611:
860:
844:
39:
852:
49:
946:) of Croatia of Croatian origin. But between 1670 and the revolution of 1848, there would be only 2 bans of Croatian nationality. The period from 1670 to the Croatian cultural revival in the 19th century was Croatia's political dark age. Since the Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy up to the French Revolutions Wars in 1797, no soldiers were recruited from Istria, where in the 17th century a total of 3,000 soldiers had been recruited.
362:
31:
584:, in an attempt to gain support. Wesselényi and his fellow magnates even made overtures to the Ottomans offering all of Hungary in return for the semblance of self-rule after the Habsburgs had been removed, but no state wanted to intervene. The Sultan, like Leopold, had no interest in renewed conflict; in fact, his court informed Leopold of the attempts being made by the conspirators in 1666.
664:
452:
776:
nobility from parts of the empire which were far away from
Croatia or Hungary, and accepted the previous (death) verdict. Petar Zrinski's verdict read: "he committed the greatest sins than the others in aspiring to obtain the same station as his majesty, that is, to be an independent Croatian ruler and therefore he indeed deserves to be crowned not with a crown, but with a bloody sword".
599:, Zrinski and several other conspirators turned themselves in. However, Leopold was content to grant them freedom to gain support from the Hungarian people. No action was taken until 1670, when the remaining conspirators began circulating pamphlets inciting violence against the Emperor and calling for invasion by the Ottoman Empire. They also called for an uprising of the
1004:. The conspiracy and rebellion was entirely led by nobility. Nikola Zrinski, György Lippay and Ferenc Wesselényi died before the conspiracy was revealed. The remaining leaders Petar Zrinski, Fran Krsto Frankopan and Franz III. Nádasdy were all executed in 1671. Francis I Rákóczi was the only leading conspirator whose life was spared, due to his mother
588:
was taken because the conspirators had made little traction and were bound by inaction. Leopold seems to have considered their actions as only half-hearted schemes that were never truly serious. The conspirators invented a number of plots that they never carried out such as the
November 1667 plot to kidnap Emperor Leopold, which failed to materialize.
358:. This became important, especially because it showed that Hungarian leaders, without direct Habsburg involvement and perhaps backed up by France, could hold their own diplomacy in Rome. Eventually, the Teutonic Order would also send between 500 and 1000 elite knights to Hungary in support of the Imperial armies against the Ottomans.
587:
While the warnings from the Sultan's court cemented the matter, Leopold already suspected the conspiracy. The
Austrians had informants inside the group of nobles and had heard from several sources of their wide-ranging and almost desperate attempts to gain foreign and domestic aid. However, no action
342:. Despite this intervention, the Ottoman invasion of Transylvania continued unabated. In response, by 1662 Montecuccoli had been given another 15,000 soldiers and had taken up positions in Hungary to stop the Turkish advance. Adding to his forces was an army of native Croats and Hungarians led by the
437:
to the
Ottomans to secure a 20-year truce. While Leopold could concentrate on the issues in Spain, the Hungarians remained divided between two empires. Moreover, many Hungarian magnates were left feeling as if the Habsburgs had pushed them aside at their one opportunity for independence and security
775:
In those ages, nobility enjoyed a few privileges that commoners did not. One of them was the right to be tried by a court assembled of peers. The conspirators were first tried by the
Emperor's court assembly. After the verdict, they requested their rights as nobles. Another court was assembled of
763:
and Fran Krsto
Frankopan (Francesco Cristoforo Frangipani) were ordered to the Emperor's Court. The note said that, as they had ceased their rebellion and had repented soon enough, they would be given mercy from the Emperor if they would plead for it. They were arrested the moment they arrived in
556:
who had led the native forces alongside the
Habsburg commander Montecuccoli. By then, Zrinski had begun to plan a Hungary free of outside influence and with a population protected by the state rather than used by it. He hoped to create a united army with Croatian and Transylvanian support to free
892:
These Kuruc forces were far more successful than the conspiracy, and remained active against the
Habsburgs up until 1711; they were also more successful in convincing foreign governments of their ability to succeed. Foreign aid came first from Transylvania (which was under Ottoman
933:
families stayed powerful because their possessions were in the unconquered, western part of
