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355:) and submitted a patent for a mechanically driven artificial heart implementing a cam driven roller mechanism to compress flexible bags containing blood, on February 6, 1961. This is contrary to the popular claim that Winchell submitted the patent in the summer of 1956, as well as contrary to the claim that Winchell "invented" the artificial heart. In fact, two patents existed prior to Winchell's submission. These patents were filed April 10, 1956, and April 17, 1959, respectively. Winchell also claims that the design within his patent was used in later models of the Jarvik hearts, a claim in which Robert Jarvik, the principle designer of those hearts, denies on the basis that his pneumatically driven hearts share little in common with Winchell's mechanically actuated patent.
472:. Clark's case was highly publicized and received much media attention, garnering attention from television networks, newspapers and periodicals. Clark lived for 112 days tethered to the UtahDrive pneumatic drive console, a device weighing some 400 pounds (180 kg). During that time Clark required several re-operations, suffered seizures, experienced prolonged periods of confusion and a number of instances of bleeding and asked several times to be allowed to die. Clark, however, still believed his being part of the initial experiment was an important contribution to medicine, and maintained an overall positive outlook on his condition. Barney Clark died on March 23, 1983, of multiorgan system failure. Despite the complications, DeVries considered Clark's case a success.
753:, Poland, has been working on developing an artificial heart. Nowadays, the Polish system for heart support POLCAS consists of the artificial ventricle POLVAD-MEV and the three controllers POLPDU-401, POLPDU-402 and POLPDU-501. Presented devices are designed to handle only one patient. The control units of the 401 and 402 series may be used only in hospital due to its big size, method of control and type of power supply. The control unit of 501 series is the latest product of FRK. Due to its much smaller size and weight, it is significantly more mobile solution. For this reason, it can be also used during supervised treatment conducted outside the hospital.
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infection and kidney failure on June 19, 1986, after 488 days with his artificial heart. On April 7, 1985, Dr. Bjarne Semb of
Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm Sweden implanted a Jarvik-7 in Swedish businessman Leif Stenberg. Stenberg lived 229 largely-uneventful days with the heart but suffered from a stroke and subsequently died on November 21, 1985. Jack Burcham was DeVries' fourth and final patient to receive a Jarvik-7 as a destination therapy. Burcham received his heart on April 14, 1985, but due to complications from the size of the device, bleeding and kidney failure, Burcham died just 10 days later on April 25, 1985.
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that was used in the first clinical trials of the heart. Jarvik-7 hearts were made primarily of a biocompatible plastics and polymers. These hearts used four
Medtronic-Hall valves and consisted of two “ventricles” which contained multi-layer low-stress diaphragms. The Jarvik-7 was powered pneumatically by two transcutaneous drivelines attached to a large compressed-air drive console, originally called the Utahdrive. The drive console contained two independent drive systems for redundancy, data recording devices and backup compressed air cylinders.
487:. Despite this, his recovery continued and was allowed to live in a specially outfitted apartment near the hospital for a period of time, as well as use a newly developed battery-powered portable drive unit for the heart which allowed him to venture out of the hospital for short periods. Schroeder's health continued to decline as three more strokes plagued his time with the artificial heart. He died on August 6, 1986, from complications from a stroke, respiratory failure and sepsis, after 620 days with the artificial heart.
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289:, working closely with Matthew Dudley, used the machine in 1952 to bypass Henry Opitek's left ventricle for 50 minutes while he opened the patient's left atrium and worked to repair the mitral valve. In Dodrill's post-operative report, he notes, "To our knowledge, this is the first instance of survival of a patient when a mechanical heart mechanism was used to take over the complete body function of maintaining the blood supply of the body while the heart was open and operated on."
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a wearable external battery pack lasts for four hours. The FDA announced on
September 5, 2006, that the AbioCor could be implanted for humanitarian uses after the device had been tested on 15 patients. It is intended for critically ill patients who cannot receive a heart transplant. Some limitations of the current AbioCor are that its size makes it suitable for less than 50% of the female population and only about 50% of the male population, and its useful life is only 1–2 years.
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341:, Argentina. He presented his work at the meeting of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs held in Atlantic City in March 1961. At that meeting, Liotta described the implantation of three types of orthotopic (inside the pericardial sac) TAHs in dogs, each of which used a different source of external energy: an implantable electric motor, an implantable rotating pump with an external electric motor, and a pneumatic pump.
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significantly higher rate of survival as compared with ECMO." The study's primary author, Charles D. Fraser Jr., surgeon in chief at Texas
Children's Hospital, explained: "With the Berlin Heart, we have a more effective therapy to offer patients earlier in the management of their heart failure. When we sit with parents, we have real data to offer so they can make an informed decision. This is a giant step forward."
954:, boosts the native heart by taking up over 50% of its function. Additionally, the VAD can help patients on the wait list for a heart transplant. In a young person, this device could delay the need for a transplant by 10–15 years, or even allow the heart to recover, in which case the VAD can be removed. The artificial heart is powered by a battery that needs to be changed several times while still working.
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a magnetically levitated impeller which reduces clotting and only has a single moving part. This also reduces size and complexity, as well as only requiring a battery pack to run. The BiVACOR heart is not pulsatile like previous hearts and contains no valves, but is capable of generating “beats” by rapidly changing the speed of the impeller. BiVACOR has been tested as a replacement for a heart in a sheep.
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the membrane is made of tissue obtained from a sac that surrounds a cow's heart, to make the device more biocompatible. The Carmat device also uses valves made from cow heart tissue and has sensors to detect increased pressure within the device. Cardiac information is sent to an internal control system that can adjust the flow rate in response to increased demand, such as when a patient is exercising.
966:) are smaller and potentially more durable and last longer than the current generation of total heart replacement pumps. Another major advantage of a VAD is that the patient keeps the natural heart, which may still function for temporary back-up support if the mechanical pump were to stop. This may provide enough support to keep the patient alive until a solution to the problem is implemented.
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interview. The SAH fundamentally moves and works like a natural heart, but the prototype only performed for 3000 beats (about 30 to 50 minutes at an average heart rate) in a hybrid mock circulation machine before the silicone membrane (2.3 mm thick) between the Left
Ventricle and the Air Expansion Chamber ruptured.
