200:, which is generally thought to be produced exclusively by AOA (specifically Nitrososphaerota), has been proposed as a biomarker for AOA and ammonia oxidation. Crenarchaeol abundance has been found to track with seasonal blooms of AOA, suggesting that it may be appropriate to use crenarchaeol abundances as a proxy for AOA populations and thus ammonia oxidation more broadly. However the discovery of Nitrososphaerota that are not obligate ammonia-oxidizers complicates this conclusion, as does one study that suggests that crenarchaeol may be produced by Marine Group II Euryarchaeota.
2292:
2216:
921:
373:
27:
2354:. Nitrates in groundwater can affect surface water concentrations, either through direct groundwater-surface water interactions (e.g., gaining stream reaches, springs), or from when it is extracted for surface use. As an example, much of the drinking water in the United States comes from groundwater, but most wastewater treatment plants discharge to surface water.
1148:(formerly Crenarchaeota) possess AMO. Thermoproteota are abundant in the ocean and some species have a 200 times greater affinity for ammonia than AOB, contrasting with the previous belief that AOB are primarily responsible for nitrification in the ocean. Furthermore, though nitrification is classically thought to be vertically separated from
1037:
are used as the secondary disinfectant, the presence of free ammonia can act as a substrate for ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. The associated reactions can lead to the depletion of the disinfectant residual in the system. The addition of chlorite ion to chloramine-treated water has been shown to
343:
In fact, during the serial dilutions ammonia-oxidizers and nitrite-oxidizers were unknowingly separated resulting in pure culture with ammonia-oxidation ability only. Thus
Frankland and Frankland observed that these pure cultures lose ability to perform both steps. Loss of nitrite oxidation ability
1960:
Due to its inherent microbial nature, nitrification in soils is greatly susceptible to soil conditions. In general, soil nitrification will proceed at optimal rates if the conditions for the microbial communities foster healthy microbial growth and activity. Soil conditions that have an effect on
2223:
N-heterocyclic compounds are also highly effective nitrification inhibitors and are often classified by their ring structure. The mode of action for these compounds is not well understood: while nitrapyrin, a widely used inhibitor and substrate of AMO, is a weak mechanism-based inhibitor of said
2357:
Among wildlife, amphibians (tadpoles) and freshwater fish eggs are most sensitive to elevated nitrate levels, and experience growth and developmental damage at levels commonly found in U.S. freshwater bodies (<20mg/l); while freshwater invertebrates are more tolerant (~90+mg/l) and adult
2014:
ammonia in states in the U.S., like
Illinois. They are usually effective in increasing recovery of nitrogen fertilizer in row crops, but the level of effectiveness depends on external conditions and their benefits are most likely to be seen at less than optimal nitrogen rates.
2111:
This reaction is catalyzed by AMO. Inhibitors of this reaction bind to the active site on AMO and prevent or delay the process. The process of oxidation of ammonia by AMO is regarded with importance due to the fact that other processes require the co-oxidation of
348:. Cultivation of pure nitrite oxidizer happened later during 20th century, however it is not possible to be certain which cultures were without contaminants as all theoretically pure strains share same trait (nitrite consumption, nitrate production).
2224:
enzyme, the effects of said mechanism are unable to correlate directly with the compound's ability to inhibit nitrification. It is suggested that nitrapyrin acts against the monooxygenase enzyme within the bacteria, preventing growth and CH
2010:, which are applied to soil as fertilizers. These inhibitors can help reduce losses of nitrogen in soil that would otherwise be used by crops. Nitrification inhibitors are used widely, being added to approximately 50% of the fall-applied
175:
Prior to the discovery of archaea capable of ammonia oxidation, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were considered the only organisms capable of ammonia oxidation. Since their discovery in 2005, two isolates of AOAs have been cultivated:
2173:
modification of the product, which ultimately inhibits nitrification. Through the process, AMO is deactivated and one or more proteins is covalently bonded to the final product. This is found to be most prominent in a broad range of
2665:
Treusch AH, Leininger S, Kletzin A, Schuster SC, Klenk HP, Schleper C (December 2005). "Novel genes for nitrite reductase and Amo-related proteins indicate a role of uncultivated mesophilic crenarchaeota in nitrogen cycling".
1945:
292:, proved that nitrification is indeed microbially mediated process by the experiments with liquid sewage and artificial soil matrix (sterilized sand with powdered chalk). Their findings were confirmed soon (in 1878) by
1006:
Nitrification is important in agricultural systems, where fertilizer is often applied as ammonia. Conversion of this ammonia to nitrate increases nitrogen leaching because nitrate is more water-soluble than ammonia.
2362:, a process in which large algal blooms reduce oxygen levels in bodies of water and lead to death in oxygen-consuming creatures due to anoxia. Nitrification is also thought to contribute to the formation of
331:
and the
Franklands were only able to enrich cultures of nitrifiers. Frankland and Frankland succeeded with a system of serial dilutions with very low inoculum and long cultivation times counting in years.
1320:
996:
In most environments, organisms are present that will complete both steps of the process, yielding nitrate as the final product. However, it is possible to design systems in which nitrite is formed (the
167:. They contribute to the transformation of ammonia derived from organic matter decomposition or fertilizers into nitrite, which subsequently serves as a substrate for nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB).
1641:
1764:
1535:
1849:
4822:
Singh SN, Verma A (2007). "Environmental Review: The
Potential of Nitrification Inhibitors to Manage the Pollution Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizers in Agricultural and Other Soils: A Review".
153:. They are known for their ability to utilize ammonia as an energy source and are prevalent in a wide range of environments, such as soils, aquatic systems, and wastewater treatment plants.
1410:
2045:. The process for the latter of the three is not yet widely understood, but is prominent. The presence of AMO has been confirmed on many substrates that are nitrogen inhibitors such as
208:
The second step of nitrification is the oxidation of nitrite into nitrate. This process is sometimes known as nitratation. Nitrite oxidation is conducted by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (
2268:(MMO) found in methanotrophs, indicating that MMO is a similar catalyst to AMO for the purpose of methane oxidation. Furthermore, methanotrophic bacteria share many similarities to
952:
993:, and harvest energy by oxidizing ammonia (the other product of urease) to nitrite. This feature may explain enhanced growth of AOB in the presence of urea in acidic environments.
3417:
Poly F, Wertz S, Brothier E, Degrange V (January 2008). "First exploration of
Nitrobacter diversity in soils by a PCR cloning-sequencing approach targeting functional gene nxrA".
