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302:. Other popular acts included Pengaudzoke, the Wrist Brothers, Zimbabwe Chachacha Kings, Aaron Chinamira, King Pharao, Hosiah Chipanga, Stabien Mawire and Paul Mpofu, to mention a few. The decade 2000 till present has been characterised by a wrangle for the crown for the kingship of Sungura between the two most prominent Sungura musicians of the decade, Alick Macheso and Tongai Moyo. Having dominated sales, tour and concert attendances, the heckling and counter-heckling by the artists at shows and in some recorded material is strong proof of their feud akin to the BIG vs Tupac in American '90s hip hop.
925:. The marginalisation of Bulawayo artists in Zimbabwe saw the influence of South African music dominating hence the emergence of kwaito music in Bulawayo pioneered by Go-Boyz in 1996 and more groups like GTI, Achuzi, Amagangsters, artists like Cal Vin etc., emerged. A brand of Jazz was created in Bulawayo, in the 1940s and 1950s, and was made popular by August Musarurwa with his African Dance Band of the Cold Storage Commission of Southern Rhodesia. He recorded the legendary song Sikokiana which went on to be recorded in USA by Louis Armstrong and many others.
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bass guitar. This generation includes artists like Mark Ngwazi, Tendai Ngwazi, Peter Moyo (son of Tongai), Simon
Mutambi, Romeo Gasa, Sugar Sugar, Jacob Moyana and Francis 'Slomo' Dhaka among others. The genre is increasingly getting international recognition with some non-natives trying it out. Notable among these are Eirik Hoff Walmsiness 'Eriki' from Norway and Indian Dhyaan Kumar.
341:
Zimbabwe men worked in mines for long hours. They formed Imbube by singing along together as a means of passing the time. The vocals coming from the caves echoed to produce better quality, and encouraged the men to continue singing these happy tunes. Occasionally the miners would sing songs of social justice, but a majority were generally happy and used as entertainment.
1014:, with which he achieved popularity. With the emergence of the Urban Grooves-style, the content of lyrics shifted to more closely resemble that of American RnB, Hip Hop and Pop music. These have garnered a following among a younger generation of Zimbabweans. One artist, Maskiri, is known for imitating
317:
has largely dominated the scene, creating popular dance choreographies such as 'Borrowdale', Razor Wire, zoraaa butter, femba bute and kedebu, which mimic everyday routines in
Zimbabwean life. A new generation of Sungura artists is emerging, largely influenced by Macheso's distinct style of a leading
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The instrument is a central piece in their religious rituals. The most important function of mbira is the idea of it being a "telephone to the spirits" during ceremonies. It is the sole way of communication between the living and deceased ancestors, ancient tribal guardians, or guardian spirits. The
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The sound made by this instrument closely imitates the noises made by rain or running water with rich and vibrant tones "like bells". The sound has a special presence; one that feel the music as much as one hears it. Penetrating and warming at the same time, immediately capturing the involvement of
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which was the name given to a keyboard style (often using cheap pedal organs) that had a musical link to
American jazz, ragtime and blues, with roots deep in the African tradition. Early marabi musicians were part of an underground musical culture and were typically not recorded. An example of such
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of the EGEA gospel Train whose debut album
Mufudzi Wangu was released in 1993 and contains tracks such as "Be Thou My Vision", "Ndotarisa Kumakomo" and "Utiziro" among others. The two went on to pursue successful solo musical careers and released "Ndaidziwanepi Nyasha" and "Ropa RaJesu" as their
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Sungura is the most popular musical genre in
Zimbabwe. It emerged in 1953, in a time when regional identity was in formation. This is the local genre of the Zimbabwe music industry. Sungura music became popular in the early 1980s, pioneered by frontman Ephraim Joe and his band Sungura Boys which
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during the struggle for independence. The community in
Zimbabwe used music to voice their resistance to their oppression, as one of the only weapons they had available to fight back with. In the eighties, the Music of Zimbabwe was at the center of the African Music scene thanks to genres such as
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is widely credited with popularizing his genre of
Chimurenga music, which includes guitar, drums, Western-style vocals, and mbira in the same band. Mapfumo is also famous for his arrangement of traditional mbira lines to be played on the electric guitar. Mbira is incorporated into the music of
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Imbube was created by
Zimbabweans while they were still technically a part of Rhodesian culture. This genre consisted of male singers in an acapella style, which differed from most of the typical music at the time that was formed around unique instruments. During this time period, many of the
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mbira is required to ask these spirits to bring rain during drought, stop rain during floods, accept their offerings, ask for forgiveness, and bring clouds when crops are damaged by the sun. These instruments were made from resources from the land which connected them further connects the
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271:, whose romantic ballads and the influential sungura guitar melody (consisting of lead, rhythm and bass), made him a favorite in the late 80s. Other notable artists include Zexie Manatsa, Tinei Chikupo, Paul Matavire, Zvishavane Sounds and Jonah Moyo's Devera Ngwena, among others.
