1444:. In few jurisdictions, some EMTs are able to perform duties as IV and IO cannulation, administration of a limited number of drugs (including but not limited to Epinephrine, Narcan, Oxygen, Aspirin, Nitroglycerin - dependent on country, state, and medical direction), more advanced airway procedures, CPAP, and limited cardiac monitoring. Most advanced procedures and skills are not within the national scope of practice for an EMT. As such most states require additional training and certifications to perform above the national curriculum standards. In the United States, an EMT certification requires intense courses and training in field skills. A certification expires after two years and holds a requirement of taking 48 CEUs (continuing education credits). 24 of these credits must be in refresher courses while the other 24 can be taken in a variety ways such as emergency driving training, pediatric, geriatric, or bariatric care, specific traumas, etc. Is usually made up of 3 levels in the US. EMT-B, EMT-I (EMT-A in some states) and EMT-Paramedic. The National Registry of EMT New Educational Standards for EMS renamed the provider levels as follows: Emergency Medical Responder (EMR), Emergency Medical Technician (EMT-B), Advanced EMT (AEMT), and Paramedic (EMT-P).
371:
1510:
1223:
1118:
ambulances. Similar to online medical control, this practice allows paramedics to remotely transmit data such as vital signs and 12 and 15 lead ECGs to the hospital from the field. This allows the emergency department to prepare to treat patients prior to their arrival. This is allowing lower level providers (Such as EMT-B) in the United States to utilize these advanced technologies and have the doctor interpret them, thus bringing rapid identification of rhythms to areas where paramedics are stretched thin. While most insurance companies only reimburse EMS providers for transporting patients to 911 receiving facilities (e.g.
761:
ambulance crews are busy. This may mean that a government or other service provide the 'emergency' cover, whilst a private firm may be charged with 'minor injuries' such as cuts, bruises or even helping the mobility-impaired if they have for example fallen and simply need help to get up again, but do not need treatment. This system has the benefit of keeping emergency crews available at all times for genuine emergencies. These organisations may also provide services known as 'Stand-by' cover at industrial sites or at special events. In Latin
America, private ambulance companies are often the only readily-available EMS service
1623:(RNs) in the pre-hospital setting is common in many countries in absence of paramedics. In some regions of the world nurses are the primary healthcare worker that provides emergency medical services. In European countries such as France or Italy, also use nurses as a means of providing ALS services. These nurses may work under the direct supervision of a physician, or, in rarer cases, independently. In some places in Europe, notably Norway, paramedics do exist, but the role of the 'ambulance nurse' continues to be developed, as it is felt that nurses may bring unique skills to some situations encountered by ambulance crews.
623:
1214:, and the poorer the long-term prognosis for the patient. Current research in Canada has suggested that door to balloon times are significantly lower when appropriate patients are identified by paramedics in the field, instead of the emergency room, and then transported directly to a waiting PCI lab. The STEMI program has reduced STEMI deaths in the Ottawa region by 50 per cent. In a related program in Toronto, EMS has begun to use a procedure of 'rescuing' STEMI patients from the Emergency Rooms of hospitals without PCI labs, and transporting them, on an emergency basis, to waiting PCI labs in other hospitals.
293:
1272:
1497:. The most important function of the paramedic is to identify and treat any life-threatening conditions and then to assess the patient carefully for other complaints or findings that may require emergency treatment. In many countries, this is a protected title, and use of it without the relevant qualification may result in criminal prosecution. In the United States, paramedics represent the highest licensure level of prehospital emergency care. In addition, several certifications exist for Paramedics such as Wilderness ALS Care, Flight Paramedic Certification (
1627:
physician on emergency interfacility transports. In the United States, the most common uses of ambulance-based registered nurses is in the
Critical Care/Mobile Intensive Care transport, and in Aeromedical EMS. Such nurses are normally required by their employers (in the US) to seek additional certifications beyond the primary nursing licensure. Four individual states have an Intensive Care or Prehospital Nurse licensure. Many states allow registered nurses to also become registered paramedics according to their role in the emergency medical services team. In
944:
469:
1639:, since 2005, all emergency ambulances should be staffed by at least one registered nurse since only nurses are allowed to administer drugs. And all Advanced Life Support Ambulances are staffed at least by a registered nurse in Spain. In France, since 1986, fire department-based rescue ambulances have had the option of providing resuscitation service (reanimation) using specially trained nurses, operating on protocols, while SAMU-SMUR units are staffed by physicians and nurses
1689:
220:
29:
893:
736:
289:, said "The curative process commences the instant the patient is put in to the carriage; time is saved which can be given to the care of the patient; the patient may be driven to the hospital so speedily that the hospitals may be less numerous and located at greater distances from each other". This tenet of ambulances providing instant care, allowing hospitals to be spaced further apart, displays itself in modern emergency medical planning.
1663:, as ALS is performed by physicians. In the German-speaking countries, paramedics are assistants to ambulance physicians (called Notarzt). In these countries, if a physician is present, paramedics require permission from the physician to administer treatments such as defibrillation and drugs. If there is no physician on scene and a life-threatening condition is present, they may administer treatments that follow the physician's instructions.
1458:
1606:. ECPs are university graduates in Emergency Medical Care or qualified paramedics who have undergone further training, and are authorized to perform specialized techniques. Additionally some may prescribe medicines for longer-term care, such as antibiotics and in the United Kingdom they can prescribe a broad range of medicines. With respect to a Primary Health Care setting, they are also educated in a range of Diagnostic techniques.
1643:
782:
43:
1426:
6159:
827:
571:
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773:.Their key feature is that all personnel are trained not only in ambulance (EMT) care, but as a firefighter and a peace officer (police function). They may be found in smaller towns and cities, where demand or budget is too low to support separate services. This multi-functionality allows to make the most of limited resource or budget, but having a single team respond to any emergency.
1283:
678:
1059:
250:, and was distressed by the fact that wounded soldiers were not picked up by the numerous ambulances (which Napoleon required to be stationed two and half miles back from the scene of battle) until after hostilities had ceased, and set about developing a new ambulance system. Having decided against using the Norman system of horse litters, he settled on two- or four-wheeled
409:, taking delivery of the first automobile ambulance, donated by 500 prominent local businessmen, in February 1899. This was followed in 1900 by New York City, who extolled its virtues of greater speed, more safety for the patient, faster stopping and a smoother ride. These first two automobile ambulances were electrically powered with 2 hp motors on the rear axle.
1784:
1526:, which are more likely to be dispatched to emergencies requiring advanced care skills. They may also work on land ambulances. The training, permitted skills, and certification requirements vary from one jurisdiction to the next. It also varies to whether they are trained externally by a university or professional body or 'in house' by their EMS agency.
151:. Historically, ambulances only transported patients to care, and this remains the case in parts of the developing world. The term "emergency medical service" was popularised when these services began to emphasise emergency treatment at the scene. In some countries, a substantial portion of EMS calls do not result in a patient being taken to hospital.
1083:
528:. The report concluded that ambulance services in the US varied widely in quality and were often unregulated and unsatisfactory. These studies placed pressure on governments to improve emergency care in general, including the care provided by ambulance services. The government reports resulted in the creation of
1769:. Therefore, medical first responders in a helicopter can provide both a higher level of care at the scene, faster transport to a specialist hospital and critical care during the journey. A disadvantage is that it can be dangerous and potentially not possible for them to fly at night or in bad weather.
1834:
or the regional-responding
Appalachian Search and Rescue Conference (USA based). Like traditional EMS providers, all wilderness emergency medical (WEM) providers must still operate under on-line or off-line medical oversight. To assist physicians in the skills necessary to provide this oversight, the
793:
Hospitals or larger hospital systems may provide their own ambulance service as a service to the community, or where ambulance care is unreliable or chargeable. Many hospital-based EMS departments operate solely with their hospital, though some operate more independently and can transport patients to
459:
Prior to World War II, hospitals provided ambulance service in many large cities. With the severe manpower shortages imposed by the war effort, it became difficult for many hospitals to maintain their ambulance operations. City governments in many cases turned ambulance services over to the police or
1839:
and the
National Association of EMS Physicians jointly supported the development in 2011 of a unique "Wilderness EMS Medical Director" certification course, which was cited by the Journal of EMS as one of the Top 10 EMS Innovations of 2011. Skills taught in WEMT courses exceeding the EMT-Basic scope
1416:
are of a frontline under both emergency and non-emergency conditions to incidents. Their role is to assist the clinician that they are working with, either a
Technician or Paramedic, in their duties, whether that be drawing up drugs, setting up fluids (but not attaching), doing basic observations or
1290:
Ambulance personnel are generally professionals and in some countries their use is controlled through training and registration. While these job titles are protected by legislation in some countries, this protection is by no means universal, and anyone might, for example, call themselves an 'EMT' or
1073:
The most basic emergency medical services are provided as a transport operation only, simply to take patients from their location to the nearest medical treatment. This was historically the case in all countries. It remains the case in much of the developing world, where operators as diverse as taxi
589:
In the United States, ambulance services provided by a local government are often referred to as "third service" EMS (the fire department, police department, and EMS department forming an emergency services trio) by the members of said service, as well as other city officials and residents. The most
561:
Depending on country, area within country, or clinical need, emergency medical services may be provided by one or more different types of organization. This variation may lead to large differences in levels of care and expected scope of practice. Some countries closely regulate the industry (and may
1188:
The aim in "Scoop and Run" treatment is generally to transport the patient within ten minutes of arrival, hence the birth of the phrase, "the platinum ten minutes" (in addition to the "golden hour"), now commonly used in EMT training programs. The "Scoop and Run" is a method developed to deal with
1036:
in this role. Additionally
Advanced Life Support includes administering therapeutic doses of electrical shock to those who are in cardiac arrest or using drugs to stimulate the heart, Airway therapy, and so on and so forth. Most ambulances are equipped with advanced Life Support equipment and have
1262:
in this model tend to be better equipped with more advanced medical devices, in essence, bringing the emergency department to the patient. High-speed transport to hospitals is considered, in most cases, to be unnecessarily unsafe, and the preference is to remain and provide definitive care to the
1040:
Critical Care
Transport (CCT), also known as medical retrieval or rendez vous MICU protocol in some countries (Australia, NZ, Great Britain, and Francophone Canada) refers to the critical care transport of patients between hospitals (as opposed to pre-hospital). Such services are a key element in
1674:
acting as the most senior medical adviser to the ambulance service. In the United States, EMS became an officially recognized subspecialty by the
American Board of Emergency Medicine in 2010, and the first examinations were held in 2013. Many states now recommend EMS board certifiction for newly
760:
In some areas, private companies may provide only the patient transport elements of ambulance care (i.e. non-urgent), but in some places, they are contracted to provide emergency care, or to form a 'second tier' response, where they only respond to emergencies when all of the full-time emergency
693:, though many also have paid personnel. These may be linked to a volunteer fire service, and some volunteers may provide both services. Some ambulance charities specialize in providing cover at public gatherings and events (e.g. sporting events), while others provide care to the wider community.
