1474:
political scandals eroded the paranoid emperor's trust in him. Finally, in 1380, Hongwu had Hu and his entire family arrested and executed on charges of treason. Using this as an opportunity to purge his government, the emperor also ordered the execution of countless other officials, as well as their families, for associating with Hu. The purge lasted over a decade and resulted in more than 30,000 executions. In 1390, even Li
Shanchang, one of the closest old friends of the emperor, who was rewarded as the biggest contributor to the founding of the Ming Empire, was executed along with over 70 members of his extended family. A year after his death, a deputy in the Board of Works made a submission to the emperor appealing Li's innocence, arguing that since Li was already at the apex of honour, wealth and power, the accusation that he wanted to help
1867:
1657:
1532:
1117:
1329:, and each was required to provide an adult man as soldier, and at least one more person to work in support roles in the military. The military, craftsmen and salt worker households were hereditary, and converting into civilian households was impossible except in a few very rare situations. A family may simultaneously belong in one of the minor categories, e.g. physician households and scholar households, according to their occupation. In addition to the aforementioned "good" households, discriminatory types also existed, such as entertainer households (
3478:
50:
1926:, only rebuking the Vietnamese for their invasion, being opposed to military action abroad. He specifically warned future emperors only to defend against foreign barbarians, and not engage in expansionist military campaigns for glory and conquest. In his 1395 ancestral injunctions, the emperor specifically wrote that China should not attack Champa, Cambodia or Annam (Vietnam). With the exception of his turn against aggressive expansion, much of Hongwu's foreign policy and his diplomatic institutions were based on Yuan practice.
1153:"Barbarian" (i.e. Mongol-related) elements, including garments and names, were made illegal. There was no clear definition on what was "barbarian", and individual clothing styles and names were banned at the emperor's will. There were also attacks on palaces and administrative buildings previously used by the rulers of the Yuan dynasty. But many of Taizu's government institutions were actually modeled on those of the Yuan dynasty: community schools required for primary education in every village.
523:
1796:
1968:, though they were often manned by local gangs. Hongwu's measures limited tax receipts, impoverished and provoked both coastal Chinese and Japanese against the Hongwu regime, and actually resulted in an increase in piracy, offering too little as a reward for good behavior and enticement for Japanese authorities to root out their own smugglers and pirates. Regardless of the policy, piracy had dropped to negligible levels by the time of its abolition in 1568.
1646:
3492:
1361:
1441:, and commanders were appointed to lead them to battle. After the war, the army was disbanded into smaller groups and sent back to their respective districts, while the commanders had to return their authority to the state. This system helped to prevent military leaders from having too much power. The military was under the control of a civilian official for large campaigns, instead of a military general.
880:) and his mother was Chen Erniang. He had seven older siblings, several of whom were "given away" by his parents, as they did not always have enough food to support the family. When he was 16, severe drought ruined the harvest where his family lived, and famine subsequently killed everyone in his family except for him and one of his brothers. He then buried them by wrapping their bodies in white cloth.
2080:
1040:
1242:) and escorted to neighboring provinces. "The great pagoda tree in Hongtong, Shanxi" became a common idiom when referring to one's ancestral home in certain areas of Henan and Hebei. Public works projects, such as the construction of irrigation systems, and dikes, were undertaken in an attempt to help farmers. In addition, Hongwu also reduced the demands for corvée labor on the peasantry.
7989:
1952:" raiding his coasts were Chinese, and Hongwu's response was almost entirely passive. The shogun replied "Your great empire may be able to invade Japan, but our small state is not short of a strategy to defend ourselves." The necessity of protecting his state against the Northern Yuan remnants meant that the most Hongwu was able to accomplish against Japan was a series of "
1553:, "Code of the Great Ming"). The emperor devoted much time to the project and instructed his ministers that the code should be comprehensive and intelligible, so as not to allow any official to exploit loopholes in the code by deliberately misinterpreting it. The Ming code laid much emphasis on family relations. The code was a great improvement on the code of the
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911:
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money-lenders and managers of gambling rings. Using their power, the bureaucrats expanded their estates at the expense of peasants' lands through outright purchase of those lands, and foreclosure on their mortgages whenever they wanted the lands. The peasants often became either tenants, or workers, or sought employment elsewhere.
1831:. David M. Robinson indicated it is unknown whether the Ming marriage laws were actually enforced. At the same time, the Hongwu Emperor also wanted to segregate barbarians like the Mongol and Semu and force them not to use Han names so they could maintain their distinctiveness and not assimilate or get mistaken for Han.
3520:
852:
occupational categories to households. Through these measures, the Hongwu
Emperor attempted to rebuild a country that had been ravaged by war, limit and control its social groups, and instill orthodox values in his subjects, eventually creating a strictly regimented society of self-sufficient farming communities.
2102:, in the east of Nanjing. The mass sacrifice of concubines after the emperor's death, a practice long disappeared among Chinese dynasties, was revived by Zhu Yuanzhang, probably to clear potential obstacles to the reign of his chosen successor. At least 38 concubines were killed as part of Hongwu's funeral
1612:
Supported by the scholar-bureaucrats, he accepted the
Confucian viewpoint that merchants were solely parasitic. He felt that agriculture should be the country's source of wealth and that trade was ignoble. As a result, the Ming economic system emphasized agriculture, unlike the economic system of the
1449:
Hongwu attempted, and largely succeeded in, the consolidation of control over all aspects of government, so that no other group could gain enough power to overthrow him. He also buttressed the country's defense against the
Mongols. He increasingly concentrated power in his own hands. He abolished the
1380:
still posed a threat to the Ming, even though they had been driven away after the collapse of the Yuan. He decided to reassess the orthodox
Confucian view that the military class was inferior to that of the scholar bureaucracy. He kept a powerful army, which in 1384 he reorganized using a model known
918:
The monastery where Zhu lived was eventually looted and destroyed by an army whose task was supposedly to suppress a local rebellion. In 1352, Zhu joined one of the many insurgent forces that had risen in rebellion against the Yuan. He rose rapidly through the ranks and became a commander. His forces
897:
For the next few years, Zhu led the life of a wandering beggar and personally experienced the hardships of the common people during the late years of the Yuan dynasty. After about three years, he returned to the monastery and stayed there until he was around 24 years old. He learned to read and write
847:
organizations in imperial China. In the 1380s and 1390s, a series of purges were launched to eliminate his high-ranked officials and generals; tens of thousands were executed. The reign of Hongwu also witnessed much cruelty. Various cruel methods of execution were introduced for punishable crimes and
851:
The emperor encouraged agriculture, reduced taxes, incentivized the cultivation of new land, and established laws protecting peasants' property. He also confiscated land held by large estates and forbade private slavery. At the same time, he banned free movement in the empire and assigned hereditary
1192:
case alone, tens of thousands of officials and their families were executed over sedition, treason, corruption and other charges. According to an anecdote noted by Ming dynasty writers, in 1380, after much killing, a lightning bolt struck his palace and he stopped the massacres for some time, as he
1351:
Zhu
Yuanzhang passed a law on mandatory hairstyle on 24 September 1392, mandating that all males grow their hair long and making it illegal for them to shave part of their foreheads while leaving strands of hair which was the Mongol hairstyle. The penalty for both the barber and the person who was
1616:
However, his prejudice against merchants did not diminish the numbers of traders. On the contrary, commerce increased significantly during the Hongwu era because of the growth of industry throughout the empire. This growth in trade was due in part to poor soil conditions and the overpopulation of
1253:
should be given to young farmers who had reached adulthood. The order was intended to prevent landlords from seizing the land, as it also decreed that the titles to the lands were not transferable. During the middle part of his reign, he passed an edict, stating that those who brought fallow land
1224:
However, the reforms did not eliminate the threat of the bureaucrats to peasants. Instead, the expansion of the bureaucrats and their growing prestige translated into more wealth, and tax exemption for those in the government service. The bureaucrats gained new privileges, and some became illegal
966:
during his reign. Zhu's government in
Nanjing became famous for good governance, and the city attracted vast numbers of people fleeing from other more lawless regions. It is estimated that Nanjing's population increased tenfold over the next 10 years. In the meantime, the Yuan government had been
1834:
Ming
Chinese officials above all regarded Mongols under their rule as a separate ethnicity registered in official hereditary Mongol households, regardless of their lifestyle, dress or language, making it irrelevant whether their culture survived, the Ming viewed everyone who was registered in an
1716:, and archery were emphasized by Hongwu in addition to Confucian classics and also required in the imperial examinations. Archery and equestrianism were added to the exam by Hongwu in 1370, similarly to how archery and equestrianism were required for non-military officials at the College of War (
1212:
As Hongwu came from a peasant family, he was aware of how peasants used to suffer under the oppression of the scholar-bureaucrats, and the wealthy. Many of the latter, relying on their connections with government officials, encroached unscrupulously on peasants' lands and bribed the officials to
1485:
under the previous dynasties. He drastically reduced their numbers, forbidding them to handle documents, insisting that they remain illiterate, and executing those who commented on state affairs. The emperor had a strong aversion to the eunuchs, epitomized by a tablet in his palace stipulating:
1473:
In Hongwu's elimination of the traditional offices of grand councilor, the primary impetus was Hu
Weiyong's alleged attempt to usurp the throne. Hu was the Senior Grand Councilor and a capable administrator; however over the years, the magnitude of his powers, as well as involvement in several
2118:
puts it, "Seldom has the course of
Chinese history been influenced by a single personality as much as it was by the founder of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang." His rise to power was fast despite his having a poor and humble origin. In 11 years, he went from being a penniless monk to the most
1469:
argued that Grand-Secretaries, outwardly powerless, could exercise considerable positive influence from behind the throne. Because of their prestige and the public trust which they enjoyed, they could act as intermediaries between the emperor and the ministerial officials, and thus provide a
1063:. This victory granted Zhu's government authority over the lands north and south of the Yangtze River. The other major warlords surrendered to Zhu and on 23 January 1368, Zhu proclaimed himself emperor of the Ming dynasty in Nanjing and adopted "Hongwu" (lit. "vastly martial") as his
1505:
was transformed into a secret police organization during the Hongwu era. It was given the authority to overrule judicial proceedings in prosecutions with full autonomy in arresting, interrogating and punishing anyone, including nobles and the emperor's relatives. In 1393, Jiang Huan
1591:
was around 30 grams) were to be beheaded and then flayed, the skin publicly exhibited. Zhu Yuanzhang granted all people the right to capture officials suspected of crimes and directly send them to the capital, a first in Chinese history. Apart from regulating the government,
1284:. The communities were responsible for collecting tax and drafting labor for the local government. Village elders were also obliged to keep surveillance on the community, report criminal activities, and ensure that the residents are fully committed to agricultural work.
1035:
in 1363. The battle lasted three days and ended with the defeat and retreat of Chen's larger navy. Chen died a month later in battle. Zhu did not participate personally in any battles after that and remained in Nanjing, where he directed his generals to go on campaigns.
1557:
in regards to the treatment of slaves. Under the Tang code, slaves were treated as a species of domestic animal; if they were killed by a free citizen, the law imposed no sanction on the killer. Under the Ming dynasty, the law protected both slaves and free citizens.
1136:
Under Hongwu's rule, Mongol and other foreign bureaucrats who had dominated the government during the Yuan along with Northern Chinese officials were replaced by Han officials. The emperor re-instituted, then abolished, then restored, the Confucian civil service
2127:'an adventurer from peasant stock, poorly educated, a man of action, a bold and shrewd tactician, a visionary mind, in many respects a creative genius; naturally coarse, cynical, and ruthless, he eventually showed symptoms of paranoia, bordering on psychopathy.'
1726:. The area around the Meridian Gate of Nanjing was used for archery by guards and generals under Hongwu. A cavalry based army modeled on the Yuan military was implemented by the Hongwu and Yongle Emperors. Hongwu's army and officialdom incorporated Mongols.
971:
valley. By 1358, central and Southern China had fallen into the hands of different rebel groups. During that time the Red Turbans also split up. Zhu became the leader of a smaller faction (called "Wu" around 1360), while the larger faction, under
1348:), a permit issued by the local government, and their neighbors were required to have knowledge of their itinerary. Unauthorized domestic migration was banned, and offenders were exiled. The policy was strictly enforced during the Hongwu era.
1960:; ships, docks, and shipyards were destroyed, and ports were sabotaged. The plan was at odds with Chinese tradition and was counterproductive as it tied up resources. 74 coastal garrisons had to be established from
1141:
system, from which most state officials were selected based on their knowledge of literature and philosophy. The Ming examination curriculum followed that set by the Yuan in 1313: a focus on the Four Books over the
1815:
to marry Han Chinese, with the voluntary consent of both spouses and families after the first Ming emperor Hongwu passed the law in Article 122, with the Mongols and Semu forbidden from marrying their own kind.