Croatia. In the time of the conspiracy, they were controlling around 35% of civilian Croatia (1/3 of Croatian territory was under the emperor's direct control as the
185:. Similarly to 16th- and 17th-century France, the main obstacle towards a more centralized government was the military and political power and de facto independence of the wealthiest nobles. Instead of succeeding, the Magnate's poorly organized attempt at a
421:
over the rights to the
Spanish throne. Moreover, the Ottomans could have committed more troops within a year, and a prolonged struggle with the Ottomans was risky for Leopold. To end the Ottoman issue quickly, he signed what has come to be known as the
372:
By late 1663 and early 1664, the coalition had not only taken back Ottoman-conquered land but also cut off Ottoman supply lines and captured several Ottoman-held fortresses within Hungary. In the meantime, a large Ottoman army, led by the Grand Vizier
779:
During the trial and after the execution, the estates of the royal families were pillaged, and their families scattered. The destruction of these powerful feudal families ensured that no similar event took place until the bourgeois era. Petar's wife
636:
Persecution was also inflicted on Hungarian and Croatian commoners, as Habsburg soldiers moved in and secured the region. Protestant churches were burned to the ground in a show of force against any uprisings. Leopold ordered all Hungarian
938:). After the conspiracy failed, these lands were confiscated by the emperor, who could grant them upon his discretion. Nothing better shows the situation in Croatia after the conspiracy than the fact that between 1527 - 1670 there were 13
641:
suspended in retaliation for the conspiracy. That gesture caused an end to the self-government which Royal Hungary had nominally been granted, which remained unchanged for the next 10 years. In Croatia, where Petar Zrinski had been a
889:") began launching raids on the Habsburg army stationed within Hungary. For years after the crackdown, Kuruc rebels would gather en masse to combat the Habsburgs; their forces' numbers swelled to 15,000 by the summer of 1672.
408:
Following the Ottoman defeat, many Hungarians had assumed that the combined forces would continue their offensive to remove all Ottomans from Hungarian lands. However, Leopold was more concerned with events unfolding in
788:, died mad after a terrible imprisonment and torture as did Katarina, the very symbol of Croatia's destiny. She published the last letter of her husband to her. It was a motivation to end the war with the Ottomans.
1864:
633:, were arrested and executed; some 2,000 nobles were arrested as part of a mass crackdown (many of the lesser nobles had had no part in the events, but Leopold aimed to prevent similar revolts in the future).
1849:
334:
These moves drew in Habsburg forces under Leopold I. Although initially reluctant to commit forces and cause an outright war with the Ottomans, he had by 1661 sent some 15,000 of his soldiers under his
568:
The conspirators hoped to gain foreign aid in their attempts to free Hungary and even overthrow the Habsburgs. The conspirators entered into secret negotiations with a number of nations, including
1370:
Friederich Heyer von Rosenfield (1873), "Counts Frangipani or Frankopanovich counts of Vegliae, Segniae, Modrussa, Vinodol or Damiani di Vergada Gliubavaz Frangipani (Frankopan) Detrico", in:
921:) and this description became a battle cry of the affected nobles. This loss was a death warrant for most Croatian noble families which only in 1526 voted that Habsburgs become kings of
429:
Despite the common victory, the treaty was largely a gain for the Ottomans. Its text, which inflamed Hungary's nobles, stated that the Habsburgs would recognize the Ottoman-controlled
824:. The new government pursued a harsh crackdown against disloyal nobles and the Protestant movement. In order to combat the perceived threat from Hungary's Protestants against the
610:
993:
1829:
913:
The Ottoman conquests reduced Croatia's territory to only 16,800 km by 1592. The Pope referred to the country as the "Remnants of the remnants of the Croatian kingdom" (
1894:
859:
1455:
316:
had been expelled from Transylvania in 1225 and since then had been put under the sovereignty of the Pope in Rome, and had thus not been under the sovereignty of the
557:
Hungary. However, he died within months during a struggle with a wild boar on a hunting trip; this left the revolt in the hands of Nikola Zrinski's younger brother
1394:
Friederich Heyer von Rosenfield (1873), "Coats of arms of Counts Frangipani or Frankopanovich or Damiani di Vergada Gliubavaz Frangipani (Frankopan) Detrico", in:
1955:
1407:
255:(1453). The expansionist policy eventually brought them into conflict with the Habsburgs a number of times during the 16th and 17th centuries. After the 1526
309:. Following a fairly easy victory against him, the Ottomans continued to occupy more and more of Transylvania and approached the borders of Royal Hungary.