536:
In 1971 a progress report was published at the annual meeting, by the then president of
American Association of Trauma, Sawnie R. Gaston M.D. Dr. Gaston reported the study was a "superb white paper" that "jolted and wakened the entire structure of organized medicine." This report is created as a
1626:
In North
America, and to a lesser extent elsewhere in the English-speaking world, some jurisdictions use specially trained nurses for medical transport work. These are mostly air-medical personnel or critical care transport providers, often working in conjunction with a technician, paramedic or
1117:
may be an autonomous medical professional, and does not require the permission of a physician to administer interventions or medications from an agreed list, and can perform roles such as suturing or prescribing medication to the patient. Recently "Telemedicine" has been making an appearance in
1311:
An emergency medical dispatcher is also called an EMD. An increasingly common addition to the EMS system is the use of highly trained dispatch personnel who can provide "pre-arrival" instructions to callers reporting medical emergencies. They use carefully structured questioning techniques and
963:
Many systems have tiers of response for medical emergencies. For example, a common arrangement in the United States is that fire engines or volunteers are sent to provide a rapid initial response to a medical emergency, while an ambulance is sent to provide advanced treatment and transport the
756:
In the U.S., private ambulance companies provide emergency medical services in large cities and rural areas by contracting with local governments. In areas where the local county or city provide their own emergency services, private companies provide discharges and transfers from hospitals and
585:
Operating separately from (although alongside) the fire and police services of the area, these ambulances are funded by local, provincial or national governments. In some countries, these only tend to be found in big cities, whereas in countries such as the United Kingdom, almost all emergency
637:
In countries such as the United States, Japan, France, South Korea and parts of India, ambulances can be operated by the local fire or police services. Fire-based EMS is the most common model in the United States, where nearly all urban fire departments provide EMS and a majority of emergency
1386:
Some agencies separate the 'driver' and 'attendant' functions, employing ambulance driving staff with no medical qualification (or just a first aid and CPR certificates), whose job is to drive ambulances. While this approach persists in some countries, such as India, it is generally becoming
1249:
provide all medical interventions for the patient. Other ambulance personnel are not non-medically trained and only provide driving and heavy lifting. In other applications of this model, as in Germany, a paramedic equivalent does exist, but is an assistant to the physician with a restricted
1659:-led EMS model, such as France, Italy, the German-speaking countries (Germany, Switzerland, Austria), and Spain, physicians respond to all cases that require more than basic first aid. In some versions of this model (such as France, Italy, and Spain), there is no direct equivalent to a
1263:
patient until they are medically stable, and then accomplish transport. In this model, the physician and nurse may actually staff an ambulance along with a driver, or may staff a rapid response vehicle instead of an ambulance, providing medical support to multiple ambulances.
606:. Government ambulance services also have to take civil service exams just like government fire departments and police. In the United States, certain federal government agencies employ emergency medical technicians at the basic and advanced life support levels, such as the
158:
levels for members and employees of emergency medical services vary widely throughout the world. In some systems, members may be present who are qualified only to drive ambulances, with no medical training. In contrast, most systems have personnel who retain at least basic
262:
in 1794. Larrey subsequently entered Napoleon's service during the Italian campaigns in 1796, where his ambulances were used for the first time at Udine, Padua and Milan, and he adapted his ambulances to the conditions, even developing a litter which could be carried by a
1395:
Many countries employ ambulance staff who only carry out non-emergency patient transport duties (which can include stretcher or wheelchair cases). Dependent on the provider (and resources available), they may be trained in first aid or extended skills such as use of an
1718:) often complement a land ambulance service. In some remote areas, they may even form the primary ambulance service. Like many innovations in EMS, medical aircraft were first used in the military. One of the first recorded aircraft rescues of a casualty was in 1917 in
537:"prime mover" and made the "single greatest contribution of its kind to the improvement of emergency medical services". Since this time a concerted effort has been undertaken to improve emergency medical care in the pre-hospital setting. Such advancements included Dr.
212:, in which a man who has been beaten is cared for by a passing Samaritan. Luke 10:34 (NIV) – "He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own donkey, took him to an inn and took care of him." During the Middle Ages, the
1101:. They have specialized medical training, but not to the same level as a physician. In this model it is rare to find a physician actually working routinely in ambulances, although they may be deployed to major or complex cases. The physicians who work in EMS provide
1109:
or 'standing orders' (procedures for treatment). This may also include on-line medical control, in which the physician is contacted via radio or phone to provide advice and authorization for various medical interventions or for a patient's desire to refuse care.
532:
in ambulance construction concerning the internal height of the patient care area (to allow for an attendant to continue to care for the patient during transport), and the equipment (and thus weight) that an ambulance had to carry, and several other factors.
76:
that provide urgent pre-hospital treatment and stabilisation for serious illness and injuries and transport to definitive care. They may also be known as a first aid squad, FAST squad, emergency squad, ambulance squad, ambulance corps, life squad or by other
1291:
a 'paramedic', regardless of their training, or the lack of it. In some jurisdictions, both technicians and paramedics may be further defined by the environment in which they operate, including such designations as 'Wilderness', 'Tactical', and so on.
4487:
1331:
Certified first responders may be sent to provide first aid, sometimes to an advanced level. Their duties include the provision of immediate life-saving care in the event of a medical emergency; commonly advanced first aid, oxygen administration,
1205:
labs, suggests that time to treatment is a clinically significant factor in heart attacks, and that trauma patients may not be the only patients for whom 'load and go' is clinically appropriate. In such conditions, the gold standard is the
1010:(ILS), also known as Limited Advanced Life Support (LALS), is positioned between BLS and ALS but is less common than both. It is commonly a BLS provider with a moderately expanded skill set, but where it is present it usually replaces BLS.
1404:
skills. In some services, they may also provide emergency cover when other units are not available, or when accompanied by a fully qualified technician or paramedic. The role is known as an Ambulance Care Assistant in the United Kingdom.
996:, some drugs and a few invasive treatments. BLS personnel may either operate a BLS ambulance on their own, or assist a higher qualified crewmate on an ALS ambulance. In English-speaking countries, BLS ambulance crew members are known as
1238:. The physicians will attempt to treat casualties at the scene and will only transport them to hospital if it is deemed necessary. If patients are transported to hospital, they are more likely to go straight to a ward rather than to an
460:
fire department. No laws required minimal training for ambulance personnel and no training programs existed beyond basic first aid. In many fire departments, assignment to ambulance duty became an unofficial form of punishment.
2898:
1233:
Physician-led EMS is also known as the Franco-German model, "stay and play", "stay and stabilize" or "delay and treat". In a physician-led system, doctors respond directly to all major emergencies requiring more than simple
520:
1597:
receive additional university education to become practitioners in their own right, which gives them absolute responsibility for their clinical judgement, including the ability to autonomously prescribe medications. An
3650:
1852:, and simple suturing; however, the scope of practice for the WEMT still falls under BLS level care. A multitude of organizations provide WEM training, including private schools, non-profit organizations such as the
757:
to/from other health related facilities and homes. In most areas private companies are part of the local government emergency disaster plan, and are relied upon for the overall EMS response, treatment and recovery.
1521:
A critical care paramedic, also known as an advanced practice paramedic or specialist paramedic, is a paramedic with additional training to deal with critically ill patients. Critical care paramedics often work on
818:, have emergency medical services provided by employers as a means of protecting their interests and the welfare of their staff. These are often used as first response vehicles in the event of a fire or explosion.
720:, specialise in facilitating training medical professionals to volunteer to assist the statutory ambulance services in the care of patients, through their attendance at those with serious illnesses or injuries.
627:
3931:
1316:
by a first responder measured in minutes, some medical emergencies evolve in seconds. Such a system provides, in essence, a "zero response time," and can have an enormous impact on positive patient outcomes.
4494:
548:
The developments were paralleled in other countries. In the United Kingdom, a 1973 law merged the municipal ambulance services into larger agencies and set national standards. In France, the first official
4466:"Real Decreto 836/2012, de 25 de mayo, por el que se establecen las características técnicas, el equipamiento sanitario y la dotación de personal de los vehículos de transporte sanitario por carretera"
753:
Some ambulances are operated by commercial companies with paid employees, usually on a contract to the local or national government, Hospital Networks, Health Care Facilities and Insurance Companies.
1312:
provide scripted instructions to allow callers or bystanders to begin definitive care for such critical problems as airway obstructions, bleeding, childbirth, and cardiac arrest. Even with a fast
2349:
2990:
5163:
4223:
3360:
964:
patient. In France, fire service and private company ambulances provide basic care, while hospital-based ambulances with physicians on board provide advanced care. In many countries, an
1830:
Wilderness EMS-like systems (WEMS) have been developed to provide medical responses in remote areas, which may have significantly different needs to an urban area. Examples include the
1193:, rather than strictly medical situations (e.g. cardiac or respiratory emergencies), however, this may be changing. Increasingly, research into the management of S-T segment elevation
135:
When EMS is dispatched, they will initiate medical care upon arrival on scene. If it is deemed necessary or a patient requests transport, the unit is then tasked with transferring the
2935:
2890:
2583:
1344:. First responders are commonly dispatched by the ambulance service to arrive quickly and stabilize the patient before the ambulance arrives, and to then assist the ambulance crew.
723:
A few charities provide ambulances for taking patients on trips or vacations away from hospitals, hospices or care homes where they are in long-term care. Examples include the UK's
401:, reflecting the competing automotive technologies then in existence. However, the first motorized ambulance was brought into service in the last year of the 19th century, with the
4468:[Royal Decree 836/2012, of 25 May, which establishes the technical characteristics, the sanitary equipment and the staffing of the vehicles of sanitary transport by road].
4716:
3570:
2779:
National Academy of Sciences (US) National Research Council (US) Committee on Trauma; National Academy of Sciences (US) National Research Council (US) Committee on Shock (1966).
