123:
preserved in the sample and then bring it into solution, usually an ammonium bicarbonate buffer. Denaturation is done to unfold the proteins and make them more accessible for the enzymatic digestion. It is done by heating the solubilised sample at around 65 °C. Then an enzyme, trypsin, is added to the solution. Trypsin cleaves the protein after every arginine or lysine amino acid in its sequence, resulting in peptide fragments of predictable masses. After digestion the sample is filtered with C18 filters to get rid of non-proteinaceous material and the sample is now ready for mass spectrometric analysis, which for ZooMS generally means MALDI-TOF MS.
55:
published that used an ammonium bicarbonate buffer to solubilise the collagen without dissolving the mineral matrix. In contrast to the acid protocol, the ammonium bicarbonate protocol does not affect the size and mass of the sample, making it a much less destructive method compared to the original protocol. In fact, the ammonium bicarbonate protocol was proposed as a non-destructive protocol for ZooMS, but in practice destructive samples are still taken for this protocol (see ). Submerging a sample in ammonium bicarbonate does chemically alter the ample, which is why current practices continue to take a destructive sample.
106:
64:
PVC eraser on a piece of parchment or bone. The friction generates triboelectric forces, which causes small particles of the sample to cling to the eraser waste. From the eraser waste collagen can then be extracted and analysed. The eraser protocol was found to work relatively well for parchment, but it is less effective on bone. Additionally, it leaves microscopic traces on the bone surface, which appear very similar to use wear traces and could be an issue for
1272:
1283:
114:
distance between two species, the more different their collagen proteins will be. ZooMS typically can identify a sample up to genus level, though in some cases the identification can be more or less specific. A good understanding of the archaeological context of the sample can be used to further refine the resolution of the species identification.
113:
ZooMS identifies species based on differences in the amino acid composition of the collagen protein. The amino acid sequence of a species’ collagen protein is determined by its DNA and as a result like DNA, the amino acid sequence reflects a species’ evolutionary history. The greater the evolutionary
79:
The last non-destructive protocol that has been published for ZooMS is the membrane box protocol. The membrane box protocol is based on contact electrification, which is the generation of electrostatic forces due to small localised differences in charge between two objects. These electrostatic forces
41:
and can be used for species identification of bones, teeth, skin and antler. It is commonly used to identify objects that cannot be identified morphologically. In an archaeological context this usually means that the object is too fragmented or that it has been shaped into an artefact. Archaeologists
50:
ZooMS was first published in 2009 by a team of researchers from the
University of York, but the term was coined later in a publication in 2010. The original aim of ZooMS was to distinguish between sheep and goat. The bones of these two closely related species are difficult to distinguish, especially
92:
Apart from non-destructive sampling, a second area of method development has been the expansion of reference biomarkers. To identify a species using ZooMS, a set of diagnostic biomarkers is used. These biomarkers correspond to particular fragments of the species’ collagen protein. The set of known
63:
Although the ammonium bicarbonate protocol should not be considered a non-destructive method, it was followed by more ‘true’ non-destructive methods. The first of these was the eraser protocol, first tested on parchment, but later also applied to bone. The eraser protocol is performed by rubbing a
54:
Most of the method development following the initial publication of ZooMS has focused on the extraction of collagen from the archaeological material. In the original protocol acid was used to dissolve the bone’s mineral matrix and free up the collagen. In 2011 an alternative extraction method was
314:
Fiddyment, Sarah; Holsinger, Bruce; Ruzzier, Chiara; Devine, Alexander; Binois, Annelise; Albarella, Umberto; Fischer, Roman; Nichols, Emma; Curtis, Antoinette; Cheese, Edward; Teasdale, Matthew D.; Checkley-Scott, Caroline; Milner, Stephen J.; Rudy, Kathryn M.; Johnson, Eric J. (2015-12-08).
122:
A ZooMS protocol (Fig. 1) typically consists of an extraction, denaturation, digestion and filtration step, followed by mass spectrometric analysis. Various destructive and non-destructive extraction protocols have already been discussed in some detail above. The key is to extract the protein
71:
A second non-destructive protocol is the plastic bag protocol, first published in 2019. It is based on the idea that the normal friction between an object and the plastic bags, commonly used for storing archaeological objects, might be sufficient to extract enough material for ZooMS analysis.
83:
Most of these protocols have only been published recently and their respective advantages and disadvantages have not yet been tested against each other. It is therefore not yet clear how reliable these methods are and what level of preservation of the samples is required for them to work.
