2971:
Charlotte A.; Eddy, Kaitlyn; Kitzler, Thomas M.; Shril, Shirlee; Moawia, Abubakar; Schrage, Kathrin; Khayyat, Arwa Ishaq A.; Lawson, Jennifer A.; Gee, Heon Yung; Warejko, Jillian K.; Hermle, Tobias; Majmundar, Amar J.; Hugo, Hannah; Budde, Birgit; Motameny, Susanne; Altmüller, Janine; Noegel, Angelika Anna; Fathy, Hanan M.; Gale, Daniel P.; Waseem, Syeda Seema; Khan, Ayaz; Kerecuk, Larissa; Hashmi, Seema; Mohebbi, Nilufar; Ettenger, Robert; Serdaroğlu, Erkin; Alhasan, Khalid A.; Hashem, Mais; Goncalves, Sara; Ariceta, Gema; Ubetagoyena, Mercedes; Antonin, Wolfram; Baig, Shahid
Mahmood; Alkuraya, Fowzan S.; Shen, Qian; Xu, Hong; Antignac, Corinne; Lifton, Richard P.; Mane, Shrikant; Nürnberg, Peter; Khokha, Mustafa K.; Hildebrandt, Friedhelm (4 September 2018).
1770:. In order to facilitate this, the consumption of salt must also be controlled, as this contributes to water retention. It is advisable to restrict the ingestion of sodium to 1 or 2 g/day, which means that salt cannot be used in cooking and salty foods should also be avoided. Foods high in sodium include seasoning blends (garlic salt, Adobo, season salt, etc.) canned soups, canned vegetables containing salt, luncheon meats including turkey, ham, bologna, and salami, prepared foods, fast foods, soy sauce, ketchup, and salad dressings. On food labels, compare milligrams of sodium to calories per serving. Sodium should be less than or equal to calories per serving.
1193:
2121:(66% of cases), followed by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (8%) and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (6%). In adults the most common disease is mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (30-40%), followed by focal and segmental glomeruloesclerosis (15-25%) and minimal change disease (20%). The latter usually presents as secondary and not primary as occurs in children. Its main cause is diabetic nephropathy. It usually presents in a person from their 40s or 50s. Of the glomerulonephritis cases, approximately 60% to 80% are primary, while the remainder are secondary.
2026:): only indicated in recurring nephrotic syndrome in corticosteroid dependent or intolerant people. In the first two cases, the proteinuria has to be negated before treatment with the immunosuppressor can begin, which involves a prolonged treatment with prednisone. The negation of the proteinuria indicates the exact moment when treatment with cyclophosphamide can begin. The treatment is continued for 8 weeks at a dose of 3 mg/kg/day, the immunosuppression is halted after this period. In order to be able to start this treatment the person should not have
838:
39:
1100:
structure. The podocytes are now less able to restrict urinary protein loss. Despite not knowing the specific indentity of the circulating factor, scientists are learning more about it. It is thought to be either T cell or B cell derived, hence why staroid treatment can be effective for some patients. There is also evidence that the circulating factor could be signalling via the PAR-1 receptro on the podocytes.
727:
266:
1178:
1109:
569:. Thrombosis usually occurs in the kidney veins although it can also occur in arteries. Treatment is with oral anticoagulants (not heparin as heparin acts via anti-thrombin 3 which is lost in the proteinuria so it will be ineffective.) Hypercoagulopathy due to extravasation of fluid from the blood vessels (edema) is also a risk for venous thrombosis.
1867:. Avoid saturated fats such as butter, cheese, fried foods, fatty cuts of red meat, egg yolks, and poultry skin. Increase unsaturated fat intake, including olive oil, canola oil, peanut butter, avocadoes, fish and nuts. In cases of severe hyperlipidaemia that are unresponsive to nutrition therapy the use of
2014:
The susceptibility testing in vitro to glucocorticoids on the person's peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with the number of new cases of not optimal clinical responses: the most sensitive people in vitro have shown a higher number of cases of corticodependence, while the most resistant
2131:
data also reveals information regarding the most common way that symptoms develop in people with nephrotic syndrome: spontaneous remission occurs in up to 20% or 30% of cases during the first year of the illness. However, this improvement is not definitive as some 50% to 60% of people with
Nephrotic
506:
and thus retention of sodium and water (underfill hypothesis). Additionally, it is thought that urinary proteases (excreted as a result of significant proteinuria) cause a direct effect by activating the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) on the principal cell that leads to the reabsorption of sodium
1973:
People with
Corticosteroid sensitive or early steroid-responder: the subject responds to the corticosteroids in the first 8 weeks of treatment. This is demonstrated by a strong diuresis and the disappearance of edemas, and also by a negative test for proteinuria in three urine samples taken during
1765:
of protein/kg body weight/ day, as a greater amount could increase the degree of proteinuria and cause a negative nitrogen balance. People are usually recommended lean cuts of meat, fish, and poultry. The second guideline requires that the amount of water ingested is not greater than the level of
1099:
There is no known genetic cause for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. This is thought to be caused by a hitherto unknown circulating permeability factor that travels in the circulation to the podocyte within the glomerulus of the kidney. This circulating factor damages the podocyte which changes its
1211:
tests are required in order to arrive at an accurate diagnosis that verifies the presence of the illness. In addition, imaging of the kidneys (for structure and presence of two kidneys) is sometimes carried out, and/or a biopsy of the kidneys. The first test will be a urinalysis to test for high
1835:
Haemoglobin and haematocrit levels are analysed again: if the haematocrit value is less than the initial value (a sign of correct expansion) the diuretics are administered for at least 30 minutes. If the haematocrit level is greater than the initial one this is a contraindication for the use of
1961:
is usually prescribed at a dose of 60 mg/m of body surface area/day in a first treatment for 4–8 weeks. After this period the dose is reduced to 40 mg/m for a further 4 weeks. People experiencing a relapse or children are treated with prednisolone 2 mg/kg/day until urine becomes
477:
can be used in the absence of a 24-hour urine test for total protein. This coefficient will be greater than 200–400 mg/mmol in nephrotic syndrome. This pronounced loss of proteins is due to an increase in glomerular permeability that allows proteins to pass into the urine instead of being
575:: The increased susceptibility of people with nephrotic syndrome to infections can be a result of the leakage of immunoglobulins from the blood, the loss of proteins in general, and the presence of oedematous fluid (which acts as a breeding ground for infections). The most common infection is
256:
Treatment is directed at the underlying cause. Other efforts include managing high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and infection risk. A low-salt diet and limiting fluids are often recommended. About 5 per 100,000 people are affected per year. The usual underlying cause varies between
2970:
Braun, Daniela A.; Lovric, Svjetlana; Schapiro, David; Schneider, Ronen; Marquez, Jonathan; Asif, Maria; Hussain, Muhammad Sajid; Daga, Ankana; Widmeier, Eugen; Rao, Jia; Ashraf, Shazia; Tan, Weizhen; Lusk, C. Patrick; Kolb, Amy; Jobst-Schwan, Tilman; Schmidt, Johanna
Magdalena; Hoogstraten,
1640:
in tissues as a consequence of the decrease in the strength of ventricular contractions. The liquid is initially concentrated in the ankles but it subsequently becomes generalized and is called anasarca. People with congestive heart failure also experience an abnormal swelling of the heart
1760:
with the correct energy intake and balance of proteins that will be used in synthesis processes and not as a source of calories. A total of 35 kcal/kg body weight/day is normally recommended. This diet should also comply with two more requirements: the first is to not consume more than 1
1665:, encephalopathy, bruising, nodular liver and anomalies in the liver function tests. Less frequently symptoms associated with the administration of certain pharmaceutical drugs have to be discounted. These drugs promote the retention of liquid in the extremities such as occurs with
938:: kidney impairment is caused by the accumulation and precipitation of light chains, which form casts in the distal tubules, resulting in kidney obstruction. In addition, myeloma light chains are also directly toxic on proximal kidney tubules, further adding to kidney dysfunction.
