636:, as the zinc is attacked by ammonium chloride. The zinc container becomes thinner as the cell is used, because zinc metal is oxidized to zinc ions. When the zinc case thins enough, zinc chloride begins to leak out of the battery. The old dry cell is not leak-proof and becomes very sticky as the paste leaks through the holes in the zinc case. The zinc casing in the dry cell gets thinner even when the cell is not being used, because the ammonium chloride inside the battery reacts with the zinc. An "inside-out" form with a carbon cup and zinc vanes on the interior, while more leak-resistant, has not been manufactured since the 1960s.
175:
640:
687:
284:
1220:
221:. Continual improvements were made to the stability and capacity of zinc–carbon cells throughout the 20th century; by the end of the century the capacities had increased fourfold over the 1910 equivalent. Improvements include the use of purer grades of manganese dioxide, the addition of graphite powder to the manganese dioxide to lower
690:
Disassembled zinc chloride cell (similar to zinc carbon cell). 1: entire cell, 2: steel casing, 3: zinc negative electrode, 4: carbon rod, 5: positive electrode (manganese dioxide mixed with carbon powder and electrolyte), 6: paper separator, 7: polyethylene leak proof isolation, 8: sealing rings, 9:
601:
battery, is an improvement on the original zinc–carbon cell, using purer chemicals and giving a longer service life and steadier voltage output as it is used and offering about twice the service life of general-purpose zinc–carbon cells, or up to four times in continuous-use or high-drain
573:. The approximate nature of the e.m.f is related to the complexity of the cathode reaction. The anode (zinc) reaction is comparatively simple with a known potential. Side reactions and depletion of the active chemicals increases the
229:(usually marketed as "heavy duty" batteries) use a higher concentration of anolyte (or anode electrolyte) which is primarily composed of zinc chloride, which can produce a more consistent voltage output in high drain applications.
31:
232:
Side reactions between impurities in the zinc metal/zinc chloride anode, and the ammonium chloride electrolyte can increase the self-discharge rate and promote corrosion of the cell. Formerly, the zinc was coated with
241:, protecting it. Given that this is an environmental hazard, current production batteries no longer use mercury. Manufacturers must now use more highly purified zinc to prevent local action and self-discharge.
143:
and other portable devices possible, because the battery provided a higher energy density at a lower cost than previously available cells. They are still useful in low-drain or intermittent-use devices such as
264:
to form an aqueous electrolyte paste. The paper separator prevents a short circuit from forming by protecting the zinc can from making contact with the cathode, which is a mixture of powdered carbon (usually
101:, that collects the current from the manganese dioxide electrode. The name "zinc-carbon" is slightly misleading as it implies that carbon is acting as the oxidizing agent rather than the manganese dioxide.
679:
regulations, and as such zinc–carbon batteries must not be thrown out with domestic waste. In the EU, most stores that sell batteries are required by law to accept old batteries for
315:
atoms to combine forming hydrogen gas. The ratio of manganese dioxide and carbon powder in the cathode paste affects the characteristics of the cell: more carbon powder lowers
252:
The container of the zinc–carbon dry cell is a zinc can (anode). The bottom and sides of the can contains a paper separator layer which is impregnated with ammonium chloride (
672:
311:
as well as to contain any internal pressure which may form as a result of hydrogen gas buildup during discharge. The carbon rod is slightly porous, which allows more charged
299:. A layer of starch-coated paper is used in modern cells, which is thinner and allows more manganese dioxide to be used. Originally cells were sealed with a layer of
624:
on the battery jacket must be avoided. By the end of the 20th century, the storage life of zinc–carbon cells had improved fourfold over expected life in 1910.
958:
1052:
322:
Flat cells are made for assembly into batteries with higher voltages, up to about 450 volts. Flat cells are stacked and the whole assembly is coated in
1149:
620:. Zinc–carbon batteries may be frozen without damage; manufacturers recommend that they be returned to normal room temperature before use, and that
1122:
1107:
914:
647:
This picture shows the zinc container of fresh batteries at (a), and discharged batteries at (b) and (c). The battery shown at (c) had a
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1307:
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616:
Manufacturers recommend storage of zinc–carbon batteries at room temperature; storage at higher temperatures reduces the expected
1470:
1398:
999:
338:
Zinc–carbon batteries have a lower per unit cost and are often used as power for appliances that consume little energy, like
608:
offer up to eight times the battery life of zinc–carbon batteries, especially in continuous-use or high-drain applications.