5216:
665:
from 1947 to 1985, and is currently operated by the New Orleans Health Department and the New Orleans Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness, separate from the
6208:
1631:
60% of ambulance teams are led by nurse. Ambulance nurses can do almost all emergency procedures and administer medicines pre-hospital such as physicians in Estonia. In the
712:, as well as small local volunteer/paid departments. In the United States, volunteer ambulances are rarer, but can still be seen in both metropolitan and rural areas (e.g.
5189:
3411:
Nallamothu BK, Bates ER (October 2003). "Percutaneous coronary intervention versus fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: is timing (almost) everything?".
1371:
697:
5677:
4623:
3935:
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1996:
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to name just a few. Some examples of skills include, but not limited to, life support systems normally restricted to the ICU or critical care hospital setting such as
846:
shown here, where each of the 'arms' to the star represent one of the six points, are used to represent the six stages of high quality pre-hospital care, which are:
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5682:
2001:
591:
5041:
1045:
in Scotland. This level of care is likely to involve traditional healthcare professionals (in addition to or instead of critical care-trained paramedics), meaning
700:
is the largest charity in the world that provides emergency medicine. (in some countries, it operates as a private ambulance service). Other organisations include
5999:
5530:
4435:
3341:
1165:, especially penetrating trauma such as gunshot or stab wounds. Thus, minimal time is spent providing prehospital care (spine immobilization; "ABCs", i.e. ensure
871:– the emergency medical service provides appropriate and timely interventions to treat the patient at the scene of the incident without doing further harm.
649:
It is rare for a police department in the United States to provide EMS or ambulance services, although many police officers have basic medical training (such as
5622:
4143:
1936:
6015:
5759:
4108:
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Skandalakis PN, Lainas P, Zoras O, Skandalakis JE, Mirilas P (August 2006). "'To afford the wounded speedy assistance': Dominique Jean Larrey and Napoleon".
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In countries where EMS is led by paramedics, the ambulance service may still employ physicians. They may serve on specialist response vehicles, such as the
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6010:
4886:
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1123:
370:
355:
279:
A major advance was made (which in future years would come to shape policy on hospitals and ambulances) with the introduction of a transport carriage for
84:
In most places, EMS can be summoned by members of the public (as well as medical facilities, other emergency services, businesses and authorities) via an
5662:
2579:
1981:
1853:
769:
These are full service emergency service agencies, which may be found in places such as airports or large colleges and universities like for example the
3819:
1367:
who are on duty for another emergency service may also be deployed in this role, though some firefighters are trained to a more advanced medical level.
877:-– the emergency medical service load the patient in to suitable transport and continue to provide appropriate medical care throughout the journey
4363:
2632:
2344:
5987:
5627:
1941:
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2994:
2961:
1635:, all ambulances are staffed by a registered nurse with additional training in emergency nursing, anaesthesia or critical care, and a driver-EMT. In
1347:
Some EMS agencies have set up volunteer schemes, who can be dispatched to a medical emergency before the ambulance arrives. Examples of this include
6005:
5209:
4519:
1147:
5180:
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935:
suggested that rapid transport was a better strategy for trauma cases, while stabilization at the scene was a better strategy for cardiac arrests.
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1986:
1906:
1871:
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3016:
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1961:
1951:
883:– the patient is handed over to an appropriate care setting, such as the emergency department at a hospital, in to the care of physicians
658:
599:
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require anyone working on an ambulance to be qualified to a set level), whereas others allow quite wide differences between types of operator.
992:(BLS) is often the lowest level of training that can be held by those who treat patients on an ambulance. Commonly, it includes administering
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5592:
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5567:
5557:
5294:
4931:
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2515:
1991:
1966:
1911:
1901:
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regionalized systems of hospital care where intensive care services are centralized to a few specialist hospitals. An example of this is the
859:– the first persons on scene make a call to the emergency medical services (911) and provide details to enable a response to be mounted
2939:
2606:
2531:
2256:
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and the Wilderness EMS Institute, military branches, community colleges and universities, EMS-college-hospital collaborations, and others.
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5652:
5642:
5632:
5612:
5587:
5577:
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1971:
1956:
1946:
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1340:(AED) usage. The first responder training is considered a bare minimum for emergency service workers who may be sent out in response to an
550:
1509:
1355:
operated by the fire services in France. In some countries such as the US, there may be autonomous groups of volunteer responders such as
1037:
paramedics on board. While some fire departments have ambulances, first aid and squads utilize ambulances for emergency medical services.
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increasingly rare. Ambulance drivers may be trained in radio communications, ambulance operations and emergency response driving skills.
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6115:
6045:
6020:
5657:
5617:
5202:
4708:
3600:"Bundesärztekammer - Notfall: Notkompetenz I (German Federal Board of Physicians: Directives regarding emergency powers for Paramedics)"
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1976:
1931:
1778:
1352:
1042:
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1916:
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1161:, with the goal of having the patient in surgery within an hour of the traumatic event. This appears to be true in cases of internal
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622:
595:
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2101:
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Some EMS agencies have set up specialist teams to help those injured in a major incident or a dangerous situation. These include
1397:
1337:
2557:
2038:, a programme that enables EMS workers to identify victims and contact their next of kin to obtain important medical information
1469:
has a high level of pre-hospital medical training and usually involves key skills not performed by technicians, often including
908:
approaches are used in the provision of EMS care around the world, they can generally be placed into one of two categories; one
6109:
6049:
5822:
5726:
4275:
3769:
1693:
1529:
These providers have a vast array of and medications to handle complex medical and trauma patients. Examples of medication are
865:– the first professional (EMS) rescuers are dispatched and arrive on scene as quickly as possible, enabling care to begin
508:
1222:
6097:
6091:
1921:
1333:
705:
643:
6378:
3401:
Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society, (1966), National Academy of Sciences (White Paper)
1757:
Aircraft can travel faster and operate in a wider coverage area than a land ambulance. They have a particular advantage for
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Gaston, Sawnie R. (1971). "'Accidental death and disability: the neglected disease of modern society'. A progress report".
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In some cases in this model, such as France, there is no direct equivalent to a paramedic. Physicians and (in some cases)
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662:
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639:
484:
209:
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1138:, or advanced care resources are taken to the patient where they lie. The "scoop and run" approach is exemplified by the
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6085:
6068:
5817:
5289:
5279:
5048:
4327:
Melby V, Ryan A (October 2005). "Caring for older people in prehospital emergency care: can nurses make a difference?".
1819:
1433:
1271:
1098:
997:
913:
168:
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Besides first responders who are deployed to an emergency, there are others who may be stationed at public events. The
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5745:
5477:
5395:
5367:
5357:
5352:
5284:
5256:
5178:"Emergency Medical Services in the European Union: report of an assessment project co-ordinated by the European Union"
4571:
3655:
2702:
1739:
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666:
453:
97:
5099:
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1602:
or paramedic practitioner is a position that is designed to bridge the link between ambulance care and the care of a
1126:
is in the process of evaluating a payment model to enable reimbursement for patients evaluated and treated on-scene.
1093:
The Anglo-American model is also known as "load and go" or "scoop and run". In this model, ambulances are staffed by
689:
Charities or non-profit ambulance departments operate some emergency medical services. They are primarily staffed by
258:
they had received early treatment in the field. Larrey's projects for 'flying ambulances' were first approved by the
3042:
2204:
1836:
1514:
943:
931:
Studies have been inconclusive as to whether one model delivers better results than the other. A 2010 study in the
507:
the first experimental mobile coronary care ambulance successfully resuscitated patients using these technologies.
259:
155:
85:
20:
4249:
4115:
1561:
monitoring. Depending on the service medical direction, these providers are trained on placement and use of UVCs (
92:) which puts them in contact with a dispatching centre, which will then dispatch suitable resources for the call.
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1007:
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47:
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4523:
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2178:
1413:
1001:
468:
4864:
Meier, B, Saul, S. Fatal crashes provoke debate on safety of sky ambulances. New York Times, 28 February 2005.
1242:. Countries that use this model include Austria, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Spain, Brazil and Chile.
204:
Emergency care in the field has been rendered in different forms since the beginning of recorded history. The
4197:
4065:
4036:
3956:
Editors of Salem Press (2008). Paramedics. Magill's Medical Guide, 4th Rev. ed.. Salem Press. Retrieved from
3826:
3068:
5701:
5131:, (Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, US Department of Transportation, 1995).
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in 1881. Named the "Vienna Voluntary Rescue Society," it served as a model for similar societies worldwide.
32:
340:
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5400:
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1849:
1762:
1550:
1194:
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905:
638:
transport ambulance services in large cities are part of fire departments. Examples of this model are the
402:
389:
was being developed, and in addition to horse-drawn models, early 20th century ambulances were powered by
113:
5190:
World Health Organization: Department of Violence and Injury Prevention "Prehospital Trauma Care Systems"
4979:
6303:
6228:
6143:
5914:
5887:
5711:
5246:
5177:
4935:
3098:
2470:
2320:
1795:
1473:(and with it the ability to use a range of drugs to relieve pain, correct cardiac problems, and perform
1255:
1013:
607:
235:
187:
may also provide pre-hospital care to varying degrees in certain countries, a model which is popular in
176:
3448:"Applying the new STEMI guidelines: 1. Reperfusion in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction"
1258:(ALS) procedures if authorized by the physician, or in cases of immediate life-threatening conditions.