972:(viceroy of Hungary). The conspirators were soon joined by dissatisfied members of the noble families from Croatia and Hungary, like Nikola's brother
162:
The Zrinski brothers and their associate Fran Krsto Frankapan were motivated, not only by anger over Emperor Leopold's recent peace agreement with the
1844:
1925:
1395:
417:. Leopold saw no need to continue combat on his eastern front when he could return the region to balance and concentrate on potential conflict with
327:
attempted in 1660 to once again allow the Teutonic Knights to obtain an important role in Hungary through involvement in the supreme command of the
1869:
1824:
1383:
1371:
1899:
1854:
1382:
Friederich Heyer von Rosenfield (1873), "Counts Frangipani or Frankopanovich or Damiani di Vergada Gliubavaz Frangipani (Frankopan) Detrico", in:
351:
1965:
1904:
1884:
1631:
1351:
1324:
401:. Members of the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Teutonic Order distinguished themselves in the battle, and the new Teutonic Grandmaster
374:
1960:
1930:
1834:
1448:
302:. The changes allowed the Sultan to invade and conquer the Transylvanian-held areas of Hungary in May 1660. The ensuing battles killed the
832:
in the first two years of his reprisals for the conspiracy. In addition, 800 Protestant churches were closed down. By 1675, 41 Protestant
277:
to the east. A difficult balancing act played itself out as supporters of the Habsburgs battled supporters of the Ottomans in a series of
681:
469:
324:
577:
312:
The invasion of the Transylvanian state upset the balance in the region, and precipitated the involvement of many external actors. The
189:
revolt and their extremely foolhardy decision to seek Ottoman backing, while at the same time planning to later recapture much more of
118:
110:
814:
321:
1874:
1773:
1255:
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1162:
1135:
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1078:
1050:
747:
535:
230:
1935:
1641:
728:
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1441:
700:
488:
398:
1423:
1859:
772:
and beheaded on April 30, 1671. Nádasdy was executed on the same day, and Tattenbach was executed later on December 1, 1671.
685:
473:
263:
was conquered; by the end of the 16th century, it was split into what has become known as the Tripartite: the Habsburg-ruled
1210:
843:
239:
The expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe began in the middle of the 14th century leading to confrontation with both
1712:
1671:
1476:
966:
962:
707:
495:
414:
365:
234:
137:
106:
875:
The crackdown caused a number of former soldiers and other Hungarian nationals to rise up against the state in a sort of
295:
1970:
38:
1889:
1808:
817:
402:
714:
502:
1803:
1692:
1676:
240:
674:
462:
1940:
1839:
390:
1945:
1879:
1651:
851:
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484:
1778:
1488:
985:
855:
Memorial plaques in honour of Frankopan and Zrinski written in Latin, German and Croatian in Wiener Neustadt
795:
for 248 years, and it was only after the fall of the monarchy that their remains were moved to the crypt of
306:
607:. When the conspiracy's ideals began to gain some support within Hungary, the official reaction was swift.
1717:
1707:
981:
303:
252:
173:
Similarly to many other European Governments during the 17th century, the Imperial Court was increasingly
1950:
1763:
1616:
1279:
825:
397:
armies of Germany, France, Hungary and the Habsburgs won a decisive victory against the Ottomans in the
339:
317:
989:
630:
284:
By September 1656, the stalemate between the two great powers of Eastern Europe began to shift as the
48:
1621:
1498:
977:
969:
829:
626:
562:
355:
156:
141:
52:
1005:
1788:
1743:
1697:
1646:
1493:
1001:
821:
386:
256:
1727:
1722:
1666:
1529:
958:
837:
785:
581:
260:
222:
90:
721:
509:
423:
114:
205:, caused the Magnate's plans to be leaked to Emperor Leopold and caused the monarch to order a
1793:
1656:
1595:
1534:
1347:
1341:
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1251:
1190:
1158:
1131:
1104:
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1046:
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328:
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133:
122:
102:
74:
1152:
1125:
1798:
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902:
876:
796:
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299:
248:
244:
17:
1702:
1661:
769:
615:
430:
405:
would later be made the Imperial governor of Hungary in 1673 for his role in the victory.
