2499:
4564:
3167:
3316:
3282:
3294:
3336:
838:
2557:
3064:). When a dukedom was centralized, these people would find employment as government officials or officers. These hereditary classes were similar to Western knights in status and breeding, but unlike the European equivalent, they were expected to be something of a scholar instead of a warrior. Being appointed, they could move from one state to another. Some would travel from state to state peddling schemes of administrative or military reform. Those who could not find employment would often end up teaching young men who aspired to official status. The most famous of these was
3267:
2706:
4630:
481:
2595:
3111:, with the grain from the middle square taken by the government and that of surrounding squares kept by individual farmers. This way, the government was able to store surplus food and distribute it in times of famine or bad harvest. Some important manufacturing sectors during this period included bronze smelting, which was integral to making weapons and farming tools. Again, these industries were dominated by the nobility who directed the production of such materials.
3328:
2345:
2474:. While only the first three of these would receive imperial patronage in later dynasties, doctrines from each influenced the others and Chinese society in sometimes unusual ways. The Mohists for instance found little interest in their praise of meritocracy but much acceptance for their mastery of defensive siege warfare; much later, however, their arguments against nepotism were used in favor of establishing the
2648:
that demarcate between trunk and collateral lines, the former is called a zong and the latter a zu, whereas the whole lineage is dubbed the shi. On one hand, every son who is not the eldest and hence not heir to the lineage territory has the potential of becoming a progenitor and fostering a new trunk lineage (Ideally he would strike out to cultivate new lineage territory). According to the Zou commentary, the
2542:, ornaments, and weapons. As the Zhou emulated the Shang's large scale production of ceremonial bronzes, they developed an extensive system of bronze metalworking that required a large force of tribute labor. Many of its members were Shang, who were sometimes forcibly transported to new Zhou to produce the bronze ritual objects which were then sold and distributed across the lands, symbolizing Zhou legitimacy.
2514:
ruler was duty-bound to uphold heaven's principles of harmony and honor. Any ruler who failed in this duty, who let instability creep into earthly affairs, or who let his people suffer, would lose the mandate. Under this system, it was the prerogative of spiritual authority to withdraw support from any wayward ruler and to find another, more worthy one. In this way, the Zhou sky god legitimized regime change.
2210:
54:
4736:
2578:
3081:
4644:
3435:, a more distant and unknowable concept, yet one that anyone could utilize, the opposite view of the Shang's spirituality. The Zhou wanted to increase the number of enlightenment seekers, mystics, and those who would be interested in learning about such things as a way to further distance their people from the Shang-era paradigm and local traditions.
3351:
2699:男 "baron". At times, a vigorous duke would take power from his nobles and centralize the state. Centralization became more necessary as the states began to war among themselves and decentralization encouraged more war. If a duke took power from his nobles, the state would have to be administered bureaucratically by appointed officials.
2498:
75:
2644:
descent-line system as follows: "A great line (ta-tsung) is the line of eldest sons continuing indefinitely from a founding ancestor. A lesser line is the line of younger sons going back no more than five generations. Great lines and lesser lines continually spin off new lesser lines, founded by younger sons".
2387:
was the first to claim the title of "king" for himself. Others followed, marking a turning point, as rulers did not even entertain the pretense of vassalage of the Zhou court, instead proclaiming themselves fully independent kingdoms. A series of states rose to prominence before each falling in turn,
3053:
Despite these similarities, there are a number of important differences from medieval Europe. One obvious difference is that the Zhou ruled from walled cities rather than castles. Another was China's distinct class system, which lacked an organized clergy but saw Shang-descent yeomen become masters
2647:
K.E. Brashier writes in his book "Ancestral Memory in Early China" about the tsung-fa system of patrilineal primogeniture: "The greater lineage, if it has survived, is the direct succession from father to eldest son and is not defined via the collateral shifts of the lesser lineages. In discussions
2513:
The
Mandate of Heaven was presented as a religious compact between the Zhou people and their supreme god in heaven. The Zhou agreed that since worldly affairs were supposed to align with those of the heavens, the heavens conferred legitimate power on only one person, the Zhou ruler. In return, the
2148:
According to
Nicholas Bodman, the Zhou appear to have spoken a language largely similar in vocabulary and syntax to that of the Shang; a recent study by David McCraw, using lexical statistics, reached the same conclusion. The Zhou emulated Shang cultural practices, possibly to legitimize their own
3478:(202 BC – 220 AD), thus becoming the heart of the Chinese imperial ideology. While the system was initially a respected body of concrete regulations, the fragmentation of the Western Zhou period led the ritual to drift towards moralization and formalization in regard to:
4716:
The exact location of
Wangcheng and its relation to Chengzhou is disputed. According to Xu Zhaofeng, "Chengzhou" and "Wangcheng" were originally synonymous and used to name the same capital city from 771 to 510 BC. "The creation of a distinction between Wangcheng and Chengzhou probably occurred
2643:
as "characterized by the fact that the eldest son of each generation formed the main of line descent and political authority, whereas the younger brothers were moved out to establish new lineages of lesser authority. The farther removed, the lesser the political authority". Ebrey defines the
2195:, the term "Rong" during the Western Zhou period was likely used to designate political and military adversaries rather than cultural and ethnic "others". Cultural artifacts of the Western Rong coexisted with Western Zhou bronzes, indicating close bonds between the Rong and the Western Zhou.
2510:, which would prove to be among East Asia's most enduring political doctrines. According to the theory, Heaven imposed a mandate to replace the Shang on the Zhou, whose moral superiority justified seizing Shang wealth and territory in order to return good governance to the people.
2652:
divided land among his feudal lords, his feudal lords divided the land among their dependent families and so forth down the pecking order to the officers who had their dependent kin and the commoners who "each had his apportioned relations and all had their graded precedence""
4539:
Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed Duke Hui of
Eastern Zhou as King Nan's successor after their capital, Chengzhou, fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. Ji Zhao, a son of King Nan, led a resistance against Qin for five years. The dukedom fell in 249 BC. The remaining Ji family ruled
5202:, p. 41, "Moreover, Shang dynasty Chinese at least in its syntax and lexicon seems not to differ basically from that of the Zhou dynasty whose language is amply attested in inscriptions on bronze vessels and which was transmitted in the early classical literature.".
2517:
In using this creed, the Zhou rulers had to acknowledge that any group of rulers, even they themselves, could be ousted if they lost the mandate of heaven because of improper practices. The book of odes written during the Zhou period clearly intoned this caution.
4878:
2259:
Over time, this decentralized system became strained as the familial relationships between the Zhou kings and the regional dynasties thinned over the generations. Peripheral territories developed local power and prestige on par with that of the Zhou.
3166:
2521:
The Zhou kings contended that heaven favored their triumph because the last Shang kings had been evil men whose policies brought pain to the people through waste and corruption. After the Zhou came to power, the mandate became a political tool.
4563:
5144:"Emperor Shun said, 'Qi, the black-haired people begin to be famished. Do you, Lord of Millet, sow in their seasons the various kinds of grain.' He enfeoffed Qi at Tai; title was Lord of Millet; and his distinctive surname was Ji.".
4778:
Sima Qian was only able to establish historical dates after the time of the Gonghe
Regency. Earlier dates, like that of 1046 BC for the Battle of Muye, are given in this article according to the Chinese government–sponsored
2283:, intensified towards the end of the Western Zhou period. These tribes are recorded as harassing Zhou territory, but at the time the Zhou were expanding northwards, encroaching on their traditional lands—especially the
2530:
or natural calamities threw the ruling house's mandate into question. Since rulers claimed that their authority came from heaven, the Zhou made great efforts to gain accurate knowledge of the stars and to perfect the
3144:(445–396 BC), was the first hydraulic engineer of China to have created a large irrigation canal system. As the main focus of his grandiose project, his canal work eventually diverted the waters of the entire
8665:
4889:
8670:
2525:
One of the duties and privileges of the king was to create a royal calendar. This official document defined times for undertaking agricultural activities and celebrating rituals. But unexpected events such as
1822:
period (771–256 BC), the political system created by the Zhou royal house survived in some form for several additional centuries. A date of 1046 BC for the Zhou's establishment is supported by the
3452:
encoded an understanding of manners as an expression of the social hierarchy, ethics, and regulation concerning material life; the corresponding social practices became idealized within
Confucian ideology.
2237:
tribes, the Duke of Zhou quelled the rebellion, and further expanded the Zhou
Kingdom into the east. To maintain Zhou authority over its greatly expanded territory and prevent other revolts, he set up the
2560:
A Western Zhou ceremonial bronze of cooking-vessel form inscribed to record that the King of Zhou gave a fiefdom to Shi You, ordering that he inherit the title as well as the land and people living there
2352:
The
Eastern Zhou period (771–256 BC) was characterized by an accelerating collapse of royal authority, although the king's ritual importance enabled more than five additional centuries of rule. The
7112:
2636:
as legal. According to Hsi-Sheng Tao, "the Tsung-fa or descent line system has the following characteristics: patrilineal descent, patrilineal succession, patriarchate, sib-exogamy, and primogeniture"
4721:", under whom a new capital "Chengzhou" was built to the east of the old city "Wangcheng". Nevertheless, the new Chengzhou was still sometimes called Wangcheng and vice versa, adding to the confusion.
3260:. King Hui of Zhou married a princess of the Red Di as a sign of appreciation for the importance of the Di troops. King Xiang of Zhou also married a Di princess after receiving Di military support.
3237:
had been introduced to China during the Shang dynasty from
Central Asia, the Zhou period saw the first major use of chariots in battle. Recent archaeological finds demonstrate similarities between
3281:
3380:
developed, its initial stages of development beginning in the 6th century BC. The greatest
Chinese philosophers, those who made the greatest impact on later generations of Chinese, were
1864: – 221 BC) that followed saw large-scale warfare and consolidation among what had formerly been Zhou client states, until the Zhou were formally extinguished by the
3266:
3112:
3190:
The early Western Zhou supported a strong army, split into two major units: "the Six Armies of the west" and "the Eight Armies of Chengzhou". The armies campaigned in the northern
5333:
was an Eastern barbarian; he was born in Chu Feng, moved to Fu Hsia, and died in Ming T'iao. King Wen was a Western barbarian; he was born in Ch'i Chou and died in Pi Ying."