258:
Naihui, Wang; Samantha, Brown; Peter, Ditchfield; Sandra, Hebestreit; Maxim, Kozilikin; Sindy, Luu; Oshan, Wedage; Stefano, Grimaldi; Michael, Chazan; Liora, Horwitz Kolska; Matthew, Spriggs; Glenn, Summerhayes; Michael, Shunkov; Kristine, Richter Korzow; Katerina, Douka (2021-02-20).
93:
biomarkers at the time of ZooMS’ original publication was relatively limited, but recent publications have been expanding this list. A regularly updated list of published biomarkers is maintained by the
University of York and can be found
377:
Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie; Martisius, Naomi L.; Schulz-Kornas, Ellen; van
Casteren, Adam; Tsanova, Tsenka R.; Sirakov, Nikolay; Spasov, Rosen; Welker, Frido; Smith, Geoff M.; Hublin, Jean-Jacques (2021-12-08).
75:
A third protocol uses the same triboelectric principle. However, instead of using an eraser, this microgrid protocol employs a fine polishing film to remove very small amounts of material from a sample.
539:
Martisius, Naomi L.; Welker, Frido; Dogandžić, Tamara; Grote, Mark N.; Rendu, William; Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie; Wilcke, Arndt; McPherron, Shannon J. P.; Soressi, Marie; Steele, Teresa E. (2020-05-08).
150:"Species identification by analysis of bone collagen using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Species identification of bone collagen using MALDI-TOF-MS"
839:
435:
McGrath, Krista; Rowsell, Keri; Gates St-Pierre, Christian; Tedder, Andrew; Foody, George; Roberts, Carolynne; Speller, Camilla; Collins, Matthew (2019-07-30).
1228:
51:
when fragmented, yet the difference between these two common domesticates is very important for our understanding of past husbandry practices.
708:
437:"Identifying Archaeological Bone via Non-Destructive ZooMS and the Materiality of Symbolic Expression: Examples from Iroquoian Bone Points"
494:"Minimally Invasive Sampling of Surface Coatings for Protein Identification by Peptide Mass Fingerprinting: A Case Study with Photographs"
596:
Galembeck, Fernando; Burgo, Thiago A. L.; Balestrin, Lia B. S.; Gouveia, Rubia F.; Silva, Cristiane A.; Galembeck, André (2014-11-24).
94:
42:
use these species identification to study among others past environments, diet and raw material selection for the production of tools.
849:
1308:
1235:
748:
1257:
967:
854:
1190:
1033:
962:
803:
38:
743:
191:
141:
1077:
1065:
931:
871:
824:
701:
1099:
992:
941:
891:
881:
1205:
1130:
1028:
906:
1250:
1240:
1160:
1155:
1125:
1104:
977:
972:
936:
725:
1245:
1165:
921:
834:
829:
819:
541:"Non-destructive ZooMS identification reveals strategic bone tool raw material selection by Neandertals"
636:
260:
1275:
1175:
1170:
1145:
1140:
1135:
926:
916:
844:
773:
768:
694:
597:
194:. 2010. Distinguishing between archaeological sheep and goat bones using a single collagen peptide.
1070:
1055:
957:
763:
753:
733:
380:"The effect of eraser sampling for proteomic analysis on Palaeolithic bone surface microtopography"
1150:
1013:
672:
521:
296:
240:
213:"A novel and non-destructive approach for ZooMS analysis: ammonium bicarbonate buffer extraction"
317:"Animal origin of 13th-century uterine vellum revealed using noninvasive peptide fingerprinting"
1200:
1195:
1180:
664:
656:
617:
578:
560:
513:
474:
456:
417:
399:
356:
338:
288:
280:
232:
187:
169:
145:
65:
635:
Brown, Samantha; Douka, Katerina; Collins, Matthew J; Richter, Kristine Korzow (2021-03-20).
1185:
1120:
1087:
798:
783:
648:
609:
568:
552:
505:
464:
448:
407:
391:
346:
328:
272:
224:
161:
1023:
876:
778:
105:
1287:
1092:
1082:
1043:
1018:
788:
573:
540:
469:
436:
412:
379:
351:
316:
149:
1302:
1060:
676:
525:
300:
244:
911:
758:
26:, is a scientific method that identifies animal species by means of characteristic
509:
261:"Testing the efficacy and comparability of ZooMS protocols on archaeological bone"
598:"Friction, tribochemistry and triboelectricity: recent progress and perspectives"
987:
866:
738:
717:
652:
493:
276:
556:
452:
395:
1050:
982:
228:
660:
621:
564:
517:
460:
403:
342:
284:
236:
1038:
997:
333:
212:
668:
582:
478:
421:
360:
292:
173:
211:
van Doorn, Nienke Laura; Hollund, Hege; Collins, Matthew J. (2011-09-01).