276:), which is packed around a carbon rod. Carbon is the only practical conductor material because every common metal quickly
1635:
1480:
218:
1142:
244:
As of 2011, zinc–carbon batteries accounted for 20% of all portable batteries in the United
Kingdom and 18% in the E.U.
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considers all batteries as hazardous waste when discarded, and has banned the disposal of batteries with other
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Other side reactions are possible, but the overall reaction in a zinc–carbon cell can be represented as
135:
Zinc–carbon batteries were the first commercial dry batteries, developed from the technology of the wet
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Old 3 V zinc–carbon battery (around 1960), with cardboard casing housing two cells in series.
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In a zinc–carbon dry cell, the outer zinc container is the negatively charged terminal.
819:
739:
89:, which is typically constructed as a cylindrical container for the battery cell, and a
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1192:
1102:
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371:
156:. Zinc-carbon batteries today have been mostly replaced by the more efficient and safe
145:
54:
1073:
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479:
304:
125:
113:
330:. Electrons flow from the anode to cathode through the wire of the attached device.
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applications. This is still a fraction of the output of an alkaline cell, however.
209:
used consumer batteries manufactured by W. H. Lawrence to power what was the first
187:
153:
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negative terminal, 10: positive terminal (originally connected to carbon rod).
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in the positive electrode when in the presence of a salt-based electrolyte.
277:
930:
190:
patented a "dry" version by using a casing made of zinc sheet metal as the
291:
Early types, and low-cost cells, use a separator consisting of a layer of
1272:
375:
312:
266:
199:
47:
1127:
1080:. California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle)
1579:
824:
300:
217:. In 1900, Gassner demonstrated dry cells for portable lighting at the
98:
577:
of the battery, which causes the terminal voltage to drop under load.
292:
90:
796:"What is the difference between Alkaline and Carbon Zinc batteries?"
30:
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685:
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383:
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29:
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186:
was made with a compressed block of manganese dioxide. In 1886,
82:
62:
1131:
1123:
Power dense zinc-manganese power unit as cheap as a car battery
663:
Disposal varies by jurisdiction. For example, in the U.S., the
1599:
740:"Eveready Carbon Zinc Battery Handbook and Application Manual"
323:
226:
346:. Zinc-carbon batteries were in common use with hand-cranked
225:, better sealing, and purer zinc for the negative electrode.
104:
General-purpose batteries may use an acidic aqueous paste of
303:
to prevent drying out of the electrolyte; more recently, a
116:
solution on a paper separator to act as what is known as a
651:
protection film (mostly removed in the photo) to keep the
319:, while more manganese dioxide improves storage capacity.
486:
as the electrolyte, the anode reaction remains the same:
585:
The zinc-chloride cell, frequently referred to as a
81:
Cl) electrolyte. It produces a voltage of about 1.5
1557:
1529:
1351:
1227:
1165:
671:. In Europe, battery disposal is controlled by the
1108:Rayovac: Alkaline and Heavy Duty Application Notes
1000:"How do batteries work? A simple introduction"
643:Progressive corrosion of zinc–carbon batteries
1143:
903:Linden, David; Reddy, Thomas B. (2002). "8".
350:phones, powering the microphone and speaker.
