3747:, which since 2014 corresponds to both the United Bible Society, 5th edition and Nestle-Aland, 28th edition. In textual criticism, eclecticism is the practice of examining a wide number of text witnesses and selecting the variant that seems best. The result of the process is a text with readings drawn from many witnesses. In a purely eclectic approach, no single witness is theoretically favored. Instead, the critic forms opinions about individual witnesses, relying on both external and internal evidence. Even so, the oldest manuscripts, being of the Alexandrian text-type, are the most favored in these two publications; and the critical text has an Alexandrian disposition. Most English translations of the New Testament made in the 20th Century were based on these copies.
4042:
2050:), and the New Testament itself, was not suited to the limited space available on a single scroll; in contrast a codex could be expanded to hundreds of pages. On its own, however, length alone is an insufficient reason β after all, the Jewish scriptures would continue to be transmitted on scrolls for centuries to come. Scholars have argued that the codex was adopted as a product of the formation of the New Testament canon, allowing for specific collections of documents like the Gospels and the Pauline Epistles. "Canon and codex go hand in hand in the sense that the adoption of a fixed canon could be more easily controlled and promulgated when the codex was the means of gathering together originally separate compositions."
3924:
4057:
2300:) used in the manuscripts. The second two divisions are based on script: uncial and minuscule. The last grouping is based on content: lectionary. Most of the papyrus manuscripts and the lectionaries before the year 1000 are written in uncial script. There is some consistency in that the majority of the papyri are very early because parchment began to replace papyrus in the 4th century (although the latest papyri date to the 8th century). Similarly, the majority of the uncials date to before the 11th century, and the majority of the minuscules to after.
4020:
2171:
4075:
4112:
2275:
contain
Revelation, and many manuscripts grouped in Ξ± contained either the general epistles or the Pauline epistles, but not both. After the Greek prefix, von Soden assigned a numeral that roughly corresponded to a date (for example Ξ΄1βΞ΄49 were from before the 10th century, Ξ΄150βΞ΄249 for the 11th century). This system proved to be problematic when manuscripts were re-dated, or when more manuscripts were discovered than the number of spaces allocated to a certain century.
3974:
1192:
3867:
3883:
2059:
3953:
4094:
39:
1306:, they are finding not libraries but storehouses of rejected texts sometimes kept in boxes or back shelves in libraries due to space constraints. The texts were unacceptable because of their scribal errors and contain corrections inside the lines, possibly evidence that monastery scribes compared them to a master text. In addition, texts thought to be complete and correct but that had deteriorated from heavy usage or had missing
790:
3903:
2422:
4138:
682:
3999:
3795:; at least 17 of them unknown to Western scholars. There has been an estimate of 400,000 variations among all these manuscripts (from the 2nd to 15th century). If those 400,000 variations are spread over 5,600 manuscripts, the average manuscript has only about 71 variations, although some of these manuscripts are the equivalent of several hundred pages of text, hand-written (see
3787:
than 20 copies each and usually date from 700-1400 years after the composition of the work. In this regard, the classics are not as well attested. While this doesn't guarantee truthfulness, it means that it is much easier to reconstruct the New
Testament text. Regarding genre, the Gospels are usually taken today to be examples of Roman biographies.
2442:, a science of dating manuscripts by typological analysis of their scripts, is the most precise and objective means known for determining the age of a manuscript. Script groups belong typologically to their generation; and changes can be noted with great accuracy over relatively short periods of time. Dating of manuscript material by a
1286:. When washing was no longer an option, the second choice was burning. Since the manuscripts contained the words of Christ, they were thought to have had a level of sanctity; burning them was considered more reverent than simply throwing them into a garbage pit, which occasionally happened (as in the case of
2046:. In fact, virtually all New Testament manuscripts are codices. The adaptation of the codex form in non-Christian text did not become dominant until the fourth and fifth centuries, showing a preference for that form amongst early Christians. The considerable length of some New Testament books (such as the
3803:, et al.). The number of variants is additionally less significant than may appear since it is a comparison across linguistic boundaries. More important estimates focus on comparing texts within languages. Those variations are considerably fewer. The vast majority of these are accidental errors made by
3786:
What is usually meant is that the New
Testament has far more manuscript evidence from a far earlier period than other classical works. There are just under 6000 NT manuscripts, with copies of most of the NT dating from just 100 years or so after its writing. Classical sources almost always have fewer
3773:
are the most abundant; his extant works are preserved in 54 papyri and 276 parchment manuscripts, almost all of the later dating from the
Byzantine period...the time between the composition of the books of the New Testament and the earliest extant copies is relatively brief. Instead of the lapse of a
2073:
The handwriting found in New
Testament manuscripts varies. One way of classifying handwriting is by formality: book-hand vs. cursive. More formal, literary Greek works were often written in a distinctive style of even, capital letters called book-hand. Less formal writing consisted of cursive letters
1326:
used, any illustrations (thus raising the effective cost) and whether it was one book or a collection of several would be determined by the one commissioning the work. Stocking extra copies would likely have been considered wasteful and unnecessary since the form and the presentation of a manuscript
1273:
was little more than a former manuscript recycling centre, where imperfect and incomplete copies of manuscripts were stored while the monastery or scriptorium decided what to do with them. There were several options. The first was to simply "wash" the manuscript and reuse it. Such reused manuscripts
2446:
requires that a small part of the material be destroyed in the process. Both radiocarbon and paleographical dating only give a range of possible dates, and it is still debated just how narrow this range might be. Dates established by radiocarbon dating can present a range of 10 to over 100 years.