3099:
Agriculture in the Zhou dynasty was very intensive and, in many cases, directed by the government. All farming lands were owned by nobles, who then gave their land to their
2217:
During the Western Zhou (1045–771 BC), King Wu maintained the old capital for ceremonial purposes but constructed a new one for his palace and administration nearby at
8635:
6638:
Sun, Yan (2006), "Cultural and Political Control in North China: Style and Use of the Bronzes of Yan at Liulihe during the Early Western Zhou", in Mair, Victor H. (ed.),
8640:
7076:
2582:
3293:
8655:
7108:
3520:), which was also the term used by the Shang rulers, normally translated into English as 'king'. In addition to these rulers, King Wu's immediate ancestors—
2085:
tribes before being treacherously killed by Shang forces. Taibo and Zhongyong had supposedly already fled to the Yangtze delta, where they established the
4813:
4780:
1824:
1754:
1694:
2622:
There were many similarities between the decentralized systems. When the dynasty was established, the conquered land was divided into hereditary fiefs (
3315:
2705:
1967:
credited with surviving abandonment by his mother three times, and with greatly improving agriculture, to the point where he was granted lordship over
3505:
5725:
3038:
8660:
6732:
2043:
5388:
1384:
7092:
8447:
7829:
6665:
6647:
6601:
6580:
6562:
6513:
6495:
6366:
6275:
6252:
6088:
6008:
5983:
5844:
5803:
5776:
5708:
5600:
5571:
5484:
5438:
5280:
5250:
5086:
5030:
4999:
4972:
1684:
2229:
in consolidating royal power. Wary of the Duke of Zhou's increasing power, the "Three Guards", Zhou princes stationed on the eastern plain,
74:
7064:
7060:
6226:
7052:
4672:
1975:
1811:
1726:
888:
8499:
7499:
6458:
878:
6377:
4551:
During Confucius's lifetime in the Spring and Autumn period, Zhou kings had little power, and much administrative responsibility and
1555:
7143:
6533:
6419:
6346:
6325:
6302:
6113:
6063:
5681:
5625:
5372:
2153:, a broadly defined cultural group to the west of the Shang, which the Shang regarded as tributaries. For example, the philosopher
7056:
7048:
6656:
Wagner, Donald B. (1999), "The Earliest Use of Iron in China", in Young, S. M. M.; Pollard, A. M.; Budd, P.; et al. (eds.),
8125:
3335:
3355:
2556:
1991:
1309:
2632:) that eventually became powerful in their own right. In matters of inheritance, the Zhou dynasty recognized only patrilineal
441:
416:
402:
4545:
1747:
1699:
791:
774:
684:
5412:
2310:
joined with Zeng and the Quanrong. The Quanrong put an end to the Western Zhou in 771 BC, sacking the Zhou capital at
2125:, marking the beginning of the Zhou dynasty. The Zhou enfeoffed a member of the defeated Shang royal family as the Duke of
8563:
7088:
6552:
4783:, but they remain contentious. Various historians have offered dates for the battle ranging between 1122 and 1027 BC.
3417:
3207:
3069:
2439:
2230:
1892:
1721:
1647:
1582:
753:
625:
8645:
8558:
8442:
6692:
4667:
4607:
3161:
2404:
1873:
1657:
146:
7605:
1466:
8650:
8568:
7287:
6725:
2551:
2233:
against his regency. Even though they garnered the support of independent-minded nobles, Shang partisans, and several
1709:
847:
581:
4959:
3365:
2419:
1714:
663:
7238:
3427:
The state theology of the Zhou dynasty used concepts from the Shang dynasty and mostly referred to the Shang god,
1257:
1247:
1215:
8526:
7674:
4796:
4615:
2149:
rule, and became the successors to Shang culture. At the same time, the Zhou may also have been connected to the
2130:
1740:
1677:
1642:
911:
821:
5861:
8484:
8459:
8309:
7968:
7963:
7040:
7017:
6358:
Dynamics in the History of Religions between Asia and Europe: Encounters, Notions, and Comparative Perspectives
5455:
3470:
2400:
2360:
2355:
2327:
2249:
1839:
1060:
295:
104:
5020:
8551:
8432:
7973:
7926:
7869:
7568:
7512:
7260:
7032:
6943:
6933:
6212:
4718:
4682:
4677:
4270:
4224:
3331:
An embroidered silk gauze ritual garment from an Eastern Zhou era tomb at Mashan, Hubei, 4th century BC
3234:
2538:
Zhou legitimacy also arose indirectly from Shang material culture through the use of bronze ritual vessels,
2427:
8025:
7740:
7494:
5477:
The Metal Road of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe: The Formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road
2031:
1138:
8573:
8474:
8469:
8157:
8105:
7958:
7862:
7847:
7507:
7461:
7302:
7189:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7084:
7080:
7072:
7036:
6718:
6387:
6284:
5329:. text: "孟子曰：「舜生於諸馮，遷於負夏，卒於鳴條，東夷之人也。文王生於岐周，卒於畢郢，西夷之人也。" D.C.Lau (1970:128)'s translation: "Mencius said, '
4657:
2656:
This type of unilineal descent-group later became the model of the Korean family through the influence of
2467:
2129:, which was held by descendants of the Shang royal family until its end. This practice was referred to as
1689:
1667:
1652:
857:
799:
782:
5732:
8625:
8504:
8464:
8277:
8152:
7216:
7206:
7165:
7136:
7068:
7044:
7028:
6993:
6953:
6838:
6486:——— (1999), "Western Zhou History", in Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.),
6453:
4500:
4316:
3821:
3117:
2471:
2368:
1854:
1832:
1662:
1079:
142:
31:
8397:
8392:
6239:(1980), "Proto-Chinese and Sino-Tibetan: data towards establishing the nature of the relationship", in
2594:
2403:
declared himself to be "King Hui", was declared, but his splinter state was fully disassembled by 249.
5555:
The Collapse of China's Later Han Dynasty, 25–220 CE: The Northwest Borderlands and the Edge of Empire
480:
8597:
8427:
8377:
8272:
8203:
8174:
8093:
7995:
7427:
7265:
7255:
7009:
6619:
6589:
6196:
3428:
2827:
2475:
2372:
2192:
2038:, however, led his people to prosperity by restoring agriculture and settling them at a place called
1704:
917:
3136:
province. For this, Sunshu is credited as China's first hydraulic engineer. The later Wei statesman
2502:
Western Zhou bronze pot (896 BC), Fufeng County, Shaanxi – Baoji Zhouyuan Museum
2161:
had ancestry from among the Xirong, as King Wen's descendants, the Zhou kings, claimed descent from
8353:
8289:
8169:
8135:
8037:
8005:
7857:
7852:
7664:
7383:
7319:
7194:
7179:
6973:
6888:
4408:
4017:
3421:
2455:
2184:
869:
8402:
3532:—are also referred to as "Kings of Zhou", despite having been nominal vassals of the Shang kings.
739:
8382:
8365:
8316:
8181:
7990:
7941:
7874:
7792:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7679:
7649:
7541:
7439:
7307:
7282:
6913:
6903:
6803:
6475:
5956:
5213:
5059:
4132:
4086:
3597:
3377:
3141:
3129:
2989:
2287:
valley. Archaeologically, the Zhou expanded to the north and the northwest at the expense of the
2226:
2135:
2118:
1904:
1880:
1785:
852:
720:
712:
239:
5159:
4745:
2244:
system. Furthermore, he countered Zhou's crisis of legitimacy by expounding the doctrine of the
5298:
Han Cultural and Political Influences in the Transformation of the Shizhaishan Cultural Complex
3327:
2639:
The system, also called "extensive stratified patrilineage", was defined by the anthropologist
1853:), power became increasingly decentralized as the authority of the royal house diminished. The
8511:
8407:
8343:
8338:
8267:
8164:
7879:
7807:
7802:
7644:
7573:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7346:
7297:
6988:
6948:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6908:
6883:
6878:
6855:
6833:
6823:
6813:
6808:
6661:
6643:
6597:
6576:
6558:
6529:
6509:
6491:
6415:
6362:
6342:
6321:
6298:
6271:
6248:
6240:
6222:
6109:
6084:
6059:
6004:
6001:
The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History: A New Theory of Chinese History
5979:
5948:
5840:
5799:
5793:
5772:
5704:
5677:
5621:
5596:
5588:
5567:
5480:
5434:
5368:
5360:
5343:
5276:
5246:
5238:
5082:
5026:
5016:
4995:
4968:
4951:
4477:
4293:
4201:
4178:
4155:
4109:
3994:
3971:
3902:
3789:
3725:
3661:
3629:
3446:
3222:
3203:
3171:
3120:
were initiated during the Zhou dynasty, ultimately as a means to aid agricultural irrigation.
3108:
3072:
had no time for Confucian virtue and advocated a system of strict laws and harsh punishments.
2958:
2751:
2507:
2359:, the Confucian chronicle of the early years of this process, gave the period its name as the
2323:
2245:
2188:
1952:
1940:
1773:
1600:
923:
647:
639:
216:
167:
8015:
5976:
Enemies of Civilization: Attitudes toward Foreigners in Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China
5766:
5698:
5563:
5559:
5426:
2711:
8360:
8147:
8142:
8098:
8085:
7983:
7978:
7842:
7837:
7819:
7780:
7713:
7696:
7637:
7627:
7622:
7563:
7519:
7489:
7449:
7432:
7415:
7378:
7129:
6998:
6983:
6968:
6938:
6898:
6860:
6828:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6750:
6627:
6467:
5938:
5819:
5301:
5051:
4662:
4523:
4454:
4385:
4247:
4063:
3925:
3757:
3529:
3483:
3230:
2925:
2912:
2786:
2676:
2657:
2640:
2422:
which flourished as rival lords patronized itinerant scholars is led by the example of Qi's
2392:
2364:
2315:
2295:
2158:
2090:
2047:
1929:
1883:. The latter Zhou period is also famous for the advent of three major Chinese philosophies:
1796:
1777:
1279:
837:
829:
546:
503:
421:
308:
228:
204:
8387:
3253:
in this period may include fighting styles, head-and-hooves burials, art motifs and myths.