2904:
Bierzynska, Agnieszka; McCarthy, Hugh J.; Soderquest, Katrina; Sen, Ethan S.; Colby, Elizabeth; Ding, Wen Y.; Nabhan, Marwa M.; Kerecuk, Larissa; Hegde, Shivram; Hughes, David; Marks, Stephen; Feather, Sally; Jones, Caroline; Webb, Nicholas J.A.; Ognjanovic, Milos (April 2017).
1863:: depending on the seriousness of the condition it can be treated with medical nutrition therapy as the only treatment or combined with drug therapy. The ingestion of cholesterol should be less than 300 mg/day, which will require a switch to foods that are low in
3124:
May, Carl J.; Chesor, Musleeha; Hunter, Sarah E.; Hayes, Bryony; Barr, Rachel; Roberts, Tim; Barrington, Fern A.; Farmer, Louise; Ni, Lan; Jackson, Maisie; Snethen, Heidi; Tavakolidakhrabadi, Nadia; Goldstone, Max; Gilbert, Rodney; Beesley, Matt (March 2023).
616:: the loss of vascular fluid into the tissues (edema) produces a decreased blood supply to the kidneys that cause a loss of kidney function. Thus it is a tricky task to get rid of excess fluid in the body while maintaining circulatory euvolemia.
4133:
4118:
1977:
People with
Corticosteroid resistance or late steroid-responder: the proteinuria persists after the 8-week treatment. The lack of response is indicative of the seriousness of the glomerular damage, which could develop into chronic kidney
1645:, which aids in making a correct diagnosis. Jugular venous pressure can also be elevated and it might be possible to hear heart murmurs. An echocardiogram is the preferred investigation method for these symptoms. Liver failure caused by
1924:
In addition to these key imbalances, vitamin D and calcium are also taken orally in case the alteration of vitamin D causes severe hypocalcaemia, this treatment has the goal of restoring physiological levels of calcium in the person.
1897:
in some circumstances, such as in asymptomatic people that have no history of having thromboembolism. When the thrombophilia is such that it leads to the formation of blood clots, heparin is given for at least 5 days along with oral
1282:
may then allow the identification of the type of glomerulonephritis involved. However, this procedure is usually reserved for adults as the majority of children experience minimal change disease that has a remission rate of 95% with
472:
of greater than 3.5 g /24 h /1.73 m (between 3 and 3.5 g/24 h /1.73 m is considered to be proteinuria in the nephrotic range) or greater than 40 mg/h/m in children. The ratio between urinary concentrations of albumin and
1812:. This occurs where the risk from plasmatic expansion is considered greater than the risk of severe hypovolemia, which can be caused by the strong diuretic action of intravenous treatment. The procedure is the following:
2051:
The prognosis for nephrotic syndrome under treatment is generally good although this depends on the underlying cause, the age of the person and their response to treatment. It is usually good in children, because
1623:
Some symptoms that are present in nephrotic syndrome, such as edema and proteinuria, also appear in other illnesses. Therefore, other pathologies need to be excluded in order to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.
982:): gold salts can cause a more or less important loss of proteins in urine as a consequence of metal accumulation. Penicillin is nephrotoxic in people with kidney failure and captopril can aggravate proteinuria.
668:
is stored in the body). As vitamin D regulates the amount of calcium present in the blood, a decrease in its concentration will lead to a decrease in blood calcium levels. It may be significant enough to cause
318:
in the body due to serum hypoalbuminemia. Lower serum oncotic pressure causes fluid to accumulate in the interstitial tissues. Sodium and water retention aggravates the edema. This may take several forms:
1212:
levels of proteins, as a healthy subject excretes an insignificant amount of protein in their urine. The test will involve a 24-hour bedside urinary total protein estimation. The urine sample is tested for
1649:, hepatitis and other conditions such as alcoholism, IV drug use or some hereditary diseases can lead to swelling in the lower extremities and the abdominal cavity. Other accompanying symptoms include
1699:
Proteinuria: the loss of proteins from the urine is caused by many pathological agents and infection by these agents has to be ruled out before it can be certain that a person has nephrotic syndrome.
801:(MGN): The inflammation of the glomerular membrane causes increased leaking in the kidney. It is not clear why this condition develops in most people, although an auto-immune mechanism is suspected.
507:
and water (overfill hypothesis). Nephrotic syndrome edema initially appears in parts of the lower body (such as the legs) and in the eyelids. In the advanced stages it also extends to the
3938:
Cuzzoni, E; De
Iudicibus, S; Stocco, G; Favretto, D (2016). "In Vitro sensitivity to methyl-prednisolone is associated with clinical response in pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome".
2371:
521:
in nephrotic syndrome is typically caused by two mechanisms. First, hypoproteinemia stimulates protein synthesis in the liver, resulting in the overproduction of low and very-low-density
916:: this autoimmune disease causes the deposit of immunocomplexes in the glomeruli, causing them to become inflamed, this is the same mechanism as occurs in systemic lupus erythematosus.
2076:. In addition children under the age of 5 generally have a poorer prognosis than prepubescents, as do adults older than 30 years of age as they have a greater risk of kidney failure.
2132:
syndrome die and/or develop chronic kidney failure 6 to 14 years after this remission. On the other hand, between 10% and 20% of people have continuous episodes of remissions and
1740:
The objective of this treatment is to treat the imbalances brought about by the illness: edema, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidaemia, hypercoagulability and infectious complications.
860:. Excess blood sugar accumulates in the kidney causing them to become inflamed and unable to carry out their normal function. This leads to the leakage of proteins into the urine.
277:. The degree to which this occurs can vary between slight edema in the eyelids that decreases during the day, to affecting the lower limbs, to generalized swelling, to full blown
2008:
People with
Corticosteroid dependent: proteinuria appears when the dose of corticosteroid is decreased or there is a relapse in the first two weeks after treatment is completed.
3377:
1703:
can cause a proteinuria that is not accompanied by hypoalbuminemia, which is an important aid in making a differential diagnosis; other potential causes of proteinuria include
845:
Secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome have the same histologic patterns as the primary causes, though they may exhibit some differences suggesting a secondary cause, such as
2321:
1747:: a return to an unswollen state is the prime objective of this treatment of nephrotic syndrome. It is carried out through the combination of a number of recommendations:
821:
shape. It is characterized clinically by a rapid decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by at least 50% over a short period, usually from a few days to 3 months.
4094:
1691:
can cause edema in someone with kidney failure. These people are known to have kidney failure, and have either drunk too much or missed their dialysis. In addition, when
2136:
without dying or jeopardizing their kidney. The main causes of death are cardiovascular, as a result of the chronicity of the syndrome, and thromboembolic accidents.
3659:
4466:
3192:
1695:
spreads to the lungs or abdomen it causes effusions and fluid accumulation due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels and veins, as well as serous exudation.
708:: This can occur in cases of relapse or resistance to therapy. Causes of growth retardation are protein deficiency from the loss of protein in urine,
4547:
4236:
1857:: is treated using the medical nutrition therapy described as a treatment for edema. It includes a moderate intake of foods rich in animal proteins.