2274:
published a complex cataloging system for manuscripts in 1902β10. He grouped the manuscripts based on content, assigning them a Greek prefix: Ξ΄ for the complete New
Testament, Ξ΅ for the Gospels, and Ξ± for the remaining parts. This grouping was flawed because some manuscripts grouped in Ξ΄ did not
3754:
writes: "It is true, of course, that the New
Testament is abundantly attested in the manuscripts produced through the ages, but most of these manuscripts are many centuries removed from the originals, and none of them perfectly accurate. They all contain mistakes β altogether many thousands of
1992:
who were trained professionals in the arts of writing and bookmaking. Scribes would work in difficult conditions, for up to 48 hours a week, with little pay beyond room and board. Some manuscripts were also proofread, and scholars closely examining a text can sometimes find the original and
2378:
The majority of New
Testament textual criticism deals with Greek manuscripts because the scholarly opinion is that the original books of the New Testament were written in Greek. The text of the New Testament is also found both translated in manuscripts of many different languages (called
3717:
None of the original documents of the New
Testament is known to scholars to be extant; and the existing manuscripts differ from one another. The textual critic seeks to ascertain from the divergent copies which form of the text should be regarded as most conforming to the original. The
3923:
1313:
Complete and correctly copied texts would usually be immediately placed in use and so wore out fairly quickly, which required frequent recopying. Manuscript copying was very costly when it required a scribe's attention for extended periods so a
2261:. Confusion also existed in the minuscules, where up to seven different manuscripts could have the same number or a single manuscript of the complete New Testament could have 4 different numbers to describe the different content groupings.
4019:
4041:
3774:
millennium or more, as is the case of not a few classical authors, several papyrus manuscripts of portions of the New
Testament are extant which were copies within a century or so after the composition of the original documents.
2111:, a manuscript which recycled an older manuscript. Scholars using careful examination can sometimes determine what was originally written on the material of a document before it was erased to make way for a new text (for example
2017:. This tradition continued as late as the 8th century. Papyrus eventually becomes brittle and deteriorates with age. The dry climate of Egypt allowed some papyrus manuscripts to be partially preserved, but, with the exception of
2437:
are believed to have been lost or destroyed a long time ago. What survives are copies of the original. Generally speaking, these copies were made centuries after the originals from other copies rather than from the autograph.
2189:
compiled the first published edition of the Greek New Testament in 1516, basing his work on several manuscripts because he did not have a single complete work and because each manuscript had small errors. In the 18th century,
2101:), often with line breaks in the middle of words. Bookmaking was an expensive endeavor, and one way to reduce the number of pages used was to save space. Another method employed was to abbreviate frequent words, such as the
2134:
were an early system of division written in the margin of many manuscripts. The Eusebian Canons are a series of tables that grouped parallel stories among the gospels. Starting in the fifth century, subject headings
2344:
continued Gregory's cataloging work through the 1950s and beyond. Because of this, the numbering system is often referred to as "Gregory-Aland numbers". The most recent manuscripts added to each grouping are
4275:
also said, "Lest, however, the wrong impression be conveyed from the statistics given above regarding the total number of Greek manuscripts of the New Testament, it should be pointed out that most of the
3815:, a misspelling, a rearrangement of words. Some variations involve apparently intentional changes, which often make more difficult a determination of whether they were corrections from better exemplars,
2363:
2463. Due to the cataloging heritage and because some manuscripts which were initially numbered separately were discovered to be from the same codex, there is some redundancy in the list (i.e. the
365:
2463:, which may be as early as the first half of the 2nd century. The first complete copies of single New Testament books appear around 200, and the earliest complete copy of the New Testament, the
2097:
The earliest manuscripts had negligible punctuation and breathing marks. The manuscripts also lacked word spacing, so words, sentences, and paragraphs would be a continuous string of letters (
5621:
3882:
3791:
Every year, several New Testament manuscripts handwritten in the original Greek format are discovered. The latest substantial find was in 2008, when 47 new manuscripts were discovered in
3702:
3763:
In evaluating the significance of these statistics...one should consider, by way of contrast, the number of manuscripts which preserve the text of the ancient classics. Homer's
2222:). He assigned the uncials letters and minuscules and lectionaries numbers for each grouping of content, which resulted in manuscripts being assigned the same letter or number.
4204:
3902:
2413:, co for Coptic, ac for Akhmimic, bo for Bohairic, sa for Sahidic, arm for Armenian, geo for Georgian, got for Gothic, aeth for Ethiopic, and slav for Old Church Slavonic).
4056:
2001:
came into use, typically inside medieval European monasteries. Sometimes a group of scribes would make copies at the same time as one individual read from the text.
3866:
2315:), with a superscript numeral. The uncials were given a prefix of the number 0, and the established letters for the major manuscripts were retained for redundancy (
2245:, over a century after Wettstein's cataloging system was introduced. Because he felt the manuscript was so important, Von Tischendorf assigned it the Hebrew letter
2094:
that moved past the baseline and cap height. Generally speaking, the majuscules are earlier than the minuscules, with a dividing line roughly in the 11th century.
2397:, a series of abbreviations and prefixes designate different language versions (it for Old Latin, lowercase letters for individual Old Latin manuscripts, vg for
3973:
3823:, which is the basis for most modern translations. For over 250 years, Christian scholars have argued that no textual variant affects key Christian doctrine.
5306:
1163:
343:
6238:
6120:
4074:
390:
4111:
3755:
mistakes. It is not an easy task to reconstruct the original words of the New Testament...." In reference to the textual evidence for the New Testament,
6197:
4177:
3852:
1310:
would also be placed in the caches. Once in a cache, insects and humidity would often contribute to the continued deterioration of the documents.
1290:). The third option was to leave them in what has become known as a manuscript gravesite. When scholars come across manuscript caches, such as at
710:
506:
412:
2237:(B), which did not contain Revelation, the letter B was also assigned to a later 10th-century manuscript of Revelation, thus creating confusion.