1352:
shaved and his sons was castration if they cut their hair and their families were to be sent to the borders for exile. This helped eradicated partially shaved Mongol hairstyles and enforced long Han hairstyle.
1262:, something not achieved during any other Chinese dynasty. Hongwu also instigated the planting of 50 million trees in the vicinity of Nanjing, reconstructing canals, irrigation, and repopulation of the North.
1989:, he listed Japan along with 14 other countries as "countries against which campaigns shall not be launched", and advised his descendants to maintain peace with them. This policy was violated by his son, the
1977:
and so continued to be broadly enforced through most of the rest of his dynasty: for the next two centuries, the rich farmland of the south and the military theaters of the north were linked only by the
8403:
1176:
to take revenge against people who resisted his army. Over time, Hongwu became increasingly fearful of rebellions and coups, and also ordered the execution of those of his advisors who criticized him.
4031:
7874:
1280:), communities of 110 households. The position of community chief rotates among the ten most populous households, while the rest were further divided into tithings. Together, the system was known as
1523:
Through the repeated purges and the elimination of the historical posts, Hongwu fundamentally altered the centuries-old government structure of China, greatly increasing the emperor's absolutism.
1701:) in which 85 lines were deleted. Apart from those mentioned above, the omitted sentences also included those describing rules of governance, promoting benevolence, and those critical of
1596:
aimed to set limits to various social groups. For example, "idle men" who did not change their lifestyles after the new law came into effect would be executed and their neighbors exiled.
6548:
Mapping Meanings: The Field of New Learning in Late Qing China; [International Conference "Translating Western Knowledge Into Late Imperial China", 1999, Göttingen University]
4549:{Mote, Frederick W. and Twitchett, Denis (ed), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp 45.}
1736:
Hongwu wrote essays which were posted in every village throughout China warning the people to behave or else face horrifying consequences. The 1380s writings of Hongwu includes the "
1193:
was afraid divine forces would punish him. In the 1390s, however, tens of thousands more people were executed due to their association with an alleged plot of rebellion by general
1411:
troops had reached 1,200,000. Soldiers were also assigned land on which to grow crops whilst their positions were made hereditary. This type of system can be traced back to the
3293:
1031:
Beginning in 1360, Zhu and Chen Youliang fought a protracted war for supremacy over the former territories controlled by the Red Turbans. The pivotal moment in the war was the
1200:
After the Ming were established, Hongwu's military officers were given noble titles. These privileged the holder with a stipend, but in all other aspects was merely symbolic.
1729:
Equestrianism and archery were favorite pastimes of He Suonan who served in the Yuan and Ming militaries under Hongwu. Archery towers were built by Zhengtong Emperor at the
1628:, its development was stifled from the beginning. Not understanding inflation, Hongwu gave out so much paper money as rewards that by 1425, the state was forced to restore
1613:
Song dynasty which had preceded the Yuan, and relied on traders and merchants for revenues. Hongwu also supported the creation of self-supporting agricultural communities.
3970:
Dardess, John W. (1972). Parsons, James Bunyan; Simonovskaia, Larisa Vasil'evna; Wen-Chih, Li (eds.). "The Late Ming Rebellions: Peasants and Problems of Interpretation".
1677:
were deemed harmful. These include "the people are the most important element in a nation; the spirits of the land and grain are the next; the sovereign is the lightest" (
1184:, which played significant roles during the revolts against the Yuan, were outlawed. He was also said to have ordered the massacre of several thousand people living in
4218:
3651:
in 1403, when the new Yongle era came into effect. This dating continued for a few of his successors until the Jianwen era was reestablished in the late 16th century.
1228:
Since the beginning of the Ming dynasty in 1357, great care was taken by Hongwu to distribute land to peasants. One way was by forced migration to less-dense areas.
8367:
6147:
China as a Sea Power, 1127–1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods
1948:
that his army would "capture and exterminate your bandits, head straight for your country, and put your king in bonds". In fact, many of the "dwarf pirates" and "
1254:
under cultivation could keep it as their property without being taxed. The policy was well received by the people and in 1393, cultivated land rose to 8,804,623
5467:
4312:
1775:, a task that was carried out by the scholars Mashayihei, a Muslim astronomer, and Wu Bozong, a Chinese scholar-official. These tables came to be known as the
890:
Destitute after his family's death, Zhu accepted a suggestion to take up a pledge made by his brother and became a novice monk at the Huangjue Temple, a local
8399:
4023:
1458:. Many argue that Hongwu, because of his wish to concentrate absolute authority in his own hands, removed the only insurance against incompetent emperors.
5591:
5589:
5203:
1866:
1498:
becoming court officials. This policy was fairly well-maintained by later emperors, and no serious trouble was caused by the empresses or their families.
1078:(present-day Beijing), and the rest of northern China in September 1368 and retreated to the Mongolian Plateau. On 15 October 1371, one of Hongwu's sons,
1454:'s post, which had been head of the main central administrative body under past dynasties, by suppressing a plot for which he had blamed his chancellor
5441:
4422:
Mote, Frederick W. (1988). The Cambridge History of China Volume 7 The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
2136:
Zhu Yuanzhang had many Korean and Mongolian women among his concubines along with his Empress Ma and had 16 daughters and 26 sons with all of them.
1490:". This aversion to eunuchs did not long continue among his successors, as the Hongwu and Jianwen emperors' harsh treatment of eunuchs allowed the
8138:
4567:
1407:'guard battalion'). Each military unit consisted of 5,600 men divided into five battalions and ten companies. By 1393 the total number of
1043:
Changmen Gate in Suzhou. The ten-month conquest of Suzhou, the seat of Zhang Shicheng, was one of the most fierce battles fought by Zhu's troops.
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5984:
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6583:
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6392:
6365:
6278:
6251:
6224:
6155:
6098:
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6044:
6017:
5607:
5500:
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5155:
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4838:
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4525:
4469:
4374:
4202:
4175:
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2044:
1437:
Training was conducted within local military districts. In times of war, troops were mobilized from all over the empire on the orders of the
6332:
5705:
8355:
8351:
8147:
8047:
1811:
women and men (with the explicit exclusion of all Hui Hui people and Kipchaks due to their different racial features) were required by the
1577:, the penalties for almost all crimes were drastically increased, with more than 1,000 crimes eligible for capital punishment. Much of the
1438:
743:
77:
8343:
6294:
5527:
Stearns, Peter N., et al. World Civilizations: The Global Experience. AP Edition DBQ Update. New York: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006. 511.
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7175:
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was dedicated to the government and officials, particularly for anti-corruption. Officials who embezzled more than the equivalent of 60
7706:
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7214:
4165:
2094:
After a 30-year reign, Hongwu died on 24 June 1398, at the age of 69. After his death, his physicians were penalized. He was buried at
1656:
1465:". This cabinet-like organisation progressively took on the powers of the abolished prime minister, becoming just as powerful in time.
8432:
7509:
7247:
6849:
6811:
5561:
4991:
4932:
4898:
4606:
4241:
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1765:
5674:
3304:, a 2021 novel by Shelley Parker-Chan. Zhu Yuanzhang and his rise to power is the historical basis of the main character Zhu Chongba.
1478:
usurp the throne was clearly ridiculous. Hongwu was unable to refute the accusations and finally ended the purge shortly afterwards.
1232:, for example, was the source of many of those migrants due to its particularly dense population. The migrants were gathered under a
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4778:
4745:
4673:
4639:
4192:
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1297:) system was continued and the households were categorized into different types. The most basic types, namely civilian households (
2039:). In September 1371, he had the man sent back to his native country with a letter announcing the founding of the Ming dynasty to
8347:
8339:
3401:
6415:
5537:
3465:), a 2002 Chinese television comedy-drama that is considered the first time-travel television series produced in mainland China.
8427:
7095:
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to employ them as a power base during his coup. In addition to Hongwu's aversion to eunuchs, he never consented to any of his
7879:
6772:
4708:
4496:
3878:
3845:
3779:
3752:
1394:
1221:. They served both to secure the government's income from land taxes and to affirm that peasants would not lose their lands.
999:
633:
7515:
6573:
4870:
1681:), as well as, "when the prince regards the ministers as the ground or as grass, they regard him as a robber and an enemy" (
1531:
6627:
5767:
5409:
5379:
5349:
1150:
who had been previously marginalized during the Yuan dynasty were reinstated to their predominant roles in the government.
848:
for those who directly criticized the emperor, and massacres were also carried out against everyone who resisted his rule.
8452:
8442:
8379:
4540:{Yonglin, Jiang (tr). The Great Ming Code: Da Ming lü. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2005, pp xxxiv}
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831:
The reign of the Hongwu Emperor is notable for his unprecedented political reforms. The emperor abolished the position of
668:
269:
3948:
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797:, he made his many sons feudal princes along the northern marches and the Yangtze valley. Having outlived his eldest son
3627:
3455:
2483:
2416:
2398:
2175:
1461:
However, Hongwu could not govern the sprawling Ming Empire all by himself and had to create the new institution of the "
1325:
labor. Military households, for example, accounted for around one-sixth of the total population at the beginning of the
1131:
805:
via a series of instructions. This ended in failure when the Jianwen Emperor's attempts to unseat his uncles led to the
293:
7612:
China and the Roman Orient: Researches into Their Ancient and Mediaeval Relations as Represented in Old Chinese Records
5933:
5596:
Marshall Cavendish Corporation; Steven Maddocks; Dale Anderson; Jane Bingham; Peter Chrisp; Christopher Gavett (2006).
4893:. Contributors Denis Twitchett, John K. Fairbank (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–111.
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China and the Roman Orient: researches into their ancient and mediæval relations as represented in old Chinese records
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2002:
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1993:, who ordered multiple interventions in northern Vietnam, but remained influential for several centuries afterwards.
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official Mongol household (most of which were classified as part of Ming military households) as a Mongol legally.
7544:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E."
7242:. Contributors Denis Twitchett, John K. Fairbank (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 229.
4927:. Contributors Denis Twitchett, John K. Fairbank (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 128.
7981:
7931:
3717:
2099:
2014:
1502:
840:
7275:
Wang, Yuan-kang (19 March 2012). "Managing Regional Hegemony in Historical Asia: The Case of Early Ming China".
3549:
3296:. Zhu Yuanzhang has been portrayed by various actors in the films and television series adapted from this novel.
914:
Rebels and warlords at the end of the Yuan dynasty, including the territory controlled by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1363.
820:
indicates that the Hongwu Emperor ordered the renovation and construction of many mosques in Xi’an and Nanjing.
49:
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6600:
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832:
4115:"The Ming Court as Patron of the Chinese Islamic Architecture: The Case Study of the Daxuexi Mosque in Xi'an"
1617:
certain areas, which forced many people to leave their homes and seek their fortunes in trade. A book titled
8323:
6880:
6764:
Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule
6063:
Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule
4823:
Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule
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Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule
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3544:
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1790:
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The legal code drawn up in the time of Hongwu was considered one of the great achievements of the era. The
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mentioned that as early as 1364, the monarchy had started to draft a code of laws. This code was known as
1517:
65:
5959:
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3824:
3451:), a 2015 Chinese television series produced by Jian Yuanxin and starring Zhang Zhuowen as Zhu Yuanzhang.
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2236:
1973:
1957:
1032:
4559:
6897:
5822:"Ming Taizu's 'Placards' on Harsh Regulations and Punishments Revealed in Gu Qiyuan's 'Kezuo Zhuiyu.'"
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From the Mongols to the Ming Dynasty : How a Begging Monk Became Emperor of China, Zhu Yuan Zhang
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2052:
2006:
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3840:. Vol. I: A–L. Association for Asian Studies and Columbia University Press. pp. 381–392.
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2152:
1629:
1621:, written during the Ming gave a detailed description of the activities of merchants at that time.
1147:
936:
924:
825:
228:
1795:
522:
7550:
7031:
6992:
6942:
6744:
6324:
5833:
5697:
5258:
4212:
4005:
2040:
1945:
1702:
1451:
2148:
lists the consorts and issue of the Hongwu Emperor in its princes' and princesses' biographies.
887:
army and navy, which had fought against the Mongol invasion, and told his grandson tales of it.
6302:
4446:
1213:
transfer the burden of taxation to the poor. To prevent such abuse, he instituted two systems:
1204:'s family was among them. Special rules against abuse of power were implemented on the nobles.