3020:
440:, there were some areas where a modern ambulance carried advanced medical equipment, was staffed by a
6318:
6298:
5920:
5797:
5782:
5706:
5572:
5362:
5325:
2056:
2035:
2014:
1881:
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1709:
1697:
1603:
1523:
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The essential decision in prehospital care is whether the patient should be immediately taken to the
1119:
1087:
1063:
965:
932:
743:
433:
144:
105:
101:
1761:
injuries, especially when they occur in rural or isolated areas. The well-established theory of the
1032:
commonly provide ALS, but some countries require it to be a higher level of care and instead employ
6404:
6368:
6333:
6253:
5899:
5893:
5881:
5497:
5304:
5005:
3625:
2067:
2024:
1831:
1688:
1470:
1017:
448:, the only available vehicle that could carry a recumbent patient, and were thus frequently run by
213:
3682:
3626:"EMTs and Paramedics : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
2371:
2263:
1105:
for the work of the ambulance crews. This may include off-line medical control, where they devise
6073:
5977:
5768:
5487:
5415:
5241:
4668:
3335:
3148:
2761:
2535:
2420:
2030:
1814:. In the US, these are often known as Tactical EMS teams and are often deployed alongside police
1765:
suggests that major trauma patients should be transported as quickly as possible to a specialist
1715:
1478:
989:
838:, which are to Preserve Life, Prevent Further Injury, and Promote Recovery. This common theme in
239:
164:
3747:
6358:
6283:
6248:
6238:
5972:
5807:
5792:
5508:
5492:
5472:
5456:
5446:
5387:
5021:
4847:
4806:
4763:
4738:
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4617:
4416:
4344:
4018:
3552:
3477:
3428:
3323:
3313:
3266:
3243:
3208:
3140:
2846:
2804:
2794:
2753:
2667:
2511:
2508:
The ambulance: the story of emergency transportation of sick and wounded through the centuries
2412:
1620:
1578:
1375:
1313:
1295:
1251:
1106:
1025:
853:– members of the public, or another agency, find the incident and understand the problem
701:
325:
321:
297:
219:
129:
117:
73:
3851:
2780:
2610:
316:(now the Cincinnati General) by 1865. This was soon followed by other services, notably the
6343:
6258:
5382:
5309:
4837:
4796:
4783:
Branas CC, MacKenzie EJ, Williams JC, Schwab CW, Teter HM, Flanigan MC, et al. (2005).
4650:
4406:
4336:
4008:
3722:
3603:
3542:
3534:
3467:
3459:
3420:
3235:
3198:
3190:
3132:
2838:
2786:
2745:
2404:
1811:
1727:
1671:
892:
735:
504:
317:
125:
51:
5077:
4873:
Levin, A, Davis, R. Surge in crashes scars air ambulance industry. USA Today, 18 July 2005.
3973:
3499:
1457:
6293:
6233:
5482:
5425:
5410:
5372:
5184:
5158:
4720:
4692:
3795:
2483:
1807:
1642:
1207:
1201:) occurring outside of the hospital, or even inside community hospitals without their own
1190:
952:
717:
529:
417:
339:
Another early ambulance service was founded by Jaromir V. Mundy, Count J. N. Wilczek, and
254:-drawn wagons, which were used to transport fallen soldiers from the (active) battlefield
109:
4598:
2733:
5129:
Planning Emergency Medical Communications: Volume 2, Local/Regional Level Planning Guide
4305:
3997:"Advanced life support in the wilderness: 5-year experience of the Reach and Treat team"
3700:
2454:
2105:
781:
42:
28:
5904:
5866:
5855:
4685:
4465:
3203:
3178:
1845:
1799:
1570:
1546:
1494:
1441:
1437:
1425:
1360:
1341:
1227:
1158:
1021:
993:
948:
807:
803:
786:
747:
538:
511:
was the first civilian emergency medical service in the United States to be staffed by
496:
492:
488:
230:
The first use of the ambulance as a specialized vehicle, in battle came about with the
4842:
4825:
3995:
Schmidt TA, Federiuk CS, Zechnich A, Forsythe M, Christie M, Andrews C (August 1996).
3547:
3522:
3472:
3447:
3424:
3123:
Dick WF (2003). "Anglo-American vs. Franco-German emergency medical services system".
308:
The first known hospital-based ambulance service operated out of Commercial Hospital,
23:, also known as the Emergency Medical Service, which operated in World War II Britain.
6393:
6353:
6308:
6288:
5832:
5342:
5153:
4411:
4394:
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2842:
2749:
1766:
1667:
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are usually able to perform a wide range of emergency care skills, such as automated
1276:
1182:
603:
476:
429:
301:
205:
140:
89:
5139:
4672:
4279:
3152:
2424:
1840:
of practice include catheterization, antibiotic administration, use of intermediate
1153:
The strategy developed for prehospital trauma care in North America is based on the
978:
consists of basic skills that are commonly taught to members of the public, such as
570:
6363:
6338:
6313:
6273:
5827:
5451:
5405:
5269:
5236:
3377:
3226:
BS Roudsari (2007). "International comparison of prehospital trauma care systems".
2765:
2062:
1758:
1747:
1701:
1670:
in the UK. They may also provide advice and devise protocols for treatment, with a
1490:
1356:
843:
815:
690:
631:
449:
437:
121:
4092:
826:
3239:
2558:"How EMS Services Including Ambulances Went from Punishment to Prestige - IA MED"
6373:
5962:
5926:
4957:
4639:"The First Recorded Aeromedical Evacuation in the British Army - the True Story"
4575:
3773:
3286:
1751:
1632:
1364:
1067:
479:
ambulance. Note the raised roof, with more room for the attendants and patients.
413:
398:
379:
358:
was established to provide first aid and ambulance services at public events in
348:
1746:, when time to reach a medical facility was reduced from 8 hours to 3 hours in
1282:
677:
420:
were introduced during the war and were found to have a positive effect on the
6348:
6138:
5947:
5861:
5347:
3136:
2868:
2408:
1743:
1582:
1530:
1486:
1482:
1401:
1294:
A unique aspect of EMS is that there are two hierarchies of authority, as the
1259:
1211:
1178:
1143:
1102:
1058:
724:
512:
432:
became available shortly after World War I, enabling for more efficient radio
386:
375:
309:
283:
patients in London during 1832. The statement on the carriage, as printed in
5194:
4826:"Variation in air medical outcomes by crew composition: a two-year follow-up"
4801:
4784:
3327:
1049:
and/or physicians working in the pre-hospital setting and even on ambulances.
6328:
6323:
6263:
6243:
6186:
6057:
5942:
5909:
5692:
5420:
5330:
5299:
4655:
4638:
3378:"Emergency Triage, Treat, and Transport (ET3) Model | CMS Innovation Center"
1731:
1660:
1656:
1594:
1558:
1466:
1235:
1114:
1094:
1033:
1029:
975:
917:
909:
835:
811:
441:
421:
416:, further advances were made in providing care before and during transport;
285:
216:
were known for rendering assistance to wounded soldiers in the battlefield.
180:
172:
160:
93:
36:
4810:
4420:
4348:
4022:
3556:
3481:
3432:
3247:
3212:
3144:
2808:
2757:
2710:
2671:
2416:
444:, and was dispatched by radio. In many locations, however, ambulances were
4851:
4664:
2850:
2317:"Motorcycle Ambulance Trailer Project Gets Off The Ground With MAN ERF UK"
2289:
1783:
324:
which started in 1869 with ambulances carrying medical equipment, such as
242:'s chief surgeon. Larrey was present at the battle of Spires, between the
5967:
5957:
5952:
5430:
5103:
4912:
Hawkins, SC (21 January 2012). "Wilderness EMS Medical Director Course".
3538:
3463:
2019:
1538:
1534:
1162:
1135:
1028:. The scope of this higher tier response varies considerably by country.
839:
770:
713:
709:
650:
542:
473:
394:
329:
148:
3446:
Bogaty P, Buller CE, Dorian P, O'Neill BJ, Armstrong PW (October 2004).
3194:
3046:
2782:
Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society
2208:
1501:), and Critical Care Emergency Medical Transport Program certification.
521:
Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society
362:. It was modelled on a military-style command and discipline structure.
116:, and others may be used. EMS agencies may also operate a non-emergency
6278:
4253:
1735:
1628:
1157:
theory, i.e., that a trauma victim's best chance for survival is in an
1146:, whereas the "stay and play" is exemplified by the French and Belgian
1139:
1082:
983:
956:
897:
579:
500:
406:
280:
247:
136:
78:
4549:
4395:"A new profession in the pre-hospital care field: the ambulance nurse"
3263:
The Emergency Medical Responder: Training and Succeeding as an EMT/EMR
5837:
5737:
5172:
4149:. The Board for Critical Care Transport Certification. Archived from
4144:"Report of a National Study of the Certified Critical Care Paramedic"
3072:
2087:
1719:
1636:
1246:
1046:
834:
Emergency medical services exists to fulfill the basic principles of
682:
445:
359:
344:
333:
243:
188:
2234:
2182:
661:, which was formed as a hospital-based service, was operated by the
2127:
912:-led and the other led by pre-hospital allied health staff such as
628:
District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department
5716:
5607:
4201:
4069:
4040:
2790:
2658:
Bledsoe, B.; Barnes, D. (2004). "Traction splint. An EMS relic?".
1782:
1687:
1542:
1508:
1456:
1424:
1281:
1270:
1221:
1210:
time. The longer the time interval, the greater the damage to the
1198:
1150:
or the German "Notarzt"-System (preclinical emergency physician).
1081:
1057:
942:
891:
825:
780:
734:
676:
621:
569:
467:
452:. These vehicles, which could serve either purpose, were known as
425:
390:
369:
291:
268:
264:
251:
218:
184:
41:
27:
3312:. Zigmont, Jason J. (Third ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts.
3179:"Models of International Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Systems"
2156:
1730:. In 1928, the first civilian air medical service was founded in
4114:. International Association Of Flight Paramedics. Archived from
1815:
1803:
1498:
1113:
In some cases, such as in the UK, South Africa and Australia, a
575:
313:
6190:
5741:
5512:
5198:
3957:
2027:, a rapid-response emergency unit in Chicago disbanded in 2005.
4760:
International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers
1734:
to provide healthcare to people living in remote parts of the
4983:
2345:"Do not take all your patients to hospital, paramedics told"
1700:
often have staff who are specially trained for dealing with
4014:
10.1580/1080-6032(1996)007[0208:ALSITW]2.3.CO;2
3261:
Ventura, Christian (20 January 2021). "1: The EMS System".
2831:
The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care
802:
Many large factories and other industrial centers, such as
2447:"The Revolutionary Flying Ambulance of Napoleon's Surgeon"
2257:"EU document on European adoption of 112 emergency number"
1726:
who had been shot in the ankle was flown to hospital in a
1074:
drivers and undertakers may transport people to hospital.
1016:(ALS) has a considerably expanded range of skills such as
968:
provides a higher level of care than a regular ambulance.
785:
An ambulance belonging to the Ogawa Red Cross Hospital in
4200:. University Of Maryland Baltimore County. Archived from
4175:
3651:"Fire/EMS Merger: An Examination of Cultural Differences"
1181:) and the victim is transported as fast as possible to a
590:
notable examples of this model in the United States are
167:(BLS). In English-speaking countries, they are known as
2732:
Kouwenhoven WB, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GG (July 1960).