2279:. The inhibitor profile of particulate forms of MMO (pMMO) shows similarity to the profile of AMO, leading to similarity in properties between MMO in methanotrophs and AMO in
4291:
Martens-Habbena W, Berube PM, Urakawa H, de la Torre JR, Stahl DA (October 2009). "Ammonia oxidation kinetics determine niche separation of nitrifying
Archaea and Bacteria".
2185:
Sulfur-containing compounds, including ammonium thiosulfate (a popular inhibitor) are found to operate by producing volatile compounds with strong inhibitory effects such as
160:
OH), a crucial intermediate in the process of nitrification. This enzymatic activity is sensitive to environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, and oxygen availability.
2169:
Mechanism based inhibitors can be defined as compounds that interrupt the normal reaction catalyzed by an enzyme. This method occurs by the inactivation of the enzyme via
345:
324:
305:
293:
4270:
3946:
Marsh KL, Sims GK, Mulvaney RL (2005). "Availability of urea to autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as related to the fate of C- and N-labeled urea added to soil".
312:
in 1886. Although at that time, it was believed that two-step nitrification is separated into distinct life phases or character traits of a single microorganism.
4075:
McGuire MJ, Wu X, Blute NK, Askenaizer D, Qin G (2009). "Prevention of nitrification using chlorite ion: Results of a demonstration project in
Glendale, Calif".
2545:"Phylogeny of all recognized species of ammonia oxidizers based on comparative 16S rRNA and amoA sequence analysis: implications for molecular diversity surveys"
3121:
Mussmann M, Brito I, Pitcher A, Sinninghe Damsté JS, Hatzenpichler R, Richter A, Nielsen JL, Nielsen PH, Müller A, Daims H, Wagner M, Head IM (October 2011).
2712:
Könneke M, Bernhard AE, de la Torre JR, Walker CB, Waterbury JB, Stahl DA (September 2005). "Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon".
3006:"Archaeal dominated ammonia-oxidizing communities in Icelandic grassland soils are moderately affected by long-term N fertilization and geothermal heating"
2980:
2423:
4219:
1110:, and in the second step nitrite is oxidized to nitrate. Diverse microbes are responsible for each step in the marine environment. Several groups of
468:
461:
1863:
2319:
of about 300 times greater than carbon dioxide and contributes 6% of planetary warming due to greenhouse gases. This compound is also notable for
3751:
1049:
process that refers to the complete decomposition of organic material, with the release of available nitrogen compounds. This replenishes the
938:
156:
AOB possess enzymes called ammonia monooxygenases (AMOs), which are responsible for catalyzing the conversion of ammonia to hydroxylamine (NH
3546:
904:
4459:
1156:
is inhibited by light, nitrification by AOA does not appear to be light inhibited, meaning that nitrification is occurring throughout the
336:
claimed pure culture isolation in the same year (1890), but his culture was still co-culture of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.
1073:
in the ocean is of particular interest. The nitrification step of the cycle is of particular interest in the ocean because it creates
429:
1167:
In the second step, nitrite is oxidized to nitrate. In the oceans, this step is not as well understood as the first, but the bacteria
2374:, and other undesirable processes. In addition, nitrification inhibitors have also been shown to suppress the oxidation of methane (CH
2212:, where the S atom is the primary site of oxidation by AMO. This is most strongly correlated to the field of competitive inhibition.
2196:
In particular, thiophosphoryl triamide has been a notable addition where it has the dual purpose of inhibiting both the production of
2033:
The inhibition of the nitrification process is primarily facilitated by the selection and inhibition/destruction of the bacteria that
880:
500:
3097:
2037:
ammonia compounds. A multitude of compounds inhibit nitrification, which can be divided into the following areas: the active site of
2018:
The environmental concerns of nitrification also contribute to interest in the use of nitrification inhibitors: the primary product,
4710:"Effects of Nitrapyrin [2-Chloro-6-(Trichloromethyl) Pyridine] on the Obligate Methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b"
4610:"Effects of Nitrapyrin [2-Chloro-6-(Trichloromethyl) Pyridine] on the Obligate Methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b"
4526:"Health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride toxicity in groundwater contamination in the semi-arid area of Medchal, South India"
256:. A pure culture of the organism was obtained in 2017, representing a revolution in our understanding of the nitrification process.
4917:
2252:). This suggests that the presence of ring N atoms is directly correlated with the inhibition effect of this class of compounds.
2244:) tend to have a significantly higher inhibition effect than compounds containing non-adjacent N atoms or singular ring N atoms (
1205:
985:, as well as populations of soil-dwelling AOB, have been shown to assimilate the carbon dioxide released by the reaction to make
945:
2394:
are shown to be especially strong suppressors of both processes, although the modes of action distinguishing them are unclear.
1095:
could lead to decreasing rates of nitrification. Nitrification could potentially become a "bottleneck" in the nitrogen cycle.
1082:
537:
2449:
1541:
250:
Ammonia oxidation to nitrate in a single step within one organism was predicted in 2006 and discovered in 2015 in the species
4945:
1666:
4244:
2162:. The binding and oxidation can occur on two sites on AMO: in competitive substrates, binding and oxidation occurs at the NH
1440:
3645:
Fortsetzung der
Vorarbeiten zu einer zukünftigen Wasser-Versorgung der Stadt Berlin ausgeführt in den Jahren 1868 und 1869.
69:
bacteria. The transformation of ammonia to nitrite is usually the rate limiting step of nitrification. Nitrification is an
925:
3123:"Thaumarchaeotes abundant in refinery nitrifying sludges express amoA but are not obligate autotrophic ammonia oxidizers"
2303:
Nitrification inhibitors are also of interest from an environmental standpoint because of the production of nitrates and
583:
2117:
1770:
605:
597:
510:
1779:
999:
4489:
Ferguson R, Lark R, Slater G (2003). "Approaches to management zone definition for use of nitrification inhibitors".
2600:
Wright, Chloë L.; Schatteman, Arne; Crombie, Andrew T.; Murrell, J. Colin; Lehtovirta-Morley, Laura E. (2020-04-17).
65:. The process of complete nitrification may occur through separate organisms or entirely within one organism, as in
2022:, leaches into groundwater, producing toxicity in both humans and some species of wildlife and contributing to the
1339:
1111:
4775:"Physiology, biochemistry, and specific inhibitors of CH4, NH4+, and CO oxidation by methanotrophs and nitrifiers"
3774:"LIX.—The formation and destruction of nitrates and nitrates in artificial solutions and in river and well waters"
3362:"Nitrite oxidation in the upper water column and oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean"
2822:
Karner MB, DeLong EF, Karl DM (January 2001). "Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the
Pacific Ocean".
2159:
981:, which catalyzes the conversion of the urea molecule to two ammonia molecules and one carbon dioxide molecule.