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479:. DeVries replaced Schroeder's failing heart with a Jarvik-7 on November 25, 1984. Like Clark, Schroeder suffered from bleeding that required re-operation to resolve. In the first weeks the outlook was good and Schroeder was allowed to have a can of Coors beer and he was given a phone call by President
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The Swiss group published the results in the journal
Artificial Organs last year. The heart lasted for 3,000 beats, or about 30 minutes, before rupturing. "It always ruptured at the same position," Cohrs said. They are currently working on a new prototype with optimized geometry to fix the structural
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Founded in 2008, the BiVACOR company has been developing a total artificial heart based on a rotary centrifugal pump. Artificial heart researchers and cardiologists O. H. Frazier and
William Cohn are on the board of the BiVACOR company. The BiVACOR heart seeks to improve the artificial heart by using
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In 2016, trials for the Carmat "fully artificial heart" were banned by the
National Agency for Security and Medicine in Europe after short survival rates were confirmed. The ban was lifted in May 2017. At that time, a European report stated that Celyad's C-Cure cell therapy for ischemic heart failure
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In 2016, SynCardia filed for bankruptcy protection and was later acquired by the private equity firm Versa
Capital Management. In 2021, SynCardia was acquired by Hunniwell Lake Ventures under its portfolio company, Picard Medical. In April 2023, SynCardia filed to become a publicly traded company via
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and Liotta implanted the first clinical LVAD in a paracorporeal position (where the external pump rests at the side of the patient) at The
Methodist Hospital in Houston, in a patient experiencing cardiogenic shock after heart surgery. The patient developed neurological and pulmonary complications and
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On November 10, 2023, the BiVACOR heart received FDA authorization under the investigational device exemption for use in human trials. In July 2024, a successful implantation of the BiVACOR artificial heart in a 57-year-old man with end-stage heart failure was conducted as part of its first-in-human
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By combining its valved ventricles with the control technology and roller screw developed at Penn State, AbioMed designed a smaller, more stable heart, the AbioCor II. This pump, which should be implantable in most men and 50% of women with a life span of up to five years, had animal trials in 2005,
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to be surgically implanted in a patient was on July 3, 2001. The AbioCor is made of titanium and plastic with a weight of 0.9 kg (two pounds), and its internal battery can be recharged with a transduction device that sends power through the skin. The internal battery lasts for half an hour, and
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The Jarvik line of hearts was developed by the now-defunct medical device company Symbion, by medical device researchers Willem Kolff and Robert Jarvik in conjunction with the University of Utah. These hearts were developed through animal trials and culminated in the Jarvik-7 100, the original model
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In Carmat's design, called the Aeson, two chambers are each divided by a membrane that holds hydraulic fluid on one side. A motorized pump moves hydraulic fluid in and out of the chambers. The pumped fluid causes the membrane to move, causing blood to pump through the heart. The blood-facing side of
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In the mid-1980s, artificial hearts were powered by large pneumatic drive consoles. Moreover, two sizable catheters had to cross the body wall to carry the pneumatic pulses to the implanted heart, greatly increasing the risk of infection. To speed development of a new generation of technologies, the
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The working life of a more recent Cohrs prototype (using various polymers instead of silicone) was still limited, according to reports in early 2018, with that model providing a useful life of 1 million heartbeats, roughly ten days in a human body. At the time, Cohrs and his team were experimenting
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The Jarvik-7 was later developed in a smaller 70cc variant so that it would fit better in the chest cavities of more patients. Another development that came to the Jarvik-7 was the introduction of a battery-powered portable drive system the size of a briefcase that later patients took advantage of.
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died after few days of LVAD mechanical support. In October 1966, DeBakey and Liotta implanted the paracorporeal Liotta-DeBakey LVAD in a new patient who recovered well and was discharged from the hospital after 10 days of mechanical support, thus constituting the first successful use of an LVAD for
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as a bridge for a transplant. The man woke up and began to recover. After 64 hours, the pneumatic-powered artificial heart was removed and replaced by a donor heart. However thirty-two hours after transplantation, the man died of what was later proved to be an acute pulmonary infection, extended to
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Over the years, more than 200 physicians, engineers, students and faculty developed, tested and improved Kolff's artificial heart. To help manage his many endeavors, Kolff assigned project managers. Each project was named after its manager. Graduate student Robert Jarvik was the project manager for
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surgery, but research is ongoing to develop a device that could permanently replace the heart in the case that a heart transplant (from a deceased human or, experimentally, from a deceased genetically engineered pig) is unavailable or not viable. As of December 2023, there are two commercially
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Three more patients received the Jarvik-7 as a permanent heart. Murray Haydon, DeVries' third patient, received a Jarvik-7 on February 17, 1985. Haydon suffered pulmonary issues and was required to be on a mechanical ventilator for the duration of his time with the artificial heart. Haydon died of
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Although the heart is conceptually a pump, it embodies subtleties that defy straightforward emulation with synthetic materials and power supplies. Artificial hearts have historically had issues from both a biomedical standpoint, regarding clotting and foreign object rejection, as well as longevity
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The first heart assist device was approved by the FDA in 1994, and two more received approval in 1998. While the original assist devices emulated the pulsating heart, newer versions, such as the Heartmate II, developed by The Texas Heart Institute of Houston, provides continuous flow. These pumps
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Fraser, Charles D.; Jaquiss, Robert D.B.; Rosenthal, David N.; Humpl, Tilman; Canter, Charles E.; Blackstone, Eugene H.; Naftel, David C.; Ichord, Rebecca N.; Bomgaars, Lisa; Tweddell, James S.; Massicotte, M. Patricia; Turrentine, Mark W.; Cohen, Gordon A.; Devaney, Eric J.; Pearce, F. Bennett;
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Though the SynCardia shares its design with the Jarvik-7, improvements have been made throughout its lifespan, reducing the occurrence of stroke and bleeding. Lifespan while being supported by the device has also drastically improved, with one patient being supported by the device for over 1,700
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The device has two drive systems available for patients to use; the Companion 2 in-hospital driver, approved by the FDA in 2012, or the Freedom Driver System, approved in 2014. The Companion 2 replaced the Circulatory Support System Console, which was the original drive system for the heart. The
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in 2011 and sought treatment. After obtaining permission from his family, Frazier and Cohn replaced his heart with their device. Lewis survived for another 5 weeks after the operation; he eventually died from liver and kidney failure due to his amyloidosis, after which his family asked that his
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The Carmat Aeson is aimed to be used in cases of terminal heart failure, instead of being used as a bridge device while the patient awaits a transplant. At 900 grams it weighs nearly three times the typical heart and is targeted primarily towards obese men. It also requires the patient to carry
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is a company based in Tucson, Arizona, which currently has two separate models of their artificial heart available. It is available in a 70cc and 50cc size. The 70cc model is used for biventricular heart failure in adult men, while the 50cc is for children and women. As of 2014, more than 1,250
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invented two components of an integrated pneumatic artificial heart system: a ventricle with hemispherical diaphragms that did not crush red blood cells (a problem with previous artificial hearts) and an external heart driver that inherently regulated blood flow without needing complex control
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technology. It weighs 390g, has a volume of 679 cm and is operated through pressurized air. "Our goal is to develop an artificial heart that is roughly the same size as the patient's own one and which imitates the human heart as closely as possible in form and function", Cohrs said in an
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In 2012, a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine compared the Berlin Heart to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and concluded that "a ventricular assist device available in several sizes for use in children as a bridge to heart transplantation was associated with a
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Contrary to popular belief and erroneous articles in several periodicals, the Jarvik-7 heart was not permanently banned for use. After a hostile takeover, Symbion's facilities had lost FDA compliance in 1990 and required that the devices be destroyed. After the rights to the device had been
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Prolonged Assisted circulation after cardiac or aortic surgery. Prolonged partial left ventricular bypass by means of intracorporeal circulation. This paper was finalist in The Young Investigators Award Contest of the American College of Cardiology. Denver, May 1962 Am. J. Cardiol. 1963,
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According to a press-release by Carmat dated December 20, 2013, the first implantation of its artificial heart in a 75-year-old patient was performed on December 18, 2013, by the Georges Pompidou European Hospital team in Paris (France). The patient died 75 days after the operation.