3206:'s reign, when the six armies were wiped out along with King Zhao on a campaign around the
2263:
The conflicts with nomadic tribes from the north and the northwest, variously known as the
8630:
8578:
8546:
8419:
8370:
8326:
8321:
8299:
8294:
8252:
8245:
8220:
8080:
8075:
7916:
7797:
7691:
7686:
7654:
7479:
7469:
7363:
7356:
7351:
7336:
7292:
7174:
7160:
6978:
6963:
6958:
6893:
6843:
6818:
6798:
6773:
6381:
6236:
4431:
4362:
4339:
4040:
3853:
3693:
3565:
3525:
3344:
3218:
2945:
2888:
2875:
2729:
2459:
2451:
2384:
2307:
2299:
2110:
2102:
2070:
2066:
1972:
1912:
1896:
611:
192:
8020:
8000:
6218:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
4555:
political strength was wielded by rulers of smaller domains and local community leaders.
3054:
of ritual and ceremony, as well as astronomy, state affairs and ancient canons, known as
595:
6623:
6391:
6024:
3249:. Other possible cultural influences resulting from contact with these Iranic people of
8521:
8516:
8479:
8454:
8437:
8348:
8333:
8304:
8262:
8110:
8070:
8065:
7953:
7946:
7906:
7896:
7886:
7701:
7580:
7474:
7341:
7223:
6849:
6631:
6594:
Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045–771 BC
6334:
6315:
6311:
6292:
5618:
Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045–771 BC
5321:
5272:
Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045–771 BC
5234:
4955:
4649:
4611:
4579:
3878:
3273:
3068:, who taught a system of mutual duty between superiors and inferiors. In contrast, the
2775:
2527:
2344:
2122:
2074:
1838:
The latter Eastern Zhou period is itself roughly subdivided into two parts. During the
1672:
1181:
1098:
494:
282:
263:
150:
5431:
Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E. – 618 C.E
8619:
8602:
8489:
8284:
8257:
8230:
8208:
8186:
8030:
8010:
7936:
7921:
7765:
7718:
7706:
7632:
7524:
7398:
7393:
7368:
7250:
6685:
6265:
5960:
5389:"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity"
4593:
3492:
3464:
3458:
3241:
of the Shang and Zhou dynasties with the steppe populations in the west, such as the
3191:
3085:
3004:
2967:
2899:
2862:
2764:
2740:
2649:
2633:
2423:
2408:
2319:
2055:
1908:
1828:
1815:
971:
938:
486:
407:
6523:
5459:
3424:, who was arguably the center of ancient Chinese intellectual life during his time.
2367:
during the mid-5th century BC is a commonly cited as initiating the subsequent
2209:
8494:
8235:
8225:
8191:
8120:
8115:
8042:
7832:
7814:
7775:
7770:
7750:
7745:
7617:
7610:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7484:
7422:
7403:
7388:
7324:
6870:
6790:
6288:
6261:
5472:
5330:
4635:
3521:
3385:
3320:
3301:
3250:
3238:
3199:
3149:
3132:, dammed a river to create an enormous irrigation reservoir in modern-day northern
2838:
2812:
2609:
2532:
2431:
2376:
2339:
2288:
2222:
2204:
2166:
2126:
2114:
1987:
1964:
1884:
1865:
1819:
1800:
1546:
1522:
1509:
1496:
1440:
1421:
1411:
1399:
1337:
1051:
1041:
729:
553:
523:
6151:
6129:
5243:
The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC
3221:
led 14 armies against barbarians in the south, but failed to achieve any victory.
6456:(1988), "Historical Perspectives on The Introduction of The Chariot Into China",
6409:
6356:
6216:
5553:
5270:
4879:"Considering Chengzhou ('Completion of Zhou') and Wangcheng ('City of the King')"
2586:, painting on silk, dated to 5th–3rd century BC, from Zidanku Tomb no. 1 in
2418:
The Eastern Zhou is also remembered as the golden age of Chinese philosophy: the
8213:
8198:
8047:
7760:
7669:
7659:
7585:
7233:
7228:
6702:
6575:, Chinese Music Monograph Series, Chinese Music Society of North America Press,
6554:
The great Bronze Age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republic of China
5927:"Seeking Horses: Allies, Clients and Exchanges in the Zhou Period (1045–221 BC)"
4730:
4541:
3475:
3175:
3145:
3125:
2605:
2571:
2396:
2380:
2062:
1900:
1869:
1637:
1453:
1324:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1126:
1113:
947:
767:
490:
434:
373:
312:
132:
5943:
5926:
4735:
53:
8240:
8057:
7931:
7891:
7824:
4792:
4625:
3409:
2799:
2490:
valley; this remained their primary base of power after conquering the Shang.
2412:
2170:
2106:
2086:
2039:
1968:
1948:
1944:
1205:
994:
656:
5952:
5347:
5105:
2679:
below the royal ranks, in descending order with common English translations:
8130:
7901:
7785:
7755:
7536:
7410:
7201:
6710:
6182:
5136:
4762:
4703:
is the modern name for the twin city formed by the Western Zhou capitals of
3381:
3360:
3137:
3121:
3104:
3065:
3024:
2577:
2564:
Western writers often describe the Zhou period as feudal because the Zhou's
2487:
2284:
2253:
2175:
2051:
1818:. Even as Zhou suzerainty became increasingly ceremonial over the following
677:
116:
5326:
3080:
3217:
region, and died on campaign. Later kings' campaigns were less effective.
17:
7531:
7314:
7272:
7211:
5361:"The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times"
4757:
The exact location of Bin remains obscure, but it may have been close to
4552:
3340:
3226:
3179:
3013:
2851:
2587:
2566:
2280:
2276:
2240:
2098:
2078:
2035:
698:
567:
160:
6411:
Great Perfection: Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom
3202:
floodplain. The military prowess of Zhou peaked during the 19th year of
7444:
7373:
7329:
7245:
7184:
6479:
5306:
5079:
The Economic History of China: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century
5063:
4914:
4704:
4700:
3413:
3405:
3214:
3195:
3183:
2539:
2463:
2435:
2311:
2268:
2264:
2218:
2154:
2094:
1960:
1348:
1199:
1193:
736:
98:
5795:
The Confucian Transformation of Korea: A Study of Society and Ideology
3350:
3272:
Gold sword hilt, Eastern Zhou, 6-5th century BC –
1895:. The Zhou dynasty also spans the period when the predominant form of
1879:
The Zhou period is often considered to be the zenith for the craft of
510:
7277:
7152:
4766:
4758:
4567:
Bronze fittings in the form of tigers, Baoji, Shaanxi – Western Zhou
3401:
3393:
2936:
2661:
2570:
system invites comparison with European political systems during the
2447:
2443:
2303:
2272:
2234:
2221:. Although Wu's early death left a young and inexperienced heir, the
2162:
2150:
2082:
2027:
2023:
1983:
1956:
1888:
6471:
5925:
Rawson, Jessica; Huan, Limin; Taylor, William Timothy Treal (2021).
5055:
4989:
4578:
In traditional Chinese astrology, Zhou is represented by two stars,
3107:. For example, a piece of land was divided into nine squares in the
7911:
4991:
Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming Earth to Heaven
4800:
4562:
3389:
3369:
3349:
3334:
3326:
3314:
3257:
3246:
3165:
3133:
3100:
3079:
2720:
2614:
2593:
2576:
2555:
2497:
2343:
2019:
2001:
1979:
459:
5429:. In Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D.; Wiles, Sue (eds.).
2093:
bribed his way out of imprisonment and moved the Zhou capital to
1959:"the Abandoned One", after stepping into the divine footprint of
5300:(Masters thesis). Australian National University. pp. 1–2.
3432:
3397:
3242:
3095:), inscribed with the accomplishments of the earliest Zhou kings
7125:
6714:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5755:
Tao, Hsi-Sheng. Marriage and Family, Shanghai. 1934. pp. 17–31
5050:. Vol. 43. Harvard-Yenching Institute. pp. 481–580.
6245:
Contributions to historical linguistics: issues and materials
6058:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett. pp. XII–XIV.
3506:
Family tree of Chinese monarchs (ancient) § Zhou dynasty
3233:
was killed by the Quanrong when Haojing was sacked. Although
2073:, a warrior in his own right. As a vassal of the Shang kings
758:
744:
2008:—is said to have abandoned his position as Agrarian Master (
8666:
States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century BC
6642:, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, pp. 215–237,
6610:
Shen, Sinyan (1987), "Acoustics of Ancient Chinese Bells",
5589:"Axial Thinkers and the Formation of Philosophical Schools"
4988:
Pankenier, David W. (2015). "The cosmo-political mandate".
3256:
The Zhou army also included "barbarian" troops such as the
7121:
6186:
5153:
5130:
3339:
A drinking cup carved from crystal, unearthed at Banshan,
1810: – 771 BC), the royal house, surnamed
8671:
States and territories established in the 11th century BC
5676:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett. pp. XIV.
5022:
Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels
4739:
796:
779:
717:
703:
689:
3488:
Ancestral temples (size, legitimate number of pavilions)
2388:
and in most of these conflicts Zhou was a minor player.
1868:
in 256 BC. The Qin ultimately founded the imperial
668:
5530:
5528:
5046:
Nivison, David S. (1983). "The Dates of Western Chou".
3323:, Eastern Zhou or Han dynasty, 4th–3rd century BC.
3287:
Eastern Zhou bronze sword excavated from Changsa, Hunan
2612:(704–223 BC), depicting men wearing precursors to
2022:
abandoned their tradition, living in the manner of the
1998:
was probably a hereditary title attached to a lineage.
5978:. State University of New York Press. pp. 87–88.
5839:. State University of New York Press. pp. 21–24.
5837:
Confucianism and Women: A Philosophical Interpretation
5139:
6448:(Second ed.), Wadsworth: Thomson, pp. 25–47
3416:, responsible for the development of ancient Chinese
644:
630:
616:
600:
586:
572:
558:
6294:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
5241:. In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.).
5104:'"Major Hymns - Decade of the Birth of Our People -
5025:. University of California Press. pp. 217–236.
3495:, musical instruments, people in the dancing troupe)
2664:
and others advocated its re-establishment in China.
2330:, marking the beginning of the Eastern Zhou period.