793:
34:
859:
613:
31:
27:
165:
492:
Kirby, Daniel P.; Manick, Annette; Newman, Richard (2020-10-01).
80:
can be large enough for material transfer between two surfaces.
690:
686:
37:. ZooMS is the most common archaeological application of
109:
Fig. 1 Schematic overview of a typical ZooMS workflow
840:
Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
1218:
1113:
1006:
950:
899:
890:
812:
724:
498:Journal of the American Institute for Conservation
186:Buckley, M., S. W. Kansa, S. Howard, S. Campbell,
321:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
637:"On the standardization of ZooMS nomenclature"
702:
8:
217:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
22:, commonly referred to by the abbreviation
896:
709:
695:
687:
572:
468:
411:
350:
332:
154:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
104:
132:
7:
372:
370:
206:
204:
20:Zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry
59:Non-destructive sampling protocols
14:
196:Journal of Archaeological Science
148:; Wilson, Julie C. (2009-12-15).
39:peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF)
1281:
1271:
1270:
1:
510:10.1080/01971360.2019.1656446
855:electrical resistance survey
653:10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104041
277:10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104078
1325:
744:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
557:10.1038/s41598-020-64358-w
453:10.1038/s41598-019-47299-x
396:10.1038/s41598-021-02823-w
1266:
825:Philosophy of archaeology
229:10.1007/s12520-011-0067-y
334:10.1073/pnas.1512264112
101:Principle of the method
1309:Methods in archaeology
110:
835:Archaeological ethics
830:Archaeological diving
820:Archaeological theory
641:Journal of Proteomics
265:Journal of Proteomics
108:
46:Developmental history
774:Augustus Pitt Rivers
769:William Henry Holmes
734:Archaeological sites
608:(109): 64280–64298.
88:Reference biomarkers
764:John Lloyd Stephens
754:Heinrich Schliemann
327:(49): 15066–15071.
1288:History portal
850:geophysical survey
614:10.1039/C4RA09604E
545:Scientific Reports
441:Scientific Reports
384:Scientific Reports
146:Thomas-Oates, Jane
140:Buckley, Michael;
111:
1296:
1295:
1214:
1213:
1196:Pseudoarchaeology
813:Method and theory
160:(23): 3843–3854.
66:use wear analysis
30:sequences in the
16:Scientific method
1316:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1273:
1121:Archaeoastronomy
1088:Paleoethnobotany
897:
799:Alfred V. Kidder
784:Mortimer Wheeler
711:
704:
697:
688:
681:
680:
632:
626:
625:
593:
587:
586:
576:
536:
530:
529:
504:(3–4): 235–245.
489:
483:
482:
472:
432:
426:
425:
415:
374:
365:
364:
354:
336:
311:
305:
304:
255:
249:
248:
208:
199:
184:
178:
177:
166:10.1002/rcm.4316
142:Collins, Matthew
137:
118:Protocol example
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1262:
1210:
1109:
1024:Archaeogenetics
1002:
946:
892:Sub-disciplines
886:
882:Post-excavation
877:Lithic analysis
808:
779:Flinders Petrie
720:
715:
685:
684:
634:
633:
629:
595:
594:
590:
538:
537:
533:
491:
490:
486:
434:
433:
429:
376:
375:
368:
313:
312:
308:
257:
256:
252:
210:
209:
202:
188:J. Thomas-Oates
185:
181:
139:
138:
134:
129:
120:
103:
90:
61:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1278:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1251:Assyriologists
1248:
1241:Archaeologists
1238:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1093:Zooarchaeology
1090:
1085:
1083:Geoarchaeology
1075:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1044:Paleopathology
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1019:Bioarchaeology
1016:
1010:
1008:
1007:Methodological
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
954:
952:
948:
947:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
903:
901:
894:
888:
887:
885:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
863:
862:
857:
852:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
816:
814:
810:
809:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
789:Dorothy Garrod
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
739:Antiquarianism
736:
730:
728:
722:
721:
716:
714:
713:
706:
699:
691:
683:
682:
627:
588:
531:
484:
427:
366:
306:
250:
223:(3): 281–289.