8:
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896:
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93:rod surrounded by a compound with a higher
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1136:
1128:
734:
732:
1018:"Put a charge into your battery savings"
124:types use a paste primarily composed of
1103:Eveready: Carbon Zinc Application Notes
728:
401:Cathode (reduction reaction, marked +)
152:. Zinc–carbon dry cells are single-use
770:"Carbon Zinc - Batteries - Electrical"
287:Cross-section of a zinc–carbon battery
213:, and subsequently the two formed the
34:Zinc–carbon batteries of various sizes
1078:Waste Prevention Information Exchange
389:Anode (oxidation reaction, marked −)
7:
847:
845:
843:
841:
307:washer seal is used to help prevent
1113:Power Stream Battery Chemistry FAQs
931:"Monthly Battery Sales Statistics"
498:and the cathode reaction produces
269:powder) and manganese (IV) oxide (
97:(positive polarity), known as the
25:
853:"Batteries | Boundless Chemistry"
1218:
1055:from the original on 2015-02-12
1002:. 24 April 2006. Archived from
632:Zinc–carbon cells have a short
581:Zinc-chloride "heavy duty" cell
112:Cl) as electrolyte, with some
1:
362:Ammonium chloride electrolyte
538:giving the overall reaction
342:for television, clocks, and
95:Standard electrode potential
702:Comparison of battery types
1652:
987:EPBA Sustainability Report
820:"Carbon Zinc Aa Batteries"
167:
1308:Metal–air electrochemical
1216:
1045:"Zinc Chloride Batteries"
857:courses.lumenlearning.com
474:Zinc chloride electrolyte
148:, flashlights, clocks or
975:Battery Waste Management
215:Eveready Battery Company
73:) in the presence of an
59:electrochemical reaction
27:Type of dry cell battery
961:March 25, 2012, at the
326:to prevent electrolyte
55:direct electric current
1610:Semipermeable membrane
1399:Lithium–iron–phosphate
955:INOBAT 2008 statistics
692:
644:
599:super-extra-heavy-duty
288:
179:
170:History of the battery
46:in U.S. English) is a
35:
1481:Rechargeable alkaline
1159:Electrochemical cells
906:Handbook of batteries
712:List of battery types
707:List of battery sizes
689:
642:
569:(e.m.f.) of about 1.5
286:
219:World's Fair in Paris
177:
33:
1636:Disposable batteries
1461:Nickel–metal hydride
659:Environmental impact
504:manganese(III) oxide
382:, via the following
1471:Polysulfide–bromide
1313:Nickel oxyhydroxide
1205:Thermogalvanic cell
665:state of California
655:inside the casing.
575:internal resistance
567:electromotive force
565:The battery has an
482:is substituted for
317:internal resistance
227:Zinc-chloride cells
223:internal resistance
44:carbon zinc battery
40:zinc–carbon battery
1234:(non-rechargeable)
1178:Concentration cell
877:"Dry cell battery"
800:KodakBatteries.com
717:Photoflash battery
693:
645:
606:Alkaline batteries
354:Chemical reactions
289:
180:
158:alkaline batteries
36:
1618:
1617:
1118:Cell Construction
937:. MoETI. May 2020
916:978-0-07-135978-8
677:Battery Directive
522:O + 2 e → Mn
484:ammonium chloride
417:O + 2 e → Mn
348:telephone magneto
182:By 1876, the wet
150:transistor radios
106:ammonium chloride
85:between the zinc
75:ammonium chloride
67:manganese dioxide
16:(Redirected from
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1414:Lithium–titanate
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595:super-heavy-duty
591:extra-heavy-duty
490:Zn + 2 Cl → ZnCl
393:Zn + 2 Cl → ZnCl
262:thickening agent
237:(Hg) to form an
196:plaster of Paris
21:
18:Zinc-carbon cell
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340:remote controls
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260:) along with a
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194:and a paste of
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146:remote controls
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51:primary battery
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1511:Vanadium redox
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1193:Trough battery
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1006:on 2020-06-09.
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376:chloride anion
372:charge carrier
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184:Leclanché cell
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137:Leclanché cell
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53:that provides
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1631:Battery types
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977:– 2006 DEFRA.