277:
269:
2316:
673:
668:
424:
2933:
4180:
2327:. Nitrates, a toxic compound for wildlife and livestock and a product of nitrification, are also of concern.
281:
4950:
827:
4401:"Nitric oxide is an obligate bacterial nitrification intermediate produced by hydroxylamine oxidoreductase"
3055:
Pitcher, Angela; Wuchter, Cornelia; Siedenberg, Kathi; Schouten, Stefan; Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S. (2011).
777:
2403:
2347:
2260:
Some enzymatic nitrification inhibitors, such as nitrapyrin, can also inhibit the oxidation of methane in
2155:
1161:
1078:
309:
4955:
2265:
2201:
2150:
The mechanism of inhibition is complicated by this requirement. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition of NH
2042:
2038:
1657:
1648:
1133:
1046:
520:
308:
made also the first observation that nitrification is a two-step process in 1879 which was confirmed by
4721:
4674:
4574:
4498:
4412:
4355:
4300:
4134:
4084:
4041:
3998:
3955:
3580:
3473:
3426:
3373:
3313:
3250:
3193:
3134:
3071:
2948:
2886:
2831:
2776:
2721:
2675:
2613:
2556:
2499:
2050:
860:
689:
441:
434:
364:
252:
2602:"Inhibition of Ammonia Monooxygenase from Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea by Linear and Aromatic Alkynes"
2413:
2351:
848:
658:
549:
297:
138:
110:
109:). This first stage is sometimes known as nitritation. It is performed by two groups of organisms,
70:
2873:
Wuchter C, Abbas B, Coolen MJ, Herfort L, van
Bleijswijk J, Timmers P, et al. (August 2006).
184:. When comparing AOB and AOA, AOA dominate in both soils and marine environments, suggesting that
4878:
4839:
4690:
4647:
4590:
4344:"Uncultured Nitrospina-like species are major nitrite oxidizing bacteria in oxygen minimum zones"
4324:
4211:
4158:
4100:
4057:
4014:
3971:
3518:
2972:
2855:
2745:
1999:
1149:
1062:
787:
337:
333:
328:
316:
264:
The idea that oxidation of ammonia to nitrate is in fact a biological process was first given by
149:
134:
3057:"Crenarchaeol tracks winter blooms of ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota in the coastal North Sea"
2763:
Tourna M, Stieglmeier M, Spang A, Könneke M, Schintlmeister A, Urich T, et al. (May 2011).
1169:
97:
The process of nitrification begins with the first stage of ammonia oxidation, where ammonia (NH
4524:
Duvva, Laxman Kumar; Panga, Kiran Kumar; Dhakate, Ratnakar; Himabindu, Vurimindi (2021-12-21).
4896:
4804:
4755:
4737:
4639:
4547:
4440:
4381:
4316:
4203:
4150:
3909:
3833:
3793:
3743:
3701:
3606:
3538:
3499:
3442:
3399:
3339:
3278:
3239:"Planktonic Euryarchaeota are a significant source of archaeal tetraether lipids in the ocean"
3219:
3162:
3089:
3037:
2964:
2914:
2847:
2804:
2737:
2691:
2647:
2629:
2582:
2543:
Purkhold U, Pommerening-Röser A, Juretschko S, Schmid MC, Koops HP, Wagner M (December 2000).
2525:
2418:
2371:
1066:
986:
817:
663:
515:
451:
3004:
Daebeler A, Abell GC, Bodelier PL, Bodrossy L, Frampton DM, Hefting MM, Laanbroek HJ (2012).
4886:
4870:
4831:
4794:
4786:
4745:
4729:
4682:
4629:
4621:
4582:
4537:
4506:
4471:
4430:
4420:
4371:
4363:
4308:
4260:
4195:
4142:
4092:
4049:
4006:
3963:
3899:
3889:
3823:
3785:
3735:
3693:
3596:
3588:
3567:
Kits KD, Sedlacek CJ, Lebedeva EV, Han P, Bulaev A, Pjevac P, et al. (September 2017).
3530:
3489:
3481:
3434:
3389:
3381:
3329:
3321:
3268:
3258:
3209:
3201:
3152:
3142:
3079:
3027:
3017:
2956:
2904:
2894:
2839:
2794:
2784:
2729:
2683:
2637:
2621:
2572:
2564:
2515:
2507:
2358:
freshwater fish can tolerate very high levels (800mg+/l). Nitrate levels also contribute to
2296:
2291:
2186:
834:
822:
532:
395:
285:
186:
164:
236:. NOB are typically present in soil, geothermal springs, freshwater and marine ecosystems.
1019:
812:
767:
631:
614:
320:
276:, noted that ammonium was stable in sterilized solutions but nitrified in natural waters.
4146:
4125:
Zehr JP, Kudela RM (2011). "Nitrogen cycle of the open ocean: from genes to ecosystems".
4032:
McGuire MJ, Lieu NI, Pearthree MS (1999). "Using chlorite ion to control nitrification".
3056:
965:
Both steps are producing energy to be coupled to ATP synthesis. Nitrifying organisms are
4725:
4678:
4578:
4502:
4416:
4359:
4304:
4138:
4088:
4045:
4002:
3959:
3584:
3477:
3430:
3377:
3317:
3254:
3197:
3138:
3075:
2952:
2932:
Leininger S, Urich T, Schloter M, Schwark L, Qi J, Nicol GW, et al. (August 2006).
2890:
2835:
2780:
2725:
2679:
2617:
2560:
2503:
4891:
4858:
4435:
4400:
4376:
4343:
4181:"Nitrification and Denitrification: Probing the Nitrogen Cycle in Aquatic Environments"
4096:
4053:
3904:
3877:
3601:
3568:
3494:
3461:
3394:
3361:
3273:
3238:
3214:
3181:
3157:
3122:
3032:
3005:
2909:
2874:
2799:
2764:
2642:
2520:
2487:
2379:
2359:
2261:
2215:
2023:
1145:
1140:) which, as its name implies, is responsible for the oxidation of ammonia. Subsequent
1085:
1070:
1050:
1042:
970:
839:
782:
737:
727:
722:
697:
636:
619:
495:
490:
482:
226:
58:
30:
4799:
4774:
4750:
4709:
4634:
4609:
1026:(bringing oxygen in the reactor) and the addition of an external carbon source (e.g.,
4939:
4843:
4104:
3460:
Spieck E, Spohn M, Wendt K, Bock E, Shively J, Frank J, et al. (February 2020).