6105:
6100:
835:
pushed the manuscript history of the Tanakh back a millennium from such codices. Before this discovery, the earliest extant manuscripts of the
312:
193:
188:
4840:
6115:
4973:
An innovation in the report was the simultaneous publication of an accompanying "digital article," a CD version of the article and the images
3998:
3698:
180:
4093:
5806:
3952:
5912:
441:
4731:
3819:
between readings, or ideologically motivated. Variants are listed in critical editions of the text, the most important of which is the
2194:
was one of the first biblical scholars to start cataloging biblical manuscripts. He divided the manuscripts based on the writing used (
6233:
5907:
5768:
5015:
4930:
3847:
1343:
1208:
847:. Out of the roughly 800 manuscripts found at Qumran, 220 are from the Tanakh. Every book of the Tanakh is represented except for the
216:
211:
4669:
5875:
5143:
5123:
5097:
5075:
5056:
5034:
4957:
4938:
4699:
359:
224:
3741:
bias to a single manuscript, has been the dominant method of editing the Greek text of the New Testament. This is reflected in the
2023:, no New Testament papyrus manuscript is complete; many consist only of a single fragmented page. Beginning in the fourth century,
4927:
The Text of The New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism
5993:
5870:
5721:
5299:
5212:
4229:
3842:
2127:
1367:
784:
635:
116:
5182:
2292:, which is the system still in use today. Gregory divided the manuscripts into four groupings: papyri, uncials, minuscules, and
6253:
4967:
Barkay, G.; Vaughn, A.G.; Lundberg, M.J.; Zuckerman, B. (2004). "The Amulets from Ketef Hinnom: A New Edition and Evaluation".
4234:
1993:
corrections found in certain manuscripts. In the 6th century, a special room devoted to the practice of manuscript writing and
675:
545:
307:
384:
6286:
1291:
6307:
6207:
3837:
3769:...is preserved by 457 papyri, 2 uncial manuscripts, and 188 minuscule manuscripts. Among the tragedians the witnesses to
1362:
511:
5200:
Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, in ihrer Γ€ltesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte
1217:
has been preserved in more manuscripts than any other ancient work of literature, with over 5,800 complete or fragmented
6317:
6202:
4047:
4032:. 350) contains the oldest complete copy of the New Testament, as well as most of the Greek Old Testament, known as the
3832:
2234:
1357:
1158:
5716:
5292:
4224:
2460:
2271:
703:
550:
5279:
2467:, dates to the 4th century. The following table lists the earliest extant manuscript witnesses for the books of the
2136:
5890:
5256:
2238:
5922:
5901:
5895:
4624:
4062:
2230:
2113:
630:
38:
4341:
5917:
5885:
5880:
5616:
4888:
4861:
3743:
2984:
2393:
575:
396:
354:
198:
4632:
2170:
6243:
6223:
6095:
5952:
5813:
5553:
2038:
Of the 476 non-Christian manuscripts dated to the second century, 97% of the manuscripts are in the form of
2009:
An important issue with manuscripts is preservation. The earliest New Testament manuscripts were written on
600:
585:
535:
370:
170:
158:
139:
6079:
5962:
5947:
5937:
5529:
3330:
2434:
2285:
2191:
2143:
1994:
995:
696:
659:
651:
595:
565:
402:
375:
103:
6028:
5967:
5957:
5865:
5271:
4277:
4182:
3723:
2858:
2087:
2083:
1283:
907:
590:
580:
479:
1266:
papyrus, oldest copy of John fragment) to the introduction of printing in Germany in the 15th century.
767:
The study of biblical manuscripts is important because handwritten copies of books can contain errors.
4983:
2031:) began to be a common medium for New Testament manuscripts. It wasn't until the twelfth century that
6228:
6148:
5860:
5773:
5683:
5449:
5336:
3939:
3734:, which includes over 80% of all manuscripts, the majority comparatively very late in the tradition.
2794:
2211:
1101:
899:
530:
516:
431:
338:
265:
2356:
6170:
5932:
5611:
5394:
5364:
5265:
4219:
4192:
4187:
3964:
3731:
3302:
2402:
2319:
560:
555:
540:
521:
456:
451:
5740:
3714:
is the study of manuscripts in order to reconstruct a probable original or initially copied text.
2233:(C), the letters corresponded across content groupings. For significant early manuscripts such as
1191:
6062:
5977:
5783:
5778:
5663:
5626:
5606:
5536:
4987:
4845:
4541:
4214:
4167:
4152:
4084:
3800:
3628:
2443:
2406:
2388:
2347:
2226:
2219:
2186:
1196:
664:
646:
605:
421:
240:
134:
124:
2352:
4376:
6263:
6072:
6067:
6008:
5840:
5750:
5693:
5514:
5504:
5354:
5139:
5119:
5093:
5071:
5052:
5030:
5011:
4953:
4934:
4695:
4197:
4172:
4010:
3985:
3727:
3711:
3692:
2508:
2296:. This division is partially arbitrary. The first grouping is based on the physical material (
2119:
2098:
2058:
1250:
1238:
932:
768:
497:
436:
203:
4434:
6312:
6248:
6143:
6125:
6057:
6045:
6003:
5942:
5927:
5818:
5706:
5499:
5444:
5424:
5404:
4735:
4533:
4281:
4209:
4162:
4025:
3914:
3873:
3756:
3563:
3531:
3382:
3268:
3243:
2464:
2364:
2242:
2215:
2207:
2047:
1299:
1230:
991:
948:
844:
828:
771:
attempts to reconstruct the original text of books, especially those published prior to the
407:
348:
326:
255:
175:
129:
2455:
The earliest manuscript of a New Testament text is a business-card-sized fragment from the
6040:
6018:
5972:
5519:
5479:
5454:
5384:
5359:
5344:
4628:
4118:
4103:
4100:
3893:
is the oldest known manuscript fragment of the New Testament, containing a portion of the
3796:
3588:
3178:
3132:
2131:
1295:
1287:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1169:
1075:
1045:
1024:
987:
936:
840:
813:
746:
2447:
Similarly, dates established by paleography can present a range of 25 to over 125 years.
