109:, and the number of shrines built inside depended on the hierarchical status of the patriarch. In addition to rituals, the temples were also used for major ceremonies and decisions, and had the character of a ceremonial hall. This respect for the ancestors strengthened the unity within the clan and stabilized the social structure. Complementing the clan temple system was the clan tomb system, in which nobles and state officials were buried en masse in public cemeteries during the Western Zhou and
172:; sometimes at marriage for women. For men, there are three characters in the full courtesy name of the individual aristocrat. The first character indicates the birth order that generation from eldest to youngest: 伯、仲、叔、季, occasionally 孟. The second character is arbitrary, and may echo names from previous generations or be consistent across all sons of the same father. The last character is a word for "father". This is similar to
375:[Ancient people were always saying "eldest, second-eldest, younger, youngest", but how many of their marvels do you know? Ancient ones say: remember, you can't apply these haphazardly!].
117:, all clansmen should be buried in the clan tomb, except for the murderous dead. The patriarch sometimes had to go to the clan tomb to report the ancestors when there was an urgent matter.
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dynasty. This method of social organisation underlay and prefigured the political workings of the Zhou state. The patriarchal system was based on
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This article is about the political hierarchy system in the
Western Zhou. For the general concept of male-dominated societies, see
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political hierarchy and stabilizing social order. Together with the
430:[Confucian Family Values, Applications and Biotechnology].
349:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 143–145.
403:(in Chinese). Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. p. 166.
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it is seen as having been the foundation of Zhou society.
249:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Falü Chubanshe. p. 44.
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when they were adults. The courtesy name is taken at the
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based on geographic locale. The nobles were granted a
120:The modern standard Chinese word for "surname" is
81:at its core, and played a role in maintaining the
144:(氏) were two separate surnames, with the larger
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160:by their fathers when they were young, and
148:indicating shared aristocratic descent and
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306:(in Chinese). March 2022. Archived from
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101:early on, and the clan temple housed a
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247:The History of Imprisonment in China
345:Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2018).
334:] (in Chinese). Ping'an Wenhua.
379:(in Chinese). 2019. Archived from
275:[Definition of "Zongfa"].
69:and through the first half of the
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471:Ancient institutions in East Asia
179:Similar to the clan society, the
372:古人常说“伯仲叔季”，其中玄妙你知道多少？古人：切记，不可乱用!
27:Ancient Chinese political system
132:. In the Western Zhou dynasty,
236:Yang Ximei (杨习梅), ed. (2016).
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217:Ancestor veneration in China
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424:Ip King-tak (葉敬德) (2014).
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152:being a branch lineage of
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197:Veneration of the dead
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310:on 26 October 2022.
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113:. According to the
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223:References
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32:Patriarchy
377:sohu.com
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272:“宗法”字的解释
202:Fengjian
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93:Overview
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