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Cohrs, N. H.; Petrou, A.; Loepfe, M.; Yliruka, M.; Schumacher, C. M.; Kohll, A. X.; Starck, C. T.; Schmid Daners, M.; Meboldt, M.; Falk, V.; Stark, W. J. (2017). "Supporting Information – A soft total artificial heart – first concept evaluation on a hybrid mock circulation".
777:. With this experimental artificial heart, the patient's BP was maintained at 90–100/40–50 mmHg and cardiac output at 4.2–5.8 L/min. The patient then received the world's first successful combined heart and kidney transplantation after bridging with a total artificial heart.
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Since the inception of the device, artificial hearts have been continually improved as medical technology has. More recent devices, such as the Carmat heart, have sought to improve upon their predecessors by reducing complications resultant from device implant, such as
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with CAD software and 3D printing, striving to develop a model that would last up to 15 years. "We cannot really predict when we could have a final working heart which fulfills all requirements and is ready for implantation. This usually takes years", said Cohrs.
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Researchers have constructed a heart out of foam. The heart is made out of flexible silicone and works with an external pump to push air and fluids through the heart. It currently cannot be implanted into humans, but offers a new concept in artificial hearts.
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Freedom Driver System is a compact portable driver for greater mobility and can allow some patients to return home. To power the heart, the drivers send pulsed air through the drivelines into the heart. The drivers also monitor blood flow for each ventricle.
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in Houston, Texas, in a patient who had a cardiac arrest after surgery. The patient survived for four days under mechanical support but did not recover from the complications of the cardiac arrest; finally, the pump was discontinued, and the patient died.
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started the Artificial Heart Program, with the goal of putting an artificial heart into a human by the end of the decade. The purpose of the program was to develop an implantable artificial heart, including the power source, to replace a failing heart.
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commercially available in Europe ONLY… as a bridge to transplant in patients… likely to undergo heart transplant in the 180 days following device implantation… In the USA, Aeson® is currently exclusively available within the framework of clinical
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on December 22, 2020. As of December 2023, the Carmat is only available in Europe as a bridge-to-transplant, for up to 180 days while awaiting a human heart transplant. In the United States it is only available in clinical trials.
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has abandoned development of total artificial hearts as of 2015. Abiomed as of 2019 only markets heart pumps, "intended to help pump blood in patients who need short-term support (up to 6 days)", which are not total artificial hearts.
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submitted a request to the FDA for permission to implant the Jarvik-7 into a human being. On December 1, 1982, William DeVries implanted the Jarvik-7 artificial heart into Barney Clark, a retired dentist from Seattle who had severe
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Patients who have some remaining heart function but who can no longer live normally may be candidates for ventricular assist devices (VAD), which do not replace the human heart but complement it by taking up much of the function.
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Wendelin Stark, a professor of functional materials engineering at the Swiss science and technology university, made the pulsing heart, along with his doctoral student Nicholas Cohrs and other researchers, using a wax casting
985:) allowed for natural processes to occur and her heart healed on its own. After 146 days, the Berlin Heart was removed, and the girl's heart functioned properly on its own. On 16 December 2011 the Berlin Heart gained U.S.
606:, a trial of the CardioWest TAH was initiated in 1993 and completed in 2002. After the completion of this trial, CardioWest became SynCardia. The SynCardia total artificial heart was first approved for use in 2004 by the
712:, and consisted of two valves, a chamber, and a suction flapper. The pump operated without any moving parts under the principle of fluid amplification – providing a pulsating air pressure source resembling a heartbeat.
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transferred to then CardioWest Technologies, an investigational study was approved in 1993. CardioWest Technologies became SynCardia in 2003 who currently produces the modern version of the Jarvik-7, known as the
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announced a timeline that a fully implantable artificial heart would be ready for clinical trial by 2011 and for alternative transplant in 2013. It was developed and would be manufactured by his biomedical firm
573:(UPMC), becoming the first VAD patient to be discharged with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. The patient was supported in part by bioengineers from the University of Pittsburgh's McGowan Institute.
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On July 10, 2017, Nicholas Cohrs and colleagues presented a new concept of a soft total artificial heart in the Journal of Artificial Organs. The heart was developed in the Functionals Materials Laboratory at
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underwent a procedure at INOVA Fairfax Hospital, in Fairfax Virginia in July 2010, to have a Heartmate II VAD implanted. In 2012, he received a heart transplant at age 71 after 20 months on a waiting list.
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available full artificial heart devices; in both cases, they are for temporary use, of less than a year, for total heart failure patients awaiting a human heart to be transplanted into their bodies.
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developed by biomedical engineer Donald Lyman, and a fabrication method by Kwan-Gett that made the inside of the ventricles smooth and seamless to reduce dangerous stroke-causing blood clots.