5068:
Canon revisited : establishing the origins and authority of the New Testament books
2433:
The original manuscripts of the New Testament books are not known to have survived. The
6276:
6258:
6192:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5801:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5577:
5572:
5548:
5509:
5459:
5439:
5409:
5389:
5374:
5369:
5349:
5315:
5111:
5044:
3943:
3894:
3812:
3751:
2688:
2636:
2602:
2456:
2384:
2254:
2250:
2175:
2158:
2067:
2063:
1323:
1218:
1200:
856:
848:
761:
570:
446:
260:
51:
22:
2421:
6301:
6023:
5832:
5701:
5567:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5464:
5434:
5332:
5174:
5107:
5085:
4950:
New Testament textual criticism, exegesis and church history: a discussion of methods
4545:
4285:
4272:
3816:
3779:
3719:
2950:
2904:
2468:
2152:
2079:
2075:
2035:(made from cotton or plant fibers) began to gain popularity in biblical manuscripts.
1214:
836:
757:
94:
89:
4401:
2330:). The minuscules were given plain numbers, and the lectionaries were prefixed with
6281:
6181:
6110:
6012:
5474:
5469:
5429:
5399:
5379:
5327:
4143:
3989:
3707:
2103:
1071:
802:
794:
789:
772:
753:
686:
302:
297:
286:
108:
63:
5244:
5133:
6164:
5760:
5678:
5673:
5587:
5582:
5414:
4979:
4479:
4080:
4066:
3808:
3660:
3402:
3058:
2768:
2616:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2439:
2308:
2258:
2147:
1998:
1279:
5264:
4537:
4280:
are relatively fragmentary and that only about fifty manuscripts (of which the
2142:
Manuscripts became more ornate over the centuries, which developed into a rich
2074:
which could be written quickly. Another way of dividing handwriting is between
1225:
manuscripts and 9,300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages including
6153:
4922:
4821:
4259:
4255:
4133:
4033:
3980:
3959:
3930:
3909:
3889:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3602:
3596:
3470:
3436:
3430:
3396:
3390:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3310:
3276:
3186:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3106:
3098:
3072:
3066:
3032:
3026:
2992:
2958:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2610:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2341:
2293:
2199:
2108:
2019:
2014:
1315:
1275:
1262:
1246:
982:
625:
275:
73:
5251:
5237:
5668:
5049:
The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings
4157:
4005:
3770:
3722:
has been preserved in three major manuscript traditions: the 4th-century-CE
3504:
3236:
3206:
3018:
2702:
2696:
2644:
2516:
2091:
2024:
1319:
1303:
1066:
5116:
The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration
5090:
The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration
5210:
Wilson, Robert Dick (1929). "The Textual Criticism of the Old Testament".
4050:
is one of the best available Greek manuscripts of almost the entire bible.
6175:
5745:
5732:
5711:
5658:
5653:
2410:
1017:
741:
280:
6187:
6052:
5179:
A Site Inspired By: The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism
4122:
3792:
3462:
3422:
2398:
2297:
2010:
1137:
1040:
749:
736:
492:
292:
78:
2249:(Χ). Eventually enough uncials were found that all the letters in the
1307:
6158:
6035:
5419:
5284:
4621:
4333:
3935:
3804:
3556:
3524:
3496:
2426:
2203:
2195:
2039:
2028:
1989:
1130:
928:
864:
860:
852:
832:
824:
732:
487:
270:
3946:. Scholars find it hard to read it because of its fragmentary state.
4929:. Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, MI:
5998:
5319:
3765:
2420:
2246:
2179:
2169:
2130:. These were developed over the years as "helps for readers". The
2126:
The original New Testament books did not have section headings or
2057:
2043:
2032:
1270:
1222:
1190:
788:
728:
68:
30:
2241:
found one of the earliest, nearly complete copies of the Bible,
2225:
For manuscripts that contained the whole New Testament, such as
1327:
were typically customized to the aesthetic tastes of the buyer.
5288:
4862:"The Number of Textual Variants: An Evangelical Miscalculation"
4524:
Elliott, J.K. (1996). "Manuscripts, the Codex, and the Canon".
4889:"The Majority Text and the Original Text: Are They Identical?"
3737:
Since the mid-19th century, eclecticism, in which there is no
867:). These manuscripts generally date between 150 BCE to 70 CE.
4841:"NT scholar on discovery of giant trove of Bible manuscripts"
4320:
1318:
might be made only when it was commissioned. The size of the
4908:
c.f. Bruce, F.F. "Are the New Testament Documents Reliable?"
4569:
4567:
2082:. The uncial letters were a consistent height between the
5154:
5027:
The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts
3703:
List of Bible verses not included in modern translations
2257:, and eventually started reusing characters by adding a
851:; however, most are fragmentary. Notably, there are two
727:
is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the
5231:
1988:
The task of copying manuscripts was generally done by
4969:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
5280:
Contantinus Siamakis, Oldest Manuscript of the Bible
5175:"An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism"
3913:
is the earliest (nearly) complete manuscript of the
2086:
and the cap height, while the minuscule letters had
1278:
and were very common in the ancient world until the
1121:; oldest MSS available to scholars, 16th century CE
6216:
6134:
6088:
5986:
5831:
5794:
5759:
5730:
5692:
5637:
5544:
5528:
5326:
4205:
List of major textual variants in the New Testament
2383:) and quoted in manuscripts of the writings of the
2290:
Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments
874:
2253:had been used, and scholars moved on to first the
5232:Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts
823:) were once the oldest known manuscripts of the
5008:The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?