3438:
3334:
3325:
3297:
2687:
2577:
2568:
2544:
2408:
2363:
2304:
2061:
2046:
1653:
1128:
772:
762:
717:
712:
702:
650:
573:
265:
232:
4694:
4651:
4594:
4215:
4162:
4061:
4018:
133:
Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) are typically Gram-negative bacteria and belong to
4328:
3975:
3643:
Müller A (1875). "Ammoniakgehalt des Spree- und Wasserleitungs wassers in Berlin".
2976:
2859:
2749:
2457:
2324:
2276:
2026:
of standing water. Some inhibitors of nitrification also inhibit the production of
1324:
1157:
1116:
990:
747:
732:
578:
544:
527:
419:
411:
315:
The first pure nitrifier (ammonia-oxidizing) was most probably isolated in 1890 by
220:
214:
197:
143:
4923:
4733:
1098:
Nitrification, as stated above, is formally a two-step process; in the first step
4790:
4460:"An Educational Program on the Proper Timing of Fall-applied Nitrogen Fertilizer"
3658:
Schloesing T, Muntz A (1877). "Sur la nitrification pas les ferments organisés".
2200:
and nitrification. In a study of inhibitory effects of oxidation by the bacteria
2154:
oxidation has shown that the substrates of AMO have shown kinetics ranging from
2007:
1414:
1175:
1141:
1034:
707:
624:
456:
446:
390:
382:
4542:
4525:
4475:
4405:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4342:
Sun X, Kop LF, Lau MC, Frank J, Jayakumar A, Lücker S, Ward BB (October 2019).
3243:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3127:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2879:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2769:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2488:"Diversity, physiology, and niche differentiation of ammonia-oxidizing archaea"
2116:
for a supply of reducing equivalents. This is usually supplied by the compound
372:
4835:
4367:
4010:
3989:
Zhang Y, Love N, Edwards M (2009). "Nitrification in Drinking Water Systems".
3967:
3534:
3485:
3084:
2387:
2280:
2233:
2209:
2205:
2179:
2054:
1940:{\displaystyle {\ce {{nitrite}+acceptor<=>{nitrate}+reduced\ acceptor}}}
1420:
1122:
1033:
Nitrification can also occur in drinking water. In distribution systems where
1015:
966:
792:
757:
752:
742:
565:
280:
put forward, that nitrification is thus performed by microorganisms. In 1877,
4741:
4551:
4265:
3894:
3837:
3797:
3747:
3705:
3093:
3022:
2633:
4425:
3569:"Kinetic analysis of a complete nitrifier reveals an oligotrophic lifestyle"
3263:
3237:
Lincoln SA, Wai B, Eppley JM, Church MJ, Summons RE, DeLong EF (July 2014).
3205:
3147:
2899:
2789:
2391:
2367:
2335:
2331:
2320:
2034:
2011:
885:
853:
301:
74:
26:
20:
4900:
4759:
4643:
4510:
4444:
4385:
4320:
4154:
3913:
3828:
3811:
3610:
3542:
3503:
3446:
3403:
3343:
3282:
3223:
3166:
3041:
2968:
2918:
2851:
2808:
2741:
2695:
2651:
2586:
2529:
4929:
4808:
4686:
4586:
4207:
3462:"Extremophilic nitrite-oxidizing Chloroflexi from Yellowstone hot springs"
3385:
2601:
194:) may be greater contributors to ammonia oxidation in these environments.
3789:
3773:
3739:
3723:
3697:
3681:
3296:
Daims H, Nielsen JL, Nielsen PH, Schleifer KH, Wagner M (November 2001).
2625:
2511:
2428:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2190:
2170:
1857:
The third step (nitrite to nitrate) is completed in a distinct organism.
1426:
1330:
1192:
1153:
1103:
1027:
1023:
1011:
245:
77:
66:
4312:
3592:
2960:
2733:
2311:
O), although its atmospheric concentration is much lower than that of CO
1769:
The second step (hydroxylamine to nitrite) is catalyzed by two enzymes.
163:
AOB play a vital role in soil nitrification, making them key players in
4882:
4859:"Nitrogen pollution: an assessment of its threat to amphibian survival"
4625:
4199:
3302:-like nitrite-oxidizing bacteria active in wastewater treatment plants"
2249:
2027:
2019:
2003:
1107:
1099:
1074:
118:
81:
54:
50:
46:
2843:
2707:
2705:
2197:
2175:
1196:
978:
974:
273:
4874:
2765:"Nitrososphaera viennensis, an ammonia oxidizing archaeon from soil"
2232:
oxidation. Compounds containing two or three adjacent ring N atoms (
2166:
site, while in noncompetitive substrates it occurs at another site.
4174:
4172:
1854:
Another currently unknown enzyme converts nitric oxide to nitrite.
4665:
McCarty GW (1998). "Modes of action of nitrification inhibitors".
4565:
McCarty GW (1999). "Modes of action of nitrification inhibitors".
2934:"Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils"
2290:
2214:
1188:
894:
296:
who was investigating nitrification ability of garden soil at the
289:
42:
25:
2338:, generally has a net anionic charge. Consequently, ammonium (NH
899:
62:
3927:
Winogradsky S (1891). "Sur les organisms de la nitrification".
3854:
Winogradsky S (1890). "Sur les organisms de la nitrification".
3182:"Lipids as paleomarkers to constrain the marine nitrogen cycle"
272:, while conducting a quality assessment of water from wells in
3878:"It Takes a Village: Discovering and Isolating the Nitrifiers"
1010:
Nitrification also plays an important role in the removal of
3812:"V. The nitrifying process and its specific ferment.—Part I"
1315:{\displaystyle {\ce {2NH4+ + 3O2 -> 2NO2- + 4H+ + 2H2O}}}
3816:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B
1199:
atoms), and is catalyzed step-wise by a series of enzymes.
1144:
studies and cultivation approaches have revealed that some
1092:
1794:
1749:
1730:
1697:
1681:
1636:{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2- + H2O -> NO3- + 2H+ + 2e-}}}
1574:
1471:
1455:
1376:
1305:
1246:
1018:. The conventional removal is nitrification, followed by
3991:
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
1759:{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3 + O2 + 2H+ -> NH2OH + H2O}}}
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
1530:{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3 + O2 -> NO2- + 3H+ + 2e-}}}
2264:
bacteria. AMO shows similar kinetic turnover rates to
2002:
are chemical compounds that slow the nitrification of
1900:
1866:
1782:
1669:
1544:
1443:
1342:
1208:
1114:(AOB) are known in the marine environment, including
323:, two English scientists from Scotland. Before that,
2041:(AMO), mechanistic inhibitors, and the process of N-
3519:"Why is metabolic labour divided in nitrification?"
2307:
from the process of nitrification. Nitrous oxide (N
16:
Biological oxidation of ammonia/ammonium to nitrate
3360:Beman JM, Leilei Shih J, Popp BN (November 2013).