1608:
804:
622:: the loss of proteins from blood plasma and the consequent fall in oncotic pressure causes an abnormal accumulation of liquid in the lungs causing
3067:
May, Carl J.; Welsh, Gavin I.; Chesor, Musleeha; Lait, Phillipa J.; Schewitz-Bowers, Lauren P.; Lee, Richard W. J.; Saleem, Moin A. (2019-10-01).
2814:
1243:
formation is a result of the breakdown of muscular tissue, it is transported in the blood and eliminated in urine. Measuring the concentration of
3743:
3127:"Podocyte protease activated receptor 1 stimulation in mice produces focal segmental glomerulosclerosis mirroring human disease signaling events"
3356:
2378:
3624:
814:
565:
disorders: particularly those caused by a decrease in blood antithrombin III levels due to leakage. Antithrombin III counteracts the action of
4075:
2879:
2863:
730:
Histological image of a normal kidney glomerulus. It is possible to see a glomerulus in the centre of the image surrounded by kidney tubules.
2065:
1666:
1120:. It is formed of capillaries with small pores that allow small molecules to pass through that have a molecular weight of less than 40,000
673:. Hypocalcaemia may be relative; calcium levels should be adjusted based on the albumin level and ionized calcium levels should be checked.
734:
Nephrotic syndrome has many causes and may either be the result of a glomerular disease that can be either limited to the kidney, called
4015:
3486:
2907:"Genomic and clinical profiling of a national nephrotic syndrome cohort advocates a precision medicine approach to disease management"
2305:
2276:
2080:
1586:
1032:
780:
210:
95:
3540:
539:, or hypercoagulability, is a greater predisposition for the formation of blood clots that are caused by a decrease in the levels of
478:
retained in the blood. Under normal conditions a 24-hour urine sample should not exceed 80 milligrams or 10 milligrams per decilitre.
4084:
3400:
2355:
2244:
2214:
2124:
There are also differences in epidemiology between the sexes, the disease is more common in men than in women by a ratio of 2 to 1.
602:
1948:
The treatment of kidney damage may reverse or delay the progression of the disease. Kidney damage is treated by prescribing drugs:
289:(>3.5 g per 1.73 m body surface area per day, or > 40 mg per square meter body surface area per hour in children),
4552:
3647:
Plasma expanders are natural or synthetic substances (dextran, albumin...), that are able to retain liquid in the vascular space.
3069:"Human Th17 cells produce a soluble mediator that increases podocyte motility via signaling pathways that mimic PAR-1 activation"
2431:
Parra Herrán, Carlos
Eduardo; Castillo Londoño, Juan Sebastián; López Panqueva, Rocío del Pilar; Andrade Pérez, Rafael Enrique.
2325:
558:
Nephrotic syndrome can be associated with a series of complications that can affect an individual's health and quality of life:
525:. There is also an increase in the liver synthesis of cholesterol. Second, lipid catabolism is decreased due to lower levels of
4287:
4476:
4056:
3852:
3726:
3523:
3448:
2651:
2605:[Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis as form of presentation of idiophatic nephrotic syndrome in an adult black race].
2415:
393:
3514:
Curtis, Michael J.; Page, Clive P.; Walker, Michael J.A; Hoffman, Brian B. (1998). "Fisiopatología y enfermedades renales".
2114:
Nephrotic syndrome can affect any age, although it is mainly found in adults with a ratio of adults to children of 26 to 1.
1750:
Rest: depending on the seriousness of the edema and taking into account the risk of thrombosis caused by prolonged bed rest.
1939:
are the drug of choice. Independent of their blood pressure-lowering effect, they have been shown to decrease protein loss.
1192:
1157:
As a response to hypoproteinemia the liver commences a compensatory mechanism involving the synthesis of proteins, such as
698:: this occurs when the amount of protein that is lost in the urine is greater than that ingested, this leads to a negative
4292:
2744:
2603:"Peritonitis bacteriana espontánea como forma de presentación de síndrome nefrótico idiopático en un adulto de raza negra"
1315:
1221:
957:
798:
549:
or loss of lipids in the urine is indicative of glomerular pathology due to an increase in the filtration of lipoproteins.
3663:
503:
4229:
2170:
1272:
1042:
1000:
863:
431:
3577:
605:
can develop where there is ascites present. This is a frequent development in children but very rarely found in adults.
4263:
3318:
2579:
922:: the virus's antigens provoke an obstruction in the glomerular capillary's lumen that alters normal kidney function.
3827:
4352:
3196:
2096:
1637:
3688:
1732:
The treatment of nephrotic syndrome can be symptomatic or can directly address the injuries caused to the kidney.
783:(FSGS): is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. It is characterized by the appearance of tissue
4387:
1753:
1628:
Edema: in addition to nephrotic syndrome there are two other disorders that often present with edema; these are
4537:
4488:
4382:
4148:
1303:
944:: inflammation of the blood vessels at a glomerular level impedes the normal blood flow and damages the kidney.
589:
995:
913:
4392:
4222:
2768:
1319:
1268:
1259:(EUC test) in order to evaluate kidney function. A lipid profile will also be carried out as high levels of
1154:, which prevents the leakage of fluid into the extracellular medium and the subsequent formation of edemas.
950:: as happens in myeloma, the invasion of the glomeruli by cancerous cells disturbs their normal functioning.
76:
2117:
The syndrome presents in different ways in the two groups: the most frequent glomerulopathy in children is
1910:(between 2 and 3), it may be possible to suspend the LMWH while maintaining the OACs for at least 6 months.
4428:
4342:
4334:
4299:
4282:
3416:
2682:
It occurs during renal pathologies, during fasting, in eating disorders or during heavy physical exercise.
2118:
2084:
2061:
2053:
1957:: the result is a decrease in proteinuria and the risk of infection as well as a resolution of the edema.
1832:
A solution of 25% albumin is used that is administered for only 4 hours in order to avoid pulmonary edema.
1597:
1575:
826:
762:
595:
218:
214:
134:
103:
99:
3767:
765:(MCD): is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. It owes its name to the fact that the
4451:
4372:
2883:
2031:
1670:
1299:
1196:
1158:
900:: kidney damage can occur during the secondary stage of this disease (between 2 and 8 weeks from onset).
837:
2835:
1064:
715:
38:
3272:
2452:
886:: This disease does not usually affect the kidney but, on occasions, the accumulation of inflammatory
4456:
4322:
2931:
2039:
1279:
1264:
1199:
with nephrotic syndrome. There is a hyperechoic kidney without demarcation of the cortex and medulla.
853:
651:
3631:
2042:
tests are carried out during the treatment in order to give advance warning of a possible infection.
1278:
A kidney biopsy may also be used as a more specific and invasive test method. A study of a sample's
198:. Other symptoms may include weight gain, feeling tired, and foamy urine. Complications may include
4542:
4423:
4137:
3705:
Organizations in the US recommend that no more than 30% of total daily calorie intake is from fats.
1868:
1809:
1716:
774:
580:
456:
234:
203:
85:
3293:
459:; white lines (leukonychia) that extend all the way across the nail and lie parallel to the lunula
4514:
4471:
3973:
3174:
2952:
2858:
Fogo AB, Bruijn JA. Cohen AH, Colvin RB, Jennette JC. Fundamentals of Renal
Pathology. Springer.
2406:
García - Conde, J.; Merino Sánchez, J.; González Macías, J. (1995). "Fisiopatología glomerular".
1986:
867:
770:
739:
709:
705:
526:
420:
246:
139:
63:
46:
Microscopic image of diabetic glomerulosclerosis, the main cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults.
20:
2499:
305:(lipids in urine) can also occur, but is not essential for the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome.