651:, and venture capital firm Truffle Capital. The prototype used embedded electronic sensors and was made from chemically treated animal tissues, called "biomaterials", or a "pseudo-skin" of
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DeVries subsequently moved his practice to Humana Hospital Audubon in Louisville, Kentucky to continue studies using the Jarvik-7. DeVries' first artificial heart patient in Louisville was
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Although other similar inventions preceded it from the late 1940s, the first artificial heart to be successfully implanted in a human was the Jarvik-7 in 1982, designed by a team including
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Cook, Jason A.; Shah, Keyur B.; Quader, Mohammed A.; Cooke, Richard H.; Kasirajan, Vigneshwar; Rao, Kris K.; Smallfield, Melissa C.; Tchoukina, Inna; Tang, Daniel G. (20 November 2015).
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679:"Could only help a subpopulation of Phase III study participants, and Carmat will hope that its artificial heart will be able to treat a higher proportion of heart failure patients".
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Imachi K, Chinzei T, Abe Y, Mabuchi K, Imanishi K, Yonezawa T, Kouno A, Ono T, Atsumi K, Isoyama T (1991). "A new pulsatile total artificial heart using a single centrifugal pump".
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2103:"Picard Medical and its Subsidiary, SynCardia Systems, a Pioneer in Total Artificial Heart Technology, to Become a Publicly Traded Company via Merger with Altitude Acquisition Corp"
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1007:. He was given an experimental continuous-flow artificial heart transplant which saved his life. Lewis died 5 weeks later of liver failure after slipping into a coma due to the
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Several continuous-flow ventricular assist devices have been approved for use in the European Union, and, as of August 2007, were undergoing clinical trials for FDA approval.
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A synthetic replacement for a heart remains a long-sought "holy grail" of modern medicine. The obvious benefit of a functional artificial heart would be to lower the need for
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511:) in Hershey, Pennsylvania; and AbioMed, Inc. of Danvers, Massachusetts. Despite considerable progress, the Cleveland program was discontinued after the first five years.
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483:, in which he famously asked the president for an update on a late Social Security check. However, 19 days after the operation, Schroeder suffered the first of four
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heart machine, considered to be the first operational mechanical heart, was successfully used while performing heart surgery. Ongoing research was done on calves at
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rose to international prominence when he performed the world's first permanent implantation of a partial mechanical heart (left ventricular assist device) at
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In 1991 the rights to the Jarvik-7 were transferred to CardioWest, who resumed testing of the heart. Following good results with the TAH as a bridge to
330:, the world's most prolific inventor of artificial organs, implanted an artificial heart into a dog at Cleveland Clinic. The dog lived for 90 minutes.
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issues, as well as with a new, sturdier material. In the latest test, the new prototype lasted for 1 million beats before they stopped the experiment.
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Following these advances, scientific interest for the development of a solution for heart disease developed in numerous research groups worldwide.
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The first clinical use of an artificial heart designed for permanent implantation rather than a bridge to transplant occurred in 1982 at the
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Spare Parts: Organ Replacement in American Society. Renee C. Fox and Judith P. Swazey. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992, pp. 124–126
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Spare Parts: Organ Replacement in American Society. Renee C. Fox and Judith P. Swazey. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992, pp. 102–104
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Kwan-Gett CS, Van Kampen KR, Kawai J, Eastwood N, Kolff WJ (December 1971). "Results of total artificial heart implantation in calves".
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On March 12, 2011, an experimental artificial heart was implanted in 55-year-old Craig Lewis at The Texas Heart Institute in Houston by
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117:(ECMO), which is used to support those with both inadequate heart and lung function for up to days or weeks, unlike the bypass machine.
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1817:"Pittsburgh's 25th Anniversary of First VAD Patient to Be Discharged from a Hospital – Regenerative Medicine at the McGowan Institute"
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Spare Parts: Organ Replacement in American Society. Renee C. Fox and Judith P. Swazey. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992, pp. 96
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Wei J.; Cheng K. K.; Tung D. Y.; Chang C. Y.; Wan W. M.; Chuang Y. C. (1998). "Successful Use of Phoenix-7 Total Artificial Heart".
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In June 1996, a 46-year-old man received a total artificial heart implantation done by Jeng Wei at Cheng-Hsin General Hospital in
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323:, assorted odds and ends, and dime-store toys. The external pump successfully bypassed the heart of a dog for more than an hour.
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the artificial heart projects, for which the Jarvik line of artificial hearts get their name from. There, physician-engineer
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981:. It was intended to act as a temporary fixture until a donor heart could be found. Instead, the artificial heart (called a
97:(VAD; for either one or both of the ventricles, the heart's lower chambers), which can be a permanent solution also, or the
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systems. Jarvik also combined several modifications: an ovoid shape to fit inside the human chest, a more blood-compatible
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The original prototype of Liotta-Cooley artificial heart used in this historic operation is prominently displayed in the
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approval. The device has since been successfully implanted in several children including a 4-year-old Honduran girl at
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1407:, William Fry & Francis Fry, "Mechanical Heart", published 1959-12-22, issued 1959-12-22
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Stephenson Larry W; et al. (2002). "The Michigan Heart: The World's First Successful Open Heart Operation?".
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clinical study at Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, with four more patients expected to be enrolled in the study.
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765:. This technologically advanced pneumatic Phoenix-7 Total Artificial Heart was manufactured by Taiwanese dentist
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Cohrs Nicholas H (2017). "A Soft Total Artificial Heart-First Concept Evaluation on a Hybrid Mock Circulation".
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Fajdek, Bartlomiej; Janiszowski, Krzysztof (2014). "Automatic control system for ventricular assist device".
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opened a competition for implantable electrically powered artificial hearts. Three groups received funding:
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3113:"US FDA Grants the BiVACOR Total Artificial Heart IDE Approval for First-in-Human Early Feasibility Study"
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initiated the studies of TAH (Total Artificial Heart) replacement at Lyon, France, and in 1959–60 at the
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3131:"Successful first-in-human implantation of the BiVACOR Total Artificial Heart by Baylor and THI doctors"
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1426:, Samuel Norton, "Pump for an Artificial Heart", published 1962-09-07, issued 1962-09-07
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and the company hoped to get FDA approval for human use in 2008. After a great deal of experimentation,
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300:, the inventor of the machine, performed the operation and developed the heart–lung substitute himself.
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Frontiers in Biomedical Engineering: Proceedings of the World Congress for Chinese Biomedical Engineers
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857:. (Cohrs was listed as a doctoral student in a group led by Professor Wendelin Stark at ETH Zurich.)
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and practicality, regarding the lifespan of the device as well as the equipment required to run it.