1939:
1844:{\displaystyle {\ce {NH2OH -> NO + 3H+ + 3e-}}}
1843:
1758:
1635:
1529:
1404:
1314:
4930:Nitrification Basics for Aerated Lagoon Operators
2068:represents a range of potential electron donors.
1908:
1907:
1890:
1889:
1081:. Furthermore, as the ocean becomes enriched in
2342:) binds tightly to the soil but nitrate ions (NO
2208:resulted in the oxidation of these compounds to
1187:Nitrification is a process of nitrogen compound
977:source for growth. Some AOB possess the enzyme,
141:including the commonly studied genera including
4857:Rouse JD, Bishop CA, Struger J (October 1999).
1773:(HAO), converts hydroxylamine to nitric oxide.
1179:are known to carry out this step in the ocean.
1077:, the primary form of nitrogen responsible for
4708:Topp, Edward; Knowles, Roger (February 1984).
3624:Pasteur L (1862). "Etudes sur les mycoderme".
1405:{\displaystyle {\ce {2NO2- + O2 -> 2NO3-}}}
288:, two French agricultural chemists working in
2346:) do not. Because nitrate is more mobile, it
1022:. The cost of this process resides mainly in
946:
8:
4245:"Nutrient cycles and marine microbes in a CO
2064:is the first step in nitrification, where AH
57:. Nitrification is an important step in the
1160:, challenging the classical definitions of
4926:at University of Aberdeen · King's College
4077:Journal - American Water Works Association
4034:Journal - American Water Works Association
2424:Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification
2006:, ammonium-containing, or urea-containing
1652:, the first step of oxidation (ammonia to
953:
939:
355:
4890:
4798:
4749:
4633:
4541:
4434:
4424:
4375:
4264:
3903:
3893:
3827:
3600:
3493:
3393:
3333:
3272:
3262:
3213:
3180:Rush D, Sinninghe Damsté JS (June 2017).
3156:
3146:
3083:
3031:
3021:
2908:
2898:
2798:
2788:
2641:
2576:
2519:
2456:. Oregon State University. Archived from
1919:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1834:
1829:
1817:
1812:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1748:
1743:
1729:
1724:
1711:
1706:
1696:
1691:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1626:
1621:
1609:
1604:
1592:
1587:
1573:
1568:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1520:
1515:
1503:
1498:
1486:
1481:
1470:
1465:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1375:
1370:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1282:
1277:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1191:(effectively, loss of electrons from the
4918:Nitrification at the heart of filtration
4399:Caranto JD, Lancaster KM (August 2017).
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
2271:
1979:Soil moisture content (availability of H
4243:Hutchins D, Mulholland M, Fu F (2009).
3517:Costa E, Pérez J, Kreft JU (May 2006).
2440:
1883:
1057:Nitrification in the marine environment
363:
340:succeeded just one year later in 1891.
4714:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
4614:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
3306:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2606:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2549:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2492:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1965:Substrate availability (presence of NH
3871:
3869:
3849:
3847:
3717:
3715:
3675:
3673:
3355:
3353:
2875:"Archaeal nitrification in the ocean"
2219:Examples of N-heterocyclic molecules.
1951:Factors Affecting Nitrification Rates
73:process performed by small groups of
7:
4147:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142819
3724:"XLIX.—On nitrification. (Part II.)"
2120:(HAO) which catalyzes the reaction:
1152:because the oxidation of nitrate by
4608:Topp E, Knowles R (February 1984).
4458:Czapar GF, Payne J, Tate J (2007).
1132:. All contain the functional gene
861:Biogeochemical planetary boundaries
4773:Bédard C, Knowles R (March 1989).
4097:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2009.tb09970.x
4054:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1999.tb08715.x
2350:into groundwater supplies through
14:
4863:Environmental Health Perspectives
2486:Hatzenpichler R (November 2012).
3439:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00404.x
3326:10.1128/AEM.67.11.5273-5284.2001
2688:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00906.x
2569:10.1128/aem.66.12.5368-5382.2000
2295:Nitrification process tank at a
920:
919:
371:
105:) get converted into nitrite (NO
4273:from the original on 2018-10-18
4225:from the original on 2017-10-19
4127:Annual Review of Marine Science
3754:from the original on 2021-06-12
3549:from the original on 2020-10-19
3103:from the original on 2023-05-22
2986:from the original on 2016-06-11
1656:) is carried out by the enzyme
1162:"new" and "recycled" production
298:Rothamsted experimental station
4667:Biology and Fertility of Soils
4567:Biology and Fertility of Soils
1910:
1885:
1800:
1717:
1580:
1474:
1379:
1249:
1:
4734:10.1128/aem.47.2.258-262.1984
3298:"In situ characterization of
2060:The conversion of ammonia to
1961:nitrification rates include:
4791:10.1128/MMBR.53.1.68-84.1989
2323:the breakup of ozone in the
2256:Methane oxidation inhibition
2118:hydroxylamine oxidoreductase
1771:Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase
1091:, the resulting decrease in
606:Marine biogeochemical cycles
1994:Inhibitors of nitrification
1972:Aeration (availability of O
1030:) for the denitrification.
4972:
4543:10.1007/s13201-021-01557-4
4476:10.1094/CM-2007-0510-01-RS
3876:Sedlacek CJ (2020-08-11).
3186:Environmental Microbiology
3064:Limnology and Oceanography
2668:Environmental Microbiology
2366:smog, ground level ozone,
1112:ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
243:
240:Complete ammonia oxidation
129:Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
111:ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
18:
4836:10.1017/S1466046607070482
4368:10.1038/s41396-019-0443-7
4179:Ward BB (November 1996).
4011:10.1080/10643380701631739
3968:10.1007/s00374-005-0004-2
3882:Frontiers in Microbiology
3535:10.1016/j.tim.2006.03.006
3486:10.1038/s41396-019-0530-9
3419:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
3085:10.4319/lo.2011.56.6.2308
3010:Frontiers in Microbiology
182:Nitrososphaera viennensis
171:Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea
4266:10.5670/oceanog.2009.103
3895:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01900
3023:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00352
2454:nitrificationnetwork.org
2317:global warming potential
1183:Chemistry and enzymology
1065:, nitrogen is often the
1045:, nitrification forms a
674:Arctic methane emissions
669:clathrate gun hypothesis
584:Carbonate–silicate cycle
344:was observed already by
268:in 1862. Later in 1875,
178:Nitrosopumilus maritimus
117:) and ammonia-oxidizing
19:Not to be confused with
4779:Microbiological Reviews
4426:10.1073/pnas.1704504114
3822:: 107–128. 1890-12-31.