1135:(the formation of a homogenous crystalline material within cells) that allows proteins such as
4317:
4188:
4159:
4052:
3965:
3908:
3789:
3722:
3519:
3444:
3396:
3371:
3251:
3166:
3148:
3106:
3088:
3049:
3041:
3002:
2944:
2936:
2859:
2647:
2624:
2555:
2411:
2351:
2301:
2272:
2266:
2240:
2234:
2210:
2204:
2073:
1907:
1712:
1244:
1006:
623:
530:
489:
351:
118:
51:
4364:
4312:
4307:
3955:
3947:
3898:
3890:
3779:
3490:
3330:
3241:
3231:
3156:
3138:
3096:
3080:
3033:
2992:
2984:
2926:
2918:
2614:
2545:
2537:
2023:
1963:
1903:
1805:
1757:
1700:
1685:
1662:
1151:
961:
953:
935:
846:
540:
499:
498:
is thought to be caused by two mechanisms. The first being hypoalbuminemia which lowers the
387:
344:
3807:
3603:
3547:
3465:
2069:
2019:
1962:
negative for protein. Then, 1.5 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Frequent relapses treated by:
1953:
1307:
1225:
876:
619:
518:
481:
404:
294:
290:
250:
187:
4019:
3995:
932:(proteins with anomalous structures) in the glomeruli modifying their shape and function.
817:(RPGN): (Usually presents as a nephrotic syndrome) A person's glomeruli are present in a
2789:
4504:
4377:
4347:
4253:
4245:
3903:
3878:
3246:
3219:
3161:
3126:
3101:
2997:
2973:"Mutations in multiple components of the nuclear pore complex cause nephrotic syndrome"
2972:
2694:
2432:
2092:
1936:
1932:
1781:
1284:
1233:
1204:
1166:
1144:
871:
633:
609:
508:
446:
340:
191:
3487:"Relación de la proteinuria con el nivel de hemoglobina glicosilada en los diabéticos"
3317:
Voguel S, Andrea; Azócar P, Marta; Nazal Ch, Vilma; Salas del C, Paulina (June 2006).
2550:
2525:
4531:
4483:
4418:
4016:"Síndrome nefrótico idiopático: diagnóstico histológico por biopsia renal percutanea"
3178:
1917:
1899:
1864:
1767:
1674:
1654:
1633:
1629:
1294:
Further investigations are indicated if the cause is not clear including analysis of
1217:
1121:
657:
637:
536:
242:
127:
4142:
3977:
3335:
2619:
2602:
1239:
test will evaluate kidney function particularly the glomerular filtration capacity.
380:(iron resistant microcytic hypochromic type) may be present due to transferrin loss.
4509:
4499:
4461:
4199:
3894:
2956:
2815:"Frecuencia de las glomerulonefritis y causas de las glomerulonefritis secundarias"
2526:"Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Urinary Lipids in the Nephrotic Syndrome"
2474:
2128:
2064:. Any relapses that occur become less frequent over time; the opposite occurs with
1982:
1894:
1846:
1788:). In severe cases of edema (or in cases with physiological repercussions, such as
1773:
1688:
1642:
1311:
1248:
1140:
1128:
695:
522:
371:
315:
147:
3856:
791:
is used as some of the glomeruli have scars, while others appear intact; the term
4153:
3068:
2601:
Ruiz, S.; Soto, S.; Rodado, R.; Alcaraz, F.; López Guillén, E. (September 2007).
2068:, in which the kidney fails within three years of the disease developing, making
4495:
4274:
4183:
3084:
3022:"Role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome"
2906:
2088:
2027:
1826:
1822:
1720:
1295:
1260:
1213:
1208:
1162:
1080:
1011:
925:
903:
891:
883:
677:
661:
613:
584:
576:
469:
408:
286:
230:
199:
183:
81:
4202:
3236:
3143:
2922:
4164:
1967:
1958:
1785:
1692:
1256:
1240:
1185:
1181:
1019:
975:
941:
742:), or a condition that affects the kidney and other parts of the body, called
562:
512:
474:
435:
412:
323:
238:
123:
56:
4051:(Cuarta ed.). Corporación para investigaciones biológicas. p. 340.
3218:
Hansen, Kristoffer; Nielsen, Michael; Ewertsen, Caroline (23 December 2015).
3152:
3092:
3045:
2940:
2719:
2087:. Factors associated with a poorer prognosis in these cases include level of
4413:
4408:
4194:
4127:
4087:- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK),
4078:- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK),
3581:
1880:
1842:
1708:
1646:
1184:
will be able to detect high levels of proteins and occasionally microscopic
979:
887:
870:
can affect a number of organs, among them the kidney, due to the deposit of
755:
726:
665:
572:
546:
302:
265:
143:
3969:
3912:
3793:
3784:
3255:
3170:
3110:
3053:
3006:
2948:
2628:
829:", i.e. they are diagnosed only after secondary causes have been excluded.
445:
Examination should also exclude other causes of gross edema—especially the
3768:"Prophylactic anticoagulation in nephrotic syndrome: a clinical conundrum"
3719:
Compendio de atención primaria: Conceptos, organización y práctica clínica
2559:
3960:
3831:
3395:(Seventh ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 3 and 4.
2297:
2102:
Without treatment nephrotic syndrome has a very bad prognosis especially
2057:
2035:
2002:
1998:
1793:
1777:
1704:
1658:
1650:
1247:
in both liquids evaluates the capacity of the glomeruli to filter blood.
897:
857:
808:
699:
688:
627:
566:
502:
within vessels resulting in hypovolemia and subsequent activation of the
439:
416:
362:
278:
222:
175:
107:
3021:
2015:
people in vitro showed a higher number of cases of ineffective therapy.
1330:
A broad classification of nephrotic syndrome based on underlying cause:
691:(compound used to store iron in the body). It is iron-therapy resistant.
529:, the main enzyme involved in lipoprotein breakdown. Cofactors, such as
3717:
Martín Zurro, Armando (2005). "Hipolipemiante, diuréticos, estatina.".
3692:
3037:
2133:
1929:
Achieving better blood glucose level control if the person is diabetic.
1890:
1876:
1800:
edema) or in people with one of a number of severe infections (such as
1797:
1789:
1678:
1229:
1177:
1136:
1047:
965:
910:
present during hepatitis can accumulate in the kidneys and damage them.
907:
807:(MPGN): is the inflammation of the glomeruli along with the deposit of
766:
680:
645:
383:
377:
355:
4110:
2670:
2541:
2268:
The Netter
Collection of Medical Illustrations - Urinary System e-Book
492:
in the liver is insufficient to increase the low blood protein levels.
4433:
4122:
2988:
1872:
1801:
1220:, which are more a feature of active nephritis. Next a blood screen,
1150:
Albumin is the main protein in the blood that is able to maintain an
1117:
947:
670:
641:
396:
is increased due to increased fibrinogen & other plasma contents.
274:
179:
3951:
1108:
754:
Primary causes of nephrotic syndrome are usually described by their
3927:
death of the bone caused by insufficient blood supply to the bone.
2322:"Electronic Learning Module for Kidney and Urinary Tract Diseases"
1970:. People can respond to prednisone in a number of different ways:
1845:
or require a change in dietary habits if the diuretic drug causes
1191:
1176:
1091:
Over 50 mutations are known to be associated with this condition.
725:
495:
450:
400:
329:
298:
270:
264:
226:
195:
111:
68:
4214:
2769:"Patient information: The nephrotic syndrome (Beyond the Basics)"
2030:
nor anaemia, which would cause further complications. A possible
1985:
appear, and they gain a lot of weight and can develop aseptic or
2233:
Kher, Kanwal; Schnaper, H. William; Greenbaum, Larry A. (2016).