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305:thermoplastic
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216:
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208:
207:Conrad Hubert
203:
201:
197:
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176:
171:
163:
161:
159:
155:
154:primary cells
151:
147:
142:
138:
133:
127:
126:zinc chloride
123:
119:
115:
114:zinc chloride
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
76:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
1516:Zinc–bromine
1342:
1323:Silver oxide
1258:Chromic acid
1230:Primary cell
1210:Voltaic pile
1188:Flow battery
1082:. Retrieved
1077:
1068:
1057:. Retrieved
1039:
1028:. Retrieved
1026:. 2015-04-29
1021:
1012:
1004:the original
994:
982:
970:
950:
939:. Retrieved
934:
925:
905:
871:
860:. Retrieved
856:
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823:
814:
803:. Retrieved
799:
790:
779:. Retrieved
773:
764:
753:. Retrieved
746:
662:
649:polyethylene
646:
631:
622:condensation
618:service life
615:
604:
598:
594:
590:
586:
584:
564:
537:
497:
477:
436:
400:
388:
366:The zinc is
365:
357:
337:
321:
290:
251:
248:Construction
243:
231:
204:
198:(and later,
188:Carl Gassner
181:
139:. They made
134:
121:
103:
43:
39:
37:
1605:Salt bridge
1590:Electrolyte
1521:Zinc–cerium
1506:Solid state
1491:Silver–zinc
1466:Nickel–zinc
1451:Nickel–iron
1426:Molten salt
1394:Dual carbon
1389:Lithium ion
1384:Lithium–air
1343:Zinc–carbon
1318:Silicon–air
1298:Lithium–air
1084:5 September
1074:"Batteries"
1049:Radio Shack
328:evaporation
141:flashlights
118:salt bridge
1625:Categories
1558:Cell parts
1549:Solar cell
1531:Other cell
1496:Sodium ion
1367:Automotive
1059:2015-06-19
1030:2015-06-19
941:2020-08-07
862:2022-01-20
831:2022-02-25
805:2022-02-25
781:2022-02-25
755:2022-02-25
723:References
653:zinc oxide
634:shelf life
628:Durability
587:heavy-duty
542:Zn + 2 MnO
441:Zn + 2 MnO
211:flashlight
168:See also:
122:Heavy-duty
1595:Half-cell
1585:Electrode
1544:Fuel cell
1421:Metal–air
1372:Lead–acid
1288:Leclanché
1200:Fuel cell
935:Baj.or.jp
748:Energizer
681:recycling
205:In 1898,
202:powder).
65:(Zn) and
57:from the
1575:Catalyst
1436:Nanowire
1431:Nanopore
1377:gel–VRLA
1338:Zinc–air
1243:Alkaline
1053:Archived
959:Archived
696:See also
558:+ Zn(OH)
530:+ Zn(OH)
453:O → ZnCl
368:oxidised
313:hydrogen
278:corrodes
267:graphite
200:graphite
61:between
48:dry cell
1580:Cathode
1333:Zamboni
1303:Mercury
1268:Daniell
989:, 2010.
825:Walmart
612:Storage
370:by the
309:leakage
301:asphalt
239:amalgam
235:mercury
164:History
99:cathode
1570:Binder
1328:Weston
1253:Bunsen
913:
751:. 2018
550:O → Mn
534:+ 2 Cl
514:+ ZnCl
465:+ 2 NH
449:Cl + H
445:+ 2 NH
433:+ 2 Cl
413:Cl + H
409:+ 2 NH
293:starch
91:carbon
1565:Anode
1283:Grove
1263:Clark
1166:Types
743:(PDF)
597:, or
510:2 MnO
494:+ 2 e
405:2 MnO
397:+ 2 e
297:flour
192:anode
128:(ZnCl
87:anode
83:volts
1600:Ions
1086:2012
911:ISBN
675:and
502:and
457:+ Mn
425:+ 2
334:Uses
69:(MnO
63:zinc
42:(or
1273:Dry
546:+ H
518:+ H
478:If
324:wax
295:or
271:MnO
132:).
120:.
108:(NH
77:(NH
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885:^
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798:.
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731:^
683:.
593:,
589:,
506:.
469:OH
431:OH
427:NH
386::
374:,
258:Cl
254:NH
160:.
38:A
1151:e
1144:t
1137:v
1088:.
1062:.
1033:.
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784:.
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571:V
560:2
556:3
554:O
552:2
548:2
544:2
532:2
528:3
526:O
524:2
520:2
516:2
512:2
492:2
467:4
463:3
461:O
459:2
455:2
451:2
447:4
443:2
429:4
423:3
421:O
419:2
415:2
411:4
407:2
395:2
380:2
273:2
256:4
130:2
110:4
79:4
71:2
20:)
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