3264:10.1073/pnas.1409439111
3206:10.1111/1462-2920.13682
3148:10.1073/pnas.1106427108
2900:10.1073/pnas.0600756103
2790:10.1073/pnas.1013488108
2448:Nitrification Network.
1038:control nitrification.
828:environmental chemistry
282:Jean-Jacques Schloesing
4824:Environmental Practice
4511:10.2136/sssaj2003.0937
3829:10.1098/rstb.1890.0005
3682:"IV.—On nitrification"
3523:Trends in Microbiology
2450:"Nitrification primer"
2300:
2287:Environmental concerns
2220:
2043:heterocyclic compounds
1941:
1845:
1760:
1637:
1531:
1406:
1316:
33:
4946:Biochemical reactions
4687:10.1007/s003740050518
4587:10.1007/s003740050518
4530:Applied Water Science
3386:10.1038/ismej.2013.96
2294:
2266:methane monooxygenase
2218:
2202:Nitrosomonas europaea
2039:ammonia monooxygenase
1942:
1846:
1761:
1658:ammonia monooxygenase
1649:Nitrosomonas europaea
1638:
1532:
1407:
1317:
1134:ammonia monooxygenase
983:Nitrosomonas europaea
365:Biogeochemical cycles
53:via the intermediary
29:
4932:at lagoonsonline.com
4491:Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J
3790:10.1039/CT8864900632
3778:J. Chem. Soc., Trans
3740:10.1039/CT8793500429
3728:J. Chem. Soc., Trans
3722:Warington R (1879).
3698:10.1039/CT8783300044
3686:J. Chem. Soc., Trans
3680:Warington R (1878).
2626:10.1128/aem.02388-19
2512:10.1128/aem.01960-12
2330:Soil, consisting of
2180:acetylenic compounds
2051:ammonium thiosulfate
2030:, a greenhouse gas.
1864:
1780:
1667:
1542:
1441:
1340:
1206:
511:nitrogen and lichens
253:Nitrospira inopinata
4726:1984ApEnM..47..258T
4679:1999BioFS..29....1M
4579:1999BioFS..29....1M
4503:2003SSASJ..67..937F
4417:2017PNAS..114.8217C
4360:2019ISMEJ..13.2391S
4313:10.1038/nature08465
4305:2009Natur.461..976M
4139:2011ARMS....3..197Z
4089:2009JAWWA.101j..47M
4046:1999JAWWA..91j..52M
4003:2009CREST..39..153Z
3960:2005BioFS..42..137M
3593:10.1038/nature23679
3585:2017Natur.549..269K
3478:2020ISMEJ..14..364S
3431:2008FEMME..63..132P
3378:2013ISMEJ...7.2192B
3318:2001ApEnM..67.5273D
3255:2014PNAS..111.9858L
3198:2017EnvMi..19.2119R
3139:2011PNAS..10816771M
3076:2011LimOc..56.2308P
2961:10.1038/nature04983
2953:2006Natur.442..806L
2891:2006PNAS..10312317W
2836:2001Natur.409..507K
2781:2011PNAS..108.8420T
2734:10.1038/nature03911
2726:2005Natur.437..543K
2680:2005EnvMi...7.1985T
2618:2020ApEnM..86E2388W
2561:2000ApEnM..66.5368P
2504:2012ApEnM..78.7501H
2414:Nitrifying bacteria
2352:agricultural runoff
1896:
1796:
1751:
1732:
1699:
1683:
1597:
1576:
1560:
1491:
1473:
1457:
1400:
1378:
1362:
1307:
1270:
1248:
1228:
849:Ocean acidification
659:Atmospheric methane
359:Part of a series on
139:Gammaproteobacteria
4626:10.1007/BF01576048
4200:10.1007/BF00183061
3929:Ann. Inst. Pasteur
3856:Ann. Inst. Pasteur
2301:
2275:oxidizers such as
2221:
1937:
1915:
1841:
1784:
1756:
1739:
1720:
1687:
1671:
1633:
1583:
1564:
1546:
1527:
1477:
1461:
1445:
1402:
1386:
1366:
1348:
1312:
1295:
1256:
1236:
1214:
1150:primary production
1063:marine environment
334:Sergei Winogradsky
329:Sergei Winogradsky
135:Betaproteobacteria
41:is the biological
34:
4411:(31): 8217–8222.
4354:(10): 2391–2402.
4188:Microbial Ecology
3772:Munro JH (1886).
3579:(7671): 269–272.
2419:Nitrogen fixation
2372:species diversity
1986:pH (near neutral)
1935:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1878:
1871:
1833:
1816:
1805:
1799:
1787:
1754:
1742:
1735:
1723:
1710:
1690:
1674:
1625:
1608:
1586:
1579:
1567:
1549:
1519:
1502:
1480:
1464:
1448:
1389:
1369:
1351:
1310:
1298:
1281:
1259:
1239:
1217:
1067:limiting nutrient
963:
962:
818:geochemical cycle
664:Methane clathrate
462:mycorrhizal fungi
452:deep carbon cycle
204:Nitrite oxidation
101:) or ammonium (NH
93:Ammonia oxidation
4963:
4920:at fishdoc.co.uk
4905:
4904:
4894:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4802:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4753:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4637:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4545:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4428:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4348:The ISME Journal
4339:
4333:
4332:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4249:-enriched ocean"
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4224:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4122:
4109:
4108:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4029:
4023:
4022:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3948:Biol. Fert. Soil
3943:
3937:
3936:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3897:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3831:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3719:
3710:
3709:
3677:
3668:
3667:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3466:The ISME Journal
3457:
3451:
3450:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3397:
3372:(11): 2192–205.
3366:The ISME Journal
3357:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3266:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3192:(6): 2119–2132.
3177:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3150:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3087:
3070:(6): 2308–2318.
3061:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3025:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2885:(33): 12317–22.
2870:
2864:
2863:
2844:10.1038/35054051
2830:(6819): 507–10.
2819:
2813:
2812:
2802:
2792:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2612:(9): e02388-19.
2597:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2483:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2445:
2297:sewage treatment
2274:
2187:carbon disulfide
2145:
2138:
2130:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2084:
2077:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1785:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1698:
1695:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1672:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1446:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1377:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1247:
1244:
1237:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1079:"new" production
955:
948:
941:
928:
923:
922:
835:Biosequestration
823:chemical cycling
533:Phosphorus cycle
396:deep water cycle
375:
356:
294:Robert Warington
270:Alexander Müller
212:) from the taxa
187:Nitrososphaerota
165:nutrient cycling
4971:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4936:
4935:
4914:
4909:
4908:
4875:10.2307/3454576
4869:(10): 799–803.