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in
Bulawayo adopted it. Founders of the college considered that marimba could boost the musical development of the country, and design a model that it's now known as Kwanongoma marimba. Zimbabwean marimba or Kwanongoma marimba is now considered part of the Zimbabwean culture.
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are by far the best-known jit performers, and have worked with numerous
American and British musicians. Notable recent bands to come up with the Jit sound are Nehoreka who fuse the traditional Jit with funk sounds, there is also Mokoomba and Q Montana. The 1990 film
1056:, Kactus and Nehoreka laid the groundwork for the new genre, which gained increasing popularity among the youth. The style was helped by the 100% local content policy in effect at the time, which required all radio stations to play only music by Zimbabwean artists.
254:(Bass), Silas Chakanyuka (Drums) and Zacharia Zakaria (Sub Rhythm guitar). A great number of these artistes have gone on to forge successful careers with their own bands whilst Nicholas Zacharia has remained as the leader of the band and is still active as of 2008.
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the listeners and drawing them into its mood. The pieces of music played vary by the artist but there is no specific way to play this instrument. The music performed is all about elaboration and variation supporting creative expression of the performer.
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System Tazvida, Simon Chimbetu, James Chimombe, Tongai Moyo, Paul Matavire, John Chibadura, Leonard Dembo, and Thomas Makion have all died. It's also worth noting that a new wave of Sungura, dubbed Trap Sungura, has emerged in Zimbabwe, fueled by
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In the early 21st century, a lot of gospel artists also recorded, though a few really rose to stardom. These include Fungisai Zvakavapano - Mashavave who has risen to become the most dominant female gospel musician in the current era,
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The Khiama Boys emerged as natural successors to the Sungura Boys after their demise during the mid-eighties. Members would include System Tazvida (Rhythm guitar), Cephas Karushanga, Nicholas Zacharia (Lead guitar),
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Coming on the music scene in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Urban Grooves takes in American Rap, Hip Hop, R&B, Soul and other international music genres, often melded with traditional Zimbabwean music.