8244:
7935:
7901:
7883:
7847:
7841:
7643:
7637:
7616:
7589:
7505:
7485:
7365:
7322:
7243:
7237:
7204:
7165:
7159:
7099:
7056:
7050:
6876:
6845:
6807:
6801:
6768:
6736:
6719:
Yunli Shi (January 2003), "The Korean Adaptation of the Chinese-Islamic Astronomical Tables",
6687:
6660:
6633:
6606:
6579:
6552:
6546:
6513:
6474:
6468:
6447:
6388:
6382:
6361:
6355:
6274:
6268:
6247:
6241:
6220:
6214:
6151:
6145:
6094:
6067:
6040:
6034:
6013:
6007:
5603:
5597:
5496:
5490:
5321:
5317:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
5315:
5151:
5145:
5065:
5059:
5026:
5020:
4987:
4928:
4922:
4894:
4888:
4859:
4834:
4826:
4802:
4774:
4751:
4741:
4704:
4679:
4669:
4635:
4612:
4602:
4598:
4529:
4521:
4511:
4492:
4486:
4465:
4370:
4237:
4198:
4171:
4161:
4091:
4071:
3997:
3890:
3841:
3802:
3796:
3775:
3769:
3748:
3721:
3538:
3436:
2394:
2064:
1903:
1645:
979:
Zhu Yuanzhang was the Duke of Wu, which was nominally under the control of Han Shantong's son
806:
782:
778:
617:
609:
286:
251:
7664:
7610:
7432:
7416:
7393:
7361:
7316:
7198:
7089:
6839:
6762:
6681:
6654:
6507:
6441:
6088:
6061:
5907:
5728:
4981:
4698:
4337:
4056:
3742:
1907:
8234:
8224:
8204:
8080:
7993:
7698:
7578:
7469:
7448:
7284:
7023:
6984:
6976:
6934:
6926:
6728:
4590:
4129:
3987:
3979:
3882:
3869:
Mote, Frederick W. (1988). "The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, 1330–1367". In Frederick W. Mote;
3648:
3525:
2647:
2479:
2030:
1881:
1685:). The effort failed due to the objection from important officials, particularly Qian Tang (
1513:
1419:
1360:
1194:
1181:
1064:
967:
weakened by internal factions fighting for control, and it made little effort to retake the
955:, Zhu emerged as a leader of the rebels that were struggling to overthrow the Yuan dynasty.
944:
813:
753:
Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 to a family of impoverished peasants. As famine, plague, and
574:
543:
110:
6893:
5571:
2067:) did not appear in China again until the 16th century, with the Italian Jesuit missionary
1828:
1733:
and archery towers were built on the city walls of Xi'an which had been erected by Hongwu.
1083:
785:
and established the Ming dynasty at the beginning of 1368 and occupied the Yuan capital of
8219:
8214:
8209:
8193:
8168:
8057:
7960:
5666:
4874:
4441:
4413:, Vol. 43, No. 2 (2008), pp. 148–175. Univ. of Texas Press. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
4406:
4063:
4057:
Legitimating Usurpation: Historical Revisions under the Ming Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424)
3870:
3851:
3679:
3644:
3615:
3497:
2103:
2084:
2021:
1462:
1229:
1156:
Ming's legal system established by Hongwu contains various methods of execution including
802:
372:
175:
143:
103:
8068:
1604:, down to details such as banning ornaments in heating rooms in the houses of commoners.
1071:
1070:
In 1368, Ming armies headed north to attack territories that were still under Yuan rule.
998:), who advised him to "build high walls, stock up rations, and delay claiming kingship" (
860:
Zhu was born to a family of impoverished tenant farmers in Zhongli County in present-day
816:
of Hongwu was noted for its tolerance of minorities and religions; the Chinese historian
595:
128:
7543:
5171:
4799:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
3491:
8239:
8183:
8178:
8173:
7132:
3833:
3709:
3640:
3598:" on 4 February 1364. He was proclaimed emperor on 23 January 1368 and established the
3559:
3511:
3313:
2182:
2048:
1990:
1979:
1730:
1674:
1625:
1601:
1491:
1048:
1022:, became one of Zhu's key advisors, and edited the military-technology treatise titled
899:
754:
275:
171:
167:
7752:"Ming Taizu's Problem with His Sons: Prince Qin's Criminality and Early-Ming Politics"
7751:
6408:
894:
monastery. However, he was forced to leave the monastery after it ran short of funds.
8416:
8301:
8274:
8261:
8229:
7824:
7805:
7786:
7035:
6996:
6946:
6748:
5547:
4794:
4591:
3412:
3376:
2095:
1855:
1800:
1713:
1412:
1377:
1143:
980:
973:
968:
884:
844:
774:
728:
214:
7843:
Autocracy and China's Rebel Founding Emperors: Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu
1918:
Hongwu was a non-interventionist, refusing to intervene in a Vietnamese invasion of
8155:
8072:
8039:
8007:
7897:
Confucianism and Autocracy: Professional Elites in the Founding of the Ming Dynasty
5436:
3623:
3599:
3595:
3483:
2264:
2068:
2026:
1554:
1431:
1177:
1165:
1161:
1060:
963:
952:
940:
928:
794:
770:
758:
747:
661:
581:
471:
132:
3886:
1894:). He listed 15 countries that Ming would not attempt to conquest, such as Japan,
992:
Zhu was able to attract many talents into his service. One of them was Zhu Sheng (
7499:
7355:
4955:
Contributor Australian National University. Dept. of Far Eastern History (1988).
4867:
3316:. Along with Ma Xiuying, Zhu Yuanzhang appears as a minor character in the novel.
1691:), Minister of Justice. Eventually, the emperor organized the compilation of the
8296:
8269:
7823:, by Johann Lorenz Mosheim, James Murdock, a publication from 1832, now in the
7022:(1). the Society for Qing Studies and The Johns Hopkins University Press: 75–6.
6216:
Fighting Techniques of the Oriental World: Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics
5759:
5401:
5371:
5341:
5273:
4842:
3394:
2114:
Historians consider Hongwu as one of the most significant emperors of China. As
2079:
1777:
1495:
1427:
1369:
1233:
1098:
1039:
1024:
948:
920:
865:
839:, and adopted draconian measures to address corruption. He also established the
700:
493:
444:
196:
192:
8116:
6683:
Sources of Chinese Tradition: Volume 2: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century
4961:. Department of Far Eastern History, Australian National University. p. 17
1781:, which was published in China a number of times until the early 18th century,
1014:
officer, who later compiled a military treatise outlining the various types of
364:): 23 January 1368 – 5 February 1399 (restored, 18 July 1402 – 22 January 1403)
8280:
6980:
6930:
6732:
6114:
5099:
4149:
3940:
3910:
3473:
3356:
3308:
2164:
2120:
1858:
in Nanjing and large numbers of Hui people moved to the city during his rule.
1820:
1455:
1365:
1326:
1189:
1079:
821:
265:
6740:
6602:
Rethinking confucianism: past and present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
4755:
4683:
4234:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1
4001:
3875:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1
8307:
8291:
8285:
7988:
6509:
Citizenship Education in China: Preparing Citizens for the "Chinese Century"
4668:. Tucker, Spencer, 1937–. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 852.
4616:
3855:
3432:
3340:
3289:
1961:
1895:
1843:
1709:
1466:
1075:
1019:
1015:
1011:
786:
626:
7802:
Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China
7501:
Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society
7027:
6900:
Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. p. 25.
4134:
1322:
7976:
7288:
6183:
3431:), a 2006–2008 Taiwanese television series about Zhu Yuanzhang's adviser,
3541:, the "Ancestral Instructions" written by Hongwu to guide his descendants
2883:
2704:
2158:
2119:
powerful warlord in China. Five years later, he became emperor of China.
1965:
1956:" measures. Private foreign trade was made punishable by death, with the
1899:
1851:
1169:
1094:
1056:
932:
891:
861:
798:
647:
511:
259:
6988:
6938:
6506:
Kerry J. Kennedy; Gregory Fairbrother; Zhenzhou Zhao (15 October 2013).
5837:
5821:
4399:
1632:
because the paper currency had sunk to only 1/70 of its original value.
423:
Kaitian Xingdao Zhaoji Liji Dasheng Zhishen Renwen Yiwu Junde Chenggong
6962:"Dalu Yuquan E Gli Altri : Funzionari Mongoli aLLa Corte dei Ming"
6912:"Aliens and Emperors: Faithful Mongolian Officials in the Ming History"
3579:
1953:
1771:
Around 1384, Hongwu ordered the Chinese translation and compilation of
1670:
1201:
1185:
1157:
1007:
959:
910:
790:
478:
466:
200:
17:
7236:
Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K., eds. (1988).
5121:. AP Edition DBQ Update. New York: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006. 508.
4921:
Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K., eds. (1988).
4887:
Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K., eds. (1988).
4009:
3992:
7239:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
6575:
China's Legalists: The Earliest Totalitarians and Their Art of Ruling
6384:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644
6009:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
5492:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
5147:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
5061:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
5022:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
4924:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
4890:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
3416:
2322:
2188:
2063:
ceased after this point, and diplomats of the great western sea (the
1949:
1939:
1919:
1847:
1839:
1565:
was set aside in favor of the far harsher legal system documented in
1482:
1105:
1087:
1052:
836:
817:
766:
355:
280:
69:
7011:
6629:
Asian Values and Human Rights: A Confucian Communitarian Perspective
3747:(illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 28.
2191:, Prince Ding of Zhou (8 October 1361 – 2 September 1425), fifth son
3983:
962:, which became his base of operations and later the capital of the
883:
Zhu's grandfather, who lived to be 99 years old, had served in the
7804:, by COLONEL SIR HENRY YULE, a publication from 1913, now in the
5934:"Heavy punishment for crimes in Zhu Yuanzhang period reflected in
4191:
Fang, Qiang; Oklahoma, Xiaobing Li, University of Central (2018).
3284:
2078:
2010:
1935:
1923:
1794:
1530:
1359:
1250:
1246:
1173:
1115:
1038:
989:), who was enthroned as the Longfeng Emperor of the Song dynasty.
909:
7951:
World Civilizations: The Global Experience. AP Edition DBQ Update
3941:"Zhu Yuanzhang – Founder Emperor of Ming Dynasty | ChinaFetching"
2325:, Prince Jian of Shen (1 September 1380 – 11 June 1431), 21st son
3371:), a 2002 Chinese television series about Zhu Yuanzhang's wife,
1808:
1583:
1188:
after having heard one talked about him without respect. In the
931:. The Red Turbans followed cultural and religious traditions of
483:
8120:
4491:(illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 544.
2707:, Prince Xian of Ning (27 May 1378 – 12 October 1448), 17th son
2161:, Crown Prince Yiwen (10 October 1355 – 17 May 1392), first son
1838:
Hongwu ordered the construction of several mosques in Nanjing,
64:
by an unknown artist from the Ming dynasty. Now located in the
7875:
The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China
3594:) in 1361. He started autonomous rule as the self-proclaimed "
3336:
1772:
404:
Shengshen Wenwu Qinming Qiyun Junde Chenggong Tongtian Daxiao
6545:
Michael Lackner, Ph.D.; Natascha Vittinghoff (January 2004).
4088:
The Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History
4068:
The Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History
2650:, Prince Jian of Liao (24 March 1377 – 4 June 1424), 15th son
673:
7821:
Institutes of ecclesiastical history: ancient and modern ...
1104:
The Ming army captured the last Yuan-controlled province of
7785:, by Friedrich Hirth, a publication from 1885, now in the
4024:"An introduction to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) (article)"
3618:
equivalent of the 18th day of the 9th month of the Tianli (
1055:
and had previously included most of the Yangtze delta, and
7357:
The Ming Maritime Trade Policy in Transition, 1368 to 1567
7301:
Wang Gungwu, "Ming Foreign Relations: Southeast Asia," in
6443:
The Politics of Language in Chinese Education: 1895 – 1919
6213:
Michael E. Haskew; Christer Joregensen (9 December 2008).
6470:
Civil Examinations and Meritocracy in Late Imperial China
5432:"Gold Treasures Discovered in Ming Dynasty Tomb (Photos)"
3774:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 131.
3582:
since 1356, and was conferred the title of "Duke of Wu" (
2504:; 1372–1399) on 23 November 1389, and had issue (one son)
2029:
describes how Hongwu met with an alleged merchant of the
1270:
Under the Hongwu reign, rural China was reorganized into
652:
638:
7727:
Ebrey, "Cambridge Illustrated History of China", pg. 190
5942:
Journal of Guangzhou University (Social Science Edition)
4654:
Ebrey, "Cambridge Illustrated History of China", pg. 191
6599:
Benjamin A. Elman; John B. Duncan; Herman Ooms (2002).