2050:
later led the clan from Bin to Zhou, an area in the
1565:
1487:
1367:
1300:
1230:
1104:
8587:
8539:
8418:
8056:
7460:
7159:
7007:
6869:
6789:
6749:
5885:
5214:"An ABC Exercise in Old Sinitic Lexical Statistics"
4818:
The Absolute Chronology of the Western Zhou Dynasty
3213:King Zhao was famous for repeated campaigns in the
790:
773:
766:
752:
735:
728:
711:
697:
683:
676:
662:
655:
638:
624:
610:
594:
580:
566:
552:
545:
540:
522:
502:
469:
455:
369:
355:
345:
336:
322:
305:
292:
279:
260:
248:
238:
222:
210:
198:
180:
166:
156:
138:
128:
91:
39:
6108:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett. p. 2.
2318:. With King You dead, a conclave of nobles met at
2169:possibly related to the Xirong through his mother
6104:Ivanhoe, Philip J.; Van Norden, Bryan W. (2005).
6083:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 176.
6054:Ivanhoe, Philip J.; Van Norden, Bryan W. (2005).
5908:
5906:
5672:Ivanhoe, Philip J.; Van Norden, Bryan W. (2005).
3210:. Early Zhou kings were true commanders-in-chief
6490:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 292–351,
6041:
2391:The last Zhou king is traditionally taken to be
1795:until 256 BC, the longest of such reign in
5862:"From wooden attendants to terracotta warriors"
4610:asterism. Zhou is also represented by the star
3376:During the Zhou dynasty, the origins of native
2248:while accommodating important Shang rituals at
5912:
5821:Alternatively, the sequence was translated as
5587:Carr, Brian; Mahalingam, Indira, eds. (1997).
7137:
6726:
5869:Bernisches Historisches Museum the Newsletter
5659:
5640:
4844:
4830:
4526:
4516:
4503:
4493:
4480:
4470:
4457:
4447:
4434:
4424:
4411:
4401:
4388:
4378:
4365:
4355:
4342:
4332:
4319:
4309:
4296:
4286:
4273:
4263:
4250:
4240:
4227:
4217:
4204:
4194:
4181:
4171:
4158:
4148:
4135:
4125:
4112:
4102:
4089:
4079:
4066:
4056:
4043:
4033:
4020:
4010:
3997:
3987:
3974:
3964:
3928:
3918:
3905:
3895:
3882:
3856:
3846:
3824:
3814:
3792:
3782:
3760:
3750:
3728:
3718:
3696:
3686:
3664:
3654:
3632:
3622:
3600:
3590:
3568:
3558:
3515:
3059:
2623:
2583:Silk painting depicting a man riding a dragon
2173:. Additionally, the late 4th-century BC
1748:
508:
45:
8:
8594:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
6557:, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art,
6508:, vol. 1 (4th ed.), W. W. Norton,
6444:Schirokauer, Conrad; Brown, Miranda (2006),
6320:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press,
6195:] (in Literary Chinese) – via the
3445:Having emerged during the Western Zhou, the
3178:terracotta figurine from a tomb near modern
2371:. In 403 BC, the Zhou court recognized
1911:. By the dynasty's end, an immature form of
30:For other dynasties with the same name, see
6435:Schinz, Alfred (1996), Menges, Axel (ed.),
6355:Krech, Volkhard; Steinicke, Marian (2011),
5897:
5511:
5275:. Cambridge University Press. p. 286.
5245:. Cambridge University Press. p. 387.
5183:
4994:. Cambridge University Press. p. 197.
4872:
4870:
4868:
3510:The rulers of the Zhou dynasty were titled
3042:The Zhou dynasty and contemporary polities
2535:system on which they based their calendar.
8415:
7144:
7130:
7122:
6733:
6719:
6711:
6679:
5726:"The ramage system in China and Polynesia"
5620:. Cambridge University Press. p. 40.
5593:Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy
5081:. Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
3946:
3540:
1755:
1741:
1571:
1566:
1488:
1373:
1368:
1301:
1236:
1231:
1105:
816:
537:
479:
73:
36:
8636:3rd-century BC disestablishments in China
6640:Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World
6437:The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China
6383:The Warring States Working Group, WSWG-17
5942:
5305:
5264:
5262:
5100:
5098:
3343:, Warring States period –
2271:, or various "Rong" tribes, such as the
6106:Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy
6056:Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy
5674:Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy
5017:"The Date of the Zhou Conquest of Shang"
4967:. Oxford University Press. p. 155.
3940:
3534:
2618:dress and riding in a two-horsed chariot
2208:
2061:The duke passed over his two elder sons
8641:11th-century BC establishments in China
6446:A Brief History of Chinese Civilization
6003:. Oxford University Press. p. 86.
4864:
4693:
3262:
2430:which came to dominate the others were
2314:and killing the last Western Zhou king
828:
335:
6660:, Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 1–9,
6488:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
5823:prince, lord, elder, master, chieftain
5534:
5519:
5199:
4938:
4799:stated the Xianyu's rulers among the
3396:. Other philosophers of this era were
2608:painting from the Jingmen Tomb of the
2018:) in old age and either he or his son
1772:
719:
646:
466:
324:• Fall of the last Zhou holdouts
27:Chinese dynasty from 1046 BC to 256 BC
6571:Lee, Yuan-Yuan; Shen, Sinyan (1999),
6378:"Where Was the Western Zhou Capital?"
5547:
5545:
5543:
5515:
5499:
5460:Commentaries on "Discourses of Zheng"
4606:; 'second star of Zhou'), in
3949:
3543:
3408:, the "second sage" of Confucianism;
2383:as fully independent states. In 344,
354:
344:
340:
321:
304:
291:
278:
259:
255:
237:
221:
209:
197:
179:
175:
165:
7:
6504:Tignor, Robert; et al. (2013),
5141:帝舜曰：「棄，黎民始饑，爾后稷播時百穀。」封棄於邰，號曰后稷，別姓姬氏。
4592:; 'first star of Zhou') and
2348:Major states during the Eastern Zhou
2326:. The capital was moved eastward to
2322:and declared the Marquis's grandson
2179:comments that the baron of Li Rong (
2157:(372–289 BC) acknowledged that
8656:Former countries in Chinese history
5886:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais (2006)
5365:The Origins of Chinese Civilization
4673:Women in ancient and imperial China
2399:captured Wangcheng in 256 BC.
2306:, the disgraced queen's father the
2089:among the tribes there. Jili's son
1835:date the establishment to 1045 BC.
6632:10.1038/scientificamerican0487-104
6459:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
6247:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 34–199,
5798:. Harvard University Asia Center.
5475:; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020).
5367:. University of California Press.
5187:
5171:
5048:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
3491:Ceremonial regulations (number of
3103:, a situation similar to European
2213:States of the Western Zhou dynasty
2109:led an army of 45,000 men and 300
2101:). Around 1046 BC, Wen's son
1990:. He even received sacrifice as a
25:
6317:A History of Chinese Civilization
5835:Rosenlee, Li-Hsiang Lisa (2012).
5427:"Li Ji, Wife of Duke Xian of Jin"
5413:"Duke Zhuang - 28th year - zhuan"
4961:Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction
4814:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
4781:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
2004:—Qi's son, or rather that of the
1903:, which evolved from the earlier
1825:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
5860:Khayutina, Maria (Autumn 2013).
5818:ChinaKnowledge.de encyclopedia,
4734:
4642:
4628:
3456:The system was canonized in the
3292:
3280:
3265:
2704:
1788:that existed for 789 years from
836:
439:
414:
400:
52:
6414:, University of Hawaiʻi Press,
5768:Ancestral Memory in Early China
5700:Ancestral Memory in Early China
5015:Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1992).
3356:Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng
2302:queen in favor of the commoner
2081:, Jili went to conquer several
797:
780:
759:
745:
718:
704:
690:
669:
79:Territory of the Western Zhou (
8661:Former monarchies of East Asia
6596:, Cambridge University Press,
6339:China to 1850: A Short History
6221:, Princeton University Press,
6193:Records of the Grand Historian
6042:Schirokauer & Brown (2006)
5697:Brashier, K. E. (2011-01-01).
5387:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000).
5359:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1983).
5155:Records of the Grand Historian
5132:Records of the Grand Historian
4602:
4588:
2407:concluded in 221 BC with
2180:
2014:
2009:
1943:, the Zhou lineage began when
1695:Science and technology history
645:
631:
617:
601:
587:
573:
559:
509:
1:
7077:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
6506:Worlds Together, Worlds Apart
6341:, Stanford University Press,
6152:"Astronomy Education Network"
6130:"Astronomy Education Network"
6081:China in the Early Bronze Age
5433:. Routledge. pp. 41–42.
5363:. In Keightley, David (ed.).
4812:Dates are those published by
4568:
3089:
3043:
2599:
1947:, a consort of the legendary
1858:
1843:
1804:
1789:
1065:
1024:
1000:
977:
953:
894:
269:
183:
80:
62:
6693:Dynasties in Chinese history
6390:, p. 14, archived from
6297:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
6025:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
5771:. Harvard University Press.
5703:. Harvard University Press.
4816:and Edward L. Shaughnessy's
4740:
4668:Historical capitals of China
3364:percussion instruments from
3162:Military of the Zhou dynasty
2191:off. According to historian
1814:, had military control over
6573:Chinese Musical Instruments
5931:Journal of World Prehistory
5077:Von Glahn, Richard (2016).
3942:List of Eastern Zhou kings
3536:List of Western Zhou kings
3093: 10th century BC
2552:List of Zhou dynasty states
2506:Zhou rulers introduced the
2486:The Zhou heartland was the
2183:), after being defeated by
2131:Two Kings, Three Reverences
497:(bottom) Chinese characters
8687:
6408:Kleeman, Terry F. (1998),
6243:; Waugh, Linda R. (eds.),
6154:(in Chinese). 24 June 2006
5944:10.1007/s10963-021-09161-9
5913:Krech & Steinicke 2011
5792:Deuchler, Martina (1992).
5595:. Routledge. p. 466.
5239:"Western Zhou Archaeology"
5140:
4614:in asterism "Right Wall",
3503:
3159:
3116:China's first projects of
2549:
2450:, the utopian communalist
2420:Hundred Schools of Thought
2337:
2202:
1927:
29:
7026:
6780:
6699:
6690:
6682:
6376:Khayutina, Maria (2003),
6132:(in Chinese). 4 July 2006
6079:Thorp, Robert L. (2005).