700:, a percussion instrument, the mbira is often an important instrument that people play at religious ceremonies, weddings, and other social gatherings. The mbira plays a central role in the traditional
388:, also known as Afro Jazz, is Zimbabwean music influenced by a style of township rhythm that evolved in a Southern part of Africa over the last century. One can also trace similarities from Kwela, a
309:, Suluman Chimbetu (son of Simon), Allan Chimbetu (Simon's brother), Tryson Chimbetu (Naison's son), Cephas Mashakada, Gift Amuli, Howard and Tatenda Pinjisi, First Farai as well as Josphat and
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music, but played with modern electric instrumentation, with lyrics characterized by social and political commentary. Mapfumo's music was a "tool of the liberation war" criticizing the
727:
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Zimbabwean musicians' lyrics mostly contain encouragement of upholding good social values in the family and society as whole. Such lyrics can be seen in songs by artists like
216:
with Denzil Thandabani & Justin Soutter from Evicted band, performing at the Zimbabwean edition of the '2018 Metal United World Wide' concert at the Reps Theatre in Harare
617:, a rising artist, grew in popularity, and currently holds gospel sales records. His music became popular into the first decade of the 21st century, most likely due to his
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believed the mbira to be nearing extinction in the 1930s, the instrument has been revived since the 60s and 70s, and has gained an international following through the
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The first Zimbabwean marimba was built by Nelson Jones in 1962. However, the wood used was too soft. The next year, Josiah Siyembe Mathe started using a
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was a major player on the South African jazz scene, for example. Among the most popular performers of the region within Zimbabwe, however, was 1980s
516:
music, it is also known as Mangoma. There is frequent debate around the origin Zimdancehall within Zimbabwe. Notable Zimdancehall performers include
392:-based, street music from the southern part of Africa with jazzy underpinnings and a distinctive, skiffle-like beat. It is also closely related to
238:(guitar and vocals) Naison Chimbetu, Ronnie Gatakata, Michel Jambo (drums), Ephraim Joe (guitar), Moses Marasha (bass), Never Moyo (lead guitar),
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1911:. "Jit, Mbira and Chimurenga: Play It Loud!". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.),
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are political, praising just leadership and encouraging rising up against bad governance. Many of his albums are named after a word meaning
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813:, playing a style of music based on traditional mbira rhythms and melodies, but incorporating various other instruments and styles (like
801:
There is also pop music in Zimbabwe and around the world that incorporates Zimbabwean indigenous instruments. For example, mbira player
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government resulting in the banning of most of his music on state owned radio and TV. Another musician with striking lyrics is the late
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who only became popular in the early 21st century with the hit song "Mirira Mangwanani"; though she first recorded in the nineties.
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862:. The original Selimba was an 11-key instrument. Mathe built later a soprano, a tenor, and a bass. using Mukwa wood for the keys.
180:. Their music symbolizes much more than a simple rhythm, as the folk and pop style styled music was used as a symbol of hope for
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resonator) which amplifies the sound and augments using shells or bottle caps placed around the edges. Often accompanied by the
99:
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Sungura and Jit. However, several performers were banned by state TV and radio leading to the closing of several music venues.
457:, but shifted after independence to speaking out about perceived corruption and mismanagement of the Zimbabwean government of
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The Pakare Paye Centre has worked for spreading Zimbabwean Jazz to young musicians since 2004, founded by Afro-Jazz musician
56:
2039:
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Brown, Ernest D. (1994). "The Guitar and the 'Mbira': Resilience, Assimilation, and Pan-Africanism in Zimbabwean Music".
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478:. He played in a plethora of styles, and was known for penetrating lyrics; for example, he wrote a second song about
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people to their land and this deep connection has helped communities in Zimbabwe to continue their tradition of
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has been described as "Zimbabwe's first real gospel star". Other population musicians in this genre include
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1511:(1st Paperback ed.). Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 17–18.
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Some famous Zimbabwean rock bands are - Dividing The Element, Evicted, Flying Bantu and Chikwata-263.
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fame. It has continued to develop and traits of this music can be seen in the works of his grandson,
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1838:
Zimbabwe Urban Grooves Music and the Interconnections between Youth Identities and Celebrity Culture
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1844:(Thesis). Department of English in the Faculty of Humanities at the University of the Free State.