285:
206:
177:
the administration of the state so they could introduce a more consistent policy of both
125:, and those who were involved in the conspiracy intended to reopen hostilities with the
1626:
1590:
1554:
1406:
Victor Anton Duisin (1938), "Counts Damjanić Vrgadski Frankopan Ljubavac Detrico", in:
997:
955:
939:
914:
897:) and later by the Ottoman Empire. This foreign recognition would eventually lead to a
643:
573:
549:
410:
378:
361:
347:
313:
202:
167:
148:
145:
126:
42:
1919:
1748:
1503:
1127:
The Ottoman Empire [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
973:
760:
622:
604:
558:
336:
264:
226:
186:
163:
152:
1416:
925:. Without any territory to control they have become only pages in history. Only the
1768:
1758:
1636:
292:
274:
210:
178:
30:
1310:
1273:
1245:
1214:
1184:
433:
as ruler of Transylvania and that Leopold would pay a final gift of 200,000 gold
1783:
1544:
663:
638:
553:
451:
394:
894:
868:
600:
198:
1583:
1549:
1539:
930:
813:
Leopold I appointed a Directorium to administer Hungary in 1673, led by the
382:
288:
278:
68:
1578:
1433:
1234:
Hivatali idejét kemény terror jellemezte az országban. Markó L. 124. old.
269:
976:(appointed Ban of Croatia after Nikola's death), Petar´s brother-in-law
943:
926:
922:
886:
792:
688: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
476: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
343:
194:
190:
98:
82:
64:
331:, the defensive borderlands between the Habsburg and Ottoman domains.
833:
765:
647:
569:
434:
418:
646:(viceroy) during the conspiracy, there would not be any new bans of
247:
and culminating in the defeat of both nations in, respectively, the
1428:
881:
858:
850:
842:
808:
609:
592:
354:
support thanks to the diplomatic efforts of the Hungarian magnate
166:, but even more so by his preference for paying more attention to
47:
37:
596:
1437:
847:
Zrinski-Frankopan tombstone on the Cathedral in Wiener Neustadt
170:
while leaving much of Hungary and Croatia under Turkish rule.
1272:
840:
after having been found guilty of inciting riots and revolts.
657:
445:
101:) was a plot among Croatian and Hungarian nobles to oust the
1294:"Opća enciklopedija jugoslavenskog leksikografskog zavoda".
791:
The bones of Zrinski and Frankopan (Frangipani) remained in
784:) and two of their daughters died in convents, and his son,
413:
and the brewing conflict that would come to be known as the
368:, Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1657-1705
1415:"Counts Damjanić Vrgadski Frankopan Ljubavac Detrico" in:
1069:
Sugar, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter; Frank, Tibor, eds. (1990).
1024:
Magyar Régészeti, Művészettörténeti és Éremtani Társulat.
591:
After yet another failed attempt for foreign aid from the
1312:
Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century
389:(northern Croatia) and conquered it after one-month-long
1410:(in Croatian). Zagreb: Tisak Djela i Grbova, p. 155-156.
1247:
The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490-1848: Attributes of Empire
1817:
1736:
1685:
1609:
1568:
1522:
1469:
1298:. Zagreb: Jugoslavenski Leksikografski Zavod. 1982.
621:In March 1671, the leaders of the group, including
34:
Map of central Europe during the Magnate Conspiracy
1101:A History of Hungary: Millennium in Central Europe
27:Attempt to oust the Habsburg monarchy from Croatia
828:in his lands, Leopold ordered some 60,000 forced
548:One of the primary leaders of the conspiracy was
377:and numbering up to 100,000 men, was moving from
1401:(in German). NĂĽrnberg: Bauer und Raspe, taf. 30.