200:
179:
131:
130:
128:
125:
119:
116:
102:
99:
89:
86:
60:
57:
47:
44:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1321:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:Egyptologists
1244:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Phenomenology
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:Environmental
1076:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:Computational
1064:
1062:
1061:Archaeogaming
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
949:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
932:Post-Medieval
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
912:Protohistoric
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
900:Chronological
898:
895:
893:
889:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
815:
811:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
749:Richard Hoare
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
729:
727:
723:
719:
712:
707:
705:
700:
698:
693:
692:
689:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
592:
589:
584:
580:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
535:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
488:
485:
480:
476:
471:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
431:
428:
423:
419:
414:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
373:
371:
367:
362:
358:
353:
348:
344:
340:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
310:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
254:
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:M. J. Collins
189:
183:
180:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
136:
133:
126:
124:
117:
115:
107:
100:
98:
96:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
67:
58:
56:
52:
45:
43:
40:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1126:Archaeometry
1100:Experimental
1034:Near Eastern
993:Near Eastern
988:Mesopotamian
942:Contemporary
759:Arthur Evans
644:
640:
630:
605:
602:RSC Advances
601:
591:
548:
544:
534:
501:
497:
487:
447:(1): 11027.
444:
440:
430:
390:(1): 23611.
387:
383:
324:
320:
309:
268:
264:
253:
220:
216:
195:
182:
157:
153:
135:
121:
112:
91:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
53:
49:
23:
19:
18:
1206:Transgender
1131:Battlefield
907:Prehistoric
867:Burnt layer
804:George Bass
718:Archaeology
551:(1): 7746.
1229:by country
1161:Industrial
1156:Indigenous
1105:Underwater
1051:Calceology
973:Australian
951:Geographic
937:Historical
872:Excavation
647:: 104041.
271:: 104078.
198:37: 13-20.
127:References
1166:Landscape
1039:Osteology
922:Classical
677:226279979
661:1874-3919
622:2046-2069
565:2045-2322
526:210522155
518:0197-1360
461:2045-2322
404:2045-2322
343:0027-8424
301:229325462
285:1874-3919
237:1866-9565
1303:Category
1276:Category
1258:Journals
1176:Mortuary
1171:Maritime
1146:Funerary
1141:Feminist
1136:Conflict
1114:Thematic
1029:Medieval
983:Egyptian
978:Oceanian
963:American
927:Medieval
917:Biblical
794:Max Uhle
669:33160104
583:32385291
479:31363122
422:34880290
361:26598667
293:33338688
245:85056079
174:19899187
35:collagen
1236:Periods
1071:Virtual
1056:Digital
958:African
860:Sondage
726:History
574:7210944
470:6667708
413:8655045
352:4679014
32:protein
28:peptide
1225:Sites
1151:Gender
1014:Aerial
998:Nubian
845:Survey
675:
667:
659:
620:
581:
571:
563:
524:
516:
477:
467:
459:
420:
410:
402:
359:
349:
341:
299:
291:
283:
243:
235:
190:&
172:
1219:Lists
1201:Queer
1181:Music
968:Asian
673:S2CID
522:S2CID
297:S2CID
241:S2CID
24:ZooMS
1186:Nazi
665:PMID
657:ISSN
618:ISSN
579:PMID
561:ISSN
514:ISSN
475:PMID
457:ISSN
418:PMID
400:ISSN
357:PMID
339:ISSN
289:PMID
281:ISSN
233:ISSN
170:PMID
95:here
649:doi
645:235
610:doi
569:PMC
553:doi
506:doi
465:PMC
449:doi
408:PMC
392:doi
347:PMC
329:doi
325:112
273:doi
269:233
225:doi
162:doi
1305::
671:.
663:.
655:.
643:.
639:.
616:.
604:.
600:.
577:.
567:.
559:.
549:10
547:.
543:.
520:.
512:.
502:59
500:.
496:.
473:.
463:.
455:.
443:.
439:.
416:.
406:.
398:.
388:11
386:.
382:.
369:^
355:.
345:.
337:.
323:.
319:.
295:.
287:.
279:.
267:.
263:.
239:.
231:.
219:.
215:.
203:^
168:.
158:23
156:.
152:.
144:;
97:.
68:.
710:e
703:t
696:v
679:.
651::
624:.
612::
606:4
585:.
555::
528:.
508::
481:.
451::
445:9
424:.
394::
363:.
331::
303:.
275::
247:.
227::
221:3
176:.
164::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