2175:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1994:
1762:
1252:
971:
841:
Diabetic glomerulonephritis in a person with nephrotic syndrome.
784:
684:
427:
370:
Most of the people with nephrotic syndrome are normotensive but
347:. More commonly associated with excess fluid is pulmonary edema.
4218:
968:, a component of the glomerular filtration barrier, is altered.
849:. They are usually described by the underlying cause, such as:
795:
refers to the fact that only part of the glomerulus is damaged.
4088:
4079:
2745:"Descripción histológica de las glomerulonefritis ideopáticas"
2292:
Behrman, Richard E.; Robert M Kliegman; Hal B. Jenson (2008).
1990:
1291:
as the majority have focal and segmental glomeruloesclerosis.
919:
333:
1981:
People with Corticosteroid intolerant: complications such as
1216:(>3.5 g per 1.73 m per 24 hours). It is also examined for
874:
that are typical to this disease. The disease can also cause
1116:
The kidney glomerulus filters the blood that arrives at the
233:. The underlying mechanism typically involves damage to the
3879:"Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children"
3464:
Rivera, F; Egea, J.J; Jiménez del Cerro, L.A; Olivares, J.
1719:
levels and the appearance of proteinuria. Other causes are
1287:. A biopsy is usually only indicated for children that are
712:(reduced protein intake), and steroid therapy (catabolism).
640:
transport protein thyroxin (a glycoprotein that is rich in
515:(ascites) and can even develop into a generalized anasarca.
309:
A few other characteristics seen in nephrotic syndrome are:
3689:"Sustitución de los alimentos ricos en grasas de la dieta"
2106:, which leads to acute kidney failure after a few months.
269:
Nephrotic syndrome is usually accompanied by retention of
2350:(6th ed.). New York, NY : McGraw-Hill. p. 659.
1016:
Drugs (such as corticosteroids, gold, intravenous heroin)
2433:"Síndrome nefrótico y proteinuria en rango no nefrótico"
1127:
In nephrotic syndrome, the glomeruli are affected by an
285:
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by large amounts of
1420:
Nephrotic syndrome is often classified histologically:
1147:
to pass through the cell membrane and appear in urine.
533:, may also be lost by increased filtration of proteins.
426:
May have features of the underlying cause, such as the
2408:
Patología General. Semiología Clínica y Fisiopatología
1657:), scratch marks (due to widespread itching, known as
3020:
van den Berg, José G.; Weening, Jan J. (2004-07-27).
2582:[Acute complications of nephrotic syndrome].
1920:
drugs can be taken according to the infectious agent.
1776:: The pharmacological treatment of edema is based on
811:
in their membranes, which makes filtration difficult.
4100:
3925:
According to MedlinePlus, avascular necrosis is the
4444:
4401:
4363:
4333:
4273:
4252:
4174:
4104:
3220:"Ultrasonography of the Kidney: A Pictorial Review"
2665:
2663:
2453:"Valores normales de proteína en orina de 24 horas"
1723:
and certain other allergic and infectious diseases.
209:Causes include a number of kidney diseases such as
161:
153:
133:
117:
91:
75:
62:
50:
31:
3721:(Segunda ed.). Elsevier España. p. 794.
3439:Goldman, Lee; Braunwald, Eugene (2000). "Edemas".
3357:"Diagnóstico diferencial en el síndrome nefrótico"
2206:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1
1124:, but not larger macromolecules such as proteins.
894:) in the glomeruli can lead to nephrotic syndrome.
587:. The most notable of the causative organisms are
579:, followed by lung, skin, and urinary infections,
2836:"Fármacos que pueden producir síndrome nefrótico"
2646:(Cuarta ed.). Elsevier España. p. 283.
2372:"Manifestaciones clínicas del síndrome nefrótico"
1025:Bacterial infections, e.g. leprosy & syphilis
648:gland) due to decreased thyroid-binding globulin.
390:or due to diaphragmatic compression with ascites.
3376:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3073:American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology
2809:
2807:
2805:
1255:levels may also be analysed at the same time as
1232:levels of ≤2.5 g/dL (normal=3.5-5 g/dL). Then a
419:are uncommon, though these are seen commonly in
4047:Borrego R., Jaime; Montero C., Orlando (2003).
3877:Hahn D, Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC (2015).
3572:
3570:
3568:
3509:
3507:
3391:Harold Friedman, H (2001). "General problems".
2671:"Balance de nitrógeno y equilibrio nitrogenado"
2346:Freedberg, Irwin M.; et al., eds. (2003).
361:Generalized edema throughout the body known as
237:of the kidney. Diagnosis is typically based on
3434:
3432:
2874:
2872:
2580:"Complicaciones agudas del síndrome nefrótico"
2265:Kelly, Christopher R.; Landman, Jaime (2012).
4230:
3744:"Profilaxis de los fenómenos tromboembólicos"
2348:Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine
1715:there is an association between increases in
777:. Another symptom is pronounced proteinuria.
654:can occur. Vitamin D binding protein is lost.
8:
3319:"Indicaciones de la biospsia renal en niños"
2236:Clinical Pediatric Nephrology, Third Edition
1836:diuretics as they would increase said value.
2763:
2761:
4237:
4223:
4215:
4101:
3359:. Archived from the original on 2009-03-06
3312:
3310:
1165:. An increase in the latter can cause the
37:
28:
3959:
3902:
3783:
3334:
3267:
3265:
3245:
3235:
3160:
3142:
3100:
2996:
2932:1983/c730c0d6-5527-435a-8c27-a99fd990a0e8
2930:
2618:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2549:
2271:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 101.
2260:
2258:
2256:
2209:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 889.
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
1076:Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
773:as the lesions are only visible using an
464:The main signs of nephrotic syndrome are:
221:. It may also occur as a complication of
71:, weight gain, feeling tired, foamy urine
3989:
3987:
2790:"Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"
2228:
2226:
1107:
856:: is a complication that occurs in some
836:
805:Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
484:of less than 2.5 g/dL, that exceeds the
3883:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3828:"Tratamiento de la hipercoagulabilidad"
3808:"Rango Internacional Normalizado (INR)"
3660:"Lista de alimentos ricos en proteínas"
3466:"La proteinuria en el mieloma múltiple"
3417:"El edema en la insuficiencia cardíaca"
3294:"El diagnóstico del síndrome nefrótico"
3193:"Apuntes de fisiopatología de sistemas"
2854:
2852:
2642:Zollo, Anthony J (2005). "Nefrología".
2524:Klahr S, Tripathy K, Bolanos O (1967).
2401:
2399:
2145:
1893:(LMWH) may be appropriate for use as a
1275:, is indicative of nephrotic syndrome.
1060:Drugs, especially NSAIDs in the elderly
399:Some people may notice foamy or frothy
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
3369:
2104:rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
1966:or nitrogen mustard or cyclosporin or
1871:drugs may be necessary (these include
1271:, usually with concomitantly elevated
815:Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
543:in the blood due to its loss in urine.
3676:Expressed as grams per 100 g of food.
3578:"Dietoterapia del síndrome nefrótico"
1841:It may be necessary to give a person
1808:), the diuretics can be administered
1636:. Congestive heart failure can cause
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1518:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1380:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
16:Symptoms resulting from kidney damage
7:
4467:Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome
3625:"Fluidoterapia: tipos de expansores"
2724:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
2699:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
2066:mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis
411:. Actual urinary complaints such as
326:, characteristically in the morning.
4049:Nefrología: Fundamentos de medicina
3604:"Lista de alimentos ricos en sodio"
2475:"What to know about hyperlipidemia"
2473:Davis, K; Kohli, P (15 July 2019).