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In 1949, a precursor to the modern artificial heart pump was built by doctors William Sewell and
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So far, only one person has benefited from Frazier and Cohn's artificial heart. Craig Lewis had
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battery. The projected lifetime of the artificial heart is around 5 years (230 million beats).
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3496:
3392:
3327:
3257:
3091:"Bionic heart breakthrough: Scientists transplant device into sheep, hope for clinical trials"
2976:
2843:
2538:
2448:
2357:
2035:
1922:
1694:
1586:
1568:
1498:
1458:
1281:
951:
738:
591:
367:
352:
261:
188:
2089:"Artificial heart maker SynCardia beamed up by newcomer Picard Medical in VC-engineered deal"
271:, suffering from shortness of breath, made medical history at Harper University Hospital at
3486:
3319:
2968:
2835:
2530:
2503:
2440:
2025:
1912:
1902:
1684:
1676:
1560:
1531:
1374:, Paul Winchell, "Artificial Heart", published 1963-07-16, issued 1963-07-16
1273:
1105:
959:
891:
603:
500:
63:
3275:
2480:
3451:
3351:
3235:
2494:
Hsu, Cheung-HWA (2001). "In Vivo and Clinical Study of Phoenix-7 Total Artificial Heart".
2437:
2014 19th International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics (MMAR)
1352:"Ablation experimentale et replacement du coeur par un coer artificial intra-thoracique".
1316:
895:
848:
Soft Total Artificial Heart, developed in the functional material laboratory at ETH ZĂĽrich
766:
464:
110:
83:
2766:
2614:
2238:"Pierwsze wszczepione na stałe sztuczne serce bije już w ludzkiej piersi – TechTrendy.pl"
105:
machine, which is an external device used to provide the functions of both the heart and
2707:
2054:"Turkish Man Becomes World's Longest Supported SynCardia Total Artificial Heart Patient"
1680:
3204:
2615:"FDA Approves First Totally Implanted Permanent Artificial Heart for Humanitarian Uses"
2122:
1689:
1664:
1536:
1519:
1277:
936:
861:
820:
704:
artificial heart pump was a compact, air-powered unit developed by Kenneth Woodward at
520:
417:
377:
In 1967, Kolff left Cleveland Clinic to start the Division of Artificial Organs at the
348:
334:
2534:
1564:
1149:
3577:
1119:
1032:
808:
682:
The Carmat artificial heart was approved for sale in the European Union, receiving a
421:
344:
312:
87:
3344:
2462:
1934:
1293:
860:
The soft artificial heart (SAH) is a silicone monoblock fabricated with the help of
2988:
2855:
2353:
Artificial Hearts: The Allure and Ambivalence of a Controversial Medical Technology
2278:"Implantation of Carmat's Artificial Heart Begins in Denmark to Beat Low Enrolment"
2241:
1954:"FDA finds higher death, stroke rates for latest SynCardia artificial heart driver"
1390:
982:
898:
can be used as an artificial heart, resulting in the patient being alive without a
769:, Chinese physician T. M. Kao, and colleagues at the Taiwan TAH Research Center in
652:
405:
268:
101:– both devices are designed to support a failing heart. It is also distinct from a
2014:"Cardiac replacement with a total artificial heart as a bridge to transplantation"
2670:"14th Artificial Heart Patient Dies: A Newsmaker Interview With Robert Kung, PhD"
1907:
1890:
1492:
969:
In August 2006, an artificial heart was implanted into a 15-year-old girl at the
19:
This article is about the mechanical device. For the Jonathan Coulton album, see
1939:
One patient had the artificial heart for 1,374 days, that is, nearly four years.
1019:
1008:
827:
391:
In 1976, a calf named Abebe lived for 184 days on the Jarvik 5 artificial heart.
320:
276:
130:
67:
113:. It is also distinct from a ventilator, used to support failing lungs, or the
3433:"Newly approved Berlin Heart helps patients waiting for a transplant – Vector"
2940:
2507:
2444:
1990:
1791:"Revolutionizing Care for Failing Hearts – William G. McGowan Charitable Fund"
1758:"Dr. Denton Cooley and Dr. Michael E. DeBakey: Rock stars of Houston medicine"
1110:
963:
854:
709:
683:
394:
In 1981, a calf named Alfred Lord Tennyson lived for 268 days on the Jarvik 5.
3323:
2706:. European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. p. 7. Archived from
2669:
816:
701:
3500:
3331:
2980:
2847:
2797:"Walking Dead – The First Human Able to Survive Without a Heart OR a Pulse"
2589:
2313:
2039:
1926:
1722:"Bill Schroeder made medical history with artificial heart implant in '80s"
1698:
1285:
452:
First clinical applications of a permanent pneumatic total artificial heart
3491:
3474:
3473:
Carberry, Kathleen E.; Kroslowitz, Robert; Almond, Christopher S. (2012).
3261:
2542:
1572:
2030:
2013:
1917:
1857:"New Record of 161 SynCardia Total Artificial Heart Implants Set In 2013"
974:
424:
replaced a dying man's heart with a mechanical heart inside the chest at
249:
1179:
385:
In 1973, a calf named Tony survived for 30 days on an early Kolff heart.
283:, Animal Research Facility, in Hershey, Pennsylvania, during the 1970s.
978:
944:
795:
786:
708:
in the early to mid-1960s. The Army's heart pump was partially made of
484:
429:
155: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3145:"First patient successfully implanted with BiVACOR's artificial heart"
2972:
2839:
2264:"Celyad gets FDA Fast Track to Tackle Heart Failure with Cell Therapy"
2160:"First-in-man implantation of CARMAT's bioprosthetic artificial heart"
1884:
1882:
935:
The first Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) system was created by
70:. Artificial hearts are typically used to bridge the time to complete
48:
3073:"BiVACOR beatless artificial heart appeal hopes to raise $ 5 million"
774:
770:
762:
750:
672:
648:
480:
2394:
2392:
749:
Since 1991, the Foundation for Cardiac Surgery Development (FRK) in
388:
In 1975, a bull named Burk survived 90 days on the artificial heart.
1603:
Orthotopic cardiac prosthesis for two-staged cardiac replacement.
899:
843:
719:
629:
106:
3051:"Living without a pulse: Engineering a better artificial heart"
3003:"Scientists Developing Softer, Longer Lasting Artificial Heart"
2292:"CARMAT Receives the CE Marking for Its Total Artificial Heart"
296:
was first used in 1953 during a successful open heart surgery.