1397:Wappenbuch: Der Adel des Königreichs Dalmatien
1389:(in German). NĂĽrnberg: Bauer und Raspe, p. 45.
1385:Wappenbuch: Der Adel des Königreichs Dalmatien
1377:(in German). NĂĽrnberg: Bauer und Raspe, p. 44.
1373:Wappenbuch: Der Adel des Königreichs Dalmatien
1189:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–67.
1073:. Indiana University Press. pp. 113–115.
1449:
1340:Istvan Lazar; Andrew L. Simon (30 May 2001).
954:The leaders of the conspiracy were initially
8:
381:to the northwest. In June 1664, it attacked
1315:. American Philosophical Society. pp.
1036:
1034:
393:. However, on August 1, 1664, the combined
129:after they broke away from Habsburg rule.
1456:
1442:
1434:
1157:. Indiana University Press. p. XXIX.
1346:. Simon Publications LLC. pp. 108–.
1094:
1092:
1090:
748:Learn how and when to remove this message
536:Learn how and when to remove this message
209:and execute the conspiracy's leaders for
1178:
1176:
1174:
1103:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 142, 177.
899:large-scale invasion of Habsburg domains
360:
29:
1895:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
1865:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2022)
1064:
1062:
1017:
988:, high justice of the Court of Hungary
863:Memorial plaque at the entrance of the
117:in 1664. This treaty – which ended the
1429:Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan
1008:'s intervention and a ransom payment.
614:Beheading of Zrinski and Frankopan in
1956:17th century in the Habsburg monarchy
1250:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 48.
1154:Hungary Between Two Empires 1526–1711
1028:(Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 1976), 27
155:, and Petar Zrinski's brother-in-law
7:
919:Reliquiae reliquiarum regni Croatiae
768:and put on trial. They were held in
686:adding citations to reliable sources
474:adding citations to reliable sources
350:. Montecuccoli also had additional
25:
1424:Painting of Zrinski and Frankopan
1271:Krmpotić, Martin Davorin (1908).
1211:"A NĂ©met Lovagrend a Baltikumban"
231:Croatia in the union with Hungary
1186:The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618-1815
662:
450:
267:to the north, the Ottoman-ruled
1418:(in Croatian). Zagreb: on line.
1244:Sutter Fichtner, Paula (2017).
673:needs additional citations for
461:needs additional citations for
140:was led by the Hungarian count
1045:. Hurst & Co. p. 44.
901:by the Ottoman Empire and the
578:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
121:– was highly unpopular in the
1:
1966:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
1343:Transylvania: A Short History
1309:Kenneth Meyer Setton (1991).
415:War of the Spanish Succession
235:Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)
1296:Opća enciklopedija, svezak 8
18:Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy
1961:Croatia under Habsburg rule
1931:Hungary under Habsburg rule
1026:MűvĂ©szettörtĂ©neti Ă©rtesĂtĹ‘.
818:Johann Caspar von Ampringen
815:Teutonic Order Grand Master
403:Johann Caspar von Ampringen
1987:
806:
281:and wars of independence.
220:
79:Zrinsko-frankopanska urota
1926:17th-century coups d'Ă©tat
1130:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
375:Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
259:, the middle part of the
119:Fourth Austro-Turkish War
1499:Holy Roman Empire (1062)
1183:Ingrao, Charles (2000).
1099:Kontler, László (2002).
399:Battle of Saint Gotthard
320:for many centuries. The
1936:17th century in Croatia
1652:Portuguese India (1787)
1504:Mamluk Sultanate (1386)
1470:Before the 16th century
1041:Goldstein, Ivo (2011).
984:and Petar´s son-in-law
438:from Ottoman advances.
151:, his brother and heir
95:Wesselényi-összeesküvés
1489:Roman Republic (63 BC)
1464:Plots and conspiracies
982:Prince of Transylvania
918:
872:
856:
848:
618:
369:
298:set out to reform the
253:Fall of Constantinople
94:
78:
55:
45:
35:
1774:United Kingdom (1968)
1708:United Kingdom (1820)
1280:Catholic Encyclopedia
1151:Pálffy, Géza (2021).