1902:(OAC). During this time and if the
3393:Problem-oriented Medical Diagnosis
2081:focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
1033:Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
1028:Protozoal infections, e.g. malaria
781:Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
769:appear normal when viewed with an
211:focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
96:Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
14:
2977:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1112:Drawing of the kidney glomerulus.
687:deficiency caused by the loss of
603:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
3853:"Tratamiento de la hipocalcemia"
3441:Cardiología en atención primaria
2578:Álvarez, Sandalio Durán (1999).
2410:. McGraw - Hill Interamericana.
2001:and thrombotic phenomena and/or
1653:, dilated veins over umbilicus (
1203:Along with obtaining a complete
4548:Syndromes affecting the kidneys
3336:10.4067/S0370-41062006000300011
2620:10.4321/s0212-71992007000900008
2500:"Case Based Pediatrics Chapter"
2377:. See table 4.2. Archived from
1169:associated with this syndrome.
4097:" Pediatric Nephrology Handout
4095:Nephrotic Syndrome in Children
3895:10.1002/14651858.CD001533.pub5
3443:. Harcourt. pp. 114–117.
2171:"Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults"
583:and in the most serious cases
394:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
1:
3996:"Pronóstico de la enfermedad"
2095:control and kidney function (
1222:comprehensive metabolic panel
1056:Minimal change disease (MCD)
958:congenital nephrotic syndrome
799:Membranous glomerulonephritis
4076:Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome
3323:Revista Chilena de Pediatría
1039:Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
1001:Systemic lupus erythematosus
991:Membranous nephropathy (MN)
864:Systemic lupus erythematosus
833:Secondary glomerulonephrosis
738:nephrotic syndrome (primary
432:systemic lupus erythematosus
157:Directed at underlying cause
4264:Template:Glomerular disease
3766:Glassock RJ (August 2007).
3085:10.1152/ajprenal.00093.2019
2584:Revista Cubana de Pediatría
2294:Nelson Tratado de Pediatria
2034:of the cyclophosphamide is
1916:: an appropriate course of
1879:and resinous sequesters of
825:They are considered to be "
787:in the glomeruli. The term
403:, due to a lowering of the
4569:
4353:Balkan endemic nephropathy
4093:Clardy, Chris (May 2000) "
3237:10.3390/diagnostics6010002
3144:10.1016/j.kint.2023.02.031
2923:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.013
2644:Medicina interna. Secretos
2607:Anales de Medicina Interna
2239:. CRC Press. p. 307.
750:Primary glomerulonephrosis
18:
4388:Renovascular hypertension
3485:Bustillo Solano, Emilio.
2072:necessary and subsequent
1754:Medical nutrition therapy
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1267:), specifically elevated
662:25-hydroxycholecalciferol
301:that begins in the face.
45:
36:
4489:Renal papillary necrosis
4383:Hypertensive nephropathy
4085:Adult Nephrotic Syndrome
2300:, España. p. 1755.
2085:end stage kidney disease
1914:Infectious complications
1677:corticosteroids and sex
1289:corticosteroid resistant
590:Streptococcus pneumoniae
504:renin–angiotensin system
374:(rarely) may also occur.
314:The most common sign is
188:low blood albumin levels
19:Not to be confused with
4553:Disorders causing edema
4393:Renal cortical necrosis
3994:Guerrero Fernández, J.
3273:"Nefrología y urología"
2203:Ferri, Fred F. (2017).
1889:: low molecular weight
1063:Malignancy, especially
4429:Chronic kidney disease
4343:Interstitial nephritis
4300:Acute tubular necrosis
4283:Renal tubular acidosis
4018:. 1995. Archived from
3785:10.1681/ASN.2006111300
3742:Jiménez Alonso, Juan.
3541:"El reposo prolongado"
3516:Farmacología integrada
2119:minimal change disease
2062:chronic kidney failure
2056:responds very well to
2054:minimal change disease
1671:antihypertensive drugs
1619:Differential diagnosis
1322:of the whole abdomen.
1234:Creatinine Clearance C
1200:
1197:Ultrasound of a kidney
1189:
1113:
842:
827:diagnoses of exclusion
763:Minimal change disease
731:
596:Haemophilus influenzae
386:may be present due to
282:
219:minimal change disease
215:membranous nephropathy
182:damage. This includes
165:5 per 100,000 per year
135:Differential diagnosis
104:minimal change disease
100:membranous nephropathy
4452:Analgesic nephropathy
4373:Renal artery stenosis
2079:Other causes such as
1316:serum electrophoresis
1195:
1180:
1159:alpha-2 macroglobulin
1111:
987:By histologic pattern
964:in which the protein
840:
729:
322:Puffiness around the
268:
257:children and adults.
249:in that there are no
4457:Renal osteodystrophy
3695:on February 12, 2008
3131:Kidney International
2911:Kidney International
2880:"Nephrotic syndrome"
2695:"Cushing's Syndrome"
2384:on 24 September 2015
2040:Complete blood count
1778:diuretic medications
1661:), enlarged spleen,
1280:anatomical pathology
1265:hypercholesterolemia
1224:(CMP) will look for
854:Diabetic nephropathy
746:nephrotic syndrome.
652:Vitamin D deficiency
644:and is found in the
636:: deficiency of the
184:protein in the urine
4424:Acute renal failure
3940:Clin Pharmacol Ther
3772:J. Am. Soc. Nephrol
3666:on 7 September 2008
2083:frequently lead to
2060:and does not cause
1717:glycated hemoglobin
974:( e.g. gold salts,
775:electron microscope
581:meningoencephalitis
204:high blood pressure
174:is a collection of
86:high blood pressure
4515:Reflux nephropathy
4472:Diabetes insipidus
4254:Glomerular disease
4175:External resources
3553:on 24 January 2009
3539:Saz Peiro, Pablo.
3038:10.1042/cs20040095
2788:James W Lohr, MD.
2479:Medical News Today
1987:avascular necrosis
1450:Nephrotic syndrome
1201:
1190:
1114:
1065:Hodgkin's lymphoma
996:Sjögren's syndrome
930:amyloid substances
914:Sjögren's syndrome
868:autoimmune disease
843:
771:optical microscope
740:glomerulonephrosis
732:
716:Cushing's syndrome
706:Growth retardation
527:lipoprotein lipase
421:nephritic syndrome
283:
261:Signs and symptoms
247:nephritic syndrome
245:. It differs from
202:, infections, and
194:, and significant
172:Nephrotic syndrome
140:Nephritic syndrome
32:Nephrotic syndrome
21:Nephritic syndrome
4525:
4524:
4402:General syndromes
4323:Liddle's syndrome
4318:Gitelman syndrome
4212:
4211:
2983:(10): 4313–4328.
2864:978-0-387-31126-5
2542:10.1172/JCI105639
2074:kidney transplant
1908:therapeutic range
1849:as a side effect.
1713:diabetes mellitus
1707:, weight loss or
1693:Metastatic cancer
1616:
1615:
1418:
1417:
1245:organic compounds
1007:Diabetes mellitus
954:Genetic disorders
928:: the deposit of
531:apolipoprotein C2
490:protein synthesis
352:peritoneal cavity
293:(< 3.5 g/dl),
192:high blood lipids
169:
168:
119:Diagnostic method
26:Medical condition
4560:
4313:Bartter syndrome
4308:Fanconi syndrome
4239:
4232:
4225:
4216:
4102:
4063:
4062:
4044:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3963:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3855:. Archived from
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3830:. Archived from
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3691:. Archived from
3685:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3662:. Archived from
3656:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3630:. Archived from
3629:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3580:. Archived from
3574:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3552:
3546:. Archived from
3545:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3489:. Archived from
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3314:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3195:. Archived from
3189:
3183:
3182:
3164:
3146:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3079:(4): F913–F921.