4670:"Britannica Online: Types of manuscript errors"
3784:
3761:
2288:published another cataloging system in 1908 in
2013:, made from a reed that grew abundantly in the
1269:Often, especially in monasteries, a manuscript
5138:. Vol. 27. Hendrickson Publishers. 2006.
5025:Comfort, Philip W.; Barrett, David P. (2001).
4822:"The Reliability and Inspiration of the Bible"
4748:
1331:Distribution of Greek manuscripts by century
880:
731:. Biblical manuscripts vary in size from tiny
5300:
4558:
4454:
4421:
3915:Epistles written by Paul in the new testament
3876:on display at the Archeological Museum, Amman
704:
8:
4772:
1253:. The dates of these manuscripts range from
2042:; however, eight Christian manuscripts are
5541:
5307:
5293:
5285:
4725:
4723:
4644:
4609:
4597:
4573:
4526:Journal for the Study of the New Testament
4466:
4362:
4009:is an early third century fragment of the
839:were in Greek, in manuscripts such as the
752:(multi-lingual books) containing both the
711:
697:
331:
17:
5118:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
5092:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
5070:(1st ed.). Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway.
4692:Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map
4585:
3942:. It contains the earliest known text of
4826:Dr. Habermas Answers Important Questions
2473:
2303:Gregory assigned the papyri a prefix of
1342:
1329:
4808:
4796:
4760:
4301:
4247:
4178:Categories of New Testament manuscripts
3862:
3853:List of New Testament Latin manuscripts
827:in Hebrew. In 1947, the finding of the
420:
29:
4948:Aland, Barbara; Delobel, JoΓ«l (1994).
4874:
4784:
4714:
4511:
4499:
2146:tradition, including the famous Irish
5135:Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece
4657:Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece
4622:New Testament Virtual Manuscript Room
4344:from the original on 31 December 2008
4308:
3807:, and are easily identified as such:
3710:is the study of ancient writing, and
3699:Textual variants in the New Testament
1302:), or Saint Sabbas Monastery outside
7:
5275:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
5259:at the Heidelberger Papyrus-Sammlung
5159:Interpreting Ancient Manuscripts Web
5029:. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House.
4694:. London: Sheffield Academic Press.
4288:) contain the entire New Testament."
3963:is the earliest known manuscript of
2178:. The miniature at the bottom shows
779:Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh) manuscripts
735:containing individual verses of the
6239:Other books referenced in the Bible
6198:New Testament manuscript categories
5051:. New York: Oxford. pp. 480f.
4377:"Greek NT Scribe β Job Description"
1166:, British Library MS. Oriental 7594
5769:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
5155:"Interpreting Ancient Manuscripts"
4931:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
4732:"Complete List of Greek NT Papyri"
4730:Willker, Wieland (17 April 2008).
3848:List of New Testament lectionaries
2107:. Yet another method involved the
1209:Lists of New Testament manuscripts
14:
5263:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
5185:from the original on 18 June 2007
4971:. Vol. 334. pp. 41β71.
4860:Wallace, Daniel (13 April 2009).
5266:"Manuscripts of the Bible"
5213:The Princeton Theological Review
4839:Vu, Michelle A (21 April 2008).
4230:List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
4136:
4110:
4092:
4073:
4055:
4040:
4018:
3997:
3972:
3951:
3922:
3901:
3881:
3865:
3843:List of New Testament minuscules
1282:. One notable palimpsest is the
1057:early 8th century CE (complete)
863:), and one around 75% complete (
785:List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
680:
37:
6254:Biblical and Quranic narratives
4887:Wallace, Daniel (3 June 2004).
4375:Story, J. Lyle (25 July 2018).
4271:As a footnote to his comments,
4235:List of illuminated manuscripts
3616:(late 3rd β early 4th century)
3484:(late 3rd β early 4th century)
3450:(late 3rd β early 4th century)
3290:(late 2nd β early 3rd century)
1221:manuscripts catalogued, 10,000
773:invention of the printing press
676:Outline of Bible-related topics
2425:An illustration of a European
385:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1:
3838:List of New Testament uncials
3668:
3610:
3570:
3538:
3478:
3444:
3364:
3284:
3250:
3218:
3160:
3114:
3080:
3040:
3000:
2966:
2932:
2886:
2776:
2670:
2584:
1254:
1115:
1084:
967:
958:
921:
912:
817:
806:
512:Historical-grammatical method
5202:(in German). Berlin: Glaue.
4690:Greifenhagen, F. V. (2002).
4254:A manuscript is abbreviated
4048:Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209
3833:List of New Testament papyri
2235:Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209
5198:von Soden, Hermann (1902).
5066:Kruger, Michael J. (2012).
4225:Fifty Bibles of Constantine
2486:Earliest extant manuscripts
2461:Rylands Library Papyrus P52
2451:Earliest extant manuscripts
2128:verse and chapter divisions
1292:Saint Catherine's Monastery
1092:10th century CE (complete)
1006:2nd century BCE (fragments)
6334:
6234:English Bible translations
5622:Song of the Three Children
4749:Comfort & Barrett 2001
4538:10.1177/0142064X9701906306
3696:
3690:
2239:Constantin von Tischendorf
1206:
1203:with decorative tailpiece.
1008:4th century CE (complete)
955:Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek
782:
507:Allegorical interpretation
6272:
5252:Eusebian Canon in Codex A
4925:; Aland, Barbara (1995).