2582:. West Virginia Department of Education. Archived from
1400:, oxygen therapy, pain relief and other live-saving or
541:
creating the country's first statewide EMS program, in
4735:
Atls, Advanced Trauma Life Support Program for Doctors
2962:"IAFC Position: Fire-based Emergency Medical Services"
5136:
Medicine at the Margins: EMS Workers in Urban America
4178:. The Board for Critical Care Transport Certification
3970:"HPC - Health Professions Council - Protected titles"
2319:. Transport News Network. 4 July 2006. Archived from
1593:
In the United Kingdom and South Africa, some serving
518:
One well-known report in the US during that time was
483:
Advances in the 1960s, especially the development of
175:, with the latter having additional training such as
3287:"What Does a Super Paramedic Do? (BBC News website)"
1818:
teams. The equivalent in UK ambulance services is a
499:, led to changes in the tasks of the ambulances. In
96:
are the primary vehicles for delivering EMS, though
6131:
6044:
5986:
5935:
5846:
5775:
5691:
5547:
5465:
5439:
5381:
5318:
5255:
2059:, a model for organizing Emergency Medical Services
5074:"University of Utah Wilderness and EMS Fellowship"
4094:The Feasibility of the Advanced Practice Paramedic
3602:(in German). Bundesaerztekammer.de. Archived from
2343:
4599:"EMS officially recognized as an EM subspecialty"
4488:"Infermier Sapeur-Pompiers (French govt website)"
2891:"Royal Commission on the National Health Service"
1493:, and other skills such as performing a surgical
1372:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
698:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
586:ambulances are part of a national health system.
491:as the standard form of care for out-of-hospital
4881:
4879:
3095:"Design, Origin and Meaning of the Star of Life"
3019:. Order of Malta Ambulance Corps. Archived from
2633:"St John Ambulance in the Industrial Revolution"
1997:Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
50:emergency medical services unit responding to a
5996:International Federation for Emergency Medicine
4824:Burney RE, Hubert D, Passini L, Maio R (1995).
4785:"Access to trauma centers in the United States"
2580:"A Brief History of Emergency Medical Services"
2445:Ortiz, Captain Jose M (October–December 1998).
2002:Emergency medical services in the United States
1086:Ambulances parked outside an emergency room in
920:. These models are commonly referred to as the
592:Pittsburgh Bureau of Emergency Medical Services
6000:International Conference on Emergency Medicine
1742:. The use of helicopters was pioneered in the
6202:
5753:
5524:
5210:
5008:. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012
4709:40 Years Retrospective: It's Been a Wild Ride
2920:Geneviève Barrier (1992). Odile Jacob (ed.).
1937:Emergency medical services in the Netherlands
1351:schemes run by ambulance services the UK and
794:whichever hospital may be needed or desired.
8:
6016:Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians
4980:"Appalachian Center for Wilderness Medicine"
4762:(8th Global ed.). Pearson. p. 12.
4622:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4176:"Board Of Critical Care Transport Paramedic"
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2311:
2309:
2307:
6122:Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient
6011:Australasian College for Emergency Medicine
4302:"South Western Ambulance Service NHS Trust"
3344:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1610:Traditional healthcare professionals in EMS
982:, bandaging wounds and saving someone from
842:is demonstrated by the "star of life". The
566:Municipal "third service" ambulance service
6209:
6195:
6187:
5760:
5746:
5738:
5531:
5517:
5509:
5217:
5203:
5195:
3340:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1982:Emergency medical services in South Africa
1854:Appalachian Center for Wilderness Medicine
1810:situations, building collapses, fires and
1378:both provide first aiders in these roles.
4841:
4800:
4654:
4436:"International EMS system Design: Sweden"
4410:
4138:
4136:
4060:
4058:
4012:
3546:
3471:
3202:
3045:. Jumbulance Travel Trust. Archived from
2686:Prehospital Systems and Medical Oversight
1942:Emergency medical services in New Zealand
1675:hired medical directors of EMS agencies.
6006:American College of Emergency Physicians
5162:) is being considered for deletion. See
5042:"Roane State Wilderness First Responder"
4958:"WILDERNESS EMT: TO TAKE OR NOT TO TAKE"
4364:"EMS in the Netherlands: A Dutch Treat?"
4109:"Critical Care Paramedic Position Paper"
4097:(MPH thesis). University of Connecticut.
1641:
1429:EMTs loading a patient into an ambulance
1148:SMUR emergency mobile resuscitation unit
1124:Center to Medicare and Medicaid Services
673:Charity/not-for-profit ambulance service
6026:European Society for Emergency Medicine
4643:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
4001:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
2985:
2983:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2390:
2388:
2079:
1987:Emergency medical services in Sri Lanka
1907:Emergency medical services in Hong Kong
1872:Emergency medical services in Australia
1177:irculation; external bleeding control;
35:paramedics transporting a patient on a
6036:American Academy of Emergency Medicine
5019:
4715:, August 2007. Accessed: 8 June 2014.
4615:
3820:"North Dakota EMT-B Scope of Practice"
3333:
2936:"UK NHS Ambulance Service Information"
2690:National Association of EMS Physicians
2635:. St John Ambulance UK. Archived from
2479:
2468:
1962:Emergency medical services in Portugal
1952:Emergency medical services in Pakistan
659:New Orleans Emergency Medical Services
600:New Orleans Emergency Medical Services
436:of ambulances in some areas. Prior to
5295:Advanced emergency medical technician
4733:American College of Surgeons (2008).
4597:PA-C, Fred Wu, MHS (5 October 2010).
4368:Journal of Emergency Medical Services
3594:
3592:
3265:. Springer International Publishing.
3118:
3116:
2660:Journal of Emergency Medical Services
2288:. Town of Colonie EMS. Archived from
1992:Emergency medical services in Ukraine
1967:Emergency medical services in Romania
1922:Emergency medical services in Ireland
1912:Emergency medical services in Iceland
1902:Emergency medical services in Germany
1892:Emergency medical services in Finland
1877:Emergency medical services in Belgium
1867:Emergency medical services in Austria
1489:, pericardiocentesis, cardioversion,
1254:. They are only permitted to perform
515:, all of whom were African-American.
16:Services providing acute medical care
7:
6031:Asian Society for Emergency Medicine
5100:"Carolina Wilderness EMS Externship"
3770:"Dept. of Labor EMT Job Description"
3308:J., Walz, Bruce (2 September 2016).
3071:. First Aid Services. Archived from
2352:from the original on 12 January 2022
2342:Donnelly, Laura (10 November 2013).
2205:"Valhalla Volunteer Ambulance Corps"
2102:"Long Hill Township First Aid Squad"
1972:Emergency medical services in Russia
1957:Emergency medical services in Poland
1947:Emergency medical services in Norway
1927:Emergency medical services in Israel
1897:Emergency medical services in France
1887:Emergency medical services in Canada
1882:Emergency medical services in Brazil
1417:performing 12 lead ECG assessments.
640:New York City Fire Department (FDNY)
336:, reflecting contemporary medicine.
6116:Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics
6021:Royal College of Emergency Medicine
3521:Cantor WJ, Morrison LJ (May 2005).
3361:"CT Statewide EMS Protocols 2017.2"
2993:. British Red Cross. Archived from
2991:"BritishRedCross Ambulance Support"
2605:Nicholas Genes (2 September 2005).
1977:Emergency medical services in Spain
1932:Emergency medical services in Italy
1860:Organization in different countries
1779:Tactical emergency medical services
1043:Emergency Medical Retrieval Service
971:Examples of level of care include:
731:Private/corporate ambulance service
385:Also in the late 19th century, the
3659:. 1 September 1998. Archived from
3413:The American Journal of Cardiology
2607:"Disasters and Emergency Medicine"
1917:Emergency medical services in Iran
1298:is separate to medical authority.
1275:EMT staff at an emergency call in
14:
5166:to help reach a consensus. ›
5138:(Fordham University Press, 2022)
3900:"Colorado EMT-B IV Certification"
3125:Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
2153:"Hennepin County Emergency Squad"
347:after the disastrous fire at the
6169:
6158:
6157:
5813:International emergency medicine
4934:. Journal of EMS. Archived from
4412:10.1111/j.1362-1017.2005.00129.x
4362:Wulterkens D (6 December 2005).
4341:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01222.x
4037:"Flight Paramedic Certification"
3498:. Ottawaheart.ca. Archived from
3017:"Order of Malta Ambulance Corps"
2901:from the original on 21 May 2015
2843:10.1097/00005373-197103000-00001
2750:10.1001/jama.1960.03020280004002
2042:List of EMS provider credentials
1646:Prehospital anaesthesia training
1338:automated external defibrillator
1286:A patient arriving at a hospital
904:Although a variety of differing
574:A government-owned ambulance in
428:of patients with leg fractures.
6170:
6110:Pediatric Advanced Life Support
5823:Pre-hospital emergency medicine
4224:"Cleveland Clinic CICP program"
4091:Paquette, Anthony John (2005).
3852:"NHTSA EMT-B Scope of Practice"
3533:(11): 1425, author reply 1426.
2609:. Medgadget.com. Archived from
509:Freedom House Ambulance Service
6098:Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns
6092:Neonatal Resuscitation Program
4889:. 31 July 2013. Archived from
4686:"Royal Flying Doctor Service."
2734:"Closed-chest cardiac massage"
2510:. New York: Exposition Press.
2128:"FAST Squad | Town of Lyme NH"
1842:Blind Insertion Airway Devices
1750:, and again to 2 hours by the
1714:Air ambulances (also known as
1481:, 12-lead ECG interpretation,
1440:, care of spinal injuries and
1334:cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
888:Strategies for delivering care
830:Six points on the Star of Life
706:Order of Malta Ambulance Corps
681:A volunteer ambulance crew in
644:Baltimore City Fire Department
618:Fire- or police-linked service
1:
6080:Advanced cardiac life support
6063:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
4843:10.1016/s0196-0644(95)70322-5
3425:10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00891-9
3131:(1): 29–35, discussion 35–7.
1788:New York City Fire Department
1461:A girl treated by a paramedic
1434:Emergency medical technicians
1099:emergency medical technicians
998:emergency medical technicians
980:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
947:Bags of medical supplies and
914:emergency medical technicians
663:New Orleans Police Department
223:A drawing of one of Larrey's
210:parable of the Good Samaritan
169:emergency medical technicians
6104:Pediatric basic life support
6086:Advanced trauma life support
6069:Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
5818:Pediatric emergency medicine
5290:Emergency medical technician
5280:Emergency medical dispatcher
4737:. Amer College of Surgeons.