4856:
4855:
4851:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4464:Crop Management
4457:
4456:
4452:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4299:(7266): 976–9.
4290:
4289:
4285:
4276:
4274:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4124:
4123:
4112:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4031:
4030:
4026:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3755:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3660:C. R. Acad. Sci
3657:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3626:C. R. Acad. Sci
3623:
3622:
3618:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3552:
3550:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3312:(11): 5273–84.
3295:
3294:
3290:
3249:(27): 9858–63.
3236:
3235:
3231:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3133:(40): 16771–6.
3120:
3119:
3115:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2947:(7104): 806–9.
2936:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2720:(7058): 543–6.
2711:
2710:
2703:
2674:(12): 1985–95.
2664:
2663:
2659:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2555:(12): 5368–82.
2542:
2541:
2537:
2498:(21): 7501–10.
2485:
2484:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2400:
2385:
2377:
2345:
2341:
2314:
2310:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2258:
2231:
2227:
2165:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2067:
1996:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1958:
1956:Soil conditions
1953:
1862:
1861:
1830:
1813:
1778:
1777:
1707:
1665:
1664:
1622:
1605:
1540:
1539:
1516:
1499:
1439:
1438:
1338:
1337:
1278:
1204:
1203:
1185:
1089:
1059:
1020:denitrification
1014:from municipal
967:chemoautotrophs
959:
918:
911:
910:
909:
890:
875:
874:Research groups
867:
866:
865:
844:
813:Biogeochemistry
807:
799:
798:
797:
692:
682:
681:
680:
653:
643:
642:
641:
632:Calcareous ooze
615:Biological pump
610:
600:
590:
589:
588:
568:
558:
557:
556:
485:
475:
474:
473:
414:
404:
403:
402:
385:
354:
321:Grace Frankland
317:Percy Frankland
262:
248:
242:
206:
173:
159:
131:
108:
104:
100:
95:
90:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4969:
4967:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4951:Nitrogen cycle
4948:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4913:
4912:External links
4910:
4907:
4906:
4849:
4830:(4): 266–279.
4814:
4765:
4720:(2): 258–262.
4700:
4657:
4600:
4557:
4516:
4497:(3): 937–947.
4481:
4450:
4391:
4334:
4283:
4259:(4): 128–145.
4246:
4235:
4168:
4110:
4067:
4024:
3997:(3): 153–208.
3981:
3954:(2): 137–145.
3938:
3919:
3865:
3843:
3803:
3764:
3711:
3669:
3650:
3635:
3616:
3559:
3509:
3472:(2): 364–379.
3452:
3409:
3349:
3288:
3229:
3172:
3113:
3047:
2996:
2924:
2865:
2814:
2775:(20): 8420–5.
2755:
2701:
2657:
2592:
2535:
2471:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2383:
2380:greenhouse gas
2375:
2360:eutrophication
2343:
2339:
2312:
2308:
2288:
2285:
2262:methanotrophic
2257:
2254:
2229:
2225:
2163:
2160:noncompetitive
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:+ 5 H + 4 e
2142:
2134:
2126:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2065:
2024:eutrophication
1998:Nitrification
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1926:
1912:
1905:
1894:
1887:
1875:
1852:
1851:
1837:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1791:
1767:
1766:
1746:
1738:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1705:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1644:
1643:
1629:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1537:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1432:
1431:
1398:
1393:
1384:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1346:
1335:
1302:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1254:
1251:
1243:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1212:
1184:
1181:
1146:Thermoproteota
1087:
1071:nitrogen cycle
1058:
1055:
1051:nitrogen cycle
1047:mineralization
1043:ammonification
1041:Together with
1000:Sharon process
971:carbon dioxide
961:
960:
958:
957:
950:
943:
935:
932:
931:
930:
929:
913:
912:
908:
907:
902:
897:
891:
889:
888:
883:
877:
876:
873:
872:
869:
868:
864:
863:
858:
857:
856:
845:
843:
842:
840:Deep biosphere
837:
832:
831:
830:
825:
820:
809:
808:
806:Related topics
805:
804:
801:
800:
796:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
694:
693:
688:
687:
684:
683:
679:
678:
677:
676:
671:
661:
655:
654:
649:
648:
645:
644:
640:
639:
637:Siliceous ooze
634:
629:
628:
627:
622:
620:microbial loop
611:
609:
608:
602:
601:
596:
595:
592:
591:
587:
586:
581:
576:
570:
569:
564:
563:
560:
559:
555:
554:
553:
552:
542:
541:
540:
530:
525:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
496:Nitrogen cycle
493:
491:Hydrogen cycle
487:
486:
483:Nutrient cycle
481:
480:
477:
476:
472:
471:
469:Boreal forests
466:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
439:
438:
437:
432:
427:
416:
415:
410:
409:
406:
405:
401:
400:
399:
398:
387:
386:
381:
380:
377:
376:
368:
367:
361:
360:
353:
350:
338:S. Winogradsky
261:
258:
244:Main article:
241:
238:
227:Pseudomonadota
205:
202:
192:Thaumarchaeota
172:
169:
157:
130:
127:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
89:
86:
59:nitrogen cycle
31:Nitrogen cycle
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4968:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4924:Nitrification
4922:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4704:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4620:(2): 258–62.
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4284:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4239:
4236:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4194:(3): 247–61.
4193:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4083:(10): 47–59.
4082:
4078:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4040:(10): 52–61.
4039:
4035:
4028:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3765:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3425:(1): 132–40.