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1928:"Sungura Music's Development in Zimbabwe: The Emergence of Trendsetters, Emulators and Copycats"
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counted many notable future hit makers as members. Their roll included John Chibadura (guitar)
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has played a significant role in the history of Zimbabwe, from a vital role in the traditional
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family, it is created from things found in nature such as a wooden board (often fitted with a
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885:, has been instrumental in the development of Zimbabwean music. Seminal 1950s guitarist
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1683:"'We feel like aliens': Shabazz Palaces, the hip-hop duo beamed in from another planet"
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356:, is a generic term for electric guitar-driven pop, and includes popular acts like the
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but its popularity has inspired Zimbabwe's own brand of rumba in musicians such as
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278:, the effervescent Khiama Boys, veteran Simon Chimbetu and then upcoming artistes
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1257:"Zimbabwe's Dividing The Element Unleash The World's First Shona Metal Album"
998:. His lyrics were mostly centered on love and relationships, with songs like
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A second generation of artists such as Trevor Dongo, Drum Dada, Q Montana,
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1602:
The Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe
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The early nineties saw the rising of new gospel stars in the mold of
393:
2002:
1989: : the world's largest mbira masters video and notation Archive
1446:"Book: Lion Songs, Thomas Mapfumo and the Music That Made Zimbabwe"
881:-dominated region of the southwest of Zimbabwe, including the city
846:
was introduced in Zimbabwean Music during the early 1960s when the
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1712:"A Modern Tradition: The Social History of the Zimbabwean Marimba"
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had a following across Africa and was the writer for the hit song
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663:
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described as "the best live band in the world"). Internationally,
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1983: : Mbira Education Website by Forward Kwenda and Andy Fowler
1177:. In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Trillo, Richard (eds.).
688:
479:
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1971:(Sony Radio Award-winning program) Accessed November 25, 2010.
2010:, an annual performance and workshop festival in North America
1974:
1890:"Liberation and Loss: The Tangled History of Zimbabwean Music"
349:
28:
917:, Lwazi Tshabangu, Kuxxman, Go Boyz, Achuzi, Beate Mangethe,
1980:
1787:"The Legendary George Sibanda / RootsWorld Recording Review"
1763:"About Marimba | History Of The African Marimba Of Zimbabwe"
1986:
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Gospel music became popular in Zimbabwe in the late 1980s.
313:, the Pengaudzoke frontmen who were pursuing solo careers.
2007:
1372:"Jit -- What you teach your kids about the world MATTERS"
865:
Michael Bhule built the first set of Kwanongoma marimba.
590:
Gospel artists who emerged from the mid nineties include
294:, whose musical project was a spinoff of the double play
168:
is heavily reliant on the use of instruments such as the
1977:
A non-profit resource for Zimbabwean music & culture
1179:
World Music Volume 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East
547:. Soukos has been an influence on other artists such as
472:
was a prolific recorder who also appeared in films like
1992:
1913:
World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East
1276:"Sungura in Zimbabwe and the Limits of Cosmopolitanism"
666:
is an integral part of Zimbabwean music. Classified by
498:
Mokoomba at the music festival "Bardentreffen" 2013 in
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instrument called Selimba, common in the southwest of
606:, The Gospel Trumpet of the "Rose Of Sharon" fame and
2019:
1915:, pp. 706–716. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.
1557:
1555:
1421:"Zimbabwean Afro-Jazz icon impacting young musicians"
1473:
Singing culture: A study of gospel music in Zimbabwe
1063:
and Nehoreka have come to prominence more recently.
2368:
2343:
2062:
830:by Tendai Maraire (son of traditional mbira player
809:have reached platinum record sales in Zimbabwe and
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1599:
1573:. 57 pages, includes illustrations; + 1 videodisc.
1172:
869:composed the first repertoire for the instrument.
305:Other artists to come through this decade include
274:The 90s decade was dominated by musicians such as
598:with his hits "Makanaka Jesu" and "Cherechedza",
1502:
1500:
1040:Artists such as Sanii Makhalima, Alexio Kawara,
731:Mbira player with other musicians from 1865 book
445:developed a style of music based on traditional
1563:The mbira and sungura guitar styles of Zimbabwe
1396:"Jon Dennis analyses John Peel's top 20 albums"
1969:BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Zimbabwe 1988.
1812:"The Legendary George Sibanda/Zambia Roadside"
1232:"An eviction that inspired the "Evicted Band""
2040:
1926:Muranda, Richard; Maguraushe, Wonder (2013).