3064:
3058:
3057:
3026:Clinical Science
3017:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2989:10.1172/JCI98688
2967:
2961:
2960:
2934:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2882:. Archived from
2876:
2867:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2811:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2575:
2564:
2563:
2553:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2324:. Archived from
2318:
2312:
2311:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2262:
2251:
2250:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2200:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2167:
2024:cyclophosphamide
2020:Immunosupressors
1964:cyclophosphamide
1904:prothrombin time
1806:pleural effusion
1701:Multiple myeloma
1663:spider angiomata
1638:liquid retention
1423:
1422:
1333:
1332:
1152:oncotic pressure
962:genetic disorder
936:Multiple myeloma
847:inclusion bodies
541:antithrombin III
500:oncotic pressure
488:level, that is,
457:Muehrcke's nails
438:associated with
430:associated with
388:pleural effusion
345:pleural effusion
241:and sometimes a
41:
29:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4538:Kidney diseases
4528:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4440:
4397:
4359:
4329:
4269:
4248:
4243:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4170:
4169:
4113:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4046:
4045:
4034:
4025:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4000:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3952:10.1002/cpt.372
3937:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3889:(3): CD001533.
3876:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3837:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3669:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3341:
3339:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3019:
3018:
3014:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2889:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2857:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2577:
2576:
2567:
2530:J. Clin. Invest
2523:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2247:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2177:. February 2014
2169:
2168:
2147:
2142:
2129:epidemiological
2112:
2049:
1954:Corticosteroids
1946:
1861:Hyperlipidaemia
1855:Hypoalbuminemia
1738:
1730:
1621:
1343:
1328:
1285:corticosteroids
1237:
1226:hypoalbuminemia
1205:medical history
1175:
1145:immunoglobulins
1106:
1104:Pathophysiology
1089:
989:
890:(collection of
877:lupus nephritis
872:immunocomplexes
835:
752:
724:
620:Pulmonary edema
556:
519:Hyperlipidaemia
486:liver clearance
482:Hypoalbuminemia
405:surface tension
295:hyperlipidaemia
291:hypoalbuminemia
263:
251:red blood cells
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4566:
4564:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4505:Hydronephrosis
4493:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4378:Renal ischemia
4375:
4369:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4348:Pyelonephritis
4339:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4246:Kidney disease
4244:
4242:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4191:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4156:
4145:
4130:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:Classification
4099:
4098:
4091:
4082:
4071:
4070:External links
4068:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4032:
4007:
3983:
3930:
3918:
3869:
3844:
3819:
3799:
3758:
3734:
3727:
3709:
3680:
3651:
3616:
3595:
3564:
3531:
3524:
3503:
3477:
3456:
3449:
3428:
3408:
3401:
3383:
3348:
3329:(3): 295–303.
3306:
3285:
3261:
3210:
3184:
3137:(2): 265–278.
3116:
3059:
3032:(2): 125–136.
3012:
2962:
2917:(4): 937–947.
2896:
2868:
2848:
2827:
2801:
2780:
2757:
2736:
2711:
2686:
2659:
2652:
2634:
2609:(in Spanish).
2593:
2586:(in Spanish).
2565:
2536:(9): 1475–81.
2516:
2491:
2465:
2444:
2423:
2416:
2395:
2363:
2356:
2338:
2313:
2307:978-8481747478
2306:
2296:(in Spanish).
2284:
2278:978-1455726561
2277:
2252:
2245:
2222:
2215:
2188:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2111:
2108:
2093:blood pressure
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
1979:
1975:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:ACE inhibitors
1933:Blood pressure
1930:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1906:is within its
1900:anticoagulants
1884:
1869:hypolipidaemic
1865:saturated fats
1858:
1851:
1850:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1782:loop diuretics
1771:
1751:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1689:fluid overload
1683:
1682:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1326:Classification
1324:
1235:
1207:, a series of
1174:
1171:
1167:hyperlipidemia
1105:
1102:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
988:
985:
984:
983:
969:
951:
945:
939:
933:
923:
917:
911:
901:
895:
881:
861:
834:
831:
823:
822:
812:
802:
796:
778:
751:
748:
723:
720:
719:
718:
713:
703:
692:
674:
664:(the way that
655:
649:
634:Hypothyroidism
631:
617:
610:kidney failure
606:
600:
570:
563:Thromboembolic
555:
552:
551:
550:
544:
534:
516:
509:pleural cavity
493:
479:
461:
460:
454:
447:cardiovascular
443:
424:
407:by the severe
397:
391:
381:
375:
368:
367:
366:
359:
348:
341:pleural cavity
337:
327:
262:
259:
253:in the urine.
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
137:
131:
130:
121:
115:
114:
93:
89:
88:
84:, infections,
79:
73:
72:
66:
60:
59:
54:
48:
47:
43:
42:
34:
33:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4565:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4484:Renal papilla
4482:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4419:Renal failure
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4235:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4060:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4022:on 2016-03-25
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
3997:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3961:11368/2878528
3957:
3953:
3949:
3946:(3): 268–74.
3945:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3870:
3859:on 2008-09-15
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3834:on 2008-09-15
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3778:(8): 2221–5.
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3759:
3745:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3637:on 2008-09-20
3633:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3584:on 2009-01-22
3583:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3493:on 2008-09-14
3492:
3488:
3481:
3478:
3467:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3402:0-7817-2909-2
3398:
3394:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3199:on 2008-09-08
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2897:
2886:on 2013-04-23
2885:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2357:0-07-138076-0
2353:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2328:on 2008-12-20
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2246:9781482214635
2242:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2216:9780323529570
2212:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2164:
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2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2007:
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1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:Kidney damage
1943:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1918:antibacterial
1915:
1912:
1909:
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1892:
1888:
1887:Thrombophilia
1885:
1882:
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1655:caput medusae
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1630:heart failure
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1312:cryoglobulins
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1218:urinary casts
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658:Hypocalcaemia
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639:
638:thyroglobulin
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618:
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561:
560:
559:
554:Complications
553:
548:
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538:
537:Thrombophilia
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:
514:
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505:
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376:
373:
369:
364:
360:
357:
353:
350:Fluid in the
349:
346:
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339:Fluid in the
338:
335:
331:
330:Pitting edema
328:
325:
321:
320:
317:
313:
312:
311:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
280:
276:
272:
267:
260:
258:
254:
252:
248:
244:
243:kidney biopsy
240:
239:urine testing
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
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129:
128:kidney biopsy
125:
124:Urine testing
122:
120:
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101:
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77:Complications
74:
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4510:Pyonephrosis
4462:Nephroptosis
4335:Interstitium
4261:
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2179:. Retrieved
2174:
2126:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2110:Epidemiology
2103:
2101:
2078:
2050:
2013:
1983:hypertension
1952:
1947:
1923:
1913:
1895:prophylactic
1886:
1860:
1854:
1847:hypokalaemia
1780:(especially
1744:
1739:
1731:
1684:
1643:cardiomegaly
1622:
1419:
1329:
1293:
1288:
1277:
1249:Electrolytes
1202:
1163:lipoproteins
1156:
1149:
1141:antithrombin
1132:
1129:inflammation
1126:
1115:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1075:
1055:
1031:
990:
929:
892:immune cells
875:
844:
824:
818:
792:
788:
753:
743:
735:
733:
696:malnutrition
594:
588:
557:
523:lipoproteins
485:
463:
462:
372:hypertension
316:excess fluid
308:
307:
284:
255:
208:
171:
170:
148:malnutrition
4496:Major calyx
4477:Nephrogenic
4184:MedlinePlus
3224:Diagnostics
2089:proteinuria
2032:side effect
2028:neutropenia
1827:haematocrit
1823:haemoglobin
1736:Symptomatic
1721:amyloidosis
1296:auto-immune
1261:cholesterol
1214:proteinuria
1209:biochemical
1095:Non-Genetic
1081:Hepatitis C
1052:Kidney loss
1012:Sarcoidosis
926:Amyloidosis
904:Hepatitis B
884:Sarcoidosis
678:hypochromic
676:Microcytic
614:hypovolemia
585:septicaemia
577:peritonitis
470:Proteinuria
409:proteinuria
287:proteinuria
231:amyloidosis
200:blood clots
82:Blood clots
4543:Pediatrics
4532:Categories
4160:DiseasesDB
4058:9589400639
4026:2016-05-21
4001:2016-05-21
3863:2008-09-14
3838:2008-09-14
3813:2008-09-14
3752:2008-09-14
3728:8481748161
3525:8481743402
3497:2008-09-14
3471:2008-09-14
3450:8481744328
3422:2008-09-14
3363:2008-09-14
3342:2008-09-14
2890:2016-05-21
2795:2013-06-28
2774:2013-06-28
2653:8481748862
2504:Hawaii.edu
2438:2008-09-14
2417:8448600932
2332:2015-12-25
2181:9 November
2140:References
1974:the night.
