel ibn al-Qilai Al-Hafadi
1:
3351:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 14.
3061:Regional and thematic aspects
16:Form of oral strophic poetry
3525:Abu-Haidar, Farida (1979).
2834:resemble those of Galician
2140:One Thousand and One Nights
46:, discuss the issue on the
3681:
3182:Status as a literary genre
1903:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
970:Andalusian classical music
896:Arabic musical instruments
227:Islamic geometric patterns
3154:(e.g. military matters),
3082:. On the other hand, the
2931:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
1950:The Theology of Aristotle
1417:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
1314:Love in Arabic literature
563:Arabic geometric patterns
526:Islamic hardstone carving
457:Ancient South Arabian art
3650:Literature of al-Andalus
3318:Yaqub, Nadia G. (2007).
1319:Arabic erotic literature
516:Palestinian wood carving
3496:Abboud, Maroun (1982).
3470:Zuhur, Sherifa (2001).
3345:Hámori, András (1991).
3290:10.4324/9781003096955-4
2885:used on Knowledge (XXG)
2715:, 'Abd Allah al-Nadim,
1826:Islamic Aristotelianism
1821:Early Arabic Philosophy
3445:Haydar, Adnan (1989).
3120:Modern Standard Arabic
2889:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
2815:Most scholars see the
2723:. Well-known Lebanese
2463:South Arabian deities
1985:Theologus Autodidactus
866:Rhythm in Arabic music
3616:(by Dr. Ismail Sabry)
2962:Roots and development
2844:, Italian dansas and
2784:rather than Standard
2292:North Arabian deities
2196:Fictional Arab people
2035:Atlantis of the Sands
1960:The Book of the Apple
541:Islamic ivory carving
3614:"An Egyptian Speaks"
3178:(triliteral) roots.
3024:The metrics of zajal
1422:Modern Arabic poetry
1097:Gnawa (North Africa)
938:Classical Arab music
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
34:may not represent a
3655:Arabic poetry forms
3645:Lebanese literature
2095:Iram of the Pillars
1354:Mirrors for princes
901:Great Book of Music
634:(Arabian Peninsula)
222:Islamic calligraphy
3640:Culture of Algeria
3581:Video performances
3568:2013-10-08 at the
3542:Articles and texts
3452:2017-08-09 at the
3425:2016-11-10 at the
3213:Lebanese Civil War
3158:and most recently
3126:) and repeated in
3004:moukhammas mardoud
2806:quantitative meter
2796:and the latter is
2630:quantitative meter
2217:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
2045:Beast of the Earth
2000:Sicilian Questions
1831:Islamic Platonism
1784:Arabic mathematics
1334:Arabic short story
1329:Literary_criticism
521:Islamic embroidery
491:Arabic calligraphy
3483:978-977-424-607-4
3331:978-90-04-15259-5
3299:978-1-003-09695-5
3253:978-0-415-18572-1
3221:that of the Arabs
3164:Islamic conquests
3136:Semitic languages
2919:
2918:
2911:
2883:encyclopedic tone
2824:Romance languages
2780:poetry is in the
2638:Romance languages
2588:
2587:
1888:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
1799:Arabic technology
1794:Arabic psychology
1779:Arabic Golden Age
546:Islamic Metalwork
302:Stucco decoration
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
3672:
3530:
3529:. Leiden: Brill.
3523:
3514:
3507:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3467:
3461:
3443:
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3417:
3411:
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3335:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3273:
3258:
3257:
3237:
3217:Lebanese culture
3168:classical Arabic
2927:Levantine Arabic
2923:Lebanese variety
2914:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2894:
2893:for suggestions.