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
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441:word for struggle. Mapfumo and his band, the
8:
762:scene. Some renowned mbira players include
535:, or 'Soukos' is mostly associated with the
336:Mbube, the related South African vocal music
512:is Zimbabwean music influenced by Jamaican
298:, an act fronted by Zhakata and his cousin
158:Zimbabwean primary school students playing
2047:
2033:
2025:
2003:Zambuko Solomon Murungu's Shona Music Site
1583:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1174:"Jit, Mbira and Chimurenga: Play It Loud!"
826:critically acclaimed American hip-hop duo
1835:Tivenga, Doreen Rumbidzai (August 2018).
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1606:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
986:. His music earned him the wrath of the
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734:
726:
256:
153:
146:Musicians playing Zimbabwean pop music,
130:
1137:"Zimbabwe's Powerful Music of Struggle"
1124:
905:. Ndebele musicians who are active are
1576:
1476:. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
1078:International Library of African Music
893:which is sung all over the world, and
750:commonly used to accompany mbira music
290:. One of the stars of the decade was
196:used to call on ancestral spirits, to
1757:
1755:
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1705:
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1181:. London: Rough Guides Ltd. pp.
1171:Kendall, Judy; Eyre, Banning (1999).
7:
1130:
1128:
1052:, Stach, Betty Makaya, Extra Large,
57:adding citations to reliable sources
848:Kwanongoma College of African Music
704:used to call on ancestral spirits.
1855:Denselow, Robin (April 25, 2013).
1018:'s style of controversial lyrics.
184:looking to gain independence from
25:
2014:Africa Beats: Zimbabwe's Mokoomba
2355:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2125:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1935:The Journal of Music and Meaning
1857:"Mokoomba: Zimbabwe's new sound"
1681:Bakare, Lanre (August 9, 2017).
587:debut solo albums respectively.
537:Democratic Republic of the Congo
397:an artist in the early 1940s is
33:
686:. It is frequently played in a
486:hit song "Yakauya AIDS iriko".
44:needs additional citations for
1274:Perman, Tony (December 2012).
1:
1894:daily.redbullmusicacademy.com
627:Stanley Gwanzura (Pastor Gee)
592:Pastor Haisa (Lawrence Haisa)
1995:Erica Azim's site, based in
1598:Berliner, Paul (June 1993).
1292:10.1080/17411912.2012.709815
1108:List of Zimbabwean musicians
18:Zimbabwean traditional music
1322:"Popular music in Zimbabwe"
716:despite the development of
621:-based contemporary style.
407:Prince Kudakwashe Musarurwa
381:Afro jazz (Zimbabwean jazz)
2475:
1025:
423:
377:was named for this style.
333:
2008:Zimbabwean Music Festival
1376:Online education for kids
968:. However, the lyrics of
2110:Central African Republic
545:Leonard Karikoga Zhakata
433:is a genre developed by
1507:Berliner, Paul (1978).
1470:Chitando, Ezra (2002).
1351:World Music Central.org
1012:Dai Hanzvadzi Yairoorwa
2020:Zimvibes Music Station
1728:10.21504/amj.v9i2.1803
1710:JONES, CLAIRE (2012).
1657:"Musician Biographies"
751:
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674:, part of the plucked
613:In the late-nineties,
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2270:São Tomé and Príncipe
2130:Republic of the Congo
1816:Pittsburgh City Paper
1280:Ethnomusicology Forum
1008:Vanotipedzera Mashoko
996:Chazezesa Challengers
921:, Afrika Revenge and
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424:Further information:
260:
246:(guitar and vocals).
212:
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145:
134:
1044:, David Chifunyise,
945:the Harare 10-piece
913:Majahawodwa Ndlovu,
754:Though musicologist
567:, Freedom Sengwayo,
561:Jonathan Wutawunashe
364:(a band UK radio DJ
360:, Mike Mopo and the
53:improve this article
2345:States with limited
1888:(8 February 2019).