5808:– via Google Books.
5781:– via Google Books.
5605:– via Google Books.
5576:– via Google Books.
5552:Tse, Wicky W. K. (2018).
5479:. Springer. p. 371.
5462:quote: "狄，北狄也。鮮虞，姬姓在狄者也。"
5443:– via Google Books.
5377:– via Google Books.
5285:– via Google Books.
5255:– via Google Books.
4845:
4831:
4616:Heavenly Market enclosure
4597:
4583:
4527:
4517:
4504:
4494:
4481:
4471:
4458:
4448:
4435:
4425:
4412:
4402:
4389:
4379:
4366:
4356:
4343:
4333:
4320:
4310:
4297:
4287:
4274:
4264:
4251:
4241:
4228:
4218:
4205:
4195:
4182:
4172:
4159:
4149:
4136:
4126:
4113:
4103:
4090:
4080:
4067:
4057:
4044:
4034:
4021:
4011:
3998:
3988:
3975:
3965:
3957:
3954:
3929:
3919:
3906:
3896:
3883:
3876:
3857:
3847:
3825:
3815:
3793:
3783:
3761:
3751:
3729:
3719:
3697:
3687:
3665:
3655:
3633:
3623:
3601:
3591:
3569:
3559:
3551:
3548:
3516:
3148:to a spot further up the
3060:
2624:
2405:Qin's wars of unification
1827:and David Pankenier, but
1781:
1569:
1491:
1371:
1304:
1234:
1108:
811:
536:
532:
518:
478:
474:
379:
365:
341:
332:
256:
234:
176:
72:
61:
46:
6371:– via Google Books
6231:– via Google Books
6213:Beckwith, Christopher I.
6187:
5765:Brashier, K. E. (2011).
5456:Discourses of the States
5425:Cook, Constance (2015).
3471:Etiquette and Ceremonial
2401:Duke Wen of Eastern Zhou
2361:Spring and Autumn period
2356:Spring and Autumn Annals
1840:Spring and Autumn period
187: 1046–1043 BC
6551:Fong, Wen, ed. (1980),
6285:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley
6267:The Authentic Confucius
5119:Encyclopædia Britannica
4919:Encyclopædia Britannica
4683:Patriarchal clan system
4678:Ritual and music system
2428:Nine Schools of Thought
2298:demoted and exiled his
2187:, married his daughter
2046:ruled for generations.
1874:conquering all of China
6454:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
6388:Warring States Project
5999:Zhao, Dingxin (2015).
5415:quote: "晉伐驪戎，驪戎男女以驪姬。"
5296:Chiang, Po-Yi (2008).
5212:McCraw, David (2010).
4803:were also surnamed Ji.
4658:Ancient Chinese states
4575:
3373:
3347:
3332:
3324:
3187:
3096:
2671:system and bureaucracy
2619:
2591:
2561:
2503:
2468:School of the Military
2395:, who was killed when
2349:
2214:
1953:miraculously conceived
1786:royal dynasty of China
8564:Medieval great powers
5974:Poo, Mu-chou (2012).
5558:. Routledge. p.
4566:
3353:
3338:
3330:
3318:
3169:
3118:hydraulic engineering
3083:
2597:
2580:
2559:
2550:Further information:
2501:
2472:School of Naturalists
2454:, two strains of the
2369:Warring States period
2347:
2212:
2069:to favor the younger
1872:in 221 BC after
1855:Warring States period
1833:Edward L. Shaughnessy
1560:(mainland, 1912–1949)
307:• Deposition of
294:• Relocation to
143:Chinese folk religion
129:Common languages
32:Zhou (disambiguation)
8574:European colonialism
8559:Ancient great powers
6525:The Chinese Heritage
6197:Chinese Text Project
5825:: Brooks 1997:3 n.9.
5660:Tignor et al. (2013)
5641:Tignor et al. (2013)
5514:, pp. 310–311;
5221:Sino-Platonic Papers
5158:, "Annals of Zhou",
5135:, "Annals of Zhou",
4717:during the reign of
3474:compiled during the
3186:, 4th–3rd century BC
3124:, the Chancellor of
3039:class=notpageimage|
2476:imperial examination
2225:assisted his nephew
792:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
8646:Bronze Age in China
8569:Modern great powers
6658:Metals in Antiquity
6624:1987SciAm.256d.104S
6612:Scientific American
6528:, New York: Crown,
6439:, Stuttgart: Daehan
6237:Bodman, Nicholas C.
5106:Birth of Our People
4886:Chinese Archaeology
3943:
3537:
3482:The five orders of
3372:, dated 433 BC
2482:Culture and society
2456:School of Diplomacy
1793: 1046 BC
273: 1046 BC
147:Ancestor veneration
84: 1000 BC
68: –256 BC
66: 1046 BC
8651:Dynasties of China
6522:Wu, K. C. (1982),
6335:Hucker, Charles O.
6287:; Walthall, Anne;
6241:Van Coetsem, Frans
5898:Shaughnessy (1988)
5512:Shaughnessy (1999)
5184:Shaughnessy (1999)
4952:Baxter, William H.
4576:
4572: 900 BC
3941:
3869:857/853–842/828 BC
3535:
3378:Chinese philosophy
3374:
3358:, a set of bronze
3348:
3333:
3325:
3319:Plaque in nomadic
3188:
3142:Marquis Wen of Wei
3130:King Zhuang of Chu
3097:
3047: 500 BC
2695:子 "viscount", and
2677:five peerage ranks
2620:
2603: 316 BC
2592:
2562:
2504:
2434:as interpreted by
2350:
2215:
2119:King Zhou of Shang
2032:Hua–Yi distinction
1915:had also emerged.
1881:Chinese bronzeware
1851: 481 BC
1575:
1385:Five Dynasties and
1377:
1312:Southern dynasties
1240:
1139:Chu–Han Contention
485:"Zhou" in ancient
224:• 314–256 BC
212:• 770–720 BC
200:• 781–771 BC
101:(1046–771 BC)
8613:
8612:
8535:
8534:
8500:Polish–Lithuanian
7675:Gurjara-Pratihara
7119:
7118:
6709:
6708:
6700:Succeeded by
6667:978-1-841-71008-2
6649:978-0-824-82884-4
6603:978-0-521-85272-2
6582:978-1-880-46403-8
6564:978-0-870-99226-1
6515:978-0-393-92208-0
6497:978-0-521-47030-8
6368:978-9-004-22535-0
6277:978-0-743-24618-7
6254:978-9-004-06130-9
6090:978-0-8122-3910-2
6044:, pp. 25–47.
6029:www.metmuseum.org
6010:978-0-190-46361-8
5985:978-0-791-48370-1
5846:978-0-791-48179-0
5805:978-0-674-16089-7
5778:978-0-674-05607-7
5710:978-0-674-05607-7
5602:978-0-415-03535-4
5573:978-1-315-53231-8
5522:, pp. 32–33.
5486:978-9-813-29155-3
5440:978-1-317-47591-0
5344:Classic of Poetry
5282:978-1-139-45688-3
5269:Li, Feng (2006).
5252:978-0-521-47030-8
5088:978-1-139-34384-8
5032:978-0-520-07028-8
5001:978-1-107-53901-3
4974:978-0-199-94537-5
4795:scholar-official
4537:
4536:
3939:
3938:
3613:1042/1035–1006 BC
3172:Taerpo Horserider
3109:well-field system
2960:ACHAEMENID EMPIRE
2508:Mandate of Heaven
2494:Mandate of Heaven
2411:'s annexation of
2246:Mandate of Heaven
2231:rose in rebellion
1941:Chinese mythology
1765:
1764:
1722:Transport history
1648:Education history
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1601:Republic of China
1583:People's Republic
1556:Republic of China
1535:
1534:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1364:
1363:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1228:
1227:
1131:(206 BC – 220 AD)
1061:Spring and Autumn
924:Liao civilization
815:
814:
807:
806:
685:Yale Romanization
626:Yale Romanization
547:Standard Mandarin
465:
464:
451:
450:
447:
446:
427:
426:
108:(771–510 BC;
16:(Redirected from
8678:
8416:
8081:Austro-Hungarian
7781:Chagatai Khanate
7146:
7139:
7132:
7123:
6784:
6751:Predynastic Zhou
6735:
6728:
6721:
6712:
6683:Preceded by
6680:
6670:
6652:
6634:
6606:
6585:
6567:
6538:
6518:
6500:
6482:
6449:
6440:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6396:
6372:
6351:
6330:
6307:
6289:Palais, James B.
6280:
6257:
6232:
6228:978-140-082994-1
6199:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6021:
6015:
6014:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5946:
5922:
5916:
5910:
5901:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5866:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5832:
5826:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5737:
5731:. Archived from
5730:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5616:Li Feng (2006).
5613:
5607:
5606:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5549:
5538:
5532:
5523:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5469:
5463:
5454:Commentaries on
5451:
5445:
5444:
5422:
5416:
5406:
5400:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5356:
5350:
5340:
5334:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5266:
5257:
5256:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5218:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5128:
5122:
5115:
5109:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4966:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4894:
4888:. Archived from
4883:
4874:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4810:
4804:
4790:
4784:
4776:
4770:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4738:
4728:
4722:
4714:
4708:
4698:
4663:Four occupations
4652:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4604:
4599:
4590:
4585:
4573:
4570:
4530:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4507:
4506:
4497:
4496:
4484:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4461:
4460:
4451:
4450:
4438:
4437:
4428:
4427:
4415:
4414:
4405:
4404:
4392:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4369:
4368:
4359:
4358:
4346:
4345:
4336:
4335:
4323:
4322:
4313:
4312:
4300:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4277:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4254:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4231:
4230:
4221:
4220:
4208:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4185:
4184:
4175:
4174:
4162:
4161:
4152:
4151:
4139:
4138:
4129:
4128:
4116:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4093:
4092:
4083:
4082:
4070:
4069:
4060:
4059:
4047:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4024:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4001:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3978:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3944:
3932:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3909:
3908:
3899:
3898:
3886:
3885:
3860:
3859:
3850:
3849:
3828:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3796:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3764:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3732:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3700:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3668:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3645:1005/1003–978 BC
3636:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3604:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3572:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3538:
3519:
3518:
3484:Chinese nobility
3296:
3284:
3269:
3229:nomads in vain.