6381:
Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988).
6006:
Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988).
5489:
Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988).
5144:
Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988).
5058:
Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988).
5019:
Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988).
2371:; d. 1401) on 2 September 1382, and had issue (one son)
1488:
Eunuchs must have nothing to do with the administration
1108:
in 1381, and China proper was unified under Ming rule.
7580:
Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat
6357:
China: The World's Oldest Living Civilization Revealed
1516:
of plotting rebellion. 15,000 people were executed in
7055:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 170.
6680:
Wm. Theodore de Bary; Richard Lufrano (1 June 2010).
6605:. University of California Los Angeles. p. 308.
976:, controlled the center of the Yangtze River valley.
614:
600:
586:
6844:. University of Washington Press. 2012. p. 88.
5320:. University of California Press. pp. 343–344.
4461:
Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars
3647:
and continued the Hongwu era until the beginning of
2043:. It is speculated that the merchant was actually a
1971:
Nonetheless, the sea ban was added by Hongwu to his
8260:
8154:
5464:"Ming Dynasty Tomb Tells A Remarkable Life's Story"
4400:
The Yellow Register Archives of Imperial Ming China
4232:Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (1988).
2059:goes on to explain that contacts between China and
1827:; d. 1395), the primary consort, younger sister of
1520:during the subsequent purges, according to Hongwu.
801:, the Hongwu Emperor enthroned his grandson as the
667:
660:
646:
632:
625:
608:
594:
580:
573:
568:
556:
542:
533:
517:
507:
499:
489:
477:
465:
443:
371:
337:
306:
250:
222:
207:
182:
153:
149:
139:
124:
116:
109:
99:
91:
83:
76:
34:
7918:Background Factors in the Rise of the Ming Dynasty
7577:
7318:China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia
7012:"Images of Subject Mongols Under the Ming Dynasty"
6267:Gray Tuttle; Kurtis R. Schaeffer (12 March 2013).
5134:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006, 12–3.
4593:Columbia chronologies of Asian history and culture
3823:
3335:), a 1987 Hong Kong television series produced by
1888:Hongwu designated the "country without conquest" (
1624:Although the Hongwu era saw the reintroduction of
939:and other religions. Widely seen as a defender of
7542:Paul Halsall (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.).
6653:William Theodore De Bary; Wing-tsit Chan (1999).
2793:; 1373 – 15 November 1438), personal name Yuhua (
1673:from the Temple of Confucius as certain parts of
761:during the 14th century, Zhu rose to command the
7840:Anita M. Andrew; John A. Rapp (1 January 2000).
7537:
7535:
7533:
7161:Early Ming China: a political history, 1355–1435
5637:"Appendix. The placard of people's instructions"
5495:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–134.
5025:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–127.
4597:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.
4332:
4330:
4301:
4299:
4108:
4106:
4104:
3411:), a 2006 Chinese television series directed by
3355:), a 1993 Chinese television series produced by
2668:) on 11 September 1394, and had issue (two sons)
2287:) on 11 September 1382, and had issue (two sons)
2248:; 1360 – 17 August 1421), personal name Yufeng (
1481:Hongwu also noted the destructive role of court
6806:. University of Washington Press. p. 125.
4740:. New York: Algora Publishing. pp. 60–61.
2575:; 11 October 1386 – 8 September 1415), 23rd son
1823:to the Mongol consort Minlie of the Wang clan (
1445:Bureaucratic reforms and consolidation of power
793:), with his army that same year. Trusting only
4986:. University of Washington Press. p. 23.
4801:, Princeton University Press, pp. 59–63,
3881:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–57.
2629:Consort Zhuangjinganronghui, of the Cui clan (
2047:of Beijing called Nicolaus de Bentra, sent by
1803:in Nanjing constructed by the decree of Hongwu
1146:and the commentaries of Zhu Xi. The Confucian
385:Qinming Qiyun Junde Chenggong Tongtian Daxiao
8132:
7277:The Chinese Journal of International Politics
6803:The Mandate of Heaven and The Great Ming Code
6387:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–.
6090:Community Schools and the State in Ming China
6039:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 267–.
6012:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–.
5868:
5858:
5150:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–.
5132:Community Schools and the State in Ming China
5064:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–.
4285:
4283:
4194:Corruption and Anticorruption in Modern China
3589:
3583:
3578:Zhu Yuanzhang had already been in control of
3460:
3446:
3426:
3406:
3393:), a 2006 Chinese television series starring
3388:
3366:
3350:
3330:
3277:
2897:; 18 October 1383 – 9 October 1417), 22nd son
2892:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2848:
2839:
2830:; 10 October 1376 – 5 January 1420), 14th son
2825:
2816:
2803:
2794:
2788:
2779:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2742:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2696:
2690:; 6 February 1378 – 23 August 1438), 16th son
2685:
2676:
2663:
2654:
2639:
2630:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2590:
2581:
2570:
2561:
2550:
2541:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2499:
2490:
2486:(25 August 1374 – 29 December 1446), 13th son
2471:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2428:; 6 October 1369 – 18 April 1390), eighth son
2423:
2407:
2386:
2366:
2357:
2346:
2337:
2314:
2305:
2282:
2273:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2224:
2215:
2204:
2195:
2178:(18 December 1358 – 30 March 1398), third son
2034:
1889:
1875:
1759:
1753:
1717:
1696:
1686:
1548:
1507:
1343:
1330:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1275:
1237:
993:
984:
875:
869:
773:and forcing the remnant Yuan court (known as
548:
452:
428:
409:
390:
359:
347:
325:
316:
158:
38:
27:Founder and first emperor of the Ming Dynasty
8:
6325:"Forbidden City Palace Museum 故宫博物院 Beijing"
6273:. Columbia University Press. pp. 303–.
4983:Perpetual happiness: the Ming emperor Yongle
4958:Papers on Far Eastern History, Volumes 37–38
4217:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3798:Dragon Rising: An Inside Look at China Today
3744:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle
3639:Upon his successful usurpation in 1402, the
2864:; October 1369 – 16 January 1371), ninth son
2736:; 20 June 1380 – 19 November 1407), 20th son
2595:; 21 June 1388 – 14 November 1414), 24th son
2555:; 12 September 1371 – 18 May 1399), 12th son
2448:; 1370 – 28 February 1417), eighth daughter
2209:; d. 1405) in 1378, and had issue (two sons)
2200:; 1364 – 7 September 1434), second daughter
2171:(3 December 1356 – 9 April 1395), second son
7846:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 110–.
7642:. Harvard University Press. pp. 170–.
6898:Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan
6883:(London: Routledge, 2003) 1134442920 p.170.
6686:. Columbia University Press. pp. 70–.
6659:. Columbia University Press. pp. 70–.
6473:. Harvard University Press. pp. 103–.
6093:. Stanford University Press. pp. 54–.
4270:
4268:
4255:
4253:
4236:. Cambridge University Press. p. 149.
2808:; d. 1403) in 1387, and had issue (one son)
2624:; 4 January 1394 – February 1394), 26th son
2457:) on 26 April 1385, and had issue (one son)
2380:(15 March 1370 – 2 January 1390), tenth son
1819:The Hongwu Emperor married off his own son
1512:), the chief of the Guard, accused general
1402:
1245:In 1370, Hongwu ordered that some lands in
1074:(Emperor Shun of Yuan) gave up the capital
8139:
8125:
8117:
7998:
7639:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire
7203:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42.
7164:. Stanford University Press. p. 117.
6632:. Harvard University Press. pp. 72–.
6243:Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture
5119:World Civilizations: The Global Experience
3801:. National Geographic Books. p. 167.
2908:
2886:, on 9 April 1386, and had issue (one son)
2362:; 1368 – 30 March 1426), seventh daughter
1573:, "Great Announcements"). Compared to the
565:
48:
31:
7321:. Columbia University Press. p. 28.
6115:"Ming Empire 1368-1644 by Sanderson Beck"
5086:Education in Traditional China: A History
4856:Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China
4133:
3991:
3439:and starred Huo Zhengqi as Zhu Yuanzhang.
3294:appears as a minor character in the novel
2882:; d. 20 December 1394), the first son of
2659:; 1381 – 18 October 1462), 14th daughter
2615:; 9 July 1388 – 8 October 1414), 25th son
2495:; 1376 – 12 October 1455), 12th daughter
2476:; 4 April 1371 – 22 March 1423), 11th son
2401:(5 April 1364 – 22 March 1424), sixth son
2185:(2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), fourth son
824:also recorded that the emperor wrote the
7461:
7459:
7457:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7360:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, p.
5644:Zhu Yuanzhang and early Ming legislation
4367:Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation
4051:
4049:
3972:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2873:; 1370 – 1 August 1388), ninth daughter
1865:
1059:, which was formerly the capital of the
835:, drastically reduced the role of court
765:that conquered China proper, ending the
7949:Stearns, Peter N.; et al. (2006).
6881:Women and the Family in Chinese History
5927:
5925:
5893:
5891:
3838:Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368–1644
3714:Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644
3700:
3698:
3694:
3571:
2727:; 9 April 1379 – 10 May 1450), 18th son
2385:Consort Zhaojingchong, of the Hu clan (
2278:; 1366 – 15 July 1425), sixth daughter
1985:Despite the deep distrust, in Hongwu's
1093:In 1371, the Ming dynasty defeated the
898:during the time that he spent with the
723:
243: 1352; died 1382)
55:A Seated Portrait of Ming Emperor Taizu
7557:from the original on 10 September 2014
4315:from the original on 30 September 2011
4210:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3015:
2917:
2913:
2419:(23 December 1364 – 1428), seventh son
2229:; d. 23 July 1397) on 23 December 1381
616:
530:
303:
7928:Early Ming China: A Political History
7736:Simon Leys, 'Ravished by Oranges' in
7112:from the original on 15 December 2019
6858:from the original on 26 December 2019
6820:from the original on 26 December 2019
6781:from the original on 29 December 2019
6721:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
6467:Benjamin A. Elman (1 November 2013).
6335:from the original on 21 February 2014
6219:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 101–.
5932:Diao, Shenghu; Zou, Mengyuan (2018).
5402:"Between Winds and Clouds: Chapter 5"
5372:"Between Winds and Clouds: Chapter 4"
5352:from the original on 17 February 2016
5342:"Between Winds and Clouds: Chapter 3"
5039:from the original on 28 November 2016
4717:from the original on 19 February 2020
4570:from the original on 19 February 2020
4346:from the original on 30 December 2014
3610:
3608:
3217:
3214:
3204:
3192:
3182:
3178:
3166:
3163:
3153:
3141:
3131:
3127:
3106:
3096:
3084:
3074:
3070:
3058:
3055:
3045:
3033:
3023:
3019:
3003:
3000:
2990:
2977:
2967:
2963:
2951:
2948:
2938:
2925:
2921:
2281:Married Wang Ning, Marquis Yongchun (
1561:Later during his reign, however, the
1376:The Hongwu Emperor realized that the
777:in historiography) to retreat to the
7:
7819:This article incorporates text from
7800:This article incorporates text from
7781:This article incorporates text from
7685:按太祖孝陵。凡妃殡四十人。俱身殉从葬。仅二人葬陵之东西。盖洪武中先殁者。
7052:Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia
6360:. Thames & Hudson. p. 281.
6240:Dorothy Perkins (19 November 2013).
5184:from the original on 18 October 2012
5106:不得服两截胡衣,其辫发锥髻。胡服胡语胡姓一切禁止。斟酌损益,皆断自圣心。
3359:and starring Lü Qi as Zhu Yuanzhang.
1958:trader's family and neighbors exiled
1051:'s Wu regime, which was centered in
958:In 1356, Zhu and his army conquered
352:): 31 January 1367 – 23 January 1368
7953:. New York: Pearson Education, Inc.
7335:from the original on 3 January 2014
7217:from the original on 3 January 2014
7178:from the original on 3 January 2014
7069:from the original on 3 January 2014
6894:" Surnames and Han Chinese Identity
6194:from the original on 8 October 2016
5616:from the original on 3 January 2014
5602:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 519.
4411:Libraries & the Cultural Record
3911:"Hung-wu | emperor of Ming dynasty"
3534:Chinese emperors family tree (late)
2267:, in 1376, and had issue (two sons)
1372:, reconstructed by the Ming dynasty
1338:Travelers were required to carry a
1120:The Hongwu Emperor in his old age,
699:– 24 June 1398), also known by his
7900:. University of California Press.
