311:
celebrations, rather than a separate one dedicated specifically to this god. The rites involved the recitation of "the words of the bread loaves" in Palaic. The related text CTH 751 mentions a sacrifice of a bull during which the formula "Hey
Ziparwa! A bull! A bull!" had to be recited. An old woman
199:
10, used to designate such deities, can be read as
Ziparwa's name, but there is no certain proof in favor of this interpretation. Piotr Taracha has suggested that his name might have originally been an epithet applied to a weather god bearing a Palaic name. This assumption relies on the proposed
241:
The religion of the
Palaians is only known from Hittite accounts. As a result, most of the available information about Ziparwa comes from Hittite texts, though there is no indication that he was ever a "pan-Anatolian" deity, and it is presumed his
204:. Both might be variants of the same Hattic term in origin. Taracha assumes that under Hattian influence, a Palaic god received a new title, and that his original name was close to Hittite Tarḫunna and Luwian
312:
speaking in Palaic had to reassure the god that the animal he was provided with was of best quality. The text also explains which body parts were not suitable for an offering to
Ziparwa.
99:
in origin, though he was also associated with vegetation. Information about the worship of
Ziparwa comes exclusively from Hittite texts, though some of them indicate that formulas in
188:
beginning with the sound /f/ or /v/". On this basis it is presumed that
Ziparwa's name had Hattic roots. It might have originally been pronounced as /Zaparfa/.
215:
It is presumed
Ziparawa also functioned as a god of vegetation. He appears in a Palaic myth assumed to be analogous to the Hittite composition about
680:
835:
862:
246:
was centered in Pala. At some point he was incorporated into the
Hittite pantheon, and a temple dedicated to him existed in
897:
289:
288:. They took part on the twelfth and thirteenth days, and the king was expected to visit his temple on both. The text
892:
243:
887:
882:
292:
750 had often been described as an account of a separate
Hittite festival of Ziparwa following a proposal of
281:
902:
216:
302:
696:
Marcuson, Hannah (2011). "The
Festival of Ziparwa and the AN.TAḪ.ŠUM and nuntarriyašḫa-Festivals".
263:
762:
721:
297:
229:
was likely regarded as Ziparwa's spouse. They were regarded as the main pair of deities in the
208:. Daniel Schwemer notes that another possibility is that might have been an epithet of Hattian
858:
831:
795:
754:
713:
676:
285:
850:
787:
746:
705:
293:
230:
124:
29:
274:
222:
68:
251:
182:
136:
128:
120:
100:
88:
53:
296:
from 1971, However, according to Hannah Marcuson it might have been a part of the spring
675:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East (in German). Brill.
250:. Deities worshiped in association with him by the Hittites came chiefly from Palaic or
116:
776:"The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies: Part II"
876:
766:
725:
830:. Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie. Vol. 27. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
280:
Celebrations in honor of Ziparwa formed a part of a state festival dedicated to the
268:
201:
83:, was the head of the pantheon of the Palaians, inhabitants of a region of northern
666:
645:
808:
226:
205:
670:
649:
192:
144:
96:
33:
791:
854:
209:
171:
132:
92:
799:
758:
717:
151:
750:
709:
191:
Hittite scribes apparently considered Ziparwa to belong to the category of
103:
were used during festivals dedicated to him held in Hittite cities such as
650:"Pantheon A. II. Bei den Hethitern · Pantheon A. II. In Hittite tradition"
181:, constituted a Hittite invention, and it is assumed that they reflected "
225:, a Hattian goddess most likely comparable to or outright identical with
196:
185:
140:
84:
259:
247:
104:
115:
Ziparwa was the head of the "extremely heterogenous" pantheon of the
775:
734:
284:
and the "gods of Hatti" as a whole, established during the reign of
150:
The original Palaic form of Ziparwa's name, Zaparwa, was spelled in
255:
512:
510:
563:
561:
426:
424:
422:
420:
395:
393:
391:
473:
471:
469:
467:
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327:
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200:
relation between his name and Taparwašu, a title of the
342:
340:
195:. It has been proposed that in Palaic context, the
64:
59:
49:
41:
21:
845:Yakubovich, Ilya (2022). "Peoples and Languages".