3094:
3091:
3063:
3062:
3048:
3045:
3033:
3031:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3007:
3000:
2998:
2985:
2983:
2974:
2972:
2963:
2961:
2954:
2952:
2941:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2921:
2919:
2908:
2906:
2895:
2893:
2884:
2882:
2871:
2869:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2808:
2806:
2795:
2793:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2769:
2760:
2758:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2658:Neo-Confucianism
2641:Kwang-chih Chang
2627:
2626:
2604:
2601:
2365:partition of Jin
2182:
2159:King Wen of Zhou
2139:
2016:
2011:
1978:, and the title
1935:Traditional myth
1930:Predynastic Zhou
1863:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1809:
1806:
1794:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1685:Military history
1643:Economic history
1631:Related articles
1608:
1590:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1528:
1515:
1502:
1489:
1472:
1459:
1446:
1427:
1417:
1405:
1392:
1374:
1369:
1353:
1343:
1330:
1317:
1302:
1285:
1280:Sixteen Kingdoms
1263:
1253:
1237:
1232:
1221:
1187:
1174:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1132:
1119:
1106:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:
988:
986:
982:
979:
964:
962:
958:
955:
905:
903:
899:
896:
840:
830:History of China
817:
803:
802:
801:
786:
785:
784:
762:
761:
748:
747:
724:
723:
722:
707:
706:
693:
692:
672:
671:
651:
650:
649:
634:
633:
620:
619:
606:
605:
604:
590:
589:
576:
575:
562:
561:
538:
514:
513:
483:
467:
443:
442:
431:
430:
422:Predynastic Zhou
418:
417:
404:
403:
397:
396:
381:
380:
274:
271:
188:
185:
121:
112:
109:
85:
82:
77:
67:
64:
56:
50:
49:
48:
37:
21:
8686:
8685:
8681:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8676:
8675:
8616:
8615:
8614:
8609:
8598:American Empire
8583:
8579:African empires
8531:
8414:
8106:Central African
8052:
7870:Romano-Germanic
7456:
7190:Middle Assyrian
7163:
7155:
7150:
7120:
7115:
7022:
7003:
6865:
6785:
6782:
6778:
6745:
6739:
6705:
6696:
6688:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6655:
6650:
6637:
6609:
6604:
6588:
6583:
6570:
6565:
6550:
6546:
6544:Further reading
6541:
6536:
6521:
6516:
6503:
6498:
6485:
6472:10.2307/2719276
6452:
6443:
6434:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6407:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6375:
6369:
6354:
6349:
6333:
6328:
6312:Gernet, Jacques
6310:
6305:
6283:
6278:
6262:Chinn, Ann-ping
6260:
6255:
6235:
6229:
6211:
6207:
6202:
6189:
6183:Sima Qian (司馬遷)
6181:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6157:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6135:
6133:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6116:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6091:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6066:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6040:
6036:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6011:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5911:
5904:
5896:
5892:
5884:
5880:
5864:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5817:
5813:
5806:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5779:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5754:
5750:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5684:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5658:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5628:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5551:
5550:
5541:
5533:
5526:
5510:
5506:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5452:
5448:
5441:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5407:
5403:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5341:
5337:
5319:
5315:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5268:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5235:Rawson, Jessica
5233:
5232:
5228:
5216:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5186:, p. 303;
5182:
5178:
5170:
5166:
5152:
5148:
5129:
5125:
5116:
5112:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5056:10.2307/2719108
5045:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4964:
4956:Sagart, Laurent
4950:
4949:
4945:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4896:
4895:on 22 July 2015
4892:
4881:
4876:
4875:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4824:
4811:
4807:
4791:
4787:
4777:
4773:
4765:in present-day
4756:
4752:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4711:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4648:
4643:
4641:
4634:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4608:"Twelve States"
4571:
4561:
3872:
3840:
3808:
3776:
3744:
3712:
3680:
3648:
3616:
3584:
3508:
3502:
3443:
3345:Hangzhou Museum
3313:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3285:
3276:
3270:
3164:
3158:
3092:
3078:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2673:
2602:
2554:
2548:
2496:
2484:
2460:School of Names
2452:Agriculturalism
2385:Duke Hui of Wei
2342:
2336:
2308:Marquis of Shen
2207:
2201:
2146:
2133:
2054:valley (modern
2044:his descendants
1937:
1932:
1926:
1921:
1913:clerical script
1897:written Chinese
1861:
1850:
1846:
1807:
1797:Chinese history
1792:
1761:
1732:
1731:
1727:Women's history
1633:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1564:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1449:
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1436:
1430:
1425:
1415:
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1395:
1390:
1386:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1351:
1341:
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1328:
1320:
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1311:
1299:
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1293:
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1272:
1266:
1261:
1251:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1162:
1153:(202 BC – 9 AD)
1152:
1142:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1102:
1101:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1072:
1068:
1063:
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1027:
1022:
1014:
1007:
1003:
998:
984:
980:
975:
967:
960:
956:
951:
942:
941:
930:
929:
901:
897:
892:
884:
873:
872:
612:Tongyong Pinyin
602:
582:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
498:
440:
415:
401:
358:
348:
325:
315:
298:
285:
272:
266:
225:
213:
201:
189:
186:
124:
119:
111:314–256 BC
110:
107:
87:
83:
65:
57:
51:
44:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8684:
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8674:
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8668:
8663:
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8608:
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8591:
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8218:
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8201:
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8172:
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8101:
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8018:
8013:
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7961:
7951:
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7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
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7877:
7867:
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7860:
7855:
7850:
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7817:
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7805:
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7790:
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7515:
7510:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7466:
7464:
7462:Post-classical
7458:
7457:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7442:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7420:
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7295:
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7280:
7275:
7270:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7261:Middle Kingdom
7258:
7248:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7217:Neo-Babylonian
7214:
7209:
7207:Old Babylonian
7199:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7182:
7177:
7171:
7169:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7149:
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6891:
6886:
6881:
6875:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6850:Gonghe Regency
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6795:
6793:
6787:
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6677:
6676:External links
6674:
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6496:
6483:
6466:(1): 189–237,
6450:
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6405:
6373:
6367:
6352:
6347:
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5991:
5984:
5966:
5937:(4): 489–530.
5917:
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5890:
5878:
5852:
5845:
5827:
5811:
5804:
5784:
5777:
5757:
5748:
5716:
5709:
5689:
5682:
5664:
5662:, p. 153.
5645:
5633:
5626:
5608:
5601:
5579:
5572:
5539:
5524:
5518:, p. 43;
5504:
5492:
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5373:
5351:
5335:
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5288:
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5251:
5226:
5204:
5192:
5190:, p. 273.
5176:
5174:, p. 235.
5164:
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5110:
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5069:
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4906:
4877:Xu, Zhaofeng.
4863:
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4660:
4654:
4653:
4650:History portal
4639:
4623:
4620:
4612:Beta Serpentis
4580:Eta Capricorni
4560:
4557:
4548:until 209 BC.
4535:
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4512:
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3900:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3879:Gonghe Regency
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3835:
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3809:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3773:899/897–873 BC
3771:
3767:
3765:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3741:917/915–900 BC
3739:
3735:
3733:
3723:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3677:977/975–957 BC
3675:
3671:
3669:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3627:
3618:
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3579:
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3573:
3563:
3554:
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3546:
3545:
3542:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:ritual vessels
3489:
3486:
3442:
3437:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3305:bronze halberd
3298:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3279:
3277:
3274:British Museum
3271:
3264:
3160:Main article:
3157:
3154:
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2547:
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2528:solar eclipses
2495:
2492:
2483:
2480:
2338:Main article:
2335:
2332:
2203:Main article:
2200:
2197:
2165:, a legendary
2145:
2142:
2123:Battle of Muye
1936:
1933:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1909:bronze scripts
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1734:
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1712:
1707:
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1665:
1660:
1658:Jewish history
1655:
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1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:
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1591:
1589:(1949–present)
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1182:Three Kingdoms
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1103:
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1086:
1085:
1080:Warring States
1077:
1048:
1037:
1036:
1013:
1012:
990:
989:
985: 1046 BC
966:
965:
961: 1600 BC
943:
937:
936:
935:
932:
931:
928:
927:
907:
906:
902: 2000 BC
883:
882:
874:
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858:Historiography
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678:Yue: Cantonese
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541:Transcriptions
534:
533:
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529:
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515:
506:
500:
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495:regular script
493:(middle), and
484:
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405:
393:
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387:
377:
376:
371:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
357:• 230 BC
356:
353:
352:
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347:• 273 BC
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303:
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283:Gonghe Regency
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264:Battle of Muye
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151:Heaven worship
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95:
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8588:Miscellaneous
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8219:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8187:German Empire
8185:
8184:
8183:
8180:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8166:
8163:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8150:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8113:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8059:
8055:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7955:
7952:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7928:
7927:Turco-Persian
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7872:
7871:
7868:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7791:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7712:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7463:
7459:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7147:
7142:
7140:
7135:
7133:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7025:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7006:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6868:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6741:Kings of the
6736:
6731:
6729:
6724:
6722:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6704:
6695:
6694:
6687:
6686:Shang dynasty
6681:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6659:
6654:
6651:
6645:
6641:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6608:
6605:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6578:
6574:
6569:
6566:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6537:
6535:0-517-54475-X
6531:
6527:
6526:
6520:
6517:
6511:
6507:
6502:
6499:
6493:
6489:
6484:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6442:
6438:
6433:
6423:
6421:0-824-81800-8
6417:
6413:
6412:
6406:
6397:on 2010-05-29
6393:
6389:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6370:
6364:
6360:
6359:
6353:
6350:
6348:0-804-70958-0
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6327:0-521-49781-7
6323:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6304:0-618-13384-4
6300:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6153:
6147:
6144:
6131:
6125:
6122:
6117:
6115:0-87220-781-1
6111:
6107:
6100:
6097:
6092:
6086:
6082:
6075:
6072:
6067:
6065:0-872-20781-1
6061:
6057:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6035:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6017:
6012:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5992:
5987:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5921:
5918:
5915:, p. 100
5914:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5894:
5891:
5888:, p. 14.