1208:"True Jit Bulawayo"
549:The R.U.N.N. family
68:"Music of Zimbabwe"
1907:Kendall, Judy and
1791:www.rootsworld.com
1534:The World of Music
1353:. 19 December 2016
1347:"Zimbabwean Music"
1113:Zimbabwean hip hop
1088:Zimbabwean Marimba
1028:Zimbabwean hip hop
1004:Ukarambwa Usachema
903:Lovemore Majaivana
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569:Mechanic Manyeruke
507:
482:in Zimbabwe after
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264:performing in 2012
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2459:Music of Zimbabwe
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2445:
2372:other territories
2145:Equatorial Guinea
1632:"mbira musicians"
1617:978-0-226-04379-1
1509:The Soul of Mbira
1135:Dwamena, Anakwa.
1000:Anodyiwa Haataure
978:war of liberation
796:Chiwoniso Maraire
242:(rhythm guitar),
214:Digvijay Bhonsale
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16:(Redirected from
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2432:(United Kingdom)
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2063:Sovereign states
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1565:. Harare. 2018.
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943:Suluman Chimbetu
832:Dumisani Maraire
776:Chartwell Dutiro
764:Dumisani Maraire
739:Mbira dzavadzimu
643:Vabati VaJehovah
615:Charles Charamba
608:Shingisai Suluma
580:Ivy Kombo - Moyo
543:, Papa Jose and
443:Blacks Unlimited
431:Chimurenga music
426:Chimurenga music
420:Chimurenga music
399:August Musarurwa
358:New Black Eagles
352:, also known as
296:Maungwe Brothers
288:Somandla Ndebele
166:Zimbabwean music
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1879:Further reading
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1263:. May 23, 2018.
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935:Oliver Mtukudzi
931:
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828:Shabazz Palaces
772:Stella Chiweshe
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631:Kudzai Nyakudya
565:Jordan Chataika
557:
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492:
484:Paul Matavire's
467:
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414:Oliver Mtukudzi
386:Zimbabwean jazz
383:
370:The Bhundu Boys
347:
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307:Joseph Garakara
292:Leonard Zhakata
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915:Sandra Ndebele
907:Black Umfolosi
895:Dorothy Masuka
887:George Sibanda
874:
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867:Alport Mhlanga
839:
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823:Thomas Mapfumo
805:with his band
792:Forward Kwenda
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2016:- Tonga Music
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702:Bira ceremony
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668:musicologists
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641:outfits like
640:
637:, and gospel
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522:Soul Jah love
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470:Tuku Mtukudzi
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459:Robert Mugabe
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315:Alick Macheso
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280:Alick Macheso
277:
276:Leonard Dembo
272:
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262:Alick Macheso
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252:Alick Macheso
247:
245:
241:
240:Bata Sinfirio
237:
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198:protest songs
195:
194:Bira ceremony
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73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2420:Saint Helena
2391:
2334:
2295:South Africa
2285:Sierra Leone
2090:Burkina Faso
1987:Mbira.Online
1975:Dandemutande
1951:. Retrieved
1938:
1934:
1912:
1909:Banning Eyre
1897:. Retrieved
1893:
1864:. Retrieved
1861:The Guardian
1860:
1850:
1837:
1830:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:
1805:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:
1781:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
1722:(2): 32–56.