1124:Kia, Mehrdad (2017).
862:
854:
846:
820:, which replaced the
613:
364:
340:Raimondo Montecuccoli
318:Holy Crown of Hungary
113:, in response to the
87:Wesselényi conspiracy
51:
41:
33:
1850:United States (2020)
1749:United States (1933)
1703:United States (1807)
1647:United States (1783)
1627:Great Britain (1721)
1071:A History of Hungary
994:Esztergom archbishop
978:Fran Krsto Frankopan
697:"Magnate conspiracy"
682:improve this article
627:Fran Krsto Frankopan
485:"Magnate conspiracy"
470:improve this article
322:Teutonic Grandmaster
296:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
291:with the aid of his
157:Fran Krsto Frankopan
1890:Sierra Leone (2023)
822:Palatine of Hungary
650:for next 60 years.
304:Transylvanian ruler
62:(also known as the
1840:Ivory Coast (2012)
1723:Philippines (1828)
1560:Philippines (1587)
1408:"Zbornik Plemstva"
1399:, Volume 4, part 3
1387:, Volume 4, part 3
1375:, Volume 4, part 3
1043:Croatia: A History
998:Primate of Hungary
990:Franz III. Nádasdy
967:Hungarian palatine
873:
857:
849:
631:Franz III. Nádasdy
619:
582:Republic of Venice
370:
273:to the south, and
261:Kingdom of Hungary
223:Kingdom of Hungary
197:from rule by both
60:Magnate conspiracy
56:
46:
36:
1913:
1912:
1845:Montenegro (2016)
1494:Roman Empire (65)
1353:978-1-931313-21-6
1326:978-0-87169-192-7
986:Francis I Rákóczi
970:Ferenc Wesselényi
936:Military Frontier
909:Legacy in Croatia
838:publicly executed
803:Legacy in Hungary
758:
757:
750:
732:
563:Ferenc Wesselényi
546:
545:
538:
520:
356:Ferenc Wesselényi
329:Military Frontier
307:George II Rákóczi
183:absolute monarchy
142:Ferenc Wesselényi
123:Military Frontier
103:Habsburg Monarchy
53:Ferenc Wesselényi
16:(Redirected from
1978:
1941:Frankopan family
1672:Venezuela (1797)
1458:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1358:
1357:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1213:. Archived from
1207:
1201:
1200:
1180:
1169:
1168:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1096:
1085:
1084:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1038:
1029:
1022:
903:Battle of Vienna
877:guerilla warfare
797:Zagreb Cathedral
782:Katarina Zrinska
753:
746:
742:
739:
733:
731:
690:
666:
658:
603:minority within
541:
534:
530:
527:
521:
519:
478:
454:
446:
387:Međimurje County
300:Ottoman military
257:Battle of Mohács
249:Battle of Kosovo
245:Byzantine Empire
115:Treaty of Vasvár
21:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1946:1660s conflicts
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1835:Zimbabwe (2007)
1825:Cambodia (2000)
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1809:Pakistan (1995)
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1804:Peru (1992)
830:conversions
561:as well as
1920:Categories
1221:2007-01-23
1012:References
980:, elected
895:suzerainty
708:newspapers
601:Protestant
496:newspapers
385:Castle in
279:civil wars
199:Sharia Law
71:Conspiracy
1584:Main Plot
931:Frankopan
905:in 1683.
887:Crusaders
871:, Croatia
836:would be
738:July 2021
654:Aftermath
526:July 2021
442:Unfolding
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91:Hungarian
69:Frankopan
1579:Bye Plot
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879:. These
580:and the
344:Croatian
270:pashaluk
243:and the
201:and the
164:Ottomans
136:against
75:Croatian
1482:1155 BC
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927:Zrinski
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869:ÄŚakovec
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722:scholar
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146:viceroy
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217:Causes
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729:JSTOR
715:books
593:pasha
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503:books
391:siege
105:from
97:) in
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929:and
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701:news
629:and
597:Buda
489:news
193:and
181:and
134:coup
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58:The
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