5887:
5882:
5879:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5838:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5815:
5812:
5807:
5801:
5797:
5796:
5788:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5761:
5758:
5752:
5749:
5738:on 2013-09-21
5734:
5727:
5720:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5693:
5690:
5685:
5683:0-872-20781-1
5679:
5675:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5634:
5629:
5627:1-139-45688-1
5623:
5619:
5612:
5609:
5604:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5583:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5537:, p. 37.
5536:
5535:Hucker (1978)
5531:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5520:Hucker (1978)
5517:
5513:
5508:
5505:
5502:, p. 43.
5501:
5496:
5493:
5488:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5473:Yang, Jianhua
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5450:
5447:
5442:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5381:
5376:
5374:0-520-04229-8
5370:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5308:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5200:Bodman (1980)
5196:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5080:
5073:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5011:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4984:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4941:, p. 80.
4940:
4939:Schinz (1996)
4935:
4932:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4854:
4840:
4837:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4746:Baxter–Sagart
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4710:
4707:and Fengjing.
4706:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4640:
4637:
4626:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4595:
4594:21 Capricorni
4591:
4581:
4565:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4532:
4525:
4522:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4501:King Shenjing
4499:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4476:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4453:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4430:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4407:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4384:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4361:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4338:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4317:King Zhending
4315:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4292:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4269:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4246:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4223:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4200:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4177:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4154:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4108:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4085:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4039:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3993:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3970:
3962:
3961:
3953:
3945:
3934:
3927:
3924:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3823:
3820:
3812:
3811:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3791:
3788:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3727:
3724:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3695:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3631:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3507:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3465:Rites of Zhou
3461:
3460:
3459:Book of Rites
3454:
3451:
3450:ritual system
3449:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3400:, founder of
3399:
3395:
3392:, founder of
3391:
3387:
3384:, founder of
3383:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3299:Eastern Zhou
3295:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3239:horse burials
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3192:Loess Plateau
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3140:, who served
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3087:
3086:Shi Qiang pan
3082:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3040:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2984:
2973:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2881:
2870:
2868:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2844:
2833:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2768:
2759:
2757:
2746:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2707:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2687:侯 "marquis",
2686:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2650:son of heaven
2645:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2634:primogeniture
2631:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:Jixia Academy
2421:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:Qin Shi Huang
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
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2278:
2274:
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2266:
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2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
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2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2196:
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2178:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:and defeated
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:and his ally
2104:
2100:
2097:(present-day
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2056:Qishan County
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:According to
1934:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1856:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:David Nivison
1826:
1821:
1817:
1816:ancient China
1813:
1802:
1799:. During the
1798:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1736:
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1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Naval history
1688:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:Music history
1671:
1669:
1668:Media history
1666:
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1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:Legal history
1651:
1649:
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1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
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1627:
1626:
1607:1949–present)
1603:
1602:
1598:
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1435:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1422:Southern Song
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:Northern Song
1409:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1382:
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1379:
1376:
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1233:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1081:
1078:
1073: 476 BC
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1046:(1046–771 BC)
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1032: 256 BC
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:
997:
996:
992:
991:
974:
973:
969:
968:
950:
949:
945:
944:
940:
934:
933:
926:
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920:
919:
914:
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891:
890:
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871:
865:
864:
859:
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849:
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845:
844:
843:
839:
835:
834:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:
810:
795:
793:
789:
778:
776:
775:Baxter (1992)
772:
769:
765:
757:
755:
751:
743:
741:
738:
734:
731:
727:
721:
716:
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710:
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637:
629:
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623:
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609:
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583:
579:
571:
569:
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557:
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548:
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539:
535:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
512:
507:
505:
501:
496:
492:
488:
487:bronze script
482:
477:
473:
468:
461:
458:
456:Today part of
454:
438:
436:
433:
432:
429:
423:
420:
413:
412:
409:
408:Shang dynasty
406:
399:
398:
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378:
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364:
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137:
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118:
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106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
94:
90:
76:
71:
60:
55:
38:
33:
19:
8626:Zhou dynasty
8354:Contemporary
8204:Indo-Persian
8192:Nazi Germany
8136:Contemporary
8038:Vijayanagara
7937:Great Seljuk
7848:Thessalonica
7776:Golden Horde
7416:Carthaginian
7195:Neo-Assyrian
7180:Neo-Sumerian
7065:N. Dynasties
7061:S. Dynasties
7010:Eastern Zhou
7008:Remnants at
6871:Eastern Zhou
6848:
6791:Western Zhou
6743:Zhou dynasty
6742:
6697:1046–256 BC
6691:
6657:
6639:
6615:
6611:
6593:
6572:
6553:
6524:
6505:
6487:
6463:
6457:
6445:
6436:
6425:, retrieved
6410:
6399:, retrieved
6392:the original
6382:
6357:
6338:
6316:
6293:
6270:, Scribner,
6266:
6244:
6217:
6192:
6156:. Retrieved
6146:
6134:. Retrieved
6124:
6105:
6099:
6080:
6074:
6055:
6049:
6037:
6028:
6019:
6000:
5994:
5975:
5969:
5934:
5930:
5920:
5893:
5881:
5875:: 2, fig. 4.
5872:
5868:
5855:
5836:
5830:
5822:
5814:
5794:
5787:
5767:
5760:
5751:
5740:. Retrieved
5733:the original
5719:
5699:
5692:
5673:
5667:
5636:
5617:
5611:
5592:
5582:
5554:
5516:Chinn (2007)
5507:
5500:Chinn (2007)
5495:
5476:
5467:
5453:
5449:
5430:
5420:
5408:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5383:
5364:
5354:
5342:
5338:
5320:
5316:
5297:
5291:
5271:
5242:
5229:
5220:
5207:
5195:
5179:
5167:
5154:
5149:
5131:
5126:
5118:
5113:
5078:
5072:
5047:
5041:
5021:
5010:
4990:
4983:
4960:
4946:
4934:
4922:. Retrieved
4918:
4909:
4897:. Retrieved
4890:the original
4885:
4839:
4825:
4817:
4808:
4788:
4774:
4753:
4726:
4712:
4696:
4636:China portal
4601:
4587:
4577:
4550:
4538:
3877:
3610:1042–1021 BC
3581:1045–1043 BC
3578:1046–1043 BC
3511:
3509:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3426:
3386:Confucianism
3375:
3359:
3321:animal style
3300:
3255:
3251:Central Asia
3212:
3200:Yellow River
3189:
3150:Yellow River
3115:
3098:
3055:
3052:
3027:
3026:
3015:
2992:
2991:
2978:
2948:
2947:
2927:
2915:
2914:
2902:
2901:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2853:
2840:
2829:
2815:
2814:
2802:
2801:
2788:
2777:
2766:
2753:
2742:
2731:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2655:
2646:
2638:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2610:state of Chu
2581:
2565:
2563:
2537:
2533:astronomical
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2485:
2438:and others,
2432:Confucianism
2417:
2390:
2354:
2351:
2340:Eastern Zhou
2334:Eastern Zhou
2293:
2289:Siwa culture
2262:
2258:
2239:
2223:Duke of Zhou
2216:
2205:Western Zhou
2199:Western Zhou
2174:
2167:culture hero
2147:
2115:Yellow River
2060:
2034:). Ju's son
2013:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1988:Emperor Shun
1965:culture hero
1938:
1885:Confucianism
1878:
1866:state of Qin
1837:
1820:Eastern Zhou
1801:Western Zhou
1769:Zhou dynasty
1768:
1766:
1663:LGBT history
1599:
1581:
1554:
1521:
1508:
1495:
1465:
1452:
1439:
1420:
1410:
1398:
1387:Ten Kingdoms
1383:
1336:
1323:
1310:Northern and
1308:
1278:
1256:
1246:
1214:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:(220–280 AD)
1180:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1143:(206–202 BC)
1137:
1125:
1118:(221–207 BC)
1112:
1083:(475–221 BC)
1056:(771–256 BC)
1052:Eastern Zhou
1050:
1042:Western Zhou
1040:
1018:
1017:
993:
970:
946:
922:
916:
910:
887:
877:
730:Southern Min
664:Romanization
554:Hanyu Pinyin
524:Hanyu Pinyin
390:Succeeded by
389:
384:
318:256 BC
120:(510–314 BC)
7942:Khwarezmian
7875:Carolingian
7680:Rashtrakuta
7384:Shaishunaga
7283:Hellenistic
7266:New Kingdom
7256:Old Kingdom
7057:16 Kingdoms
6703:Qin dynasty
6427:31 December
6170:Works cited
5393:Early China
5348:"Sheng Min"
5327:"Li lou II"
5307:1885/150555
4731:Old Chinese
4533:314–256 BC
4510:320–315 BC
4487:368–321 BC
4464:375–369 BC
4441:401–376 BC
4418:425–402 BC
4409:King Weilie
4395:440–426 BC
4326:468–442 BC
4303:475–469 BC
4280:519–476 BC
4234:544–521 BC
4211:571–545 BC
4188:585–572 BC
4165:606–586 BC
4142:612–607 BC
4119:618–613 BC
4096:651–619 BC
4073:676–652 BC
4050:681–677 BC
4027:696–682 BC
4018:King Zhuang
4004:719–697 BC
3981:770–720 BC
3958:Posthumous
3935:781–771 BC
3912:827–782 BC
3889:841–828 BC
3805:872?–866 BC
3642:1020–996 BC
3552:Posthumous
3476:Han dynasty
3225:fought the
3146:Zhang River
3128:who served
3076:Agriculture
2691:伯 "count",
2675:There were
2606:lacquerware
2572:Middle Ages
2134: [
2113:across the
2087:state of Wu
1994:. The term
1992:harvest god
1963:. Qi was a
1905:oracle bone
1901:seal script
1870:Qin dynasty
1808: 1046
1710:Discoveries
1705:Cartography
1700:Archaeology
1638:Art history
1527:(1644–1912)
1514:(1368–1644)
1501:(1271–1368)
1471:(1115–1234)
1458:(1038–1227)
1454:Western Xia
1426:(1127–1279)
1258:Eastern Jin
1248:Western Jin
1173:(25–220 AD)
1169:Eastern Han
1149:Western Han
1028: 1046
1008: 1046
1004: 1250
981: 1600
957: 2070
898: 8500
879:Paleolithic
870:Prehistoric
768:Old Chinese
491:seal script
435:Qin dynasty
385:Preceded by
374:Spade money
133:Old Chinese
8620:Categories
8512:Portuguese
8393:Revival Le
8383:Vietnamese
8026:Later Tran
7996:Vietnamese
7892:Singhasari
7880:Holy Roman
7504:Bulgarian
7440:Satavahana
7411:Phoenician
7347:Achaemenid
7308:Indo-Greek
7288:Macedonian
7202:Babylonian
7049:3 Kingdoms
6401:2009-03-06
6386:, Leiden:
6158:5 December
6136:5 December
5742:2013-05-13
5724:Hwei, Li.
