455:, another diviner serving under Liu Bei, also said, "If you attack Hanzhong, your army will suffer a defeat." Liu Bei ignored their advice and proceeded with the campaign. Just as Zhou Qun predicted, Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao in the Hanzhong Campaign and captured the territories but not its people because they had already migrated elsewhere. During the campaign, Liu Bei also ordered Wu Lan (吳蘭) and Lei Tong (雷銅) to lead a detachment of troops from his main army to attack Wudu Commandery (武都郡; around present-day
517:, people like Ziwei (子韋), Ziye (子野) and Bizao (禆竈) managed to think of more accurate means of calculating time, but they never truly grasped the essence of astronomy. In more recent times, as the ruling dynasty keeps changing, astronomers only inherit the knowledge of their predecessors and do not make any progress. During the
451:, he consulted Zhou Qun and asked him to predict the outcome. Zhou Qun said, "You will get the territory but you won't have its people. If you send a detachment of your main army to attack (instead of sending your main army), you will lose the battle. You should be very careful about this!" At the time,
289:
As a child, Zhou Qun studied under the tutelage of his father and became well-versed in astronomy and divination. As he was born in a wealthy family with scores of servants, he built an observation tower in his residence, and ordered his servants to take shifts to observe the sky round the clock and
290:
keep him updated. Whenever there was something unusual, he would rush to the tower to see it for himself, regardless of whether it was in the day or at night. He was thus able to predict future events based on his observations. Sometime between 194 and 214, when
285:
mentioned 'something tall on the road will replace the Han (dynasty)'. What does this mean?" Zhou Shu replied, "That 'something tall on the road' refers to Wei." Other scholars in his hometown who heard him secretly shared and circulated what he said.
415:
sent his subordinates to lead troops to attack the various warlords in Liang
Province. By early 214, Cao Cao's forces had eliminated Song Jian and defeated Han Sui, who met his end while taking shelter under the
275:, Sichuan). Zhou Shu was second to two famous scholars, Dong Fu (董扶) and Ren An (任安), in terms of fame. On many occasions, he received invitations and offers to serve in the government of the
529:
Zhou Qun felt so inspired by the old man's words that he put in more effort into studying astronomy from then on. Through his studies and observations, he determined that the state of
355:
In
January 213, after seeing another astronomical phenomenon, Zhou Qun predicted that the warlords in western China would lose their territories. At the time in western China,
439:
took control of Yi
Province, he appointed Zhou Qun as acting Colonel of the Scholars (儒林校尉) in his administration. Around 217, when Liu Bei was planning to launch
470:(茂才; a cultivated talent recommended for a government post). Zhou Qun died in an unknown year. His son, Zhou Ju (周巨), inherited much of his knowledge and skills.
844:
811:
509:
when I started studying astronomy. Fenghou (風后) and
Rongcheng (容成), who served as the Yellow Emperor's historians, learnt astronomy from me. When it came to
271:. His father, Zhou Shu (周舒), whose courtesy name was Shubu (叔布), was mentored by the scholar Yang Hou (楊厚) from Guanghan Commandery (廣漢郡; around present-day
849:
859:
546:
425:
223:
691:(先主定蜀，署儒林校尉。先主欲與曹公爭漢中，問羣，羣對曰：「當得其地，不得其民也。若出偏軍，必不利，當戒慎之！」時州後部司馬蜀郡張裕亦曉占候，而天才過羣，諫先主曰：「不可爭漢中，軍必不利。」先主竟不用裕言，果得地而不得民也。遣將軍吳蘭、雷銅等入武都，皆沒不還，悉如羣言。)
321:), Zhou Qun interpreted this as a sign that the ruling dynasty would change soon, because the last time something similar happened, the
854:
797:
869:
743:(答曰：「已衰邁，也忘其年月。猶憶軒轅之時，始學厯數、風后、容成，皆黃帝之史，就余授厯術。至顓頊時，考定日月星辰之運，尤多差異。及春秋時，有子韋、子野、禆竈之徒，權略雖驗，未得其門。邇來世代興亡，不復可紀，因以相襲。至大漢時，有洛下閎，頗得其㫖。」)
864:
773:
484:, Zhou Qun used to study astronomy as a hobby and not in a serious manner. One day, while he was gathering herbs in the
533:
was destined to fall. The people of Shu called Zhou Qun the "Later Sage" (後聖), while the people of Shu's ally state
488:, he encountered a white ape who climbed down from a steep cliff and stood right in front of him. When he threw his
674:(十七年十二月，星孛于五諸侯，羣以為西方專據土地者皆將失土。是時，劉璋據益州，張魯據漢中，韓遂據涼州，宋建據枹罕。明年冬，曹公遣偏將擊涼州。十九年，獲宋建，韓遂逃于羌中，被殺。其年秋，璋失益州。二十年秋，曹公攻漢中，張魯降。)
566:
417:
514:
281:
489:
372:
463:), but, as Zhou Qun warned him, this detachment ended up being completely destroyed by Cao Cao's forces.