4559:Metzger & Ehrman 2005
4455:Metzger & Ehrman 2005
4422:Metzger & Ehrman 2005
2336:often written in script (
2231:Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
2114:Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
2054:Script and other features
1339:New Testament manuscripts
1337:
1187:New Testament manuscripts
1180:
1153:
1149:
1125:
1096:
1078:and other, incomplete MSS
1061:
1035:
1012:
977:
943:
871:Extant Tanakh manuscripts
4773:Aland & Delobel 1994
4338:Codex Sinaiticus Website
3821:Novum Testamentum Graece
3744:Novum Testamentum Graece
2401:, lat for Latin, sy for
2394:Novum Testamentum Graece
2367:has both the numbers of
2202:) and based on content (
2198:, minuscule) or format (
1351:
397:Novum Testamentum Graece
199:Composition of the Torah
6096:Intertestamental period
4984:"The Last Thirty Years"
3674:β250 (2ndβ3rd century)
3370:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
3166:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
3120:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
3086:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
3046:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
3006:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
2972:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
2938:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
2892:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
2782:β250 (2ndβ3rd century)
2676:β250 (2ndβ3rd century)
2590:β300 (2ndβ3rd century)
2444:radiocarbon dating test
2005:Manuscript construction
6080:Apocalyptic literature
5717:Paralipomena of Baruch
4952:. Kampen: Kok Pharos.
4645:Aland & Aland 1995
4610:Aland & Aland 1995
4598:Aland & Aland 1995
4574:Aland & Aland 1995
4467:Aland & Aland 1995
4363:Aland & Aland 1995
4099:The first page of the
3789:
3776:
2430:
2192:Johann Jakob Wettstein
2183:
2144:illuminated manuscript
2070:
1204:
1176:3rd or 4th century CE
1119: 11th century CE
906:Hebrew written in the
887:
881:
798:
660:Criticism of the Bible
403:Documentary hypothesis
6244:Additional Scriptures
6208:New Testament uncials
5272:Catholic Encyclopedia
5236:Michael D. Marlowe's
5006:Bruce, F. F. (2003).
4933:. pp. 40f, 72f.
4633:University of MΓΌnster
4561:, pp. 17β18, 20.
4183:Alexandrian text-type
4083:is a fragment of the
3984:is a fragment of the
3724:Alexandrian text-type
3697:Further information:
2424:
2173:
2062:The beginning of the
2061:
1284:Archimedes Palimpsest
1194:
1031:early 5th century CE
908:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
792:
413:NT textual categories
6308:Biblical manuscripts
6229:Bible version debate
6203:New Testament papyri
6149:Samaritan Pentateuch
5774:Testament of Abraham
5712:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
5243:Micheal W. Palmer's
4065:showing portions of
4063:P. Chester Beatty VI
1164:Crosby-SchΓΈyen Codex
1102:Samaritan Pentateuch
1055:early 5th century CE
996:other earlier papyri
973:β 70 CE (fragments)
900:Ketef Hinnom scrolls
360:Internal consistency
266:Samaritan Pentateuch
6318:Textual scholarship
6171:Muratorian fragment
6106:New Testament canon
6101:Old Testament canon
5994:Chapters and verses
5612:Additions to Daniel
5578:Additions to Esther
5010:. Wm. B. Eerdmans.
4717:, pp. 479β480.
4220:Nag Hammadi library
4193:Caesarean text-type
4188:Byzantine text-type
3934:is a manuscript of
3732:Byzantine text-type
2403:Sinaitic Palimpsest
2320:Codex Claromontanus
2307:, often written in
2286:Caspar RenΓ© Gregory
2078:(or majuscule) and
1332:
1298:(the source of the
1114:Oldest extant MSS,
891:Date of Composition
725:biblical manuscript
194:New Testament canon
189:Old Testament canon
117:Chapters and verses
5784:Testament of Jacob
5779:Testament of Isaac
5664:Prayer of Manasseh
5627:Bel and the Dragon
5607:Letter of Jeremiah
5257:Fragment of Psalms
5245:Greek-Language.com
5204:4 vols., 1902β1910
4992:Story of the Bible
4988:Frederic G. Kenyon
4846:Christianity Today
4627:2018-02-20 at the
4334:"Codex Sinaiticus"
4321:Barkay et al. 2004
4215:Manuscript culture
4168:Biblical criticism
4153:Ancient literature
4085:Book of Revelation
3801:Codex Alexandrinus
3194:Early 3rd century
2846:Early 3rd century
2431:
2407:Curetonian Gospels
2389:critical apparatus
2227:Codex Alexandrinus
2187:Desiderius Erasmus
2184:
2182:healing the blind.
2071:
1330:
1205:
1197:Codex Alexandrinus
799:
665:Biblical authority
546:Capital punishment
422:Biblical criticism
391:Rahlfs' Septuagint
95:New Testament (NT)
90:Old Testament (OT)
6295:
6294:
6264:Textual criticism
5827:
5826:
5751:Psalms of Solomon
5694:Orthodox Tewahedo
5153:Seid, Timothy W.
5108:Metzger, Bruce M.
5086:Metzger, Bruce M.
4799:, pp. 33β35.
4738:on 12 March 2014.
4612:, pp. 73β77.
4600:, pp. 40β41.
4323:, pp. 41β71.
4286:Uncial manuscript
4258:for singular and
4198:Western text-type
4173:Textual criticism
4011:Gospel of Matthew
3986:Gospel of Matthew
3872:Fragments of the
3778:Biblical scholar
3728:Western text-type
3712:textual criticism
3693:Textual criticism
3687:Textual criticism
3684:
3683:
2322:is assigned both
2272:Hermann von Soden
2120:Syriac Sinaiticus
2099:scriptio continua
1981:
1980:
1184:
1183:
933:Priestly Blessing
769:Textual criticism
756:(Tanakh) and the
721:
720:
536:Conspiracy theory
465:
464:
204:Mosaic authorship
6325:
6144:Dead Sea Scrolls
6126:Dating the Bible
6004:Historical books
5641:Eastern Orthodox
5554:Eastern Orthodox
5542:
5535:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5286:
5276:
5268:
5247:Manuscripts page
5221:
5206:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5149:
5129:
5103:
5081:
5062:
5040:
5021:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4975:
4963:
4944:
4909:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4734:. Archived from
4727:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4457:, pp. 3β10.