7636:Edward Luttwak (1 November 2009).
7481:
7465:
7444:
7428:
7412:
7389:
7200:Firearms: a global history to 1700
6960:Guida, Donatella (December 2016).
6125:from the original on 17 March 2016
5801:from the original on 26 March 2019
5770:from the original on 27 March 2019
5739:from the original on 26 March 2019
5708:from the original on 26 March 2019
5677:from the original on 26 March 2019
5570:. 19 February 2009. Archived from
5444:from the original on 21 April 2016
5412:from the original on 15 April 2016
5382:from the original on 21 April 2016
4589:Bowman, John Stewart, ed. (2000).
4090:. Chinese University Press, 2007.
4070:. Chinese University Press, 2007.
3771:Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine
3588:) by the rebel leader Han Lin'er (
2304:Noble Consort, of the Jiang clan (
1766:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
25:
7860:from the original on 30 June 2020
7709:from the original on 4 April 2019
7675:from the original on 4 April 2019
7256:from the original on 17 July 2014
7049:Tan Ta Sen; Dasheng Chen (2000).
6700:from the original on 30 June 2020
6626:William Theodore De Bary (1998).
6526:from the original on 30 June 2020
6487:from the original on 30 June 2020
6421:from the original on 4 March 2016
6164:from the original on 30 June 2020
5470:from the original on 10 June 2016
5000:from the original on 30 June 2020
3273:The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber
2515:; 30 April 1379 – 1428), 19th son
2313:Noble Consort, of the Zhao clan (
2181:Zhu Di, Prince of Yan, later the
7987:
7975:
7812:
7793:
7774:
7518:from the original on 22 May 2020
7010:Robinson, David M. (June 2004).
6841:The Great Ming Code / Da Ming lu
6184:"Hongwu Reign-The Palace Museum"
6033:Stephen Selby (1 January 2000).
5302:Confessions of the Lan Yu clique
4034:from the original on 22 May 2020
3660:Conferred by the Jianwen Emperor
3518:
3504:
3490:
3476:
3402:Founding Emperor of Ming Dynasty
2721:Zhu Pian, Prince Zhuang of Min (
1850:, and had inscriptions praising
1662:The Hongwu Emperor's calligraphy
1655:
1644:
1470:stabilising force in the court.
1321:), defined the family's form of
919:later joined the Red Turbans, a
521:
6761:Farmer, Edward L., ed. (1995).
6144:Lo Jung-pang (1 January 2012).
5987:from the original on 6 May 2013
5509:from the original on 5 May 2020
4697:Farmer, Edward L., ed. (1995).
4632:A brief history of Eastern Asia
3951:from the original on 8 May 2020
3921:from the original on 5 May 2020
3669:Conferred by the Yongle Emperor
2824:Zhu Ying, Prince Zhuang of Su (
2684:Zhu Zhan, Prince Jing of Qing (
2589:Zhu Dong, Prince Jing of Ying (
2569:Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang (
2549:Zhu Bai, Prince Xian of Xiang (
2433:Consort An, of the Zheng clan (
1854:placed in them. He rebuilt the
1082:, was married to the sister of
1047:In 1367, Zhu's forces defeated
864:, Anhui. His father's name was
674:
653:
639:
240:
7880:University of California Press
7305:, volume 8, pp, 301, 306, 311.
7088:Shoujiang Mi; Jia You (2004).
6896:, " in Melissa J. Brown, ed.,
6578:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 123–.
5964:. H. Vetch. 2007. p. 167.
4980:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2001).
3879:The Cambridge History of China
3741:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2001).
3461:
3427:
3389:
3367:
3278:
2730:Zhu Song, Prince Xian of Han (
2580:Consort Hui, of the Liu clan (
2560:Consort Xian, of the Li clan (
2540:Consort Shun, of the Hu clan (
2470:Zhu Chun, Prince Xian of Shu (
2406:Consort Ding, of the Da clan (
2239:, of the Sun clan (1343–1374)
1718:
1398:
1390:
1315:) and salt worker households (
1003:
750:, reigning from 1368 to 1398.
739:
735:
716:
615:
601:
587:
549:
87:23 January 1368 – 24 June 1398
1:
8438:14th-century Chinese monarchs
8368:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
7315:David Chan-oong Kang (2007).
7197:Kenneth Warren Chase (2003).
5314:FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR. (1985).
4464:. Stanford University Press.
3887:10.1017/CHOL9780521243322.003
3384:Chuanqi Huangdi Zhu Yuanzhang
1944:Hongwu sent a message to the
1785:Religious and ethnic policies
1121:
1090:general of the Yuan dynasty.
58:
8423:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
8148:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
7096:China Intercontinental Press
6656:Sources of Chinese Tradition
6246:. Routledge. pp. 216–.
6150:. NUS Press. pp. 103–.
4771:The Great Wall in 50 Objects
4197:. Rowman & Littlefield.
4170:. Univ of California Press.
4098:. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
4078:. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
3628:Proleptic Gregorian calendar
3626:. When calculated using the
3456:Love Through Different Times
2891:Zhu Ying, Prince Hui of An (
2762:; 1394–1433), 16th daughter
2600:Consort Li, of the Ge clan (
2533:; d. 1404) on 23 August 1394
2489:Princess Zhenyi of Yongjia (
2203:Married Mei Yin, Duke Rong (
1535:Early Ming dynasty officials
1132:Timeline of the Ming dynasty
8048:Emperor of the Ming dynasty
6512:. Routledge. pp. 17–.
4664:Tucker, Spencer C. (2014).
4485:Mote, Frederick W. (2003).
4369:. Brill. pp. 106–107.
3830:Goodrich, Luther Carrington
3706:Goodrich, Luther Carrington
2747:), personal name Xuanmiao (
2741:Beauty, of the Zhang clan (
2712:Consort, of the Zhou clan (
2695:Consort, of the Yang clan (
2003:Europeans in Medieval China
1773:Islamic astronomical tables
1168:, carried out massacres in
78:Emperor of the Ming dynasty
8504:
7498:Farmer, Edward L. (1995).
7303:Cambridge History of China
6270:The Tibetan History Reader
5635:Farmer, Edward L. (1995).
5117:Stearns, Peter N., et al.
5088:. Leiden: Brill, 2000,156.
4769:Lindesay, William (2015).
4703:. BRILL. pp. 21, 23.
4666:500 great military leaders
4560:"Emperor Hongwu Biography"
4365:Farmer, Edward L. (1995).
3555:Ming dynasty in Inner Asia
3363:Empress Ma With Great Feet
3121:
3107:Hongwu Emperor (1328–1398)
3009:
2915:
2638:Consort, of the Han clan (
2025:compiled during the early
2000:
1933:
1788:
1712:, law, math, calligraphy,
1129:
8433:Chinese Buddhist monarchs
8317:
8251:
8101:
8096:
8089:
8078:
8064:
8054:
8045:
8033:
8028:
8001:
7932:Stanford University Press
7158:Edward L. Dreyer (1982).
6981:10.1163/24684791-12340025
6931:10.1163/24684791-12340025
6910:Guida, Donatella (2018).
6733:10.1007/s00407-002-0060-z
6087:Sarah Schneewind (2006).
6060:Edward L. Farmer (1995).
5869:
5859:
5857:(In Chinese) She Yiyuan (
5599:Exploring the Middle Ages
3718:Columbia University Press
3716:. Vol. 1. New York:
3630:, the date is 29 October.
3619:
3590:
3584:
3447:
3407:
3379:starred as Zhu Yuanzhang.
3351:
3331:
3198:
3180:
3172:
3147:
3129:
3125:
3090:
3072:
3064:
3039:
3021:
3017:
2984:
2965:
2957:
2932:
2919:
2893:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2849:
2840:
2826:
2817:
2804:
2795:
2789:
2780:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2743:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2697:
2686:
2677:
2675:Consort, of the Yu clan (
2664:
2655:
2640:
2631:
2620:
2611:
2609:Zhu Yi, Prince Li of Yi (
2602:
2591:
2582:
2571:
2562:
2551:
2542:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2500:
2491:
2472:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2424:
2408:
2387:
2367:
2358:
2347:
2338:
2315:
2306:
2283:
2274:
2259:
2250:
2244:
2225:
2216:
2205:
2196:
2035:
2015:Byzantine-Mongol alliance
1890:
1876:
1824:
1807:Mongol and Central Asian
1760:
1754:
1697:
1687:
1570:
1549:
1508:
1503:Embroidered Uniform Guard
1423:
1344:
1331:
1317:
1311:
1309:), craftsmen households (
1305:
1299:
1293:
1276:
1238:
994:
985:
876:
874:, original name Zhu Wusi
870:
841:Embroidered Uniform Guard
708:
685:
564:
538:
453:
450:
429:
410:
391:
378:
360:
348:
342:
326:
317:
311:
302:
159:
47:
39:
8448:Politicians from Chuzhou
8042:was established in 1368.
7926:Dreyer, Edward. (1982).
7915:John W. Dardess (1968).
7894:John W. Dardess (1983).
7872:Brook, Timothy. (1998).
7738:New York Review of Books
7615:. G. Hirth. p. 66.
7609:Friedrich Hirth (1885).
6551:. BRILL. pp. 269–.
6440:Elisabeth Kaske (2008).
5562:
5538:
5204:
5172:
5098:"Taizu shilu, vol. 30".
4736:Ming Hung, Hing (2016).
4634:. TF Unwin. p. 83.
4518:Harvard University Press
4338:
4307:
4158:Falkenhausen, Lothar von
4062:15 February 2017 at the
3215:Empress Chun (1286–1344)
2858:Zhu Qi, Prince of Zhao (
2123:described him this way:
1872:country without conquest
1724:Emperor Xiaozong of Song
1600:also included extensive
1303:), military households (
843:, one of the best known
6800:Jiang, Yonglin (2011).
6727:(1), Springer: 25–60 ,
6446:. BRILL. pp. 39–.
6066:. BRILL. pp. 59–.
4773:. Penguin Books China.
4630:Hannah, Ian C. (1900).
4515:Imperial China 900–1800
4488:Imperial China 900–1800
4293:. Jiangsu Renmin Press.
4113:Hagras, Hamada (2019).
3915:Encyclopædia Britannica
3795:Becker, Jasper (2007).
3768:Becker, Jasper (1998).
3622:) regnal period of the
3614:21 October 1328 is the
3545:Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
3423:The Legendary Liu Bowen
3001:Zhu Shizhen (1281–1344)
2815:Lady, of the Gao clan (
2778:Lady, of the Lin clan (
2509:Zhu Hui, Prince of Gu (
2422:Zhu Zi, Prince of Tan (
2089:Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
1791:The Hundred-word Eulogy
1669:Hongwu tried to remove
1164:. One of his generals,
1101:, which ruled Sichuan.
8428:Ming dynasty Buddhists
8110:Merged into the Crown
7992:Quotations related to
7921:. Columbia University.
7750:CHAN, HOK-LAM (2007).
7504:. BRILL. p. 120.
7028:10.1353/late.2004.0010
6295:"Xi'an City Wall 西安城墙"
5820:CHAN, HOK-LAM (2009).
4135:10.36816/SHEDET.006.08
3643:voided the era of the
3301:She Who Became the Sun
2129:
2116:Patricia Buckley Ebrey
2091:
2051:to replace Archbishop
1885:
1813:Code of the Great Ming
1804:
1563:Code of the Great Ming
1536:
1518:familial extermination
1373:
1127:
1044:
1018:weapons. Another one,
947:among the predominant
915:
560:Vastly Martial Emperor
66:National Palace Museum
7984:at Wikimedia Commons
7827:in the United States.
7808:in the United States.
7789:in the United States.
6767:. BRILL. p. 82.
6572:Zhengyuan Fu (1996).
6354:John Makeham (2008).
5981:People's Daily Online
4854:Linda Cooke Johnson,
4405:26 April 2019 at the
3435:. It was produced by
3164:Lord Chen (1235–1334)
2853:) on 21 December 1384
2263:; d. 1402), a son of
2237:Noble Consort Chengmu
2125:
2083:A stele carried by a
2082:
2033:named "Nieh-ku-lun" (
2001:Further information:
1987:Ancestral Injunctions
1974:Ancestral Injunctions
1869:
1798:
1764:) which inspired the
1746:Ancestral Injunctions
1534:
1363:
1119:
1042:
1033:Battle of Lake Poyang
913:
705:Emperor Taizu of Ming
283:, Prince Ding of Zhou
8453:People from Fengyang
8443:Medieval legislators
7740:20 December 2007 p.8
7576:R. G. Grant (2005).