247:
306:), he recruited Zhou Qun to serve in his administration as an Assistant Officer for Education (師友從事).
513:'s time, I studied the movements of the sun, moon and stars, and noticed many discrepancies. In the
356:
334:
326:
291:
276:
242:
234:
498:-long jade tablet. As the old man gave him the tablet, Zhou Qun asked him, "When were you born?"
429:
344:
would die soon and lose control over the province. In the autumn of 208, he was proven right as
822:
793:
785:
440:
601:(周羣字仲直，巴西閬中人也。父舒，字叔布，少學術於廣漢楊厚，名亞董扶、任安。數被徵，終不詣。時人有問：「春秋讖曰代漢者當塗高，此何謂也？」舒曰：「當塗高者，魏也。」鄉黨學者私傳其語。)
452:
207:
506:
404:
384:
245:
of China. Two of his interpretations of comets are preserved in volumes 102–104 of the
212:
263:
Zhou Qun was from
Langzhong County (閬中縣), Baxi Commandery (巴西郡), which is present-day
838:
485:
408:
341:
227:
187:
340:
In 207, when Zhou Qun saw an astronomical phenomenon, he said that the
Governor of
203:
756:(羣服其言，更精勤筭術及考校年厯之運，驗於圖緯，知蜀應滅。及明年歸命奔吳，皆稱周羣詳隂陽之精妙也。蜀人謂之「後聖」，白猿之異有似越人所記，而事皆迂誕似是而非。)
806:
522:
518:
505:"I'm so old that I've forgotten when I was born, but I remember the days of the
428:
of Yi
Province from him. In the autumn of 215, Cao Cao defeated Zhang Lu at the
360:
322:
310:
295:
614:(羣少受學於舒，專心候業。於庭中作小樓，家富多奴，常令奴更直於樓上視天灾，纔見一氣，即白羣，羣自上樓觀之，不避晨夜。故凡有氣候，無不見之，是以所言多中。)
534:
493:
137:
827:
768:
480:
368:
303:
264:
252:
133:
730:(周羣妙閑筭術䜟說，遊岷山採藥，見一白猿從絶峰而下，對羣而立。羣抽所佩書刀投猿，猿化為一老翁，握中有玉版長八寸，以授羣。羣問曰：「公是何年生？」)
444:
400:
376:
345:
272:
407:), and Song Jian (宋建) ruled Fuhan County (枹罕縣; southwest of present-day
233:, was an official, astronomer and diviner who served under the warlords
530:
510:
456:
448:
436:
421:
412:
396:
388:
380:
364:
349:
330:
318:
314:
299:
268:
238:
141:
790:
A Biographical
Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD
460:
392:
420:
tribes following his defeat. By the autumn of 214, the warlord
279:, but he turned down all of them. Someone once asked him, "The
492:
at the ape, it transformed into an old man carrying an eight-
348:
died and Jing
Province came under the control of the warlord
537:
praised him for his expertise in astronomy and divination.
569:'s article for an explanation on what this saying means.
525:
who understood the complexities of astronomy very well."