40:
The CardioWest (now SynCardia) Temporary Total Artificial Heart
2496:
Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications
1018:
Suffering from end-stage heart failure, former Vice President
986:
124:
3029:"Donor brings inventor of artificial heart closer to Houston"
2870:"Our work on soft artificial hearts highlighted in the media"
2215:"Carmat artificial heart patient in good condition: hospital"
2201:"Biology and Machine Come Together in a New Artificial Heart"
1891:"Results with SynCardia total artificial heart beyond 1 year"
236:
because the demand for organs always greatly exceeds supply.
3475:"Prospective Trial of a Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device"
3310:
Mitka Mike (2001). "Midwest Trials of Heart-Assist Device".
999:
In 2012, Craig Lewis, a 55-year-old Texan, presented at the
448:"Treasures of American History" exhibit in Washington, D.C.
347:
designed a model of artificial heart with the assistance of
260:
The first artificial heart was made by the Soviet scientist
109:, used only for a few hours at a time, most commonly during
2382:
Mechanical Devices to Assist the Failing Heart: Proceedings
1889:
Torregrossa G, Morshuis M, Varghese R, et al. (2014).
905:
A centrifugal artificial heart which alternately pumps the
3403:(28 August 2007), Capital Health, Edmonton (archived from
1785:
1783:
1622:
2011-06-29 at Wikiwix, National Museum of American History
1068:. Smithsonian Report for 1955, (Pub. 4241): 339–356, 1956.
2142:"The Carmat Heart – The technology behind the prosthesis"
1634:"The 25th Anniversary of Barney Clark's Artificial Heart"
1247:"50th Anniversary of First Open Heart Surgery – Newsroom"
2554:
2552:
2178:"First patient fitted with Carmat artificial heart dies"
2746:
Health, Center for Devices Radiological (3 June 2019).
2560:"Patient gets first totally implanted artificial heart"
1309:
William Glenn, 88, Surgeon Who Invented Heart Procedure
1072:"Donor saves Detroit pastor living on artificial heart"
412:
First clinical implantation of a total artificial heart
2947:
from the original on 21 July 2017 – via YouTube.
2012:
Copeland JG, Smith RG, Arabia FA, et al. (2004).
565:
First VAD patient with FDA approved hospital discharge
433:
both lungs, caused by fungi, most likely caused by an
3097:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 March 2015.
1333:"Artificial Heart in the chest: Preliminary report".
1202:"The Mechanical Heart celebrates 50 lifesaving years"
3160:"Former vice president Dick Cheney now has no pulse"
2748:"Impella Ventricular Support Systems – P140003/S018"
2375:
2373:
595:
patients have received SynCardia artificial hearts.
950:Another VAD, the Kantrowitz CardioVad, designed by
515:
First clinical application of an intrathoracic pump
28:
3448:"No Pulse: How Doctors Reinvented The Human Heart"
2892:"This 3-D-printed artificial heart actually beats"
2345:
2343:
724:Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart Prototype without Valves
638:On October 27, 2008, French professor and leading
536:First clinical application of a paracorporeal pump
1221:"Mechanical Heart Celebrates 50 Lifesaving Years"
3397:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3228:No Pulse: How Doctors Reinvented The Human Heart
2638:
2636:
1991:"UCLA Transplantation Services, Los Angeles, CA"
1481:New England Journal of Medicine (2004): 542–544.
1463:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1445:. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013
569:In 1990, Brian Williams was discharged from the
3537:Ticker: The Quest to Create an Artificial Heart
3379:. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007
2116:atorsoli, Albertina Torsoli (10 October 2013).
1204:. American Heart Association. 9 February 2008.
815:. The device was a combination of two modified
503:in Cleveland, Ohio; the College of Medicine of
3345:FDA Approves Two Portable Heart-Assist Devices
1553:Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
1064:George B. Griffenhagen and Calvin H. Hughes.
381:and pursue his work on the artificial heart.
8:
3201:"The pulseless life on healthcare in europe"
3312:Journal of the American Medical Association
2314:"AESON®, The Carmat Total Artificial Heart"
1835:"Two Sizes Intended to Treat Most Patients"
1491:Hwang, Ned H. C.; Woo, Savio L.-Y. (2003).
509:Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
2609:
2607:
1520:"In Memoriam: Adrian Kantrowitz 1918–2008"
519:On July 19, 1963, E. Stanley Crawford and
34:
16:Mechanical device which replaces the heart
3490:
3182:"Pulseless Pumps & Artificial Hearts"
2118:"A Synthetic Heart That Keeps on Ticking"
2075:"Carmat's heart sinks with another delay"
2029:
1916:
1906:
1688:
1535:
1497:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1109:
497:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
3305:
3303:
1632:Barron H. Lerner, MD (1 December 2007).
539:
307:Early designs of total artificial hearts
3039:from the original on 25 September 2015.
2767:"New artificial heart 'a leap forward'"
2225:from the original on 24 September 2015.
2188:from the original on 30 September 2015.
1083:
913:, causing a pulse, has been described.
571:University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
93:An artificial heart is distinct from a
3390:
3276:"New Artificial Heart is Made of Foam"
1845:from the original on 17 November 2015.
1456:
1323:, 17 March 2003. Accessed 21 May 2009.
1091:
1089:
1087:
25:
3364:An Artificial Heart That Doesn't Beat
3286:from the original on 5 December 2015.
2697:"Total artificial heart: What's new?"
1947:
1945:
1208:from the original on 21 November 2010
7:
1867:from the original on 13 January 2016
1593:from the original on 7 October 2008.
264:in 1938. It was implanted in a dog.
153:adding citations to reliable sources
3562:"Artificial heart a medical marvel"
3560:Kembrey, Melanie (17 August 2010).
3521:from the original on 25 April 2013.
2880:from the original on 5 August 2017.
2621:from the original on 8 October 2008
2400:"Robert Jarvik, MD on the Jarvik-7"
2130:from the original on 6 August 2016.
2001:from the original on 6 August 2016.
1681:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.10.70
1640:. HealthDiaries.com. Archived from
1227:from the original on 19 August 2016
1066:The History of the Mechanical Heart
446:National Museum of American History
115:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
44:
3515:"News – Texas Children's Hospital"
3188:from the original on 7 March 2016.
3158:Black, Rosemary (5 January 2011).
3101:from the original on 9 March 2015.
3061:from the original on 9 April 2014.
2928:from the original on 21 July 2017.
2777:from the original on 26 March 2011
2676:from the original on 25 April 2013
2672:. medscape.com. 11 November 2004.
1823:from the original on 29 June 2016.