7354:Li Kangying (2010),
7133:"皇明祖訓 - 维基文库,自由的图书馆"
4873:8 April 2019 at the
4858:. SUNY Press, 1993.
4458:Lu, Hanchao (2005).
4389:Farmer (1995), p. 36
4311:. News.eastday.com.
3822:Teng Ssu-yü (1976).
3720:. pp. 258–259.
3550:Ming–Tibet relations
2838:Princess Chongning (
2771:; 1387–1476) in 1413
2223:Married Ouyang Lun (
2085:giant stone tortoise
2053:John of Montecorvino
2007:Sino-Roman relations
1742:Grand Pronouncements
1139:imperial examination
923:sect related to the
763:Red Turban Rebellion
430:開天行道肇紀立極大聖至神仁文義武俊德成功
289:, Prince Zhao of Chu
262:, Crown Prince Yiwen
7584:. DK Pub. pp.
7289:10.1093/cjip/pos006
7016:Late Imperial China
6969:Sulla Via del Catai
5906:(1). Archived from
5289:Xu Zhenqing (徐禎卿).
5130:Schneewind, Sarah,
4530:Google Books Search
2867:Princess Shouchun (
2847:Married Niu Cheng (
2451:Married Zhang Lin (
2298:Thirteenth daughter
2272:Princess Huaiqing (
2220:), fourth daughter
1906:and the Vietnamese
1395:traditional Chinese
1148:scholar-bureaucrats
925:White Lotus Society
826:Hundred-word Eulogy
8473:Burials in Nanjing
8458:History of Nanjing
7551:Fordham University
6305:on 29 October 2017
5550:on 4 January 2016.
4821:Edward L. Farmer,
4520:(5 December 2003)
4339:元末明初的士人活動 – 歷史學科中心
4308:鞍山老人万里寻祖20年探出"小云南"
4167:Birth of an Empire
4162:Yates, Robin D. S.
3312:, a 2021 novel by
3261:In popular culture
2876:Married Fu Zhong (
2844:), third daughter
2787:Princess Nankang (
2765:Married Zhao Hui (
2756:Princess Baoqing (
2662:Married Yin Qing (
2653:Princess Hanshan (
2498:Married Guo Zhen (
2484:Prince Jian of Dai
2467:, of the Guo clan
2399:Prince Zhao of Chu
2378:Prince Huang of Lu
2342:), fifth daughter
2333:, of the Guo clan
2254:), first daughter
2194:Princess Ningguo (
2176:Prince Gong of Jin
2140:Consorts and issue
2096:Xiaoling Mausoleum
2092:
2041:John V Palaiologos
1950:eastern barbarians
1946:Ashikaga shogunate
1886:
1805:
1703:King Zhou of Shang
1679:Mengzi, Jin Xin II
1537:
1387:simplified Chinese
1374:
1219:Fish Scale Records
1128:
1045:
916:
781:. He claimed the
8488:Chinese reformers
8483:Red Turban rebels
8478:Founding monarchs
8410:
8409:
8115:
8114:
8055:Succeeded by
7980:Media related to
7907:978-0-520-04733-4
7853:978-0-8476-9580-5
7665:"明代宫妃殉葬制度与明朝"祖制""
7649:978-0-674-03519-5
7595:978-0-7566-1360-0
7328:978-0-231-14188-8
7210:978-0-521-82274-9
7171:978-0-8047-1105-0
7137:zh.wikisource.org
7105:978-7-5085-0533-6
7062:978-981-230-837-5
6877:Ebrey Buckley, P.
6693:978-0-231-51799-7
6666:978-0-231-11270-3
6639:978-0-674-04955-0
6612:978-1-883191-07-8
6585:978-1-56324-779-8
6558:978-90-04-13919-0
6519:978-1-136-02208-1
6480:978-0-674-72604-8
6453:978-90-04-16367-6
6394:978-0-521-24332-2
6367:978-0-500-25142-3
6329:hua.umf.maine.edu
6299:hua.umf.maine.edu
6280:978-0-231-51354-8
6253:978-1-135-93562-7
6226:978-0-312-38696-2
6157:978-9971-69-505-7
6100:978-0-8047-5174-2
6073:978-90-04-10391-7
6046:978-962-209-501-4
6019:978-0-521-24332-2
5609:978-0-7614-7613-9
5544:literature.org.cn
5502:978-0-521-24332-2
5327:978-0-520-04804-1
5157:978-0-521-24332-2
5084:Thomas H.C. Lee,
5071:978-0-521-24332-2
5032:978-0-521-24332-2
4839:978-90-04-10391-7
4808:978-0-691-13597-7
4526:978-0-674-01212-7
4471:978-0-8047-5148-3
4376:978-90-04-10391-7
4204:978-1-4985-7432-7
4177:978-0-520-28974-1
3896:978-1-139-05475-1
3727:978-0-231-03801-0
3602:on that same day.
3539:Huang Ming Zu Xun
3419:as Zhu Yuanzhang.
3397:as Zhu Yuanzhang.
3343:as Zhu Yuanzhang.
3327:Born to be a King
3257:
3256:
2802:Married Hu Guan (
2799:), 11th daughter
2524:), 15th daughter
2518:Princess Ruyang (
2442:Princess Fuqing (
2417:Prince Gong of Qi
2365:Married Li Jian (
2356:Princess Daming (
2351:) on 11 June 1382
2345:Married Lu Xian (
2336:Princess Runing (
2242:Princess Lin'an (
2214:Princess Anqing (
2169:Prince Min of Qin
2155:, of the Ma clan
2153:Empress Xiaocigao
2065:Mediterranean Sea
1930:Japanese pirates
1683:Mengzi, Li Lou II
1405:
1287:The Yuan dynasty
807:Jingnan Rebellion
783:Mandate of Heaven
779:Mongolian Plateau
711:), personal name
689:
688:
681:
680:
634:Yale Romanization
575:Standard Mandarin
529:
528:
461:
460:
294:Prince Gong of Qi
270:Prince Min of Qin
229:Empress Xiaocigao
16:(Redirected from
8495:
8286:Prince of Lu (魯)
8275:Prince of Lu (潞)
8255:
8141:
8134:
8127:
8118:
8081:Emperor of China
8065:Preceded by
8024:
8017:
7999:
7991:
7979:
7965:
7958:"Chapter. 1–3".
7954:
7945:
7922:
7911:
7869:
7867:
7865:
7816:
7815:
7797:
7796:
7778:
7777:
7767:
7766:
7756:
7747:
7741:
7734:
7728:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7694:
7688:
7687:
7682:
7680:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7606:
7600:
7599:
7583:
7573:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7539:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7495:
7489:
7479:
7473:
7463:
7452:
7442:
7436:
7426:
7420:
7410:
7397:
7387:
7376:
7374:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7312:
7306:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7233:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7131:Zhu, Yuanzhang.
7128:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7085:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6966:
6957:
6951:
6950:
6919:Ming Qing Yanjiu
6916:
6907:
6901:
6892:Patricia Ebrey,
6890:
6884:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6420:
6413:
6409:"pp. 45, 47, 51"
6405:
6399:
6398:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6301:. Archived from
6291:
6285:
6284:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5975:Zhang, Hongjie.
5972:
5966:
5965:
5961:Monumenta Serica
5956:
5950:
5949:
5929:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5910:on 10 March 2021
5895:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5862:
5861:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5641:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5593:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5546:. Archived from
5534:
5528:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5271:
5265:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5212:. Archived from
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5141:
5135:
5128:
5122:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5095:
5089:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4884:
4878:
4866:, 9780791414231
4852:
4846:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4596:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4532:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4455:
4449:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4398:Zhang Wenxian. "
4396:
4390:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4334:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4303:
4294:
4287:
4278:
4272:
4263:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4208:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4119:
4110:
4099:
4085:
4079:
4053:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4020:
4014:
4013:
3995:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3827:
3825:"Chu Yüan-chang"
3819:
3813:
3812:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3702:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3652:
3649:Chinese New Year
3637:
3631:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3528:
3526:Biography portal
3523:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3464:
3463:
3450:
3449:
3430:
3429:
3410:
3409:
3392:
3391:
3370:
3369:
3354:
3353:
3334:
3333:
3292:. Zhu Yuanzhang
3281:
3280:
2909:
2896:
2895:
2881:
2880:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2829:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2657:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2618:Prince Zhu Nan (
2614:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2532:
2531:
2527:Married Xie Da (
2523:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2493:
2475:
2474:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2426:
2411:
2410:
2390:
2389:
2370:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2038:
2037:
2031:Byzantine Empire
1997:Byzantine Empire
1893:
1892:
1882:Huang-Ming Zuxun
1879:
1878:
1826:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1748:". He wrote the
1721:
1720:
1700:
1699:
1693:Mencius Abridged
1690:
1689:
1659:
1648:
1636:Education policy
1619:Tu Pien Hsin Shu
1572:
1552:
1551:
1511:
1510:
1425:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1392:
1347:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1279:
1278:
1241:
1240:
1182:White Lotus Sect
1126:
1123:
1028:in later years.
1005:
997:
996:
988:
987:
945:neo-Confucianism
879:
878:
873:
872:
828:praising Islam.
744:founding emperor
741:
737:
725:
720:
719:
710:
698:
695:(21 October 1328
677:
676:
656:
655:
642:
641:
621:
620:
619:
604:
603:
590:
589:
566:
552:
551:
531:
525:
456:
455:
435:
434:
416:
415:
411:聖神文武欽明啟運俊德成功統天大孝
397:
396:
363:
362:
351:
350:
329:
328:
320:
319:
304:
244:
242:
189:
162:
161:
111:Emperor of China
63:
60:
52:
43:
42:
41:
32:
21:
8503:
8502:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8493:
8492:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8406:
8313:
8256:
8253:
8249:
8150:
8145:
8105:
8091:Chinese royalty
8084:
8076:
8067:Ukhaghatu Khan
8060:
8058:Jianwen Emperor
8051:
8043:
8037:
8018:
8016:21 October 1328
8012:
8011:
8004:
8003:Hongwu Emperor
7973:
7968:
7961:History of Ming
7957:
7948:
7942:
7925:
7914:
7908:
7893:
7863:
7861:
7854:
7839:
7835:
7833:Further reading
7813:
7794:
7775:
7771:
7770:
7754:
7749:
7748:
7744:
7735:
7731:
7726:
7722:
7712:
7710:
7696:
7695:
7691:
7678:
7676:
7662:
7661:
7657:
7650:
7635:
7634:
7630:
7623:
7608:
7607:
7603:
7596:
7575:
7574:
7570:
7560:
7558:
7541:
7540:
7531:
7521:
7519:
7512:
7497:
7496:
7492:
7480:
7476:
7464:
7455:
7443:
7439:
7427:
7423:
7411:
7400:
7388:
7379:
7372:
7353:
7352:
7348:
7338:
7336:
7329:
7314:
7313:
7309:
7300:
7296:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7259:
7257:
7250:
7235:
7234:
7230:
7220:
7218:
7211:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7181:
7179:
7172:
7157:
7156:
7152:
7142:
7140:
7130:
7129:
7125:
7115:
7113:
7106:
7087:
7086:
7082:
7072:
7070:
7063:
7048:
7047:
7043:
7009:
7008:
7004:
6964:
6959:
6958:
6954:
6914:
6909:
6908:
6904:
6891:
6887:
6875:
6871:
6861:
6859:
6852:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6823:
6821:
6814:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6784:
6782:
6775:
6760:
6759:
6755:
6718:
6717:
6713:
6703:
6701:
6694:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6667:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6640:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6613:
6598:
6597:
6593:
6586:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6559:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6529:
6527:
6520:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6490:
6488:
6481:
6466:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6368:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6338:
6336:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6308:
6306:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6281:
6266:
6265:
6261:
6254:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6227:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6197:
6195:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6167:
6165:
6158:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6128:
6126:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6101:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6074:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6047:
6036:Chinese Archery
6032:
6031:
6027:
6020:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5977:"朱元璋为什么要删《孟子》?"
5974:
5973:
5969:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5931:
5930:
5923:
5913:
5911:
5897:
5896:
5889:
5883:History of Ming
5881:
5877:
5856:
5852:
5842:
5840:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5804:
5802:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5773:
5771:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5742:
5740:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5711:
5709:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5680:
5678:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5649:
5647:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5619:
5617:
5610:
5595:
5594:
5587:
5577:
5575:
5574:on 4 March 2012
5564:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5512:
5510:
5503:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5473:
5471:
5466:. 14 May 2015.
5462:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5445:
5440:. 13 May 2015.
