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419:. However, the proposal was not accepted by the Bitcoin community. Thus, the Zerocoin developers decided to launch the protocol into an independent cryptocurrency. The project to create a standalone cryptocurrency implementing the Zerocoin protocol was named "Moneta". In September 2016, Zcoin (XZC), the first cryptocurrency to implement the zerocoin protocol, was launched by Poramin Insom and team. In January 2018, an academic paper partially funded by Zcoin was published on replacing
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acknowledging the flaw, stated the high difficulty in performing such attacks and the low probability of giving economic benefit to the attacker. In
December 2018, Zcoin released an academic paper proposing the Lelantus protocol that removes the need for a trusted setup and hides the origin and the amount of coins in a transaction when using the Zerocoin protocol.
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proof algorithm in ensuring more equitable mining among ordinary users. In April 2018, a cryptographic flaw was found in the
Zerocoin protocol which allows an attacker to destroy the coins owned by honest users, create coins out of thin air, and steal users' coins. The Zcoin cryptocurrency team while
560:
One criticism of zerocoin is the added computation time required by the process, which would need to have been performed primarily by bitcoin miners. If the proofs were posted to the blockchain, this would also dramatically increase the size of the blockchain. Nevertheless, as stated by the original
464:
method for proving the integrity of computations. Such proofs are less than 300 bytes long and can be verified in only a few milliseconds, and contain the additional advantage of hiding the amount transacted as well. However, unlike
Zerocoin, Zerocash requires an initial set up by a trusted entity.
564:
Since a zerocoin will have the same denomination as the bitcoin used to mint the zerocoin, anonymity would be compromised if no other zerocoins (or few zerocoins) with the same denomination are currently minted but unspent. A potential solution to this problem would be to only allow zerocoins of
452:
On 16 November 2013, Matthew D. Green announced the
Zerocash protocol, which provides additional anonymity by shielding the amount transacted. Zerocash reduces transaction sizes by 98%, however was significantly more computationally expensive, taking up to 3.2 GB of memory to generate. More
503:
On 20 February 2017, a malicious coding attack on
Zerocoin protocol created 370,000 fake tokens which perpetrators sold for over 400 Bitcoins ($ 440,000). Zcoin team announced that a single-symbol error in a piece of code "allowed an attacker to create Zerocoin spend transactions without a
551:
in coin mining. On 30 July 2019, Zcoin formally departed from
Zerocoin protocol by adopting a new protocol called "Sigma" that prevents counterfeit privacy coins from inflating coin supply. This is achieved by removing a feature called "trusted setup" from the Zerocoin protocol.
411:
and his graduate students (Ian Miers and
Christina Garman) proposed the Zerocoin protocol where cryptocurrency transactions can be anonymized without going through a trusted third-party, by which a coin is destroyed then minted again to erase its history.
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to generate a parameter which cannot be easily factored. As such, these values must either be generated by trusted parties, or rely on RSA unfactorable objects to avoid the requirement of a trusted party. Such a setup, however, is not possible with the
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In the late 2014, Poramin Insom, a student in
Masters in Security Informatics from Johns Hopkins University wrote a paper on implementing the zerocoin protocol into a cryptocurrency with Matthew Green as faculty member.
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While a coin is spent, there is no information available which reveal exactly which coin is being spent. Initially, the
Zerocoin protocol was planned to be integrated into the
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specific set denominations, however, this would increase the needed computation time since multiple zerocoins could be needed for one transaction.
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536:
1028:
Eli Ben, Sasson; Alessandro, Chiesa; Christina, Garman; Matthew, Green (18 May 2014). "Zerocash: Decentralized
Anonymous Payments from Bitcoin".
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and Tim Lee were Zcoin's initial investors. Poramin also set up an exchanged named "Satang" that can convert Thai Baht to Zcoin directly.
974:"We designed a new version of Zerocoin that reduces proof sizes by 98% and allows for direct anonymous payments that hide payment amount"
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In September 2018, Zcoin introduced the Dandelion protocol that hides the origin IP address of a sender without using a
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by having coin-mixing capabilities natively built into the protocol. Zerocoin is not currently compatible with Bitcoin.
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512:, developers have opted not to destroy any coins or attempt to reverse what happened with the newly generated ones.