1768:from the original on 14 March 2015
1278:10.1111/j.1540-8191.2002.tb01209.x
1140:Noon, George P. (23 August 2023).
741:temporary Total Artificial Heart.
14:
2941:"Testing a soft artificial heart"
2918:"Testing a soft artificial heart"
2650:from the original on 19 July 2008
2324:from the original on 10 June 2023
691:Historical prototypes and devices
2566:from the original on 7 June 2008
1391:"Paul Winchell Artificial Heart"
1253:from the original on 1 May 2015.
626:Carmat Aeson bioprosthetic heart
129:
3479:New England Journal of Medicine
2695:Leprince, P. (6 October 2015).
2105:(Press release). 24 April 2023.
1952:Kelly, Susan (20 August 2018).
1617:"Treasures of American History"
1335:Trans. Amer. Soc. Inter. Organs
831:artificial heart be unplugged.
608:US Food and Drug Administration
140:needs additional citations for
3446:Baum, Dan (29 February 2012).
2644:"Will We Merge With Machines?"
1096:Levy, Adam (12 January 2021).
525:Left Ventricular Assist Device
339:National University of CĂłrdoba
1:
2646:. popsci.com. 1 August 2005.
2617:. FDA.gov. 5 September 2006.
2535:10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01078-1
2477:"Cheng-Hsin General Hospital"
2294:. Bloomberg. 23 December 2020
1565:10.1016/S0022-5223(19)41978-8
1524:Texas Heart Institute Journal
523:implanted the first clinical
505:Pennsylvania State University
360:National Institutes of Health
267:On July 2, 1952, 41-year-old
3422:the original) on 2007-10-01.
1908:10.1097/MAT.0000000000000132
1665:"The total artificial heart"
1443:"Jarvik Heart Paul Winchell"
1172:"Harper University Hospital"
1043:Artificial cardiac pacemaker
971:Stollery Children's Hospital
2939:ETH ZĂĽrich (12 July 2017).
2523:Transplantation Proceedings
2385:. National Academies. 1966.
1669:Journal of Thoracic Disease
696:Total artificial heart pump
3625:
3166:. New York. Archived from
2350:McKellar, Shelley (2018).
1266:Journal of Cardiac Surgery
991:Children's Hospital Boston
941:Baylor College of Medicine
924:
819:pumps which had undergone
706:Harry Diamond Laboratories
634:Carmat's artificial heart.
18:
2733:"ABIOMED | Impella®"
2588:. AbioMed. Archived from
2508:10.4015/S1016237201000170
2445:10.1109/MMAR.2014.6957472
1507:– via Google Books.
1111:10.1146/knowable-011221-1
1048:Ventricular assist device
927:Ventricular assist device
546:ventricular assist device
426:The Texas Heart Institute
372:Maimonides Medical Center
99:intra-aortic balloon pump
95:ventricular assist device
66:device that replaces the
45:
33:
3324:10.1001/jama.286.21.2661
2562:. CNN.com. 3 July 2001.
1098:"The heart of invention"
921:Hybrid assistive devices
873:BiVACOR Artificial Heart
582:Approved medical devices
470:congestive heart failure
21:Artificial Heart (album)
3609:20th-century inventions
3568:. Archived 6 July 2011.
3566:Fairfield City Champion
3366:at TechnologyReview.com
1980:Driver Reference Manual
1074:. Fox News. 18 May 2018
577:Total artificial hearts
442:Smithsonian Institution
317:Yale School of Medicine
1518:Cooley, D. A. (2009).
1424:US Expired 3048165
1405:US expired 2917751
1372:US Expired 3097366
1176:www.harperhospital.org
1038:Artificial heart valve
1003:with a severe case of
849:
725:
635:
549:
529:The Methodist Hospital
435:immunosuppressive drug
326:On December 12, 1957,
281:Hershey Medical Center
273:Wayne State University
246:foreign-body rejection
103:cardiopulmonary bypass
3492:10.1056/nejmoa1014164
2199:Rojahn, Susan Young.
1819:. 28 September 2015.
1479:The Artificial Heart.
1001:Texas Heart Institute
907:pulmonary circulation
847:
840:Soft artificial heart
723:
671:around an additional
657:microporous materials
633:
543:
351:(the inventor of the
72:heart transplantation
3535:Mimi Swartz (2018).
3412:on 27 September 2007
3005:. CNBC. 2 March 2018
2439:. pp. 874–879.
2221:. 30 December 2013.
2166:on 24 December 2013.
2091:. 30 September 2021.
2031:10.1056/nejmoa040186
1995:transplants.ucla.edu
1960:. Industry Dive, Inc
1841:. 16 November 2015.
1249:. 13 February 2018.
911:systemic circulation
287:Forest Dewey Dodrill
149:improve this article
3589:Implants (medicine)
3435:. 30 December 2011.
3199:European-Hospital.
3119:. 29 November 2023.
3057:. 4 December 2013.
3035:. 14 January 2013.
2894:. CNN. 20 July 2017
2483:on 1 February 2015.
2424:. 20 December 2022.
2418:"A Change of Heart"
2280:. 21 February 2018.
2244:on 30 December 2013
2236:Polska, Wirtualna.
1005:cardiac amyloidosis
644:Alain F. Carpentier
298:John Heysham Gibbon
3584:Russian inventions
3350:2007-06-14 at the
3282:. 1 October 2015.
3234:2012-11-04 at the
2704:Daily News – EACTS
2077:. 15 January 2019.
1863:. 7 January 2014.
1321:The New York Times
1315:2017-08-10 at the
1306:Lavietes, Stuart.
1152:on 18 October 2023
1142:"Artificial Heart"
1104:. Annual Reviews.
1059:General references
850:
835:Current prototypes
726:
636:
552:On 21 April 1966,
550:
458:University of Utah
416:On April 4, 1969,
401:Clifford Kwan-Gett
379:University of Utah
366:In February 1966,
328:Willem Johan Kolff
294:heart–lung machine
164:"Artificial heart"
80:Willem Johan Kolff
3599:Artificial organs
3207:on 5 October 2011
3170:on 18 April 2012.
3033:Houston Chronicle
2973:10.1111/aor.12956
2961:Artificial Organs
2840:10.1111/aor.12956
2828:Artificial Organs
2771:Houston Chronicle
2454:978-1-4799-5081-2
1762:Houston Chronicle
1675:(12): 2172–2180.
1607:1969; 24:723–730.