5430:
5429:
5425:
5415:
5413:
5406:gutenberg-e.org
5400:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5383:
5376:gutenberg-e.org
5370:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5346:gutenberg-e.org
5340:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5288:
5284:
5272:
5268:
5257:
5253:
5247:History of Ming
5245:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5217:
5216:on 1 March 2012
5206:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5187:
5185:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5129:
5125:
5116:
5112:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5040:
5033:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4994:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4964:
4962:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4875:Wayback Machine
4868:On Google Books
4853:
4849:
4843:On Google Books
4825:. BRILL, 1995.
4820:
4816:
4809:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4748:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4711:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4676:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4609:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4571:
4566:. 25 May 2017.
4558:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4539:
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4407:Wayback Machine
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4064:Wayback Machine
4055:Chan Hok-lam. "
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2257:Married Li Qi (
2146:History of Ming
2142:
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2104:human sacrifice
2100:Purple Mountain
2077:
2057:History of Ming
2022:History of Ming
2017:
1999:
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1934:Main articles:
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1608:Economic policy
1587:of silver (one
1541:History of Ming
1529:
1463:Grand Secretary
1447:
1439:Ministry of War
1358:
1268:
1230:Hongtong County
1210:
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803:Jianwen Emperor
717:
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557:Literal meaning
439:
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1991:Yongle Emperor
1980:Jinghang Canal
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951:population in
927:. then led by
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900:Buddhist monks
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755:peasant revolt
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3404:
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3377:Tang Guoqiang
3374:
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3347:Zhu Yuanzhang
3345:
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2097:
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2074:
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2062:
2058:
2055:in 1333. The
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:former bishop
2042:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1883:
1873:
1868:
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1859:
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1856:Jinjue Mosque
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1801:Jinjue Mosque
1797:
1792:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1722:) in 1162 by
1715:
1714:equestrianism
1711:
1706:
1704:
1694:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1658:
1647:
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1590:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1527:Legal reforms
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
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1504:
1499:
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1489:
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1479:
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1471:
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1435:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1378:Northern Yuan
1371:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1273:
1266:Social policy
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
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1205:
1203:
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1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:Five Classics
1140:
1133:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1001:
990:
982:
977:
975:
974:Chen Youliang
970:
969:Yangtze River
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
912:
906:Rise to power
905:
903:
901:
895:
893:
888:
886:
885:Southern Song
881:
867:
863:
855:
853:
849:
846:
845:secret police
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:(present-day
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:Northern Yuan
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
733:
730:
729:courtesy name
726:
714:
713:Zhu Yuanzhang
706:
702:
694:
684:
672:
670:
666:
663:
659:
651:
649:
645:
637:
635:
631:
628:
624:
618:
613:
611:
607:
599:
597:
593:
585:
583:
579:
576:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
545:
541:
537:
532:
524:
520:
516:
513:
510:
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502:
498:
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492:
488:
485:
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476:
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464:
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407:
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400:
395:
388:
384:
381:
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370:
357:
354:
345:
344:
341:
336:
323:
314:
313:
310:
305:
301:
295:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
277:
273:
271:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
255:
253:
249:
230:
225:
221:
216:
215:Ming Xiaoling
210:
206:
202:
199:(present-day
198:
194:
185:
181:
177:
174:(present-day
173:
169:
157:Zhu Chongba (
156:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
56:
51:
46:
33:
30:
19:
8356:N. Dynasties
8352:S. Dynasties
8163:
8109:
8102:
8097:
8079:
8073:Yuan dynasty
8069:Toghon Temür
8046:
8040:Ming dynasty
8034:
8023:24 June 1398
8020:
8013:
8008:House of Zhu
8006:
7986:
7974:
7959:
7950:
7930:. Stanford:
7927:
7917:
7896:
7890:(Paperback).
7878:. Berkeley:
7873:
7862:. Retrieved
7842:
7822:
7818:
7803:
7799:
7784:
7780:
7765:(1): 45–103.
7762:
7758:
7745:
7732:
7723:
7711:. Retrieved
7702:
7699:"明清宫人殉葬制度研究"
7692:
7684:
7677:. Retrieved
7668:
7658:
7638:
7631:
7611:
7604:
7579:
7571:
7561:17 September
7559:. Retrieved
7546:
7520:. Retrieved
7500:
7493:
7477:
7440:
7424:
7356:
7349:
7337:. Retrieved
7317:
7310:
7302:
7297:
7280:
7276:
7270:
7258:. Retrieved
7238:
7231:
7219:. Retrieved
7199:
7192:
7180:. Retrieved
7160:
7153:
7141:. Retrieved
7139:(in Chinese)
7136:
7126:
7116:22 September
7114:. Retrieved
7090:
7083:
7073:22 September
7071:. Retrieved
7051:
7044:
7019:
7015:
7005:
6989:11574/183660
6972:
6968:
6955:
6939:11574/183660
6922:
6918:
6905:
6888:
6872:
6860:. Retrieved
6840:
6834:
6822:. Retrieved
6802:
6795:
6783:. Retrieved
6763:
6756:
6724:
6720:
6714:
6702:. Retrieved
6682:
6675:
6655:
6648:
6628:
6621:
6601:
6594:
6574:
6567:
6547:
6540:
6528:. Retrieved
6508:
6501:
6489:. Retrieved
6469:
6462:
6442:
6435:
6423:. Retrieved
6403:
6383:
6376:
6356:
6349:
6337:. Retrieved
6328:
6319:
6307:. Retrieved
6303:the original
6298:
6289:
6269:
6262:
6242:
6235:
6215:
6208:
6196:. Retrieved
6187:
6178:
6166:. Retrieved
6146:
6139:
6127:. Retrieved
6119:san.beck.org
6118:
6109:
6089:
6082:
6062:
6055:
6035:
6028:
6008:
6001:
5989:. Retrieved
5980:
5970:
5960:
5954:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5912:. Retrieved
5908:the original
5903:
5898:杨一凡 (1981).
5882:
5878:
5853:
5841:. Retrieved
5829:
5825:
5815:
5803:. Retrieved
5794:
5791:"明代户籍是如何管控的"
5789:陈宝良 (2014).
5784:
5772:. Retrieved
5763:
5758:高寿仙 (2013).
5753:
5741:. Retrieved
5732:
5727:王毓铨 (1959).
5722:
5710:. Retrieved
5701:
5691:
5679:. Retrieved
5670:
5660:
5648:. Retrieved
5643:
5630:
5618:. Retrieved
5598:
5576:. Retrieved
5572:the original
5568:sxskw.org.cn
5567:
5556:
5548:the original
5543:
5532:
5523:
5511:. Retrieved
5491:
5484:
5472:. Retrieved
5458:
5446:. Retrieved
5437:Live Science
5435:
5426:
5414:. Retrieved
5405:
5396:
5384:. Retrieved
5375:
5366:
5354:. Retrieved
5345:
5336:
5316:
5309:
5301:
5297:
5290:
5285:
5277:
5269:
5262:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5230:
5218:. Retrieved
5214:the original
5209:
5198:
5186:. Retrieved
5177:
5166:
5146:
5139:
5131:
5126:
5118:
5113:
5105:
5100:
5093:
5085:
5080:
5060:
5053:
5041:. Retrieved
5021:
5014:
5002:. Retrieved
4982:
4975:
4963:. Retrieved
4957:
4950:
4938:. Retrieved
4923:
4916:
4904:. Retrieved
4889:
4882:
4877:, pp. 26–27.
4855:
4850:
4822:
4817:
4798:
4789:
4770:
4764:
4737:
4731:
4719:. Retrieved
4699:
4692:
4665:
4659:
4650:
4631:
4625:
4592:
4584:
4572:. Retrieved
4563:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4514:
4507:
4487:
4480:
4460:
4453:
4440:
4436:
4427:
4418:
4410:
4394:
4385:
4366:
4360:
4348:. Retrieved
4317:. Retrieved
4290:
4275:
4260:
4233:
4227:
4193:
4186:
4166:
4144:
4125:
4121:
4087:
4083:
4067:
4036:. Retrieved
4028:Khan Academy
4027:
4018:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3953:. Retrieved
3944:
3935:
3923:. Retrieved
3914:
3905:
3874:
3864:
3837:
3817:
3797:
3790:
3770:
3763:
3743:
3736:
3713:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3635:
3624:Yuan dynasty
3600:Ming dynasty
3596:Prince of Wu
3574:
3484:China portal
3454:
3442:
3422:
3400:
3382:
3362:
3346:
3326:
3307:
3299:
3283:
3271:
2978:Empress Heng
2331:Consort Ning
2297:
2292:
2265:Li Shanchang
2145:
2143:
2135:
2126:
2113:
2093:
2069:Matteo Ricci
2060:
2056:
2027:Qing dynasty
2020:
2018:
1986:
1984:
1972:
1970:
1943:
1922:to help the
1917:
1908:Trần dynasty
1887:
1871:
1837:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1776:
1770:
1749:
1745:
1744:", and the "
1741:
1737:
1735:
1728:
1707:
1692:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1630:copper coins
1623:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1555:Tang dynasty
1544:
1540:
1538:
1522:
1500:
1487:
1480:
1476:someone else
1475:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1413:
1408:
1382:
1375:
1364:View of the
1350:
1339:
1337:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1259:
1255:
1244:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:Land reforms
1199:
1178:Manicheanism
1166:Chang Yuchun
1162:slow slicing
1155:
1152:
1135:
1103:
1092:
1072:Toghon Temür
1069:
1061:Song dynasty
1046:
1030:
1023:
1006:). Another,
991:
978:
964:Ming dynasty
957:
953:China proper
941:Confucianism
929:Han Shantong
917:
896:
889:
882:
859:
850:
830:
811:
771:Yuan dynasty
759:China proper
752:
748:Ming dynasty
731:
722:
712:
704:
692:
690:
662:Southern Min
582:Hanyu Pinyin
503:Empress Chun
431:
424:
420:
412:
405:
401:
393:
392:欽明啟運俊德成功統天大孝
386:
382:
211:30 June 1398
188:(1398-06-24)
186:24 June 1398
133:Yuan dynasty
129:Toghon Temür
92:Enthronement
54:
29:
8468:1398 deaths
8463:1328 births
8348:16 Kingdoms
7697:李晗 (2014).
7663:孙冰 (2010).
7547:Fordham.edu
7339:28 November
7221:28 November
7182:28 November
7143:11 February
5948:(3): 13–17.
5867:Chronicle (
5865:Shanhaiguan
5696:吴钩 (2013).
5665:衔微 (1963).
5620:28 November
5274:Qian Qianyi
5210:longhoo.net
5205:长乐街:秦淮影照古廊房
5188:13 November
4528:pp.543–545
4350:30 December
4319:13 November
4289:楊一凡(1988).
4150:Pines, Yuri
3395:Chen Baoguo
2465:Consort Hui
2412:; d. 1390)
1880:) from the
1778:Huihui Lifa
1496:consort kin
1434:dynasties.
1370:Juyong Pass
1234:pagoda tree
1125: 1397
1099:Ming Yuzhen
1097:founded by
1025:Huolongjing
1004:高築牆、廣積糧、緩稱王
937:Manichaeism
921:millenarian
866:Zhu Shizhen
742:), was the
701:temple name
494:Zhu Shizhen
445:Temple name
193:Ming Palace
125:Predecessor
62: 1377
8417:Categories
8340:3 Kingdoms
8310:(doubtful)
8106:1364–1368
8085:1368–1398
8052:1368–1398
7759:Asia Major
7484:, p.
7468:, p.
7447:, p.
7431:, p.
7415:, p.
7392:, p.
7283:(2): 136.
6975:(14): 97.
6925:(2): 125.
6774:9004103910
6309:17 January
5904:《北京政法学院学报》
5885:, vol.132.
5826:Asia Major
5220:23 January
5101:Ming Shilu
4710:9004103910
4512:Mote, J.F.
4498:0674012127
3993:1808/13251
3847:0231038011
3781:0805056688
3754:0295981091
3689:References
3373:Empress Ma
3357:Beijing TV
3321:Television
3309:Iron Widow
3056:Empress Yu
2174:Zhu Gang,
2165:Zhu Shuang
2121:Simon Leys
2110:Assessment
1829:Köke Temür
1821:Zhu Shuang
1750:Six Maxims
1575:Da Ming Lü
1545:Da Ming Lü
1456:Hu Weiyong
1452:chancellor
1366:Great Wall
1327:Yongle era
1289:Zhuse Huji
1190:Hu Weiyong
1130:See also:
1084:Köke Temür
1080:Zhu Shuang
981:Han Lin'er
856:Early life
833:chancellor
822:Wang Daiyu
795:his family
602:Hung-wu Ti
596:Wade–Giles
266:Zhu Shuang
8270:Hongguang
8245:Chongzhen
8035:New title
7482:Li (2010)
7466:Li (2010)
7445:Li (2010)
7429:Li (2010)
7413:Li (2010)
7390:Li (2010)
7036:144527758
6997:186876742
6947:186876742
6749:120199426
6741:1432-0657
5900:"明《大浩》初探"
5832:(1): 28.