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539:(ASIC) in mining coins by being more memory intensive for the miners. This allows ordinary users to use
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888:"Lelantus: Towards Confidentiality and Anonymity of Blockchain Transactions from Standard Assumptions"
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pool, where each coin's transaction history is erased when it emerges. Transactions are verified by
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and his graduate students, Ian Miers and Christina Garman. It was designed as an extension to the
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Zerocash utilizes succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge arguments of knowledge (also known as
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Tim, Ruffing; Sri Avavinda, Krishnan; Viktoria, Ronge; Dominique, Schröder (12 April 2018).
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523:(VPN). In November 2018, Zcoin conducted the world's first large-scale party elections in
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751:"Cryptocurrency Zcoin Have Just Released 'French Drop' Their Best Privacy Update Yet"
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1395:"Zcoin cryptocurrency introduces zero knowledge proofs with no trusted set-up"
407:
can be used to obscure the trail of cryptocurrency transactions. In May 2013,
393:
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855:"Lelantus: Private transactions with hidden origins and amounts based on DDH"
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was the first Zerocash based cryptocurrency which began development in 2013.
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1315:"Zcoin is the first cryptocurrency to implement Dandelion privacy protocol"
596:
Miers, Ian; Garman, Christina; Green, Matthew; Rubin, Aviel D. (May 2013).
568:
Depending on the specific implementation, Zerocoin requires two very large
1480:
609:. IEEE Computer Society Conference Publishing Services. pp. 397–411.
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1236:"The risky business of bitcoin: High-profile cryptocurrency catastrophes"
1079:
Ben-Sasson, Eli; Chiesa, Alessandro; Tromer, Eran; Virza, Madars (2014).
574:
509:
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compromised while interacting with the network. To address this problem,
1081:"Succinct Non-Interactive Zero Knowledge for a von Neumann Architecture"
17:
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recent developments into the protocol have reduced this to 40 MB.
397:
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Alex, Biryukov; Dmitry, Khovratovich (2016). "Egalitarian computing".
2913:
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2430:
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1773:
1152:"An Interview with Poramin Insom, Zcoin's lead developer and founder"
437:
107:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2015:
1126:"Zcash, a Harder-to-Trace Virtual Currency, Generates Price Frenzy"
887:
861:
799:"A Cryptographic Flaw in Zerocoin (and Two Critical Coding Issues)"
782:
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457:
829:"A statement on the paper "Burning Zerocoins for fun and profit""
725:
2198:
2120:
1262:"A single typo let hackers steal $ 400,000 from a bitcoin rival"
2019:
1507:
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1003:
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Transactions which use the Zerocoin feature are drawn from an
236:
134:
72:
31:
753:. Business Insider. Zcoin team. 1 March 2018. Archived from
692:"Hopkins researchers are creating an alternative to Bitcoin"
665:"Gold 2.0: can code and competition build a better Bitcoin?"
561:
author, the proofs could be stored outside the blockchain.
1503:
1368:"Zcoin Moves Against ASIC Monopoly With Merkle Tree Proof"
472:, the assistant professor behind the Zerocoin protocol,
1032:. 2014 IEEE Symphosium and Security. pp. 459–474.
96:
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607:
Security and Privacy, 2008. Sp 2008. IEEE Symposium on
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1812:
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1569:
1422:"Who's who in Bitcoin: Zerocoin hero Matthew Green"
1370:. Finance Magnates. 6 December 2018. Archived from
1289:"The distributed passion of a crypto pioneer Insom"
1209:"A message from our new investor in Zcoin, Tim Lee"
1175:
1173:
638:"Who's Who in Bitcoin: Zerocoin Hero Matthew Green"
599:
Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash from Bitcoin
535:proof, a mining algorithm that deters the usage of
267:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
745:
743:
1430:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1317:. finder.com.au. 4 October 2018. Archived from
605:. 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy.
722:"Moneta - Engineering an ideal cryptocurrency"
2031:
1519:
8:
1099:"What You Need To Know About Zero Knowledge"
914:"What You Need To Know About Zero Knowledge"
531:(IPFS). In December 2018, Zcoin implemented
1030:2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3087:
2871:
2170:
2038:
2024:
2016:
1793:
1526:
1512:
1504:
1287:Jintana, Panyaarvudh (15 December 2018).
1037:
781:
345:Learn how and when to remove this message
327:Learn how and when to remove this message
225:Learn how and when to remove this message
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
3130:Internet properties established in 2013
1713:List of people in blockchain technology
1476:
1344:. The Nation (Thailand). Archived from
1340:Jintana, Panyaarvudh; Kas, Chanwanpen.
1291:. The Nation (Thailand). Archived from
591:
589:
585:
537:Application-specific integrated circuit
940:"Can This Man Build a Better Bitcoin?"