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4289:
4282:Codex Sinaiticus
4269:
4263:
4252:
4210:Higher criticism
4163:Dating the Bible
4146:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4121:, manuscript of
4117:Folio 5r of the
4114:
4096:
4077:
4059:
4044:
4026:Codex Sinaiticus
4022:
4008:
4001:
3983:
3976:
3962:
3955:
3933:
3926:
3912:
3905:
3892:
3885:
3874:Dead Sea scrolls
3869:
3813:a duplicate line
3757:Bruce M. Metzger
3750:Textual scholar
3673:
3670:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3615:
3612:
3605:
3599:
3575:
3572:
3543:
3540:
3507:
3483:
3480:
3473:
3449:
3446:
3439:
3433:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3369:
3366:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3313:
3289:
3286:
3279:
3255:
3252:
3223:
3220:
3189:
3165:
3162:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3119:
3116:
3109:
3085:
3082:
3075:
3069:
3045:
3042:
3035:
3029:
3005:
3002:
2995:
2971:
2968:
2961:
2937:
2934:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2891:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2851:Large fragments
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2787:Large fragments
2781:
2778:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2681:Large fragments
2675:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2629:Large fragments
2624:2ndβ3rd century
2619:
2613:
2595:Large fragments
2589:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2474:
2465:Codex Sinaiticus
2374:
2370:
2365:Magdalen papyrus
2350:
2314:
2243:Codex Sinaiticus
2216:General epistles
2174:A page from the
2048:Pauline epistles
2022:
1333:
1300:Codex Sinaiticus
1265:
1259:
1256:
1120:
1117:
1089:
1086:
992:Codex Sinaiticus
972:
969:
963:
960:
949:Dead Sea Scrolls
935:recorded in the
926:
923:
917:
914:
875:
859:, one complete (
845:Codex Sinaiticus
829:Dead Sea scrolls
822:
819:
811:
808:
793:A page from the
739:scriptures (see
713:
706:
699:
687:Bible portal
685:
684:
683:
408:Synoptic problem
332:
327:Biblical studies
256:Dead Sea scrolls
217:Petrine epistles
212:Pauline epistles
41:
18:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6268:
6212:
6130:
6121:Christian canon
6084:
6019:Prophetic books
5982:
5913:2 Thessalonians
5908:1 Thessalonians
5823:
5790:
5755:
5726:
5688:
5647:
5633:
5561:
5533:
5532:
5524:
5335:
5331:
5322:
5313:
5262:
5228:
5209:
5197:
5188:
5186:
5173:Waltz, Robert.
5172:
5163:
5161:
5152:
5146:
5132:
5126:
5112:Ehrman, Bart D.
5106:
5100:
5084:
5078:
5065:
5059:
5045:Ehrman, Bart D.
5043:
5037:
5024:
5018:
5005:
4996:
4994:
4978:
4966:
4960:
4947:
4941:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4873:
4869:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4783:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4747:
4743:
4729:
4728:
4721:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4655:
4651:
4643:
4639:
4629:Wayback Machine
4620:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4596:
4592:
4584:
4580:
4572:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4424:, pp. 3gf.
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4270:
4266:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4125:
4119:Codex Amiatinus
4115:
4106:
4104:Codex Argenteus
4101:Gothic language
4097:
4088:
4078:
4069:
4060:
4051:
4045:
4036:
4023:
4014:
4004:
4002:
3993:
3979:
3977:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3947:
3929:
3927:
3918:
3908:
3906:
3897:
3888:
3886:
3877:
3870:
3861:
3829:
3809:an omitted word
3797:Codex Vaticanus
3705:
3695:
3689:
3671:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3613:
3601:
3595:
3573:
3541:
3503:
3481:
3469:
3447:
3435:
3429:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3367:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3309:
3287:
3275:
3253:
3221:
3185:
3179:2 Thessalonians
3163:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:1 Thessalonians
3117:
3105:
3083:
3071:
3065:
3043:
3031:
3025:
3003:
2991:
2969:
2957:
2935:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2889:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2779:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2673:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2615:
2609:
2587:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2453:
2419:
2372:
2368:
2346:
2312:
2283:
2269:
2208:Pauline letters
2168:
2132:Eusebian Canons
2056:
2018:
2007:
1986:
1288:Oxyrhynchus 840
1261:
1257:
1211:
1195:Folio 41v from
1189:
1145:5th century CE
1118:
1087:
1076:Leningrad Codex
1056:
1046:Codex Amiatinus
1007:
988:Codex Vaticanus
970:
961:
937:Book of Numbers
924:
915:
873:
841:Codex Vaticanus
820:
814:Leningrad Codex
809:
787:
781:
717:
681:
679:
678:
670:
669:
656:
642:
620:
612:
611:
610:
526:
502:
475:
467:
466:
461:
380:
364:
353:
329:
319:
318:
317:
250:
249:
230:
229:
225:Johannine works
221:
185:
165:
164:
161:and development
148:
147:
146:
113:
99:
85:
58:
57:
12:
11:
5:
6331:
6329:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6300:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6261:
6259:Synod of Hippo
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6193:Masoretic Text
6190:
6185:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6140:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6029:Minor prophets
6026:
6024:Major prophets
6016:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5837:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5802:Pseudepigrapha
5798:
5796:
5795:Classification
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5765:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5741:Psalms 152β155
5737:
5735:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5609:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5395:1β2 Chronicles
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5341:
5339:
5324:
5323:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5260:
5254:
5250:TextCrit.com:
5248:
5241:
5238:Bible Research
5234:
5227:
5226:External links
5224:
5223:
5222:
5207:
5195:
5170:
5150:
5144:
5130:
5124:
5104:
5098:
5082:
5076:
5063:
5057:
5041:
5035:
5022:
5017:978-0802822192
5016:
5003:
4976:
4964:
4958:
4945:
4939:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4901:
4879:
4867:
4852:
4831:
4813:
4801:
4789:
4787:, p. 449.
