138:. On July 23, 1833, citizens of Jackson County held a meeting about influx of Mormon settlers, whom they describe as "little above the condition of our blacks either in regard to property or education", accusing the Mormons of having a "corrupting influence on our slaves". It accused the Mormons of planning to take over the county, writing "We are daily told, and not by the ignorant alone, but by all classes of them, that we, (the Gentiles,) of this county are to be cut off, and our lands appropriated by them for inheritances." The address alleged that "many of this deluded and infatuated people have been taught to believe that our lands were to be won from us by the sword." The address argued "it requires no gift of prophecy to tell that the day is not far distant when the civil government of the country will be in their hands". It finally concluded with a demand that no further Mormons come to the county, that those present in the county leave, that their paper cease printing immediately. It ended with an ominous threat of violence, calling for "those to fail to comply with these requisitions be referred to those of their brethern who have the gifts of divination... to inform them of the lot that await them".
420:
and "unto the third and fourth generation." The Saints initially attempted to regain their lands through political and legal means, enlisting four
Missouri attorneys to communicate with the court and the Missouri government. This decision to engage lawyers and fight the issue in court likely sparked further violence in late October 1833. When the Missourians attacked the Saints the fourth time, they fought back as allowed by Smith's revelation. By the end of 1833, Latter Day Saint homes, as well as the church's print shop, had been destroyed, and nearly all church members had fled the county. Latter Day Saint refugees settled temporarily in neighboring counties, including Clay County to the north, across the
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24:
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soon command Smith to gather warriors of the church to "get ye straightway unto my land; break down the walls of mine enemies; throw down their tower, and scatter their watchmen." Further, should the
Missourians oppose the Saints, the latter would "avenge me of mine enemies, that by and by I may come with the residue of mine house and possess the land." The legal and political efforts appeared futile, although after the security of a February 24, 1834 court hearing was threatened by Missourian protesters, it was postponed until late 1834.
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1107:, p. 247) says, "Nothing that Joseph aimed to accomplish came about. Several hundred men spent three months walking two thousand miles; fourteen of them never came home. Nothing the camp did improved the situation in Jackson County.... Was Zion's Camp a catastrophe? Perhaps, but it was not the unmitigated disaster that it appears to be. Most camp members felt more loyal to Joseph than ever, bonded by their hardships. The future leadership of the Church came from this group."
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1099:"Zion's Camp was Joseph Smith's second major failure....Far from being a second Moses, he had left the exiled colony still outside the promised land and had returned with little except consoling words for the families of the fourteen dead. Kirtland met him with a hostility that exceeded his worst fears, for Sylvester Smith had rushed back with a dismal story of defeat without honor." (
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In
December 1833, Smith dictated another revelation about the "redemption of Zion." It commanded Missouri settlers to seek redress through the courts or the political process but warned that a military solution would become necessary should those efforts fail. The revelation predicted that God would
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Forming militia groups, the "old settlers" as they were called, organized attacks against the Latter Day Saints during the summer of 1833. A revelation dictated by Smith in August 1833 discouraged immediate retaliation but permitted Latter Day Saints to retaliate after the fourth act of aggression
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said angels were seen. "Most camp members felt more loyal to Joseph than ever, bonded by their hardships," and the next generation of leaders came from members of Zion’s Camp: two of the next three church president’s, 56% of the first 25 apostles of the church, all seven presidents of the seventy,
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After a two hour adjournment, during which the demands were presented to prominent
Mormons, the meeting reconvened and were told that the local Mormon leaders requested an "unreasonable" amount of time to respond. As a result, it was unanimously resolved that the Mormon printing office should be
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Attempts to negotiate a return of the Latter Day Saints to
Jackson County proved fruitless, but Smith decided to disband Zion's Camp rather than attempt to "redeem Zion" by force. Many members of the camp believed they should fight and criticized Smith. Subsequently many contracted
502:, Smith received a revelation from God, calling for an expedition to be raised in Kirtland, which would then march to Missouri and "redeem Zion." About 200 men and a number of women and children volunteered to join this expedition which became known as "Zion's Camp."
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Receiving word of the approaching Latter Day Saints, the
Missourians formed militias, which outnumbered Smith's men. Smith then dictated another revelation stating that the church was presently unworthy to "redeem Zion" because of its lack of commitment to the
996:, p. 455 (letter by Joseph Smith stating that if the government fails to restore the Missouri Saints to their land, then God "will come with ten thousand of His Saints, and all his adversaries shall be destroyed with the breath of His lips").
1090:: "There is even now already in store sufficient, yea, even an abundance, to redeem Zion, and establish her waste places, no more to be thrown down, were the churches, who call themselves after my name, willing to hearken to my voice."
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Smith encountered increased hostility when he returned to
Kirtland. Nevertheless, many of the participants in Zion's Camp became committed loyalists to the movement. When Smith returned to Kirtland, he organized the
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By the summer of 1833, there were about 1,200 Latter Day Saints in
Jackson County, and older settlers felt threatened by their political and economic power, a fear exacerbated by rumors that Latter Day Saints favored
580:, which they crossed, entering Missouri. They crossed most of the state by the end of June, and news of their approach caused some alarm among non-Mormons in Jackson and Clay Counties.
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and 63 other members of the seventy. "Joseph's own devotion to Zion and the gathering grew more intense," and when offered an opportunity to "start again elsewhere, he refused."