2874:
2873:
2866:
2742:, the root verb
2721:Ahmed Fouad Negm
2717:Bayram al-Tunisi
2604:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2257:Princess Jasmine
2242:Layla and Majnun
2227:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
2175:She-Camel of God
2170:Shams al-Ma'arif
1980:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
1846:Sufi metaphysics
1774:Arabic geography
1769:Arabic astronomy
1764:Arabic astrology
1759:Arabic chemistry
1324:Arabic grimoires
1304:
1077:Chaabi (Morocco)
1072:Chaabi (Algeria)
856:Arab tone system
675:
667:
659:
651:
643:
635:
506:Arabic miniature
232:Islamic ornament
105:
82:
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3674:
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3665:Andalusi Arabic
3620:
3619:
3583:
3570:Wayback Machine
3544:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3524:
3517:
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3504:
3495:
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3468:
3464:
3454:Wayback Machine
3444:
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3427:Wayback Machine
3418:
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3386:10.2307/1773164
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3229:
3184:
3128:Lebanese Arabic
3105:
3063:
3026:
2964:
2915:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2888:
2879:This article's
2875:
2871:
2864:
2817:Andalusi Arabic
2775:
2736:
2692:, particularly
2665:—especially in
2619:Andalusi Arabic
2584:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2457:Isāf and Nā'ila
2288:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2190:Zarqa al Yamama
2055:Book of Wonders
2024:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2010:
1945:Liber de Causis
1851:Sufi philosophy
1815:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1789:Arabic medicine
1753:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1302:
1296:Epic literature
1258:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1151:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1087:Fann at-Tanbura
906:Kitab al-Aghani
842:
832:
831:
830:
690:
680:
679:
673:
665:
657:
649:
641:
633:
627:
617:
616:
615:
613:
496:Arabic graffiti
448:
438:
437:
436:
434:
339:Albarrana tower
282:Reflecting pool
272:Nagash painting
164:
115:
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3589:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:External links
3535:
3532:
3531:
3515:
3502:
3489:
3482:
3462:
3458:Oral Tradition
3431:
3412:
3399:
3380:(2): 191–215.
3364:
3357:
3337:
3330:
3310:
3298:
3259:
3252:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3219:distinct from
3183:
3180:
3176:triconsonantal
3104:
3101:
3072:Greek Orthodox
3062:
3059:
3025:
3022:
3006:), leading to
2963:
2960:
2917:
2916:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2863:
2862:Lebanese zajal
2860:
2774:
2768:
2740:Lane's Lexicon
2735:
2732:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Kara Ben Nemsi
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:Abdul Alhazred
2204:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2007:
2005:Fusus al-Hikam
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1878:Al-aql al-faal
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
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1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
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1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1551:Arabic prosody
1547:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1303:(ryhmed prose)
1298:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:Qudud Halabiya
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
975:Andalusi nubah
972:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
923:Arabic hip hop
920:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
861:Algerian scale
858:
853:
844:
843:
838:
837:
834:
833:
829:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
806:Robe of honour
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
747:
746:
741:
739:Tarboush (fez)
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
692:
691:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
674:(North Africa)
669:
661:
653:
645:
637:
628:
623:
622:
619:
618:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
573:Damascus steel
570:
565:
560:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
531:Islamic garden
528:
523:
518:
513:
511:Arabic pottery
508:
503:
498:
493:
482:
481:
480:
479:
474:
464:
459:
450:
449:
444:
443:
440:
439:
432:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
394:Medina quarter
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
262:Multifoil arch
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
207:Horseshoe arch
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
162:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
117:
116:
111:
110:
107:
106:
98:
97:
95:Arabic culture
91:
90:
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3677:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:Arabic poetry
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3374:Poetics Today
3368:
3365:
3360:
3358:90-04-10217-5
3354:
3350:
3349:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3311:
3301:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3233:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2913:
2910:
2902:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2850:, and French
2849:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2810:Arabic poetry
2808:of classical
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2794:strophic form
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2738:According to
2733:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:Arabic poetry
2632:of classical
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2272:Talia al Ghul
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Book of Idols
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:Aql bi-l-fi'l
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:Islamic Logic
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
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1762:
1760:
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1746:
1738:
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1733:
1730:
1728:
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1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
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1688:
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1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
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1648:
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1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
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1554:
1553:
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1544:
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1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
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1512:
1509:
1507:
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1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
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1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:Egyptian folk
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
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3410:. page 1223
3188:pan-Arabism
3138:, such as
3051:St. Ephraem
2841:villancicos
2222:Battal Gazi
1407:Anthologies
1207:Raqs Sharqi
1162:Belly dance
1005:Iraqi maqam
933:Arabic jazz
928:Arabic rock
781:Fouta towel
583:Girih tiles
501:Arab carpet
472:Fatimid art
467:Islamic art
322:Windcatcher
187:Arabic dome
3624:Categories
3305:2024-02-20
3227:References
3132:substratum
2947:troubadour
2939:Ibn Quzman
2935:Al-Andalus
2828:Ibn Quzman
2800:. Zajal's
2798:monorhymed
2752:Ibn Manzur
2713:Yaqub Sanu
2615:al-Andalus
2611:Ibn Quzman
2494:Dhat-Badan
2422:Theandrios
2402:Baalshamin
2397:Atarsamain
2252:Palamedes
1995:Muqaddimah
1955:Al-isharat
1861:Avicennism
1813:Philosophy
1682:Mauritania
1491:Muwashshah
1456:Khamriyyah
1256:Literature
1202:Ouled Nail
1015:Muwashshah
918:Arabic pop
477:Mamluk art
424:Well house
359:Bimaristan
247:Mashrabiya
3148:Canaanite
3109:diglossic
3084:Maronites
3076:Armenians
2952:jeu parti
2770:Andalusi
2734:Etymology
2684:, and in
2678:Palestine
2672:see below
2337:Al-Kutbay
2165:Shadhavar
2130:Mount Qaf
2105:Karkadann
2022:Mythology
1908:Asabiyyah
1866:Averroism
1697:Palestine
1619:Mutadārik
1616:Mutaqārib
1607:Mujtathth
1459:Tardiyyah
1279:Classical
1222:Schikhatt
1187:Khaleegy
964:Art music
791:Jellabiya
704:Battoulah
558:Arabesque
552:Features
414:Shadirvan
217:Hypostyle
182:Arabesque
166:Features
134:Nabataean
48:talk page
3630:Mozarabs
3566:Archived
3450:Archived
3423:Archived
3203:and the
3013:muwaššah
2847:ballatas
2836:cantigas
2727:include
2725:zajjaali
2702:zajjalin
2607:strophic
2452:Yarhibol
2432:Malakbel
2302:Al-‘Uzzá
2212:Ali Baba
2185:Zulfiqar
1872:Concepts
1856:Farabism
1647:Djibouti
1604:Muqtaḍab
1598:Munsariħ
1541:Ghinnawa
1516:Riddles
1501:Mathnawi
1263:Language
1217:Shamadan
1182:Hagallah
1035:Tahmilah
816:Takchita
776:Durra'ah
771:Djellaba
750:Clothing
724:Madhalla
714:Keffiyeh
694:Headwear
648:Mashriq
642:(Levant)
598:Muqarnas
317:Voussoir
312:Vaulting
307:Tadelakt
297:Socarrat
267:Muqarnas
87:a series
85:Part of
42:You may
3394:1773164
3197:qerradi
3195:from a
3170:to the
3160:English
3152:Turkish
3140:Aramaic
3113:Lebanon
3096:zajjali
3092:Shiites
3080:zajjali
3000:qerradi
2976:Mamluks
2972:Tripoli
2856:virelai
2852:rondeau
2698:Algeria
2694:Morocco
2690:Maghreb
2667:Lebanon
2544:Yaghūth
2514:Basamum
2469:Almaqah
2437:Orotalt
2392:Al-Qaum
2387:Aglibol
2322:Chaabou
2317:Dushara
2267:Sindbad
2247:Othello
2202:Aladdin
2160:Shaddad
2040:Bahamut
1751:Science
1727:Tunisia
1712:Somalia
1687:Morocco
1672:Lebanon
1642:Comoros
1637:Bahrain
1632:Algeria
1610:Muḍāriʿ
1545:Humayni
1469:Hamasah
1361:Islamic
1344:Tezkire
1339:Tabaqat
1232:Tanoura
1172:Deheyeh
1067:Bedouin
1020:Qasidah
980:Bashraf
953:Khaliji
948:Al Jeel
801:Macawis
766:Burnous
734:Tantour
729:Taqiyah
666:(Sudan)
664:Mawset
658:(Egypt)
656:Mawset
632:Khalij
625:Cuisine
568:Banna'i
374:Madrasa
344:Alcázar
197:Gardens
192:Banna'i
154:Moorish
149:Fatimid
144:Abbasid
139:Umayyad
124:Islamic
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3201:sonnet
3193:m3anna
3172:Levant
3156:French
3144:Syriac
3124:fus-ha
3068:Sunnis
3055:Syriac
3047:Syriac
3031:m3anna
3020:form.