3958:http://elibrary.bigchalk.com
3932:"Paramedic: Job description"
3240:10.1016/j.injury.2007.03.028
2938:. NHS Direct. Archived from
2895:Socialist Health Association
2179:"Nottingham Ambulance Squad"
1820:Hazardous Area Response Team
1421:Emergency medical technician
1307:Emergency medical dispatcher
5478:Critical emergency medicine
5396:Kendrick extrication device
5368:Nontransporting EMS vehicle
5358:Light horse field ambulance
5285:Emergency medical responder
4887:"Tactical EMS: an overview"
4698:Retrieved: 4 December 2010.
4493:(in French). Archived from
4476:: 41589–41595. 8 June 2012.
4329:Journal of Clinical Nursing
3796:"NYS EMT-B Job Description"
2684:Kuehl, Alexander E. (Ed.).
2506:Barkley, Katherine (1978).
1740:Royal Flying Doctor Service
1600:emergency care practitioner
1589:Emergency care practitioner
1567:Umbilical Arterial Catheter
1448:Advanced life support (ALS)
881:Transfer to definitive care
667:New Orleans Fire Department
553:were founded in the 1970s.
6421:
6400:Emergency medical services
6269:Emergency medical services
5788:Emergency medical services
5549:Emergency medical services
5540:Emergency medical services
5226:Emergency medical services
5169:Emergency Medical Services
5006:"Wilderness EMS Institute"
4470:Boletín Oficial del Estado
3310:Foundations of EMS systems
2560:. IA MED. 22 February 2021
1837:Wilderness Medical Society
1796:tactical police operations
1776:
1738:. This service became the
1707:
1515:Toronto Paramedic Services
1324:
955:Logistics Headquarters in
765:Combined emergency service
657:). One notable example is
260:Committee of Public Safety
86:emergency telephone number
58:Emergency medical services
21:Emergency Hospital Service
18:
6224:
6218:Allied health professions
6152:
5265:Certified first responder
5232:
5026:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3876:"EMT-B additional skills"
3177:Sultan Al-Shaqsi (2010).
3137:10.1017/s1049023x00000650
2924:(in French). p. 141.
2867:. Umm.edu. Archived from
2409:10.1007/s00268-005-0436-8
1773:Tactical (hazardous area)
1563:Umbilical Venous Catheter
1555:Intra-aortic balloon pump
1414:Emergency care assistants
1353:similar volunteer schemes
1349:Community First Responder
1327:Certified first responder
1008:Intermediate Life Support
1002:emergency care assistants
740:American Medical Response
612:Federal Bureau of Prisons
356:St John Ambulance Brigade
275:Early civilian ambulances
48:New South Wales Ambulance
6309:Music and arts therapist
5963:Epinephrine / Adrenaline
5275:Emergency care assistant
5164:templates for discussion
4802:10.1001/jama.293.21.2626
4399:Nursing in Critical Care
3571:"SAMU de France website"
2397:World Journal of Surgery
2286:"EMS Special Operations"
1722:, when a soldier in the
1409:Emergency care assistant
1302:Basic life support (BLS)
869:Good on-scene/field care
320:service provided out of
163:certifications, such as
19:Not to be confused with
6274:Hemodialysis technician
4758:Campbell, John (2018).
4656:10.1136/jramc-132-01-08
4546:"Londons Air Ambulance"
4434:Bom A (February 2012).
3097:. NHTSA. Archived from
3043:"Questions and Answers"
2703:"Miller-Meteor History"
2453:: 17–25. Archived from
2372:"Knights Hospitaller's"
2047:Mass Gathering Medicine
1517:Critical Care ambulance
1505:Critical care paramedic
1475:endotracheal intubation
1391:Non-emergency attendant
1179:endotracheal intubation
1142:aeromedical evacuation
120:service, and some have
81:such as EMAS or EMARS.
33:Chicago Fire Department
6319:Occupational therapist
5134:Prener, Christopher.
4707:Kay, Marcia Hillary. "
4572:"Surrey Air Ambulance"
3523:"Guidelines for STEMI"
2922:La vie entre les mains
2897:. HMSO. 17 July 1979.
2478:Cite journal requires
2052:Medical amnesty policy
1850:Nasogastric Intubation
1791:
1705:
1696:helicopter ambulance.
1647:
1551:mechanical ventilators
1518:
1462:
1430:
1287:
1279:
1230:
1195:myocardial infarctions
1090:
1078:Transport-centered EMS
1070:
960:
901:
831:
790:
777:Hospital-based service
750:
742:ambulances staging in
686:
634:
582:
480:
403:Michael Reese Hospital
382:
305:
227:
54:
39:
6369:Respiratory therapist
6304:Medical transcription
6254:Clinical psychologist
6229:Anesthesia technician
6144:Injury Severity Score
5915:Nasopharyngeal airway
5888:Intraosseous infusion
5247:Advanced life support
3744:"ACA job description"
3496:"UOHI - Heart Attack"
2231:"Sardinia Life Squad"
1786:
1691:
1645:
1512:
1460:
1428:
1285:
1274:
1256:Advanced Life Support
1225:
1120:Emergency Departments
1085:
1061:
1014:Advanced Life Support
946:
895:
829:
784:
738:
716:). Charities such as
680:
625:
608:National Park Service
573:
471:
373:
341:Eduard Lamezan-Salins
295:
236:Dominique Jean Larrey
222:
177:advanced life support
45:
31:
6299:Medical technologist
6249:Cardiac physiologist
5921:Oropharyngeal airway
5798:Emergency psychiatry
5783:Emergency department
5363:Motorcycle ambulance
5326:Air medical services
3703:on 29 September 2008
3539:10.1503/cmaj.1041728
3464:10.1503/cmaj.1041417
3183:Oman Medical Journal
3069:"First Aid Services"
2323:on 22 September 2008
2185:on 26 September 2007
2057:Public utility model
2036:In case of emergency
2015:Battlefield medicine
1710:Air medical services
1655:In countries with a
1604:general practitioner
1557:(IABP) and external
1240:emergency department
1088:Binghamton, New York
1064:motorcycle ambulance
1024:and interpreting an
933:Oman Medical Journal
926:Anglo-American model
896:Training for EMS in
744:Tallahassee, Florida
626:An ambulance of the
145:emergency department
88:(such as 911 in the
6359:Radiation therapist
6334:Pharmacy technician
5900:Tracheal intubation
5894:Intravenous therapy
5498:Wilderness medicine
5305:Emergency physician
5183:24 May 2011 at the
4914:Wilderness Medicine
4719:8 June 2014 at the
4374:on 17 February 2015
3750:on 11 February 2009
3606:on 20 November 2010
3577:on 14 November 2008
3195:10.5001/omj.2010.92
2871:on 24 December 2005
2532:"Cholera carriages"
2108:on 22 December 2005
2068:Wilderness medicine
2025:First Aid Care Team
1846:King Laryngeal Tube
1832:National Ski Patrol
1018:intravenous therapy
922:Franco-German model
798:Internal ambulances
232:ambulances volantes
225:ambulances volantes
214:Knights Hospitaller
6074:Basic life support
5978:Sodium bicarbonate
5776:Emergency medicine
5769:Emergency medicine
5488:Emergency medicine
5416:Spinal precautions
5242:Basic life support
5054:on 7 November 2012
4691:2010-05-04 at the
4637:Dolev, E. (1986).
4578:on 10 October 2017
4520:"The SMUR of Nice"
4393:Suserud B (2005).
4282:on 20 October 2013
4156:on 19 January 2012
4121:on 11 January 2012
3976:on 7 November 2018
3938:on 2 February 2009
3382:innovation.cms.gov
3101:on 15 October 2008
3075:on 22 October 2008
2997:on 10 October 2017
2942:on 6 November 2009
2586:on 1 February 2023
2031:Good Samaritan law
1792:
1706:
1648:
1519:
1479:cardiac monitoring
1463:
1431:
1288:
1280:
1231:
1091:
1071:
990:Basic Life Support
961:
902:
832:
791:
751:
687:
635:
583:
481:
464:Rise of modern EMS
383:
349:Vienna Ringtheater
328:, a stomach pump,
306:
267:for a campaign in
240:Napoleon Bonaparte
228:
165:basic life support
74:emergency services
70:paramedic services
66:ambulance services
55:
40:
6387:
6386:
6294:Medical physicist
6284:Medical assistant
6279:Massage therapist
6234:Aquatic therapist
6184:
6183:
5973:Magnesium sulfate
5882:Electrocardiogram
5808:Medical emergency
5793:Emergency nursing
5735:
5734:
5506:
5505:
5493:Military medicine
5473:Aviation medicine
5457:Search and rescue
5447:Ambulance station
4960:. 15 October 2013
4932:"Blazing a Trail"
4696:flyingdoctor.net.
4250:"Wake County EMS"
4230:on 22 August 2011
4204:on 11 August 2011
3912:on 24 August 2008
3683:"Free Dictionary"
3663:on 29 August 2018
3359:CT DPH and OEMS.