5698:"戶口册上的中国"
5667:"明代的里甲制度"
5280:, vol.104
5249:, vol.139
4756:952155600
4684:964677310
4213:cite book
4002:0022-1953
3856:10195404M
3433:Liu Bowen
3341:Simon Yam
3290:Louis Cha
3288:novel by
2949:Zhu Chuyi
2926:Zhu Sijiu
2632:莊靖安榮惠妃 崔氏
2376:Zhu Tan,
1962:Guangzhou
1896:Srivijaya
1844:Guangdong
1710:Guozijian
1467:Ray Huang
1426:) of the
1076:Khanbaliq
1020:Liu Bowen
1016:gunpowder
1012:artillery
1010:, was an
787:Khanbaliq
675:Âng-bú tē
588:Hóngwǔ Dì
518:Signature
338:Era dates
217:, Nanjing
140:Successor
120:1368–1398
100:Successor
8304:(regent)
8288:(regent)
8277:(regent)
8235:Taichang
8225:Longqing
8205:Chenghua
8199:Yingzong
8189:Yingzong
7858:Archived
7707:Archived
7703:《山东师范大学》
7673:Archived
7555:Archived
7516:Archived
7333:Archived
7254:Archived
7215:Archived
7176:Archived
7110:Archived
7067:Archived
6856:Archived
6824:30 April
6818:Archived
6785:30 April
6779:Archived
6698:Archived
6524:Archived
6485:Archived
6416:Archived
6333:Archived
6192:Archived
6162:Archived
6123:Archived
5991:26 March
5985:Archived
5843:16 April
5838:41649963
5805:26 March
5799:Archived
5774:26 March
5768:Archived
5764:北京联合大学学报
5743:26 March
5737:Archived
5712:26 March
5706:Archived
5681:26 March
5675:Archived
5650:26 March
5614:Archived
5578:25 March
5507:Archived
5468:Archived
5442:Archived
5410:Archived
5380:Archived
5350:Archived
5182:Archived
5037:Archived
4998:Archived
4871:Archived
4797:(2016),
4715:Archived
4617:51542679
4568:Archived
4403:Archived
4344:Archived
4313:Archived
4164:(2013).
4060:Archived
4032:Archived
3949:Archived
3919:Archived
3873:(eds.).
3836:(eds.).
3470:See also
2904:Ancestry
2884:Fu Youde
2835:Unknown
2705:Zhu Quan
2415:Zhu Fu,
2395:Zhu Zhen
2159:Zhu Biao
1966:Shandong
1900:Thailand
1852:Muhammad
1675:his work
1385:system (
1356:Military
1180:and the
1170:Shandong
1095:Ming Xia
1065:era name
1057:Hangzhou
933:Buddhism
892:Buddhist
862:Fengyang
799:Zhu Biao
648:Jyutping
512:Buddhism
508:Religion
330:, later)
292:Zhu Fu,
287:Zhu Zhen
274:Zhu Di,
260:Zhu Biao
178:, Anhui)
8220:Jiajing
8215:Zhengde
8210:Hongzhi
8194:Jingtai
8169:Jianwen
8098:Unknown
7713:4 April
7679:4 April
7522:5 April
7260:1 April
5914:5 April
5729:"明代的军户"
5646:. Brill
5304:(藍玉黨供狀)
5173:有趣的南京地名
4965:1 April
4940:1 April
4906:1 April
4845:. P 23.
4574:9 April
3580:Nanjing
3462:穿越时空的爱恋
3428:神機妙算劉伯溫
3390:傳奇皇帝朱元璋
2648:Zhu Zhi
2480:Zhu Gui
2388:昭敬充妃 胡氏
2098:on the
2087:at the
1954:sea ban
1914:Vietnam
1708:At the
1671:Mencius
1483:eunuchs
1420:Chinese
1381:as the
1258:and 68
1202:Mu Ying
1186:Nanjing
1158:flaying
1008:Jiao Yu
1000:Chinese
960:Nanjing
837:eunuchs
818:Ma Zhou
791:Beijing
746:of the
703:as the
544:Chinese
479:Dynasty
451:Taizu (
421:Emperor
402:Emperor
383:Emperor
245:
237:
233:
223:Consort
201:Nanjing
18:Zhu Nan
8380:W. Xia
8308:Dingwu
8302:Dongwu
8297:Yongli
8292:Shaowu
8281:Longwu
8240:Tianqi
8184:Xuande
8179:Hongxi
8174:Yongle
8164:Hongwu
8019:
7938:
7904:
7886:
7864:3 June
7850:
7817:
7798:
7779:
7646:
7619:
7592:
7508:
7368:
7325:
7246:
7207:
7168:
7102:
7059:
7034:
6995:
6945:
6848:
6810:
6771:
6747:
6739:
6704:3 June
6690:
6663:
6636:
6609:
6582:
6555:
6530:3 June
6516:
6491:3 June
6477:
6450:
6391:
6364:
6277:
6250:
6223:
6168:3 June
6154:
6097:
6070:
6043:
6016:
5936:Da Gao
5836:
5797:(17).
5702:国家人文历史
5606:
5499:
5324:
5263:胡惟庸黨案考
5259:Wu Han
5154:
5068:
5029:
5004:3 June
4990:
4931:
4897:
4862:
4837:
4829:
4805:
4777:
4754:
4744:
4707:
4682:
4672:
4638:
4615:
4605:
4524:
4495:
4468:
4447:vol. 1
4373:
4240:
4201:
4174:
4122:Shedet
4094:
4074:
4038:18 May
4010:202464
4008:
4000:
3955:11 May
3925:11 May
3893:
3854:
3844:
3805:
3778:
3751:
3724:
3417:Hu Jun
3266:Novels
2894:安惠王 朱楹
2827:肅莊王 朱楧
2733:韓憲王 朱松
2724:岷莊王 朱楩
2687:慶靖王 朱㮵
2612:伊厲王 朱㰘
2592:郢靖王 朱棟
2572:唐定王 朱桱
2552:湘獻王 朱柏
2492:永嘉貞懿公主
2473:蜀獻王 朱椿
2323:Zhu Mo
2189:Zhu Su
2132:Family
2061:Fu lin
2013:, and
1940:Haijin
1920:Champa
1904:Liuqiu
1848:Fujian
1840:Yunnan
1825:愍烈妃 王氏
1740:" or "
1598:Da Gao
1594:Da Gao
1579:Da Gao
1567:Da Gao
1514:Lan Yu
1422::
1416:system
1414:fubing
1409:weisuo
1397::
1389::
1383:weisuo
1323:corvée
1195:Lan Yu
1160:, and
1106:Yunnan
1053:Suzhou
1002::
767:Mongol
732:Guorui
697:
669:Tâi-lô
500:Mother
490:Father
356:Hongwu
281:Zhu Su
208:Burial
70:Taipei
8324:Shang
8230:Wanli
8021:Died:
8014:Born:
7755:(PDF)
7671:(4).
7032:S2CID
6993:S2CID
6965:(PDF)
6943:S2CID
6915:(PDF)
6862:1 May
6745:S2CID
6425:3 May
6419:(PDF)
6412:(PDF)
6339:4 May
6198:4 May
6129:4 May
5834:JSTOR
5766:(1).
5735:(8).
5704:(3).
5673:(4).
5640:(PDF)
5563:山西社科网
5539:ȼ䡢Ⱥʷ
5513:4 May
5474:4 May
5448:4 May
5416:4 May
5386:4 May
5356:4 May
5236:鳳凰台紀事
5234:馬生龍.
5043:2 May
4721:1 May
4291:明大誥研究
4118:(PDF)
4006:JSTOR
3828:. In
3566:Notes
3368:大腳馬皇后
3285:wuxia
3279:倚天屠龍記
2861:趙王 朱杞
2744:美人 張氏
2603:麗妃 葛氏
2583:惠妃 劉氏
2563:賢妃 李氏
2543:順妃 胡氏
2512:谷王 朱橞
2436:安妃 鄭氏
2425:潭王 朱梓
2409:定妃 達氏
2316:貴妃 趙氏
2307:貴妃 江氏
2075:Death
2011:Daqin
1936:Wokou
1924:Chams
1589:liang
1584:liang
1340:luyin
1282:lijia
1251:Anhui
1247:Hunan
1239:洪洞大槐樹
1174:Hunan
1112:Reign
1088:Bayad
769:-led
467:House
307:Names
252:Issue
239:(
235:
197:Zhili
117:Reign
84:Reign
8396:Qing
8392:Ming
8388:Yuan
8376:Song
8372:Liao
8364:Tang
8328:Zhou
8156:Ming
7936:ISBN
7902:ISBN
7884:ISBN
7866:2020
7848:ISBN
7715:2019
7681:2019
7644:ISBN
7617:ISBN
7590:ISBN
7563:2016
7524:2019
7506:ISBN
7366:ISBN
7341:2010
7323:ISBN
7262:2013
7244:ISBN
7223:2010
7205:ISBN
7184:2010
7166:ISBN
7145:2023
7118:2016
7100:ISBN
7075:2016
7057:ISBN
6864:2019
6846:ISBN
6826:2019
6808:ISBN
6787:2019
6769:ISBN
6737:ISSN
6706:2020
6688:ISBN
6661:ISBN
6634:ISBN
6607:ISBN
6580:ISBN
6553:ISBN
6532:2020
6514:ISBN
6493:2020
6475:ISBN
6448:ISBN
6427:2016
6389:ISBN
6362:ISBN
6341:2016
6311:2022
6275:ISBN
6248:ISBN
6221:ISBN
6200:2016
6170:2020
6152:ISBN
6131:2016
6095:ISBN
6068:ISBN
6041:ISBN
6014:ISBN
5993:2019
5916:2019
5870:山海关志
5845:2021
5807:2019
5795:人民论坛
5776:2019
5745:2019
5733:历史研究
5714:2019
5683:2019
5671:历史教学
5652:2019
5622:2010
5604:ISBN
5580:2010
5515:2016
5497:ISBN
5476:2016
5450:2016
5418:2016
5388:2016
5358:2016
5322:ISBN
5291:剪勝野聞
5222:2010
5190:2011
5152:ISBN
5066:ISBN
5045:2016
5027:ISBN
5006:2020
4988:ISBN
4967:2013
4942:2013
4929:ISBN
4908:2013
4895:ISBN
4860:ISBN
4835:ISBN
4827:ISBN
4803:ISBN
4775:ISBN
4752:OCLC
4742:ISBN
4723:2019
4705:ISBN
4680:OCLC
4670:ISBN
4636:ISBN
4613:OCLC
4603:ISBN
4576:2019
4522:ISBN
4493:ISBN
4466:ISBN
4371:ISBN
4352:2014
4321:2011
4276:孤樹裒談
4274:李默.
4261:國初事迹
4259:劉辰.
4238:ISBN
4219:link
4199:ISBN
4172:ISBN
4092:ISBN
4072:ISBN
4040:2020
3998:ISSN
3957:2020
3927:2020
3891:ISBN
3842:ISBN
3803:ISBN
3776:ISBN
3749:ISBN
3722:ISBN
3448:真命天子
3332:大明群英
2870:壽春公主
2841:崇寧公主
2790:南康公主
2759:寶慶公主
2715:妃 周氏
2698:妃 楊氏
2678:妃 余氏
2656:含山公主
2641:妃 韓氏
2521:汝陽公主
2445:福清公主
2359:大名公主
2339:汝寧公主
2275:懷慶公主
2245:臨安公主
2217:安慶公主
2197:寧國公主
2144:The
2019:The
1938:and
1891:不征之国
1877:不征之国
1870:The
1846:and
1809:Semu
1799:The
1761:聖諭六言
1698:孟子節文
1501:The
1432:Tang
1430:and
1404:lit.
1294:諸色戶計
1256:qing
1249:and
1217:and
1172:and
1086:, a
943:and
812:The
691:The
484:Ming
346:Wu (
183:Died
154:Born
8404:PRC
8400:ROC
8384:Jīn
8360:Sui
8344:Jìn
8336:Han
8332:Qin
8320:Xia
7588:–.
7486:168
7285:doi
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