8:
254:milieus, with well attested examples being
627:
615:
603:
540:
516:
411:
162:, while the standard Hittite spelling was
780:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
735:""To show" in Hittite and Palaic Rituals"
591:
579:
567:
442:
430:
399:
828:Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia
552:
528:
477:
454:
382:
358:
346:
331:
321:
18:
7:
745:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 22–32.
704:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 63–72.
672:Geschichte der hethitischen Religion
501:
489:
370:
95:. It is often assumed that he was a
14:
143:which later came to be known as
123:, a language closely related to
1:
849:. De Gruyter. pp. 3–44.
813:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
739:Altorientalische Forschungen
698:Altorientalische Forschungen
654:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
919:
847:Handbook of Hittite Empire
792:10.1163/156921208786182428
733:Sasseville, David (2019).
855:10.1515/9783110661781-002
807:Schwemer, Daniel (2016),
774:Schwemer, Daniel (2008).
26:
826:Taracha, Piotr (2009).
139:, a northern region of
751:10.1515/aofo-2019-0003
710:10.1524/aofo.2011.0003
79:, originally known as
16:Palaic and Hittite god
282:Sun goddess of Arinna
898:Sky and weather gods
786:(1). Brill: 1–44.
111:Name and character
34:god of the weather
682:978-90-04-29394-6
445:, pp. 18–19.
361:, pp. 18–19.
202:Hittite storm god
170:. The signs with
74:
73:
50:Major cult center
910:
893:Palaic mythology
868:
841:
822:
821:
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803:
770:
729:
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335:
329:
306:
294:Emmanuel Laroche
272:
19:
918:
917:
913:
912:
911:
909:
908:
907:
888:Hattian deities
883:Hittite deities
873:
872:
871:
865:
844:
838:
825:
818:
816:
806:
773:
732:
695:
687:
685:
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665:
658:
656:
644:
640:
635:
634:
628:Sasseville 2019
626:
622:
616:Sasseville 2019
614:
610:
604:Sasseville 2019
602:
598:
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586:
578:
574:
566:
559:
551:
547:
541:Yakubovich 2022
539:
535:
527:
523:
517:Sasseville 2019
515:
508:
500:
496:
488:
484:
476:
461:
453:
449:
441:
437:
429:
418:
412:Yakubovich 2022
410:
406:
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389:
381:
377:
369:
365:
357:
353:
345:
338:
330:
323:
318:
300:
266:
239:
231:Palaic pantheon
179:
167:
159:
135:they inhabited
113:
37:
30:Palaic pantheon
17:
12:
11:
5:
916:
914:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
875:
874:
870:
869:
863:
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837:978-3447058858
836:
823:
804:
771:
730:
693:
681:
663:
641:
639:
636:
633:
632:
620:
608:
596:
584:
572:
557:
555:, p. 139.
545:
533:
531:, p. 114.
521:
506:
504:, p. 707.
494:
492:, p. 438.
482:
459:
447:
435:
433:, p. 320.
416:
404:
402:, p. 319.
387:
375:
373:, p. 611.
363:
351:
336:
334:, p. 311.
320:
319:
317:
314:
286:Šuppiluliuma I
238:
235:
177:
165:
157:
119:, speakers of
112:
109:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
36:and vegetation
27:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
915:
904:
901:
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864:9783110661781
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824:
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805:
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736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
684:
678:
674:
673:
668:
667:Haas, Volkert
664:
655:
651:
647:
646:Beckman, Gary
643:
642:
637:
630:, p. 26.
629:
624:
621:
618:, p. 28.
617:
612:
609:
606:, p. 22.