1968:levamisole
1959:Prednisone
1881:bile acids
1786:furosemide
1784:, such as
1774:Medication
1320:ultrasound
1257:creatinine
1241:Creatinine
1186:haematuria
1182:Urinalysis
1020:Malignancy
976:penicillin
960:is a rare
942:Vasculitis
906:: certain
888:granulomas
809:antibodies
660:: lack of
573:Infections
513:peritoneum
475:creatinine
436:neuropathy
413:haematuria
57:Nephrology
4414:Nephrosis
4409:Nephritis
4195:eMedicine
3179:257639270
3153:0085-2538
3093:1931-857X
3046:0143-5221
2941:0085-2538
2720:"Ascites"
2509:23 August
2458:24 August
2047:Prognosis
2003:embolisms
1999:cataracts
1935:control.
1843:potassium
1794:preputial
1728:Treatment
1709:bone pain
1647:cirrhosis
1412:Secondary
1342:Nephrotic
1298:markers (
1173:Diagnosis
1072:Bee sting
980:captopril
858:diabetics
793:segmental
756:histology
744:secondary
666:vitamin D
547:Lipiduria
434:, or the
332:over the
303:Lipiduria
235:glomeruli
162:Frequency
154:Treatment
146:, severe
144:cirrhosis
52:Specialty
4365:Vascular
4304:Genetic
4288:proximal
4203:ped/1564
4200:med/1612
3978:37671642
3970:27007551
3913:25785660
3794:17599972
3372:cite web
3256:26838799
3230:(1): 2.
3171:36940798
3111:31339775
3054:15157184
3007:30179222
2949:28117080
2629:18198954
2298:Elsevier
2134:relapses
2070:dialysis
2058:steroids
2036:alopecia
1978:failure.
1877:fibrates
1821:Analyse
1798:urethral
1768:diuresis
1705:asthenia
1679:hormones
1659:pruritus
1651:jaundice
1344:syndrome
1087:Genetics
1022:(cancer)
908:antigens
898:Syphilis
785:scarring
767:nephrons
710:anorexia
702:balance.
700:nitrogen
694:Protein
689:ferritin
628:dyspnoea
567:thrombin
440:diabetes
417:oliguria
363:anasarca
354:causing
343:causing
279:anasarca
223:diabetes
196:swelling
176:symptoms
108:diabetes
69:Swelling
64:Symptoms
4275:Tubules
4154:D009404
3904:7025788
3247:4808817
3162:7616342
3102:6843047
2998:6159964
2957:4768411
2704:11 July
2560:6036540
1989:of the
1891:heparin
1873:statins
1829:levels.
1790:scrotal
1675:adrenal
1669:, some
1403:Primary
1230:albumin
1143:or the
1137:albumin
1122:daltons
1069:Allergy
1048:Obesity
1035:(FSGS)
966:nephrin
866:: this
736:primary
681:anaemia
646:thyroid
624:hypoxia
612:due to
453:system.
384:Dyspnea
378:Anaemia
356:ascites
178:due to
4500:pelvis
4434:Uremia
4293:distal
4189:000490
4055:
3976:
3968:
3911:
3901:
3792:
3725:
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3399:
3299:12 Sep
3278:12 Sep
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2729:1 July
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2551:292893
2548:
2484:1 July
2414:
2388:12 Sep
2354:
2304:
2275:
2243:
2213:
1802:sepsis
1673:, the
1667:NSAIDs
1318:), or
1118:kidney
948:Cancer
722:Causes
671:tetany
642:iodine
608:Acute
297:, and
275:sodium
217:, and
180:kidney
92:Causes
4445:Other
3974:S2CID
3747:(PDF)
3699:8 Sep
3670:8 Sep
3641:8 Sep
3635:(PDF)
3628:(PDF)
3609:8 Sep
3588:8 Sep
3557:8 Sep
3551:(PDF)
3544:(PDF)
3203:8 Sep
3175:S2CID
2953:S2CID
2841:8 Sep
2820:8 Sep
2750:8 Sep
2676:8 Sep
2382:(PDF)
2375:(PDF)
1745:Edema
1711:. In
1686:Acute
1131:or a
1003:(SLE)
972:Drugs
789:focal
496:Edema
451:liver
401:urine
299:edema
271:water
229:, or
227:lupus
112:lupus
4262:See
4165:8905
4149:MeSH
4138:9-CM
4053:ISBN
3966:PMID
3909:PMID
3887:2015
3790:PMID
3723:ISBN
3701:2008
3672:2008
3643:2008
3611:2008
3590:2008
3559:2008
3520:ISBN
3445:ISBN
3397:ISBN
3378:link
3301:2008
3280:2008
3252:PMID
3205:2008
3167:PMID
3149:ISSN
3107:PMID
3089:ISSN
3050:PMID
3042:ISSN
3003:PMID
2945:PMID
2937:ISSN
2860:ISBN
2843:2008
2822:2008
2752:2008
2731:2021
2706:2021
2678:2008
2648:ISBN
2625:PMID
2590:(4).
2556:PMID
2511:2018
2486:2021
2460:2012
2412:ISBN
2390:2008
2352:ISBN
2302:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2211:ISBN
2183:2017
2127:The
1995:knee
1825:and
1758:diet
1632:and
1609:MPGN
1587:FSGS
1304:ASOT
1273:VLDL
1253:urea
1251:and
1161:and
685:iron
626:and
593:and
511:and
449:and
428:rash
334:legs
324:eyes
273:and
4143:581
4134:ICD
4128:N04
4119:ICD
4089:NIH
4080:NIH
3956:hdl
3948:doi
3944:100
3899:PMC
3891:doi
3780:doi
3331:doi
3242:PMC
3232:doi
3157:PMC
3139:doi
3135:104
3097:PMC
3081:doi
3077:317
3034:doi
3030:107
2993:PMC
2985:doi
2981:128
2927:hdl
2919:doi
2615:doi
2546:PMC
2538:doi
2099:).
2097:GFR
1993:or
1991:hip
1804:or
1796:or
1598:MGN
1576:MCD
1300:ANA
1269:LDL
1043:HIV
920:HIV
415:or
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