3424:
3420:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2460:on 2 May 2018
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Haber process
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2370:, changes in
2369:
2365:
2364:photochemical
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2306:
2305:nitrous oxide
2298:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2204:, the use of
2203:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2062:hydroxylamine
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:dicyandiamide
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1924:
1903:
1892:
1873:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1835:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1809:
1806:
1789:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1744:
1736:
1725:
1712:
1703:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:hydroxylamine
1651:
1650:
1627:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1538:
1521:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1396:
1391:
1382:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1300:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1241:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1129:Nitrosococcus
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1083:anthropogenic
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1002:
1001:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
956:
951:
949:
944:
942:
937:
936:
934:
933:
927:
917:
916:
915:
914:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
871:
870:
862:
859:
855:
852:
851:
850:
847:
846:
841:
838:
836:
833:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
810:
803:
802:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
691:
686:
685:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
652:
651:Methane cycle
647:
646:
638:
635:
633:
630:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
612:
607:
604:
603:
599:
594:
593:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
574:Calcium cycle
572:
571:
567:
562:
561:
551:
548:
547:
546:
543:
539:
536:
535:
534:
531:
529:
526:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
506:nitrification
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
492:
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286:Achille Müntz
283:
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275:
271:
267:
266:Louis Pasteur
259:
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247:
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233:Chloroflexota
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4252:
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2462:. Retrieved
2458:the original
2453:
2443:
2378:), a potent
2356:
2329:
2325:stratosphere
2302:
2277:Nitrosomonas
2259:
2222:
2195:
2184:
2168:
2149:
2110:
2059:
2032:
2017:
1997:
1959:
1856:
1853:
1768:
1647:
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1425:
1419:
1413:
1329:
1325:Nitrosomonas
1323:
1195:atom to the
1186:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1158:water column
1137:
1127:
1121:
1117:Nitrosomonas
1115:
1097:
1060:
1040:
1032:
1009:
1005:
998:
995:
991:Calvin Cycle
982:
964:
778:ozone–oxygen
690:Other cycles
598:Marine cycle
579:Silica cycle
550:assimilation
545:Sulfur cycle
538:assimilation
528:Oxygen cycle
521:assimilation
505:
501:human impact
412:Carbon cycle
346:R. Warington
342:
314:
306:R. Warington
304:in England.
263:
251:
249:
231:
225:
221:Nitrospinota
219:
215:Nitrospirota
213:
209:
207:
198:Crenarchaeol
196:
191:
185:
181:
177:
174:
162:
155:
148:
144:Nitrosomonas
142:
132:
122:
114:
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88:Microbiology
37:
36:
35:
4133:: 197–225.
3784:: 632–681.
3734:: 429–456.
2332:polyanionic
2156:competitive
2008:fertilizers
1989:Temperature
1415:Nitrobacter
1176:Nitrobacter
1142:metagenomic
1035:chloramines
625:viral shunt
457:soil carbon
447:carbon sink
430:terrestrial
425:atmospheric
391:Water cycle
383:Water cycle
150:Nitrococcus
75:autotrophic
4940:Categories
4673:(1): 1–9.
4573:(1): 1–9.
4277:2018-10-18
4229:2018-10-18
3862:: 215–231.
3758:2021-03-12
3666:: 301–303.
3647:: 121–123.
3632:: 265–270.
3553:2021-01-21
3300:Nitrospira
3107:2022-08-27
2990:2016-05-18
2435:References
2388:nitrapyrin
2334:clays and
2321:catalyzing
2281:autotrophs
2234:pyridazine
2210:sulfoxides
2206:thioethers
2055:nitrapyrin
2000:inhibitors
1421:Nitrospira
1170:Nitrospina
1123:Nitrospira
1016:wastewater
969:, and use
566:Rock cycle
310:John Munro
190:(formerly
4844:128612680
4742:0099-2240
4552:2190-5487
4105:101973325
3935:: 92–100.
3838:0264-3839
3798:0368-1645
3748:0368-1645
3706:0368-1645
3692:: 44–51.
3094:0024-3590
2634:0099-2240
2464:21 August
2392:acetylene
2368:acid rain
2336:silicates
2012:anhydrous
1911:⇀
1904:−
1893:−
1886:↽
1836:−
1801:⟶
1718:⟶
1628:−
1594:−
1581:⟶
1557:−
1522:−
1488:−
1475:⟶
1397:−
1380:⟶
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1267:−
1250:⟶
1189:oxidation
1069:, so the
973:as their
886:GEOTRACES
854:acid rain
768:manganese
325:Warington
302:Harpenden
278:A. Müller
43:oxidation
21:Nitration
4901:10504145
4760:16346465
4695:38059676
4652:34551923
4644:16346465
4595:38059676
4445:28716929
4386:31118472
4321:19794413
4271:Archived
4220:Archived
4216:11550311
4163:23018410
4155:21329204
4062:93321500
4019:96988652
3914:32849473
3888:: 1900.
3752:Archived
3611:28847001
3547:Archived
3543:16621570
3504:31624340
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3344:11679356
3283:24946804
3224:28142226
3167:21930919
3098:Archived
3042:23060870
2981:Archived
2969:16915287
2919:16894176
2852:11206545
2809:21525411
2742:16177789
2696:16309395
2652:32086308
2587:11097916
2530:22923400
2429:Comammox
2398:See also
2246:pyridine
2242:indazole
2238:pyrazole
2191:thiourea
2171:covalent
1934:acceptor
1877:acceptor
1427:Comammox
1331:Comammox
1193:nitrogen
1154:bacteria
1104:oxidized
1028:methanol
1024:aeration
1012:nitrogen
989:via the
926:Category
788:vanadium
783:selenium
738:fluorine
728:chromium
723:chlorine
698:aluminum
516:fixation
246:Comammox
78:bacteria
67:comammox
4892:1566592
4883:3454576
4809:2496288
4722:Bibcode
4675:Bibcode
4575:Bibcode
4499:Bibcode
4470:: 1–4.
4436:5547625
4413:Bibcode
4377:6776041
4356:Bibcode
4329:1692603
4301:Bibcode
4208:8849421
4135:Bibcode
4085:Bibcode
4042:Bibcode
3999:Bibcode
3976:6245255
3956:Bibcode
3905:7431685
3602:5600814
3581:Bibcode
3495:6976673
3474:Bibcode
3427:Bibcode
3395:3806268
3374:Bibcode
3314:Bibcode
3274:4103328
3251:Bibcode
3215:5516240
3194:Bibcode
3158:3189051
3135:Bibcode
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2949:Bibcode
2910:1533803
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2860:6789859
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2750:4340386
2722:Bibcode
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2643:7170481
2614:Bibcode
2557:Bibcode
2521:3485721
2500:Bibcode
2404:f-ratio
2386:. Both
2382:, to CO
2348:leaches
2250:pyrrole
2035:oxidize
2028:methane
2020:nitrate
2004:ammonia
1928:reduced
1921:nitrate
1870:nitrite
1660:(AMO).
1108:nitrite
1100:ammonia
1075:nitrate
1061:In the
987:biomass
773:mercury
763:lithium
718:cadmium
713:bromine
703:arsenic
435:oceanic
352:Ecology
260:History
119:archaea
82:archaea
71:aerobic
55:nitrite
51:nitrate
47:ammonia
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4756:PMID
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3220:PMID
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2630:ISSN
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2526:PMID
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2189:and
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758:lead
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1309:O
1301:2
1297:H
1292:2
1289:+
1284:+
1280:H
1275:4
1272:+
1262:2
1253:2
1242:2
1238:O
1233:3
1230:+
1225:+
1220:4
1211:2
1136:(
1088:2
954:e
947:t
940:v
158:2
121:(
113:(
107:2
103:4
99:3
23:.
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