161:Please improve this article by adding
3005:Decentralized autonomous organization
1184:. Elite Plus Magazine. Archived from
644:from the original on 4 September 2014
7:
3075:
2000:
265:adding citations to reliable sources
1420:Peck, Morgan E. (24 October 2013).
1268:from the original on 11 August 2018
1180:Ezra Kryill, Erker (4 April 2019).
1124:Popper, Nathaniel (November 2016).
1397:. Finder Australia. Archived from
663:Janus, Kopfstein (23 April 2013).
636:Morgen, E Peck (24 October 2013).
25:
3015:Distributed ledger technology law
1004:"Zcash Integration Guide - Zcash"
690:Carrie, Wells (1 February 2014).
47:This article has multiple issues.
3086:
3074:
3063:
3062:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1491:
1479:
1182:"Cyberwarfare to cryptocurrency"
807:University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
392:Due to the public nature of the
241:
139:
77:
36:
1260:Rob, Price (20 February 2017).
886:Aram, Jivanyan (7 April 2019).
252:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
1865:2020 Twitter account hijacking
1393:Andrew, Munro (30 July 2019).
1:
1708:List of bitcoin organizations
803:Chair of Applied Cryptography
724:. Moneta.cash. Archived from
163:secondary or tertiary sources
1882:The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin
1342:"Reliable voting TECHNOLOGY"
667:. Ther Verge. Archived from
547:for mining, so as to enable
504:corresponding mint". Unlike
3120:Application layer protocols
2076:Cryptographic hash function
1845:Bitcoin scalability problem
103:the claims made and adding
3151:
1154:. zcoin.io. Archived from
831:. Zcoin.io. Archived from
529:InterPlanetary File System
488:
3058:
3035:Initial exchange offering
3010:Decentralized application
2990:Cryptocurrency in Nigeria
1985:
1860:2018 Bitcoin bomb threats
1855:2018 cryptocurrency crash
1698:List of bitcoin companies
1541:
892:Cryptology ePrint Archive
3040:List of cryptocurrencies
2927:Crypto service companies
2718:Cryptocurrency exchanges
366:Johns Hopkins University
860:. Zcoin. Archived from
541:central processing unit
525:Thailand Democrat Party
521:Virtual Private Network
396:, users may have their
2975:Complementary currency
2081:Decentralized exchange
2066:Cryptocurrency tumbler
1959:Bitcoin in El Salvador
423:with memory intensive
150:relies excessively on
3030:Initial coin offering
2985:Cryptocurrency bubble
2516:Basic Attention Token
2086:Decentralized finance
2071:Cryptocurrency wallet
1744:Cryptocurrency wallet
1703:List of bitcoin forks
1561:Environmental effects
460:), a special kind of
442:zero-knowledge proofs
3025:Environmental impact
2995:Cryptocurrency scams
1582:Andreas Antonopoulos
1264:. Business Insider.
972:(16 November 2013).
421:Proof-of-work system
364:proposed in 2013 by
261:improve this article
2680:Inactive currencies
1295:on 15 December 2018
1215:on 29 December 2017
950:on 18 December 2017
867:on 20 December 2018
835:on 9 September 2018
702:on 27 November 2017
405:coin mixing service
376:that would improve
276:"Zerocoin protocol"
174:"Zerocoin protocol"
3135:Private currencies
2140:Proof of authority
2111:Non-fungible token
2091:Distributed ledger
1912:Bitcoin Foundation
1850:History of bitcoin
1657:Cameron Winklevoss
1374:on 6 December 2018
1348:on 3 December 2018
1234:Osborne, Charlie.
1130:The New York Times
1048:10.1109/SP.2014.36
728:on 3 February 2015
615:10.1109/SP.2013.34
88:possibly contains
3102:
3101:
2922:
2921:
2401:
2400:
2101:Lightning Network
2013:
2012:
1905:
1833:
1832:
1804:Bitcoin Unlimited
1759:Lightning Network
1321:on 2 January 2019
1158:on 24 August 2018
1105:. 7 February 2015
1057:978-1-4799-4686-0
970:Matthew D. Green
920:. 7 February 2015
696:The Baltimore Sun
640:. IEEE Spectrum.