1182:on 20 August 2007
1102:Knowable Magazine
952:Adrian Kantrowitz
592:SynCardia Systems
368:Adrian Kantrowitz
353:Heimlich maneuver
275:in Michigan. The
262:Vladimir Demikhov
256:Early development
234:heart transplants
225:
224:
217:
199:
56:
55:
3616:
3604:1937 in medicine
3550:
3523:
3522:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3494:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3408:. Archived from
3402:
3396:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3307:
3298:
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3288:
3287:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3245:
3239:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3203:. Archived from
3196:
3190:
3189:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3127:
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3087:
3081:
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3047:
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3018:
3012:
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2999:
2993:
2992:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2924:. 13 July 2017.
2914:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2876:. 13 July 2017.
2866:
2860:
2859:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2803:. Archived from
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2713:on 15 March 2016
2712:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
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2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2529:(7): 3403–3404.
2518:
2512:
2511:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2479:. Archived from
2473:
2467:
2466:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2377:
2368:
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2338:
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2331:
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2304:
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2299:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2240:. Archived from
2233:
2227:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2184:. 3 March 2014.
2174:
2168:
2167:
2162:. Archived from
2156:
2150:
2149:
2148:on 29 June 2013.
2144:. Archived from
2138:
2132:
2131:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1987:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1920:
1910:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1793:. Archived from
1787:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1764:. 3 April 2014.
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1638:Celebrity Health
1629:
1623:
1614:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1488:
1482:
1477:Sandeep Jauhar:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1439:
1433:
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1431:
1427:
1420:
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1236:
1234:
1232:
1217:
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1213:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1178:. Archived from
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1148:. Archived from
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1113:
1093:
1079:Inline citations
892:centrifugal pump
640:heart transplant
604:heart transplant
501:Cleveland Clinic
422:Denton A. Cooley
220:
213:
209:
206:
200:
198:
157:
133:
125:
64:artificial organ
60:artificial heart
49:edit on Wikidata
38:
29:Artificial heart
26:
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3529:Further reading
3526:
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3456:
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3452:Popular Science
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3343:
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3295:
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3280:Popular Science
3274:
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3236:Wayback Machine
3224:
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3180:
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3152:
3147:. 29 July 2024.
3143:
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3138:
3133:. 25 July 2024.
3129:
3128:
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3111:
3110:
3106:
3089:
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3079:. 7 March 2015.
3071:
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3049:
3048:
3044:
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3008:
3006:
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3000:
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2967:(10): 948–958.
2957:
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2938:
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2933:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2889:
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2874:www.fml.ethz.ch
2868:
2867:
2863:
2834:(10): 948–958.
2825:
2824:
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2810:
2808:
2807:on 5 April 2015
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2406:. 6 April 2016.
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2011:
2010:
2006:
1989:
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1951:
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1888:
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1728:. 30 June 2023.
1720:
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1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1644:on 29 June 2011
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1354:Lyon Cirurgical
1351:
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1327:
1317:Wayback Machine
1305:
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1124:
1122:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1061:
1056:
1029:
929:
923:
896:axial-flow pump
888:
875:
842:
837:
805:
783:
767:Kelvin K. Cheng
759:
747:
718:
698:
693:
628:
589:
584:
579:
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554:Michael DeBakey
538:
517:
465:William DeVries
454:
414:
309:
258:
230:
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210:
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158:
156:
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134:
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111:cardiac surgery
84:William DeVries
52:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3555:External links
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:978-0804138000
3545:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3506:
3485:(6): 532–541.
3464:
3438:
3424:
3406:"Berlin Heart"
3377:"Berlin Heart"
3368:
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3299:
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2765:Berger, Eric.
2757:
2738:
2724:
2687:
2661:
2632:
2603:
2592:on 3 July 2008
2586:"AbioCor FAQs"
2577:
2548:
2513:
2502:(3): 133–139.
2486:
2468:
2453:
2427:
2409:
2388:
2369:
2362:
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2305:
2283:
2269:
2266:. 11 May 2017.
2255:
2228:
2206:
2191:
2169:
2151:
2133:
2123:Bloomberg News
2108:
2094:
2080:
2066:
2045:
2024:(9): 859–867.
2004:
1982:
1971:
1941:
1901:(6): 626–634.
1878:
1848:
1826:
1808:
1797:on 13 May 2016
1779:
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1559:(6): 880–889.
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1272:(3): 238–246.
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1025:
958:(which may be
937:Domingo Liotta
925:Main article:
922:
919:
887:
884:
874:
871:
862:3D bioprinting
841:
838:
836:
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781:AbioMed hearts
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588:
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559:postcardiotomy
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521:Domingo Liotta
516:
513:
477:Bill Schroeder
453:
450:
437:complication.
418:Domingo Liotta
413:
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349:Henry Heimlich
335:Domingo Liotta
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3256:(3): M242-3.
3255:
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3238:. 2012-02-29.
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846:
839:
834:
832:
829:
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822:
821:bovine trials
818:
814:
810:
809:O. H. Frazier
802:
800:
797:
791:
788:
780:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
756:
754:
752:
744:
742:
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734:
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722:
716:Jarvik Hearts
715:
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707:
703:
695:
690:
688:
685:
680:
676:
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668:
664:
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581:
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560:
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547:
544:1966 DeBakey
542:
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512:
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364:
361:
358:In 1964, the
356:
354:
350:
346:
345:Paul Winchell
342:
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331:
329:
324:
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318:
314:
313:William Glenn
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194:
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187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166: –
165:
161:
160:Find sources:
154:
150:
144:
143:
138:This section
136:
132:
127:
126:
120:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
88:Robert Jarvik
85:
81:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
50:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3571:
3565:
3536:
3509:
3482:
3478:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3441:
3427:
3414:. Retrieved
3410:the original
3381:. Retrieved
3371:
3359:
3340:
3318:(21): 2661.
3315:
3311:
3292:
3279:
3270:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3227:
3221:
3209:. Retrieved
3205:the original
3194:
3176:
3168:the original
3163:
3153:
3139:
3125:
3117:businesswire
3116:
3107:
3094:
3085:
3077:Courier Mail
3076:
3067:
3054:
3045:
3032:
3023:
3014:
3007:. Retrieved
2997:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2934:
2921:
2912:
2903:
2896:. Retrieved
2886:
2873:
2864:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2805:the original
2801:Bam Marguera
2800:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2770:
2760:
2751:
2741:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2708:the original
2703:
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2623:. Retrieved
2594:. Retrieved
2590:the original
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2526:
2522:
2516:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2481:the original
2471:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2381:
2352:
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