3272:978-3-030-64395-9
3023:on 9 October 2007
2800:978-0-309-07532-9
2517:978-0-682-48983-6
2292:on 8 January 2008
1812:natural disasters
1790:Haz-Tac Ambulance
1621:registered nurses
1615:Registered nurses
1376:St John Ambulance
1252:scope of practice
1226:Ambulance in the
1218:Physician-led EMS
1026:electrocardiogram
702:St John Ambulance
495:, along with new
378:ambulance during
354:In June 1887 the
322:Bellevue Hospital
298:Bellevue Hospital
130:search and rescue
118:patient transport
64:), also known as
6412:
6379:Speech therapist
6259:Dental hygienist
6239:Athletic trainer
6211:
6204:
6197:
6188:
6173:
6172:
6161:
6160:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5739:
5542:around the world
5533:
5526:
5519:
5510:
5383:Casualty lifting
5310:Medical director
5219:
5212:
5205:
5196:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5102:. Archived from
5096:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5080:on 7 August 2019
5076:. Archived from
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5053:
5047:. Archived from
5046:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5025:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4986:on 7 August 2019
4982:. Archived from
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4893:on 7 August 2019
4883:
4874:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4845:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4769:978-1292-17084-8
4755:
4749:
4748:
4730:
4724:
4713:Rotor & Wing
4705:
4699:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4658:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4621:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4574:. Archived from
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4548:. Archived from
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4526:on 15 April 2013
4522:. Archived from
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4492:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4446:on 30 March 2014
4442:. Archived from
4431:
4425:
4424:
4414:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4370:. Archived from
4359:
4353:
4352:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4304:. Archived from
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4278:. Archived from
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4256:on 8 August 2019
4252:. Archived from
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4226:. Archived from
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4113:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4068:. Archived from
4062:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4039:. Archived from
4033:
4027:
4026:
4016:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3972:. Archived from
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3934:. Archived from
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3905:. Archived from
3904:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3856:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3825:. Archived from
3824:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3772:. Archived from
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3746:. Archived from
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3699:. Archived from
3693:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3656:Fire Engineering
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3573:. Archived from
3567:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3331:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3174:
3157:
3156:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2964:. Archived from
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2713:on 14 March 2007
2709:. Archived from
2699:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2534:. Archived from
2528:
2522:
2521:
2503:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2347:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2313:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2262:. Archived from
2261:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2233:. Archived from
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2207:. Archived from
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2181:. Archived from
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2155:. Archived from
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2104:. Archived from
2098:
2092:
2091:
2084:
1728:de Havilland DH9
1672:medical director
1571:surgical airways
1382:Ambulance driver
1296:chain of command
875:Care in transit
524:, also known as
505:Northern Ireland
454:combination cars
418:traction splints
126:technical rescue
52:call for service
6420:
6419:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6344:Physiotherapist
6220:
6215:
6185:
6180:
6148:
6132:Scoring systems
6127:
6040:
5982:
5931:
5842:
5771:
5766:
5736:
5731:
5687:
5543:
5537:
5507:
5502:
5483:Diving medicine
5461:
5435:
5426:Vacuum mattress
5411:Scoop stretcher
5385:
5377:
5373:Water ambulance
5353:Combination car
5314:
5251:
5228:
5223:
5185:Wayback Machine
5167:
5148:
5125:
5123:Further reading
5120:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5106:on 2 April 2012
5098:
5097:
5093:
5083:
5081:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5018:
5011:
5009:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4963:
4961:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4941:
4939:
4938:on 18 July 2012
4930:
4929:
4925:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4885:
4884:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4795:(21): 2626–33.
4782:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4721:Wayback Machine
4706:
4702:
4693:Wayback Machine
4684:
4680:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4614:
4607:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4555:
4553:
4552:on 23 July 2008
4544:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4500:on 6 March 2012
4497:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4375:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4309:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4205:
4198:"CCEMTP Course"
4196:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4072:on 21 June 2008
4064:
4063:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4043:on 19 July 2012
4035:
4034:
4030:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3832:on 3 March 2016
3829:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3776:on 25 July 2008
3768:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3332:
3320:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3234:(9): 993–1000.
3225:
3224:
3220:
3176:
3175:
3160:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2968:on 18 June 2016
2960:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2801:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2744:(10): 1064–67.
2731:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2688:, 3rd edition.
2683:
2679:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2639:on 26 June 2007
2631:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2613:on 12 June 2009
2604:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2538:on 22 June 2008
2530:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2505:
2504:
2491:
2477:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2444:
2443:
2432:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2266:on 20 July 2008
2259:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2237:on 22 June 2007
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2159:on 15 June 2007
2151:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2011:
2006:
1862:
1828:
1800:active shooters
1781:
1775:
1712:
1686:
1681:
1653:
1617:
1612:
1591:
1507:
1455:
1450:
1423:
1411:
1393:
1384:
1361:Police officers
1329:
1323:
1321:First responder
1309:
1304:
1269:
1220:
1208:door to balloon
1132:
1080:
1056:
953:York Region EMS
941:
890:
857:Early reporting
851:Early detection
824:
804:chemical plants
800:
779:
767:
733:
718:BASICS Scotland
675:
620:
568:
559:
526:The White Paper
497:pharmaceuticals
466:
368:
277:
202:
197:
143:, typically an
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6418:
6416:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6392:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6191:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6166:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6066:
6060:
6054:
6052:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5992:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5907:
5905:Laryngeal tube
5902:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:Defibrillation
5864:
5859:
5856:Bag valve mask
5852:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5757:
5750:
5742:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5722:United Kingdom
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5678:United Kingdom
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5545:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5513:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5469:
5467:
5466:Related fields
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5175:
5151:
5147:
5146:External links
5144:
5143:
5142:
5132:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5091:
5065:
5033:
4997:
4971:
4949:
4923:
4904:
4875:
4866:
4857:
4816:
4775:
4768:
4750:
4744:978-1880696316
4743:
4725:
4700:
4678:
4629:
4589:
4563:
4537:
4511:
4479:
4472:(in Spanish).
4457:
4426:
4385:
4354:
4335:(9): 1141–50.
4319:
4308:on 17 May 2007
4293:
4267:
4241:
4215:
4189:
4167:
4132:
4100:
4083:
4054:
4028:
3987:
3961:
3949:
3923:
3891:
3867:
3843:
3811:
3787:
3761:
3735:
3714:
3688:
3674:
3642:
3617:
3588:
3562:
3513:
3487:
3458:(9): 1039–41.
3438:
3403:
3394:
3369:
3351:
3318:
3300:
3289:. 30 June 2005
3278:
3271:
3253:
3218:
3189:(4): 320–323.
3158:
3112:
3086:
3060:
3049:on 2 July 2007
3034:
3008:
2979:
2953:
2927:
2912:
2882:
2856:
2837:(3): 195–206.
2821:
2799:
2771:
2724:
2694:
2677:
2650:
2624:
2597:
2571:
2549:
2523:
2516:
2489:
2480:|journal=
2457:on 14 May 2008
2430:
2403:(8): 1392–99.
2384:
2363:
2334:
2303:
2277:
2248:
2222:
2211:on 6 July 2008
2196:
2170:
2144:
2132:www.lymenh.gov
2119:
2093:
2088:"What is EMS?"
2078:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1827:
1824:
1774:
1771:
1698:Air ambulances
1685:
1684:Air ambulances
1682:
1680:
1679:Specialist EMS
1677:
1668:air ambulances
1652:
1649:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1590:
1587:
1579:arterial lines
1547:blood products
1524:air ambulances
1506:
1503:
1495:cricothyrotomy
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1442:oxygen therapy
1438:defibrillation
1422:
1419:
1410:
1407:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1342:emergency call
1322:
1319:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1268:
1265:
1228:Czech Republic
1219:
1216:
1159:operating room
1131:
1128:
1079:
1076:
1055:
1054:Transport-only
1052:
1051:
1050:
1038:
1022:cricothyrotomy
1011:
1005:
994:oxygen therapy
987:
949:defibrillators
940:
939:Levels of care
937:
889:
886:
885:
884:
878:
872:
866:
863:Early response
860:
854:
823:
820:
808:oil refineries
799:
796:
787:Ogawa, Saitama
778:
775:
766:
763:
748:Hurricane Irma
732:
729:
674:
671:
619:
616:
567:
564:
558:
555:
539:R Adams Cowley
493:cardiac arrest
489:defibrillation
465:
462:
430:Two-way radios
367:
364:
296:A horse-drawn
276:
273:
201:
198:
196:
193:
179:(ALS) skills.
114:fire apparatus
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6417:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6374:Social worker
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6354:Public health
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6289:Medical coder
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6207:
6205:
6200:
6198:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6177:
6176:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5988:Organisations
5985:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5833:Trauma center
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5758:
5756:
5751:
5749:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5728:
5727:United States
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5683:United States
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
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5631:
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5626:
5624:
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5609:
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5581:
5579:
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5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5534:
5529:
5527:
5522:
5520:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5455:
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5450:
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5445:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
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5417:
5414:
5412:
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5404:
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5399:
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5391:
5389:
5384:
5380:
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5371:
5369:
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5364:
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5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5343:Ambulance bus
5341:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5215:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5140:online review
5137:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5092:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5050:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4905:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4836:(2): 187–92.
4835:
4831:
4830:Ann Emerg Med
4827:
4820:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4779:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4604:
4600:
4593:
4590:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4551:
4547:
4541:
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4525:
4521:
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4512:
4496:
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4475:
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4461:
4458:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4405:(6): 269–71.
4404:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4386:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4320:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4281:
4277:
4276:"MedStar EMS"
4271:
4268:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4203:
4199:
4193:
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4171:
4168:
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4139:
4137:
4133:
4117:
4110:
4104:
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4096:
4095:
4087:
4084:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4007:(3): 208–15.
4006:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3988:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3937:
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3871:
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3812:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3724:
3723:"NHS Careers"
3718:
3715:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3646:
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3627:
3621:
3618:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3502:on 1 May 2015
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
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3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3319:9781284041781
3315:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3254:
3249:
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3210:
3205:
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3196:
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3159:
3154:
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3138:
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3119:
3117:
3113:
3100:
3096:
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3087:
3074:
3070:
3064:
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3048:
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3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
2996:
2992:
2986:
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2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2941:
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2928:
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2913:
2900:
2896:
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2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
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2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2791:10.17226/9978
2788:
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2783:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2712:
2708:
2707:Miller-Meteor
2704:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
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2206:
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2197:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2158:
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2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2107:
2103:
2097:
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2073:
2069:
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2058:
2055:
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2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
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1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
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1935:
1933:
1930:
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1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
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1910:
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1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1767:trauma center
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
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1624:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:central lines
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:rescue squads
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:response time
1306:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1278:
1277:New York City
1273:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1183:trauma centre
1180:
1176:
1173:reathing and
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
988:
985:
981:
977:
974:
973:
972:
969:
967:
966:air ambulance
958:
954:
950:
945:
938:
936:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:philosophical
899:
894:
887:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
848:
847:
845:
841:
837:
828:
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
797:
795:
788:
783:
776:
774:
772:
764:
762:
758:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
730:
728:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
684:
679:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
633:
629:
624:
617:
615:
613:
609:
605:
604:Cleveland EMS
601:
597:
593:
587:
581:
577:
572:
565:
563:
556:
554:
552:
551:SAMU agencies
546:
544:
540:
534:
531:
527:
523:
522:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
478:
477:Miller-Meteor
475:
470:
463:
461:
457:
455:
451:
450:funeral homes
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
381:
377:
372:
365:
363:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
303:
302:New York City
300:ambulance in
299:
294:
290:
288:
287:
282:
274:
272:
270:
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:(1766–1842),
237:
233:
226:
221:
217:
215:
211:
208:contains the
207:
206:New Testament
199:
194:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
156:qualification
154:Training and
152:
150:
146:
142:
141:point of care
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
122:rescue squads
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:United States
87:
82:
80:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
49:
44:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
6364:Radiographer
6339:Phlebotomist
6314:Nutritionist
6268:
6168:
6156:
6050:Life support
5828:Major trauma
5787:
5663:South Africa
5548:
5539:
5452:Rescue squad
5406:Spinal board
5270:Combat medic
5237:Paramedicine
5225:
5157:
5135:
5128:
5108:. Retrieved
5104:the original
5094:
5082:. Retrieved
5078:the original
5068:
5056:. Retrieved
5049:the original
5036:
5010:. Retrieved
5000:
4988:. Retrieved
4984:the original
4974:
4962:. Retrieved
4952:
4940:. Retrieved
4936:the original
4926:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4895:. Retrieved
4891:the original
4869:
4860:
4833:
4829:
4819:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4759:
4753:
4734:
4728:
4712:
4703:
4695:
4681:
4649:(1): 34–36.