355:
354:
347:
337:
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329:
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209:
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125:
90:original research
70:
16:(Redirected from
3142:
3115:Cryptocurrencies
3090:
3089:
3078:
3077:
3066:
3065:
3050:Virtual currency
3000:Digital currency
2980:Crypto-anarchism
2872:
2625:HBAR (Hashgraph)
2608:Other currencies
2244:Ethereum Classic
2171:
2047:Cryptocurrencies
2040:
2033:
2026:
2017:
2003:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1918:Bitcoin Magazine
1903:
1794:
1662:Tyler Winklevoss
1622:Satoshi Nakamoto
1528:
1521:
1514:
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1495:
1484:
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1463:Official website
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1211:. Archived from
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946:. Archived from
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757:on 7 August 2018
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698:. Archived from
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626:
604:
593:
517:The Onion Router
480:Cryptocurrencies
470:Matthew D. Green
409:Matthew D. Green
374:Bitcoin protocol
370:Matthew D. Green
362:privacy protocol
350:
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105:inline citations
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62:
40:
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32:
27:Privacy protocol
21:
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3145:
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3143:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3054:
3020:Double-spending
2970:Blockchain game
2948:
2918:
2870:
2712:
2674:
2603:
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2397:
2351:
2327:
2311:
2287:
2248:
2223:
2159:
2125:
2049:
2044:
2014:
2009:
1981:
1953:
1934:Canaan Creative
1904:(not exchanges)
1902:
1896:
1869:
1829:
1808:
1783:
1729:Bitcoin network
1717:
1686:
1637:Vitalik Buterin
1587:Brian Armstrong
1565:
1537:
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1502:
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1470:
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1401:on 30 July 2019
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1085:USENIX Security
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1058:
1039:10.1.1.649.4389
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671:on 20 June 2018
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417:Bitcoin network
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2378:Nervos Network
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1426:IEEE Spectrum
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1188:on 5 May 2019
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570:prime numbers
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545:graphics card
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468:Developed by
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278: –
277:
273:
272:Find sources:
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250:This article
248:
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176: –
175:
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170:Find sources:
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158:
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153:
148:This article
146:
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136:
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124:
116:
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48:
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34:
33:
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19:
3091:
3079:
3067:
2944:Initiative Q
2302:Bitcoin Gold
2194:Counterparty
2189:Bitcoin Cash
1977:Bitcoin City
1916:
1888:
1880:
1825:Bitcoin Gold
1820:Bitcoin Cash
1722:Technologies
1672:Dave Kleiman
1667:Craig Wright
1556:Legal status
1441:. Retrieved
1425:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:the original
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:the original
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1270:. Retrieved
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1239:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:the original
1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1186:the original
1160:. Retrieved
1156:the original
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1133:. Retrieved
1129:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1102:
1093:
1084:
1074:
1029:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:
998:
988:– via
984:16 September
982:. Retrieved
964:
952:. Retrieved
948:the original
943:
934:
922:. Retrieved
917:
908:
896:. Retrieved
894:(Report 373)
891:
881:
869:. Retrieved
862:the original
849:
837:. Retrieved
833:the original
822:
810:. Retrieved
802:
792:
771:
759:. Retrieved
755:the original
730:. Retrieved
726:the original
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704:. Retrieved
700:the original
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673:. Retrieved
669:the original
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646:. Retrieved
631:
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467:
455:
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435:
432:Architecture
414:
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357:
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271:
259:Please help
254:verification
251:
221:
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181:
169:
149:
119:
110:
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
3045:Token money
2934:Hyperledger
2806:EDX Markets
2670:WhopperCoin
2566:Stablecoins
1967:Bitcoin Law
1893:(2015 film)
1885:(2014 film)
1749:Bitcoin ATM
1652:Cody Wilson
1378:29 December
1352:29 December
1245:21 December
1162:8 September
1135:26 November
1109:19 December
1013:26 November
954:21 December
924:21 December
871:29 December
839:9 September
812:9 September
805:. Germany:
533:Merkle tree
508:during the
485:Zcoin (XZC)
425:Merkle tree
402:third-party
317:August 2014
113:August 2014
3109:Categories
2965:BitLicense
2909:QuadrigaCX
2892:bankruptcy
2856:ShapeShift
2801:Crypto.com
2688:BitConnect
2640:MobileCoin
2409:currencies
2268:Bitconnect
2263:Auroracoin
2167:currencies
2133:mechanisms
2061:Blockchain
2054:Technology
1734:Blockchain
1632:Nick Szabo
1607:Hal Finney
1602:Tim Draper
1443:31 January
1103:TechCrunch
918:TechCrunch
783:1606.03588
581:References
577:protocol.