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The Latter Day Saints failed to achieve their goal of returning to
Jackson County, and although the Missouri legislature approved a compromise which set aside the new
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The revelation refers to "the servant," whose identity as Smith was revealed in a later revelation dated February 24, 1834. See
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Smith and his volunteers left Kirtland on May 4, 1834. By June 4, they had marched across Indiana and Illinois, reaching the
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Notwithstanding the failure of the expedition to regain the land, many camp members "believed heaven had watched over them."
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became the first members of the Latter Day Saint movement to return to Jackson County in an attempt to redeem Zion.
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kingdom; and Smith dictated a command from God ordering him to lead his church like a modern
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will be built in the Americas, a belief established by 1829 and included in the
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588:. The 900 mile march failed in its objective, and fourteen participants died.
63:
17:
745:"Zion's Camp: A Study in Obedience, Then and Now | Religious Studies Center"
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122:. On July 20, 1831, Smith identified the location of this New Jerusalem as
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of heavenly power. The expedition was disbanded on July 25, 1834, during a
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settlers. In Latter Day Saint belief, this land is destined to become a
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A fundamental tenet of Latter Day Saint theology is that the biblical
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and began sending Latter Day Saint settlers there to establish a
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1227:"We Also Marched: The Women and Children of Zion's Camp, 1834"
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Long after Smith's death, members of what is now known as the
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1195:
Alexander William Doniphan: Portrait of a Missouri Moderate
168:
Lieutenant General Joseph Smith Addresses the Nauvoo Legion
1271:
History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1256:
History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
130:, which was to be a Latter Day Saint millennial kingdom.
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to redeem Zion "by power, and with a stretched-out arm."
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epidemic, and a majority of survivors returned to Ohio.
856:"Uncle Dale's Old Mormon Articles: Missouri, 1831-1837"
463:
1351:Expulsion of Mormons from Jackson County, Missouri
1197:, Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press
373:Expulsion of Mormons from Jackson County, Missouri
1187:, Independence, Missouri: Herald Publishing House
1125:No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith
498:At the headquarters of the Latter Day Saints in
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142:razed and its printing press and type seized.
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1274:, vol. 2, Salt Lake City: Deseret News
1259:, vol. 1, Salt Lake City: Deseret News
544:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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393:
162:
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1185:Zion's Camp: Expedition to Missouri, 1834
564:Learn how and when to remove this message
486:Learn how and when to remove this message
1466:History of the Latter Day Saint movement
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1461:Defunct Latter Day Saint organizations
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470:to additional sources at this section.
1476:Latter Day Saint movement in Missouri
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7:
709:Godfrey, Matthew C. (January 2020).
542:adding citations to reliable sources
213:State of Deseret Territorial Militia
1210:, Salt Lake City: Signature Books,
16:For the camp in New Hampshire, see
451:relies largely or entirely upon a
14:
1165:Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling
1143:. Simon & Schuster. pp.
110:Zion's Camp by C.C.A. Christensen
1424:
1345:The Evening and the Morning Star
1285:
1208:The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of
629:List of Zion's Camp participants
514:
440:
27:Image from the camp in the book
1162:Bushman, Richard Lyman (2005).
268:William McBride Massacre (1851)
223:Whistling and Whittling Brigade
1225:Radke-Moss, Andrea G. (2000).
1:
1140:Historical Atlas of Mormonism
617:Church of Christ (Temple Lot)
599:Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
1391:Gallatin election day battle
1416:Boggs assassination attempt
603:First Quorum of the Seventy
378:Missouri Executive Order 44
1502:
1193:Launius, Roger D. (1997),
1183:Launius, Roger D. (1984),
298:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
15:
1456:1834 in the United States
1422:
1386:Rigdon's July 4th oration
1361:Caldwell County, Missouri
1334:
293:Mountain Meadows Massacre
193:Lot Smith Cavalry Company
29:The Rocky Mountain Saints
218:Utah Territorial Militia
124:Jackson County, Missouri
1396:Battle of Crooked River
1137:Brown, S. Kent (1994).
1131:Knowledge (XXG) article
258:Battle of Crooked River
183:Caldwell County Militia
111:
32:
1294:at Wikimedia Commons
1103:, pp. 159–160).
1034:Section 101:55–57
978:Section 101:76–88
785:LDS Articles of Faith
715:BYU Studies Quarterly
660:Section 103:15–18
432:Formation of the camp
424:from Jackson County.
278:Mormon War (Illinois)
263:Battle Creek massacre
109:
52:Clay County, Missouri
38:was an expedition of
26:
1446:1834 in Christianity
1406:Hawn's Mill massacre
698:Section 105:9–13
538:improve this section
464:improve this article
62:, the center of the
1401:Extermination Order
1168:. New York: Knopf.
734:, pp. 239–240.
679:Section 105:2–5
253:Battle at Fort Utah
80:law of consecration
1366:Far West, Missouri
1088:Section 101:75
1053:Section 101:58
1015:Section 103:21
959:Section 101:43
842:, pp. 327–28.
817:Section 57:1–3
112:
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1290:Media related to
1204:Quinn, D. Michael
1127:, New York: Knopf
929:, pp. 15–16.
721:(4 2017): 99–132.
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462:. Please help
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