1719:
1715:
1690:. Retrieved
1687:The Guardian
1686:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1601:
1593:
1562:
1537:
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1527:
1508:
1487:. Retrieved
1472:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:
1440:
1429:. Retrieved
1427:. 2018-02-06
1424:
1415:
1404:. Retrieved
1402:. 2005-10-12
1400:the Guardian
1399:
1390:
1379:. Retrieved
1375:
1366:
1355:. Retrieved
1350:
1341:
1330:. Retrieved
1328:. 2014-11-24
1325:
1316:
1283:
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1269:
1260:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:
1226:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:
1201:
1178:
1144:. Retrieved
1140:
1058:
1039:
1035:
1032:Zimdancehall
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
981:
977:
973:
962:Steve Makoni
949:
932:
876:
864:
853:
841:
800:
768:Ephat Mujuru
753:
722:
706:
687:
672:lamellaphone
661:
647:Shower Power
623:
612:
589:
577:
573:Brian Sibalo
558:
531:
510:Zimdancehall
508:
490:Zimdancehall
473:
468:
429:
411:
390:pennywhistle
384:
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267:
248:
232:
224:
165:
164:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
2347:recognition
2300:South Sudan
2190:Ivory Coast
1103:Hugh Tracey
1098:Shona music
966:Bhundu Boys
919:Vusa Mkhaya
899:Ndebele pop
891:Guabi Guabi
803:Chris Berry
780:Mbuya Dyoko
760:world music
756:Hugh Tracey
718:colonialism
714:mbira music
653:Instruments
596:Brother Sam
354:Harare beat
324:Tanto Wavie
284:Tongai Moyo
182:Zimbabweans
174:Ngoma drums
138:in Zimbabwe
136:Ngoma drums
2402:(Portugal)
2360:Somaliland
2280:Seychelles
2245:Mozambique
2230:Mauritania
2215:Madagascar
2170:The Gambia
2105:Cape Verde
1821:2020-06-08
1796:2020-06-08
1772:2021-04-08
1571:1105749905
1431:2021-04-07
1425:Africanews
1406:2020-06-10
1381:2021-04-07
1357:2020-11-30
1332:2021-03-31
1217:2021-04-07
1146:2020-11-30
1119:References
1026:See also:
983:Chimurenga
901:sensation
811:Mozambique
710:indigenous
639:a cappella
465:Tuku Music
334:See also:
109:March 2021
79:newspapers
2235:Mauritius
1993:Mbira.org
1953:24 August
1947:1603-7170
1899:24 August
1736:0065-4019
1661:mbira.org
1579:cite book
1489:24 August
1308:144463915
1300:1741-1912
1083:Makwayera
911:Insingizi
819:dancehall
680:resonator
676:idiophone
635:Tembalami
514:dancehall
500:Nuremberg
455:Ian Smith
451:Rhodesian
366:John Peel
148:Mberengwa
2453:Category
2426: /
2422: /
2415:(France)
2409: /
2387: /
2383: /
2335:Zimbabwe
2310:Tanzania
2160:Ethiopia
2155:Eswatini
2135:Djibouti
2100:Cameroon
2085:Botswana
1997:Berkeley
1744:24877253
1546:43561389
1261:Rock Pit
1241:July 20,
1067:See also
1061:Mokoomba
974:uprising
950:Nehoreka
883:Bulawayo
873:Bulawayo
694:calabash
403:Skokiaan
186:Rhodesia
160:marimbas
2411:Réunion
2407:Mayotte
2398:Madeira
2393:(Spain)
2389:Melilla
2320:Tunisia
2290:Somalia
2275:Senegal
2260:Nigeria
2250:Namibia
2240:Morocco
2205:Liberia
2200:Lesotho
2150:Eritrea
2120:Comoros
2095:Burundi
2070:Algeria
1183:706-716
1054:Maskiri
994:of the
988:ZANU-PF
879:Ndebele
844:marimba
838:Marimba
815:hip-hop
619:Sungura
571:, and
518:Winky D
504:Germany
401:of the
229:Sungura
93:scholar
2430:
2413:
2400:
2330:Zambia
2325:Uganda
2265:Rwanda
2220:Malawi
2180:Guinea
2075:Angola
1945:
1919:
1742:
1734:
1614:
1569:
1544:
1515:
1480:
1306:
1298:
1189:
1016:Eminem
964:, and
929:Lyrics
923:Ramadu
860:Zambia
807:Panjea
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