5117:"Hou Ji".
4855:References
4793:Eastern Wu
4133:King Kuang
4087:King Xiang
3917:Gongsheng
3866:877–841 BC
3837:865–858 BC
3834:885–878 BC
3802:891–886 BC
3770:899–892 BC
3738:922–900 BC
3709:956–918 BC
3706:976–922 BC
3674:995–977 BC
3598:King Cheng
3504:See also:
3410:Shang Yang
3311:Philosophy
2993:Slab-grave
2803:Massagetae
2683:公 "duke",
2470:, and the
2227:King Cheng
2171:Jiang Yuan
2107:Jiang Ziya
1986:", by the
1949:Emperor Ku
1945:Jiang Yuan
1928:See also:
1924:Foundation
1862: 481
1849: – c.
1847: 771
1715:Inventions
1445:(916–1125)
1416:(960–1127)
1404:(960–1279)
1071: – c.
1069: 770
1030: – c.
1006: – c.
995:Late Shang
983: – c.
959: – c.
900: – c.
596:Wade–Giles
361:38,000,000
351:30,000,000
337:Population
288:841–828 BC
240:Chancellor
157:Government
18:Zhou China
8505:Couronian
8143:Ethiopian
8131:Manchukuo
8086:Brazilian
7932:Ghaznavid
7902:Srivijaya
7853:Trebizond
7838:Byzantine
7820:North Sea
7815:Norwegian
7803:Almoravid
7786:Ilkhanate
7756:Majapahit
7729:Muromachi
7638:Solomonic
7623:Ethiopian
7537:Caliphate
7470:Aragonese
7298:Ptolemaic
6618:(4): 94,
6361:, Brill,
6205:Secondary
5961:245487356
5953:1573-7802
5409:Zuo Zhuan
5188:Wu (1982)
5172:Wu (1982)
4924:17 August
4860:Citations
4763:Fen River
4719:King Jing
4559:Astrology
4478:King Xian
4294:King Yuan
4271:King Jing
4225:King Jing
4202:King Ling
4179:King Jian
4156:King Ding
4110:King Qing
3995:King Huan
3972:King Ping
3955:Personal
3903:King Xuan
3790:King Xiao
3726:King Gong
3662:King Zhao
3630:King Kang
3549:Personal
3382:Confucius
3361:bianzhong
3258:Di people
3223:King Xuan
3208:Han River
3204:King Zhao
3194:, modern
3138:Ximen Bao
3122:Sunshu Ao
3105:feudalism
3070:Legalists
3066:Confucius
3028:Scythians
2971:JANAPADAS
2546:Feudalism
2488:Wei River
2328:Wangcheng
2324:King Ping
2285:Wei River
2254:Chengzhou
2250:Wangcheng
2176:Zuo Zhuan
2067:Zhongyong
2052:Wei River
1982:"Lord of
1955:a child,
1391:(907–979)
1352:(690–705)
1342:(618–907)
1329:(581–618)
1316:(420–589)
1284:(304–439)
1262:(317–420)
1252:(266–316)
1220:(266–420)
1163:(9–23 AD)
889:Neolithic
853:Dynasties
296:Wangcheng
217:King Ping
139:Religion
117:Chengzhou
105:Wangcheng
8485:Japanese
8448:Scottish
8428:American
8420:Colonial
8349:Imperial
8317:Moroccan
8253:Japanese
8231:Afsharid
8090:Burmese
8076:Austrian
8031:Later Le
8006:Early Le
7991:Venetian
7917:Tiwanaku
7830:Hellenic
7793:Moroccan
7724:Kamakura
7714:Japanese
7697:Saffarid
7650:Georgian
7564:Chalukya
7542:Rashidun
7532:Calakmul
7500:Bruneian
7379:Haryanka
7357:Sasanian
7352:Parthian
7303:Bactrian
7293:Seleucid
7273:Goguryeo
7251:Egyptian
7185:Assyrian
7175:Akkadian
7166:Colonies
6994:Shenjing
6954:Zhending
6592:(2006),
6590:Li, Feng
6337:(1978),
6314:(1996),
6291:(2006),
6264:(2007),
6215:(2009),
5566:, n.40.
5399:p. 21-22
5237:(1993).
4958:(2014).
4797:Wei Zhao
4622:See also
4553:de-facto
4524:King Nan
4455:King Lie
4386:King Kao
4248:King Dao
4101:Renchen
4064:King Hui
3926:King You
3758:King Yih
3418:Legalism
3366:his tomb
3341:Hangzhou
3235:chariots
3231:King You
3227:Quanrong
3198:and the
3180:Xianyang
3156:Military
2928:Aldy-Bel
2916:Chandman
2789:Ananyino
2669:Fengjian
2588:Changsha
2567:fengjian
2478:system.
2440:Legalism
2296:King You
2281:Quanrong
2277:Shanrong
2241:fengjian
2111:chariots
2079:Wen Ding
2042:, which
1893:Legalism
1803:period (
1784:) was a
1678:Timeline
1605:(Taiwan,
1585:of China
1099:Imperial
848:Timeline
822:a series
820:Part of
699:Jyutping
568:Bopomofo
370:Currency
309:King Nan
229:King Nan
205:King You
161:Monarchy
8552:largest
8547:Empires
8527:Swedish
8522:Spanish
8517:Russian
8480:Italian
8455:Chinese
8443:English
8438:British
8433:Belgian
8408:Vietnam
8398:Tay son
8344:Tsarist
8339:Russian
8334:Ottoman
8300:Dzungar
8295:Khoshut
8268:Mexican
8263:Maratha
8246:Pahlavi
8226:Safavid
8221:Iranian
8148:Haitian
8111:Chinese
8071:Ashanti
8043:Wagadou
7969:Eastern
7964:Western
7947:Timurid
7907:Tibetan
7897:Songhai
7887:Serbian
7808:Almohad
7798:Idrisid
7702:Samanid
7692:Tahirid
7687:Iranian
7665:Kannauj
7645:Genoese
7581:Chinese
7574:Eastern
7569:Western
7557:Fatimid
7552:Abbasid
7547:Umayyad
7520:Burmese
7480:Ayyubid
7475:Angevin
7445:Xianbei
7433:Eastern
7428:Western
7374:Magadha
7337:Iranian
7330:Xiongnu
7315:Hittite
7224:Chinese
7212:Kassite
7161:Ancient
7153:Empires
6620:Bibcode
6480:2719276
6175:Primary
5322:Mencius
5064:2719108
4899:22 July
4761:on the
4705:Haojing
4701:Fenghao
4603:Zhōu'èr
4589:Zhōu yī
4432:King An
4372:441 BC
4363:King Si
4349:441 BC
4340:King Ai
4257:520 BC
4193:Xiexin
4041:King Xi
3854:King Li
3822:King Yi
3781:Pifang
3694:King Mu
3566:King Wu
3414:Han Fei
3406:Mencius
3219:King Li
3215:Yangtze
3196:Ningxia
3184:Shaanxi
2995:culture
2982:DYNASTY
2949:Subeshi
2891:Pazyryk
2867:culture
2854:SABEANS
2843:culture
2818:matians
2791:culture
2732:Tasmola
2590:, Hunan
2540:statues
2464:Sun Tzu
2436:Mencius
2312:Haojing
2269:Guifang
2265:Xianyun
2219:Haojing
2193:Li Feng
2155:Mencius
2144:Culture
2121:at the
2015:Nóngshī
1973:surname
1961:Shangdi
1919:History
1899:became
1778:Chinese
1349:Wu Zhou
939:Ancient
918:Yangtze
737:Hokkien
504:Chinese
489:(top),
281:•
262:•
249:History
193:King Wu
182:•
99:Fenghao
92:Capital
8631:256 BC
8490:Mongol
8475:German
8470:French
8460:Danish
8403:Dainam
8378:Tongan
8366:Somali
8361:Sokoto
8327:'Alawi
8305:Kalmyk
8285:Mongol
8278:Second
8258:Korean
8209:Mughal
8199:Indian
8182:German
8175:Second
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8158:Second
8094:Second
8066:Afghan
8058:Modern
7984:Kyrgyz
7979:Uighur
7974:Second
7954:Turkic
7922:Toltec
7858:Epirus
7843:Nicaea
7766:Mongol
7719:Yamato
7655:Huetar
7513:Second
7450:Rouran
7399:Shunga
7394:Maurya
7369:Kushan
7342:Median
7320:Hunnic
7278:Harsha
7089:W. Xia
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6889:Zhuang
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4759:Linfen
4078:Zheng
3963:Yijiu
3950:Reign
3544:Reign
3528:, and
3468:, and
3420:; and
3402:Mohism
3394:Taoism
3388:, and
3006:DONGHU
2938:YUEZHI
2816:Sauro-
2778:Sargat
2662:Zhu Xi
2630:zhūhóu
2458:, the
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2444:Taoism
2426:. The
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2363:. The
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2273:Xirong
2235:Dongyi
2163:Hou Ji
2151:Xirong
2083:Xirong
2028:Rongdi
2024:Xirong
1984:Millet
1971:, the
1889:Taoism
1780::
1547:Modern
1203:, and
921:, and
912:Yellow
824:on the
754:Tâi-lô
328:249 BC
301:771 BC
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8495:Omani
8465:Dutch
8371:Isaaq
8322:Saadi
8290:Oirat
8273:First
8241:Qajar
8170:First
8153:First
8126:China
8099:Third
7959:First
7912:Tikal
7863:Morea
7833:Roman
7751:Latin
7746:Khmer
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6476:JSTOR
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1996:Houji
1980:Houji
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460:China
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6662:ISBN
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6429:2014
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6363:ISBN
6343:ISBN
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6160:2010
6138:2010
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5980:ISBN
5949:ISSN
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4926:2015
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4377:Wei
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