3018:Shruqi
3008:ghazal
2996:m3anna
2991:qasida
2985:ghazal
2943:nabati
2802:stress
2786:Arabic
2756:zajala
2744:zajila
2719:, and
2686:Jordan
2663:Levant
2659:zajjāl
2626:stress
2624:, the
2597:Arabic
2524:Haukim
2509:Qaynan
2504:Ta'lab
2499:Haubas
2489:Salman
2484:Athtar
2352:Azizos
2307:Al-Lat
2180:Wāḳwāḳ
2150:Qutrub
2145:Qareen
2135:Nasnas
2115:Luqman
2110:Kujata
2065:Dandan
2030:Ababil
1732:U.A.E.
1667:Kuwait
1662:Jordan
1601:Khafīf
1591:Rajaz
1536:Nabati
1531:Mawwal
1521:Kharja
1511:Nasīb
1506:Ruba'i
1496:Urjūza
1486:Qasida
1481:Diwan
1462:Khawal
1452:Ghazal
1442:Rithā'
1428:Genres
1400:Poetry
1393:Aqidah
1378:Hadith
1373:Tafsir
1309:Maqama
1284:Modern
1237:Yowlah
1227:Tahtib
1197:Mizmar
1177:Guedra
1127:Shaabi
1112:Mezwed
1107:Mawwal
1092:Fijiri
1057:Ataaba
1045:Waslah
1040:Taqsim
1030:Sama'i
1010:Mawwal
1000:Malhun
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912:Genres
886:Teslim
871:Taqsim
846:Theory
811:Sirwal
796:Kaftan
744:Turban
719:Litham
608:Zellij
593:Kiswah
578:Damask
452:Styles
429:Zawiya
419:Tekyeh
389:Mosque
369:Kasbah
364:Hammam
349:Bazaar
327:Zellij
257:Mosaic
159:Mamluk
129:Yemeni
119:Styles
3390:JSTOR
3088:Druze
3043:wafir
3039:rajaz
3035:sari3
2832:zajal
2820:zajal
2790:Zajal
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2764:zajal
2682:Syria
2655:Moors
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2622:zajal
2592:Zajal
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2539:Ya'uq
2479:Anbay
2417:Suwa'
2412:Hubal
2382:Abgal
2372:Manāt
2367:Manāt
2362:Quzah
2357:Bajir
2342:Asira
2327:Manaf
2312:Manāt
2297:Allah
2125:Marid
2090:Ifrit
2085:Houri
2075:Ghoul
2070:Falak
2060:Buraq
1939:Texts
1928:Qadar
1918:Irfan
1898:Peace
1893:Dhati
1841:Kalam
1737:Yemen
1722:Syria
1717:Sudan
1702:Qatar
1677:Libya
1652:Egypt
1613:Sarīʿ
1595:Ramal
1586:Hazaj
1581:Wāfir
1576:Kamil
1571:Basīṭ
1567:Madīd
1563:Ṭawīl
1526:Zajal
1475:Forms
1465:Fakhr
1433:Madih
1412:Poets
1368:Quran
1349:Rihla
1290:Prose
1274:Paleo
1212:Samri
1167:Dabke
1157:Ardah
1149:Dance
1132:Zajal
1117:Samri
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943:Opera
881:Lazma
840:Music
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688:Dress
485:Types
409:Sabil
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399:Qalat
384:Mazar
379:Maqam
333:Types
287:Riwaq
277:Qadad
242:Liwan
202:Girih
177:Alfiz
172:Ablaq
50:, or
3478:ISBN
3406:see
3353:ISBN
3326:ISBN
3294:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3146:and
3107:The
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3074:and
3041:and
2998:and
2945:and
2854:and
2760:Lane
2696:and
2647:and
2529:Nasr
2447:Sa'd
2442:Ruda
2427:Wadd
2377:A'ra
2347:Awal
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2155:Roc
2100:Jinn
2080:Hinn
1933:Qalb
1923:Nafs
1692:Oman
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1558:Bayt
1447:Waṣf
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1383:Sīra
1301:Saj
1269:Old
1192:Liwa
1122:Sawt
1102:Liwa
1051:Folk
985:Dawr
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292:Sahn
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237:Iwan
212:Howz
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3286:doi
3205:ode
2925:of
2706:ney
2613:of
2602:زجل
2534:Sīn
2474:Amm
2407:Bēl
1913:Hal
1242:Zār
958:Raï
446:Art
3626::
3518:^
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3434:^
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3378:15
3376:.
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