4646:
4642:
4632:
4606:. Retrieved
4602:
4592:
4580:. Retrieved
4576:the original
4566:
4554:. Retrieved
4550:the original
4540:
4528:. Retrieved
4524:the original
4514:
4502:. Retrieved
4495:the original
4482:
4473:
4469:
4460:
4448:. Retrieved
4444:the original
4439:
4429:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4376:. Retrieved
4372:the original
4367:
4357:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4310:. Retrieved
4306:the original
4296:
4286:29 September
4284:. Retrieved
4280:the original
4270:
4260:29 September
4258:. Retrieved
4254:the original
4244:
4234:29 September
4232:. Retrieved
4228:the original
4218:
4206:. Retrieved
4202:the original
4192:
4182:29 September
4180:. Retrieved
4170:
4160:29 September
4158:. Retrieved
4151:the original
4125:29 September
4123:. Retrieved
4116:the original
4103:
4093:
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4070:the original
4045:. Retrieved
4041:the original
4031:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3978:. Retrieved
3974:the original
3964:
3952:
3940:. Retrieved
3936:the original
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3907:the original
3894:
3882:. Retrieved
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3846:
3834:. Retrieved
3827:the original
3814:
3802:. Retrieved
3790:
3778:. Retrieved
3774:the original
3764:
3752:. Retrieved
3748:the original
3738:
3726:. Retrieved
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3701:the original
3691:
3677:
3665:. Retrieved
3661:the original
3654:
3645:
3633:. Retrieved
3629:
3620:
3608:. Retrieved
3604:the original
3581:19 September
3579:. Retrieved
3575:the original
3565:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3500:the original
3490:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3419:(7): 824–6.
3416:
3412:
3406:
3397:
3385:. Retrieved
3381:
3372:
3354:
3309:
3303:
3293:19 September
3291:. Retrieved
3281:
3262:
3256:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3186:
3182:
3128:
3124:
3103:. Retrieved
3099:the original
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3073:the original
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3047:the original
3037:
3025:. Retrieved
3021:the original
3011:
2999:. Retrieved
2995:the original
2970:. Retrieved
2966:the original
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2940:the original
2930:
2921:
2915:
2903:. Retrieved
2894:
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2869:the original
2859:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2814:17 September
2812:. Retrieved
2781:
2774:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2711:the original
2706:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2637:the original
2627:
2615:. Retrieved
2611:the original
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2584:the original
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:the original
2526:
2507:
2471:cite journal
2459:. Retrieved
2455:the original
2450:
2400:
2396:
2375:. Retrieved
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2321:the original
2294:. Retrieved
2290:the original
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2264:the original
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2235:the original
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2209:the original
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:the original
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2157:the original
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2131:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2106:the original
2096:
2082:
2063:Star of Life
1829:
1793:
1759:major trauma
1756:
1748:World War II
1713:
1702:major trauma
1665:
1654:
1625:
1618:
1592:
1528:
1520:
1491:thoracostomy
1464:
1432:
1412:
1394:
1385:
1369:
1365:firefighters
1346:
1330:
1310:
1293:
1289:
1244:
1232:
1187:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1152:
1133:
1130:Major trauma
1112:
1092:
1072:
970:
962:
930:
925:
921:
903:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:Star of Life
833:
816:distilleries
801:
792:
768:
759:
755:
752:
722:
695:
688:
648:
636:
632:fire station
588:
584:
560:
557:Organization
547:
535:
525:
519:
517:
482:
458:
438:World War II
411:
384:
366:Motorization
353:
338:
307:
284:
278:
255:
234:designed by
231:
229:
224:
203:
153:
139:to the next
134:
83:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:
25:
6349:Prosthetist
6324:Optometrist
6244:Audiologist
5927:Pocket mask
5803:Golden hour
5628:New Zealand
5623:Netherlands
5152:‹ The
4920:(1): 24–25.
3697:"Union EMS"
3667:15 February
3630:www.bls.gov
2717:23 February
2666:(8): 64–9.
1763:golden hour
1752:Vietnam War
1724:Camel Corps
1692:A Canadian
1633:Netherlands
1619:The use of
1583:chest tubes
1471:cannulation
1336:(CPR), and
1155:Golden Hour
1068:South Sudan
414:World War I
399:electricity
380:World War I
171:(EMTs) and
124:to provide
102:motorcycles
79:initialisms
6405:Lifesaving
6394:Categories
6139:NACA score
5948:Amiodarone
5862:Chest tube
5695:by country
5693:Paramedics
5551:by country
5348:Blood bike
4964:31 October
4897:6 November
2946:1 November
2590:29 October
2564:29 October
2074:References
1826:Wilderness
1777:See also:
1744:Korean War
1708:See also:
1595:paramedics
1531:dobutamine
1487:intubation
1483:ultrasound
1402:palliative
1325:See also:
1260:Ambulances
1212:myocardium
1144:helicopter
1095:paramedics
1034:physicians
1030:Paramedics
918:paramedics
725:Jumbulance
691:volunteers
630:leaving a
596:Boston EMS
513:paramedics
387:automobile
376:Royal Navy
310:Cincinnati
200:Precursors
181:Physicians
173:paramedics
132:services.
98:squad cars
94:Ambulances
6329:Orthotist
6264:Dietitian
6058:First aid
5943:Adenosine
5910:Combitube
5884:(ECG/EKG)
5848:Equipment
5702:Australia
5668:Sri Lanka
5638:Palestine
5598:Hong Kong
5563:Australia
5421:Stretcher
5331:Ambulance
5300:Paramedic
4608:14 August
4530:29 August
4504:29 August
4450:29 August
4312:20 August
4208:11 August
4076:20 August
4047:20 August
3980:20 August
3942:20 August
3916:20 August
3884:20 August
3860:20 August
3836:20 August
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3728:20 August
3707:20 August
3387:4 October
3336:cite book
3328:954134197
2865:"History"
2377:20 August
1732:Australia
1661:paramedic
1657:physician
1651:Physician
1565:), UACs (
1559:pacemaker
1467:paramedic
1453:Paramedic
1267:Personnel
1236:first aid
1115:paramedic
1107:protocols
1103:oversight
976:First aid
910:physician
836:first aid
812:breweries
727:project.
530:standards
442:physician
426:mortality
422:morbidity
286:The Times
248:Prussians
161:first aid
37:stretcher
6163:Category
6124:(CCrISP)
5968:Naloxone
5958:Dopamine
5953:Atropine
5648:Portugal
5431:Weevac 6
5388:movement
5319:Vehicles
5181:Archived
5154:template
5110:30 March
5084:30 March
5058:30 March
5022:cite web
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4990:30 March
4942:30 March
4811:15928284
4717:Archived
4689:Archived
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4618:cite web
4421:16255333
4349:16164532
4066:"CCEMTP"
4023:11990115
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3482:15505262
3433:14516884
3248:17640641
3213:22043368
3153:31020961
3145:14694898
3105:9 August
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2417:16850154
2350:Archived
2327:7 August
2090:. NHTSA.
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2009:See also
1822:(HART).
1804:bombings
1539:propofol
1535:dopamine
1163:bleeding
1136:hospital
959:, Canada
840:medicine
771:UCLA EMS
714:Hatzalah
710:Hatzalah
653:use and
651:Nalaxone
642:and the
610:and the
543:Maryland
474:Cadillac
434:dispatch
395:gasoline
330:morphine
318:New York
149:hospital
106:aircraft
6175:Outline
6100:(ACoRN)
6046:Courses
5717:Ireland
5712:Germany
5673:Ukraine
5608:Ireland
5603:Iceland
5593:Germany
5583:Finland
5568:Belgium
5558:Austria
5336:history
5156:below (
4852:7832345
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2241:18 June
2215:18 June
2189:18 June
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2112:18 June
1736:Outback
1716:medevac
1629:Estonia
1169:irway,
1140:MEDEVAC
1097:and/or
984:choking
957:Ontario
951:at the
898:Estonia
822:Purpose
789:, Japan
746:during
685:, Italy
580:Ukraine
501:Belfast
472:A 1973
446:hearses
412:During
407:Chicago
326:splints
281:cholera
195:History
137:patient
6118:(ALSO)
6112:(PALS)
6106:(PBLS)
6088:(ATLS)
6082:(ACLS)
5838:Triage
5707:Canada
5653:Russia
5643:Poland
5633:Norway
5613:Israel
5588:France
5578:Canada
5573:Brazil
5401:Litter
5257:People
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360:London
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6094:(NRP)
6076:(BLS)
6065:(CPR)
5936:Drugs
5923:(OPA)
5917:(NPA)
5858:(BVM)
5658:Spain
5618:Italy
5440:Other
5052:(PDF)
5045:(PDF)
4669:S2CID
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2762:S2CID
2421:S2CID
2260:(PDF)
1694:STARS
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1199:STEMI
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269:Egypt
265:camel
256:after
252:horse
147:of a
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5896:(IV)
5890:(IO)
5386:and
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5060:2012
5028:link
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4584:2007
4558:2007
4532:2012
4506:2012
4452:2012
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4380:2012
4345:PMID
4314:2008
4288:2011
4262:2011
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4184:2011
4162:2011
4127:2011
4078:2008
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4019:PMID
3982:2008
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3886:2008
3862:2008
3838:2008
3806:2008
3782:2008
3756:2008
3730:2008
3709:2008
3669:2019
3637:2023
3612:2010
3583:2008
3553:PMID
3527:CMAJ
3508:2010
3478:PMID
3452:CMAJ
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