640:(續漢書曰：建安七年，越嶲有男子化為女人，時羣言哀帝時亦有此，將易代之祥也。至二十五年，獻帝果封于山陽。)
313:
in Yuexi/Yuesui
Commandery (越巂郡; around present-day
16:
3rd century Chinese official, astronomer and diviner
186:
178:
164:
156:
148:
127:
122:
110:
79:
71:
37:
21:
329:. In 220, Zhou Qun's prediction came true as the
657:(十二年十月，有星孛于鶉尾，荊州分野，羣以為荊州牧將死而失土。明年秋，劉表卒，曹公平荊州。)
503:
411:, Gansu). In the following year, the warlord
8:
812:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms
589:
18:
582:
558:
466:Liu Bei later nominated Zhou Qun as a
80:Assistant Officer for Education (師友從事)
547:Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
309:In 202, when there were reports of a
7:
845:Government officials under Liu Zhang
432:and conquered Hanzhong Commandery.
850:Government officials under Liu Bei
251:, presumably through quotation by
14:
860:3rd-century Chinese astronomers
38:Colonel of the Scholars (儒林校尉)
1:
774:Records of the Three Kingdoms
182:Official, astronomer, diviner
424:had defeated Liu Zhang and
886:
435:In 214, after the warlord
387:(涼州; covering present-day
201:
855:Politicians from Nanchong
196:
118:
84:
45:
33:
28:
515:Spring and Autumn period
282:Spring and Autumn Annals
870:Scientists from Sichuan
527:
363:(covering present-day
298:(covering present-day
865:People from Langzhong
501:The old man replied:
248:Book of the Later Han
443:to seize control of
294:was the Governor of
590:de Crespigny (2007)
445:Hanzhong Commandery
377:Hanzhong Commandery
335:Eastern Han dynasty
333:state replaced the
327:Western Han dynasty
277:Eastern Han dynasty
243:Eastern Han dynasty
786:de Crespigny, Rafe
430:Battle of Yangping
792:. Leiden: Brill.
478:According to the
200:
199:
171:Zhou Shu (father)
877:
803:
761:
754:
748:
741:
735:
728:
722:
715:
709:
702:
696:
689:
683:
672:
666:
655:
649:
638:
632:
627:(州牧劉璋，辟以為師友從事。)
625:
619:
612:
606:
599:
593:
587:
570:
563:
521:, there was one
225:
140:(In present-day
123:Personal details
106:
104:
98:
96:
89:
67:
65:
59:
57:
50:
19:
885:
884:
880:
879:
878:
876:
875:
874:
835:
834:
825:(4th century).
809:(5th century).
800:
784:
771:(3rd century).
765:
764:
755:
751:
742:
738:
729:
725:
716:
712:
703:
699:
690:
686:
673:
669:
656:
652:
639:
635:
626:
622:
613:
609:
600:
596:
592:, p. 1147.
588:
584:
579:
574:
573:
564:
560:
555:
543:
476:
447:from his rival
261:
217:
174:
132:
102:
100:
94:
92:
90:
85:
63:
61:
55:
53:
51:
46:
41:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
883:
881:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
837:
836:
833:
832:
820:
804:
798:
782:
763:
762:
749:
736:
723:
710:
697:
684:
678:annotation in
667:
661:annotation in
650:
644:annotation in
633:
620:
607:
594:
581:
580:
578:
575:
572:
571:
557:
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
542:
539:
507:Yellow Emperor
490:scraping knife
475:
472:
426:seized control
405:Inner Mongolia
385:Liang Province
260:
257:
226:190s – 210s),
198:
197:
194:
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184:
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129:
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82:
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69:
68:
43:
42:
35:
34:
31:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
882:
871:
868:
866:
863:
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858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
840:
830:
829:
824:
821:
818:
817:Sanguozhi zhu
814:
813:
808:
805:
801:
799:9789004156050
795:
791:
787:
783:
780:
776:
775:
770:
767:
766:
759:
753:
750:
746:
740:
737:
733:
727:
724:
720:
717:(羣卒，子巨頗傳其術。)
714:
711:
707:
701:
698:
694:
688:
685:
681:
677:
671:
668:
664:
660:
654:
651:
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624:
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611:
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604:
598:
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536:
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526:
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520:
516:
512:
508:
502:
499:
497:
496:
491:
487:
486:Min Mountains
483:
482:
473:
471:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:and parts of
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
342:Jing Province
338:
336:
332:
328:
325:replaced the
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
287:
284:
283:
278:
274:
270:
266:
258:
256:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
228:courtesy name
221:
215:
214:
209:
205:
195:
192:Zhongzhi (仲直)
191:
189:
188:Courtesy name
185:
181:
177:
170:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
88:
83:
78:
74:
70:
49:
44:
36:
32:
27:
20:
826:
816:
810:
807:Pei, Songzhi
789:
778:
772:
757:
752:
744:
739:
731:
726:
718:
713:
705:
700:
692:
687:
679:
675:
670:
662:
658:
653:
645:
641:
636:
628:
623:
615:
610:
602:
597:
585:
561:
528:
504:
500:
494:
479:
477:
467:
465:
434:
354:
339:
308:
288:
280:
262:
246:
241:in the late
230:
219:
218:
211:
204:Chinese name
152:Unknown date
131:Unknown date
86:
47:
523:Luoxia Hong
519:Han dynasty
383:controlled
375:controlled
361:Yi Province
359:controlled
323:Xin dynasty
311:trans woman
296:Yi Province
208:family name
839:Categories
769:Chen, Shou
704:(於是舉羣茂才。)
676:Xu Han Shu
659:Xu Han Shu
642:Xu Han Shu
577:References
441:a campaign
179:Occupation
138:Han Empire
828:Shi Yi Ji
823:Wang, Jia
779:Sanguozhi
758:Shi Yi Ji
745:Shi Yi Ji
732:Shi Yi Ji
719:Sanguozhi
706:Sanguozhi
693:Sanguozhi
680:Sanguozhi
663:Sanguozhi
646:Sanguozhi
629:Sanguozhi
616:Sanguozhi
603:Sanguozhi
481:Shi Yi Ji
369:Chongqing
357:Liu Zhang
304:Chongqing
292:Liu Zhang
265:Langzhong
253:Qiao Zhou
235:Liu Zhang
134:Langzhong
114:Liu Zhang
87:In office
48:In office
788:(2007).
721:vol. 42.
708:vol. 42.
695:vol. 42.
682:vol. 42.
665:vol. 42.
648:vol. 42.
631:vol. 42.
618:vol. 42.
605:vol. 42.
567:Du Qiong
541:See also
474:Anecdote
453:Zhang Yu
401:Xinjiang
373:Zhang Lu
346:Liu Biao
273:Guanghan
231:Zhongzhi
220:Zhou Qun
202:In this
157:Children
111:Governor
72:Governor
40:(acting)
23:Zhou Qun
760:vol. 8.
747:vol. 8.
734:vol. 8.
511:Cangjie
457:Longnan
449:Cao Cao
437:Liu Bei
422:Liu Bei
413:Cao Cao
397:Qinghai
389:Ningxia
381:Han Sui
365:Sichuan
350:Cao Cao
331:Cao Wei
319:Sichuan
315:Xichang
300:Sichuan
269:Sichuan
239:Liu Bei
160:Zhou Ju
142:Sichuan
101: (
93: (
75:Liu Bei
62: (
54: (
29:周羣 / 周群
796:
468:maocai
409:Linxia
206:, the
165:Parent
553:Notes
461:Gansu
418:Qiang
393:Gansu
794:ISBN
565:See
403:and
367:and
302:and
259:Life
237:and
213:Zhou
149:Died
128:Born
99:–214
531:Shu
495:chi
371:),
224:fl.
210:is
103:214
56:214
52:214
841::
819:).
781:).
535:Wu
459:,
399:,
395:,
379:,
352:.
337:.
317:,
267:,
255:.
136:,
60:–?
831:.
815:(
802:.
777:(
222:(
216:.
144:)
105:)
97:)
95:?
91:?
66:)
64:?
58:)
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