605:
600:
597:
594:, p. 63.
593:
592:Marcuson 2011
588:
585:
582:, p. 64.
581:
580:Marcuson 2011
576:
573:
570:, p. 71.
569:
568:Marcuson 2011
564:
562:
558:
554:
549:
546:
543:, p. 16.
542:
537:
534:
530:
525:
522:
519:, p. 24.
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
498:
495:
491:
486:
483:
480:, p. 58.
479:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
460:
457:, p. 47.
456:
451:
448:
444:
443:Schwemer 2008
439:
436:
432:
431:Schwemer 2016
427:
425:
423:
421:
417:
413:
408:
405:
401:
400:Schwemer 2016
396:
394:
392:
388:
385:, p. 37.
384:
379:
376:
372:
367:
364:
360:
355:
352:
349:, p. 38.
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
315:
313:
310:
309:nuntarriyašḫa
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
270:
265:
264:Ilaliyantikeš
261:
257:
253:
249:
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236:
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67:
63:
58:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
35:
31:
25:
20:
846:
827:
817:, retrieved
812:
783:
779:
742:
738:
701:
697:
686:. Retrieved
671:
657:, retrieved
653:
638:Bibliography
623:
611:
599:
587:
575:
553:Taracha 2009
548:
536:
529:Taracha 2009
524:
497:
485:
478:Taracha 2009
455:Taracha 2009
450:
438:
414:, p. 8.
407:
383:Taracha 2009
378:
366:
359:Taracha 2009
354:
347:Taracha 2009
332:Beckman 2005
308:
279:
258:(the Palaic
240:
221:
214:
193:weather gods
190:
175:
163:
155:
149:
114:
80:
76:
75:
28:Head of the
903:Nature gods
815:(in German)
301: [
267: [
223:Kataḫzipuri
212:in origin.
145:Paphlagonia
97:weather god
69:Kataḫzipuri
42:Other names
877:Categories
819:2022-12-05
688:2022-12-04
659:2022-12-05
316:References
298:AN.TAḪ.ŠUM
174:, such as
172:subscripts
133:Bronze Age
93:Bronze Age
809:"Ziparwa"
800:1569-2116
767:198490660
759:2196-6761
726:163784528
718:0232-8461
669:(2015) .
502:Haas 2015
490:Haas 2015
371:Haas 2015
307:and fall
227:Kamrušepa
186:syllables
164:Zi-pár-wa
156:Za-pár-wa
152:cuneiform
131:. In the
87:known as
60:Genealogy
648:(2005),
275:Ḫašamili
217:Telipinu
197:logogram
141:Anatolia
117:Palaians
85:Anatolia
260:sun god
248:Hattusa
237:Worship
206:Tarḫunz
125:Hittite
105:Hattusa
91:in the
81:Zaparwa
77:Ziparwa
45:Zaparwa
22:Ziparwa
861:
834:
798:
765:
757:
724:
716:
679:
252:Luwian
183:Hattic
129:Luwian
121:Palaic
101:Palaic
65:Spouse
763:S2CID
722:S2CID
305:]
271:]
256:Tiyad
168:(-a)-
160:(-a)-
859:ISBN
832:ISBN
796:ISSN
755:ISSN
714:ISSN
677:ISBN
244:cult
210:Taru
137:Pala
127:and
89:Pala
54:Pala
851:doi
788:doi
747:doi
706:doi
290:CTH
273:or
262:),
154:as
879::
857:.
811:,
794:.
782:.
778:.
761:.
753:.
743:46
741:.
737:.
720:.
712:.
702:38
700:.
652:,
560:^
509:^
462:^
419:^
390:^
339:^
324:^
303:de
277:.
269:de
233:.
219:.
176:wa
147:.
107:.
32:,
867:.
853::
840:.
802:.
790::
784:8
769:.
749::
728:.
708::
691:.
178:a
166:a
158:a
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