543:(CPU) and
394:blockchain
368:professor
287:newspapers
215:April 2019
185:newspapers
152:references
97:improve it
52:improve it
2796:Coincheck
2698:KodakCoin
2546:Shiba Inu
2531:KodakCoin
2521:Chainlink
2447:Injective
2421:Avalanche
2383:Primecoin
2131:Consensus
1647:Roger Ver
1592:Adam Back
1551:Economics
1486:Economics
1438:0018-9235
1325:1 January
1299:1 January
1272:11 August
1219:13 August
1034:CiteSeerX
732:11 August
623:1081-6011
556:Reception
519:(Tor) or
510:DAO event
498:Roger Ver
458:zk-SNARKs
382:anonymity
101:verifying
58:talk page
3069:Category
2791:Coinbase
2771:Bitstamp
2751:Bitpanda
2741:bitFlyer
2736:Bitfinex
2660:SafeMoon
2620:Filecoin
2599:USD Coin
2467:Polkadot
2462:Peercoin
2442:Gridcoin
2436:Ethereum
2416:Algorand
2393:Vertcoin
2363:AmbaCoin
2293:Equihash
2283:Litecoin
2278:Dogecoin
2238:Ethereum
2214:Peercoin
2209:Namecoin
2204:MazaCoin
2106:MetaMask
1995:Category
1944:GHash.io
1939:CoinDesk
1890:Deep Web
1813:Currency
1677:Jihan Wu
1498:Internet
1266:Archived
898:14 April
761:7 August
706:7 August
675:7 August
648:6 August
642:Archived
575:Zerocash
506:Ethereum
448:Zerocash
358:Zerocoin
18:Zerocoin
3081:Commons
2960:Airdrop
2939:IQ.Wiki
2904:Mt. Gox
2875:Defunct
2861:Uniswap
2821:Genesis
2756:Bithumb
2731:Binance
2703:OneCoin
2665:Stellar
2551:The DAO
2541:Polygon
2511:Aventus
2426:Cardano
2219:Titcoin
2184:Bitcoin
2175:SHA-256
2005:Commons
1929:Bitmain
1838:History
1612:Wei Dai
1546:History
1535:Bitcoin
1472:Portals
1405:30 July
1066:5939799
990:Twitter
944:Fortune
398:privacy
388:History
378:Bitcoin
301:scholar
199:scholar
95:Please
2914:Thodex
2841:Kucoin
2836:Kraken
2816:Gemini
2786:Circle
2761:BitMEX
2746:Bitkub
2693:Coinye
2655:Ripple
2630:Helium
2594:Tether
2499:tokens
2497:ERC-20
2472:Solana
2431:EOS.IO
2335:-based
2323:Monero
2295:-based
2273:Coinye
2256:-based
2254:Scrypt
2231:-based
2229:Ethash
2177:-based
1874:Movies
1797:Client
1774:SegWit
1570:People
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2866:Upbit
2826:Huobi
2811:eToro
2766:Bitso
2708:Petro
2589:Terra
2536:Minds
2506:Augur
2482:Tezos
2477:Steem
2438:(2.0)
2388:Verge
2356:Other
2347:Petro
2307:Zcash
2240:(1.0)
1924:BitGo
1789:Forks
1779:SHA-2
1754:ECDSA
1691:Lists
1240:ZDNet
1192:5 May
1062:S2CID
1008:Zcash
978:Tweet
865:(PDF)
858:(PDF)
778:arXiv
603:(PDF)
491:Zcoin
474:Zcash
360:is a
308:JSTOR
294:books
206:JSTOR
192:books
3093:List
2846:Kuna
2776:BTCC
2726:Abra
2645:Nano
2635:Luna
2615:Chia
2579:Diem
2556:TRON
2373:IOTA
2368:Firo
2342:Dash
2199:LBRY
2121:Web3
2096:Fork
1949:Nuri
1445:2014
1434:ISSN
1407:2019
1380:2018
1354:2018
1327:2019
1301:2019
1274:2018
1247:2018
1221:2018
1194:2019
1164:2018
1137:2018
1111:2018
1052:ISBN
1015:2018
986:2015
956:2018
926:2018
900:2019
873:2018
841:2018
814:2018
763:2018
734:2018
708:2018
677:2018
650:2018
619:ISSN
280:news
178:news
2887:FTX
2851:OKX
2781:BUX
2650:NEO
2584:Pax
2574:Dai
2526:Kin
2487:TON
2457:Nxt
2452:Kin
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