4777:
4775:, p. 138.
4765:
4753:
4741:
4719:
4707:
4700:
4682:
4661:
4659:, pp. 64*β76*.
4649:
4637:
4614:
4602:
4590:
4586:von Soden 1902
4578:
4563:
4551:
4516:
4514:, p. 250.
4504:
4502:, p. 249.
4492:
4471:
4459:
4447:
4426:
4414:
4393:
4367:
4355:
4325:
4313:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4264:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4116:
4109:
4107:
4098:
4091:
4089:
4079:
4072:
4070:
4061:
4054:
4052:
4046:
4039:
4037:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3978:
3971:
3969:
3957:
3950:
3948:
3928:
3921:
3919:
3907:
3900:
3898:
3895:Gospel of John
3887:
3880:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3817:harmonizations
3752:Bart D. Ehrman
3691:Main article:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3665:
3632:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3607:
3592:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3576:(4th century)
3567:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3544:(4th century)
3535:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3500:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3475:
3466:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3441:
3426:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3386:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3361:
3334:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3306:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3281:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3256:(4th century)
3247:
3240:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3224:(3rd century)
3215:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3157:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3111:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3077:
3062:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3037:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3008:
2997:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2963:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2929:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2883:
2862:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2798:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2773:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2667:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2581:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2457:Gospel of John
2452:
2449:
2418:
2415:
2385:Church Fathers
2282:
2279:
2268:
2265:
2255:Greek alphabet
2251:Latin alphabet
2176:Sinope Gospels
2167:
2164:
2159:Book of Durrow
2068:Book of Durrow
2064:Gospel of Mark
2055:
2052:
2006:
2003:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1201:Gospel of Luke
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1082:
1079:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1001:
998:
985:
979:
978:
975:
974:
971: 150 BCE
965:
962: 150 BCE
956:
953:
951:
945:
944:
941:
940:
919:
910:
904:
902:
896:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
879:
878:
872:
869:
857:Book of Isaiah
849:Book of Esther
821: 1008 CE
783:Main article:
780:
777:
762:extracanonical
719:
718:
716:
715:
708:
701:
693:
690:
689:
672:
671:
668:
667:
662:
655:
654:
649:
643:
641:
640:
639:
638:
628:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
527:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
503:
501:
500:
495:
490:
484:
483:
482:
476:
474:Interpretation
473:
472:
469:
468:
463:
462:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
428:
425:
424:
418:
417:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
393:
388:
379:
378:
373:
368:
362:
357:
351:
346:
341:
335:
330:
325:
324:
321:
320:
316:
315:
310:
308:English Bibles
305:
300:
295:
290:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
261:Masoretic Text
258:
252:
251:
248:
247:
237:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
220:
219:
214:
208:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
184:
183:
178:
173:
167:
166:
163:
162:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
121:
120:
119:
112:
111:
106:
100:
98:
97:
92:
86:
84:
83:
82:
81:
76:
71:
60:
59:
56:
55:
48:
47:
46:
43:
42:
34:
33:
27:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6330:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5876:2 Corinthians
5874:
5872:
5871:1 Corinthians
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5833:New Testament
5830:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5814:New Testament
5812:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5729:
5723:
5722:Broader canon
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5435:Song of Songs
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5333:Old Testament
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5305:
5303:
5298:
5296:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5214:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5145:1-59856-172-3
5141:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5125:0-19-516667-1
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5099:0-19-507297-9
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5077:9781433505003
5073:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5058:0-19-515462-2
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5036:0-8423-5265-1
5032:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5009:
5004:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4959:9-03-900105-7
4955:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4940:0-8028-4098-1
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4902:
4890:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4868:
4863:
4856:
4853:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4835:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4811:, p. 34.
4810:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4751:, p. 65.
4750:
4745:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4708:
4703:
4701:0-8264-6211-1
4697:
4693:
4686:
4683:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4650:
4647:, p. 73.
4646:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4579:
4576:, p. 72.
4575:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4469:, p. 77.
4468:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4448:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4415:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4368:
4365:, p. 81.
4364:
4359:
4356:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4302:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3904:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3780:Gary Habermas
3775:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3720:New Testament
3715:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:2 Corinthians
2948:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2905:1 Corinthians
2902:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:New Testament
2466:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2428:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2409:, sy for the
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:GregoryβAland
2280:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2153:Book of Kells
2149:
2145:
2140:
2139:) were used.
2138:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:uncial script
2069:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:(also called
2026:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:New Testament
1210:
1202:
1199:contains the
1198:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088: 100 CE
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
999:
997:
993:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
976:
966:
957:
954:
952:
950:
947:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
920:
911:
909:
905:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
890:
884:
877:
876:
870:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:Old Testament
834:
830:
826:
815:
810: 920 CE
804:
797:, Deuteronomy
796:
791:
786:
778:
776:
774:
770:
765:
763:
760:, as well as
759:
758:New Testament
755:
751:
748:
744:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
694:
692:
691:
688:
677:
674:
673:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
652:Infallibility
650:
648:
645:
644:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
616:
615:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
551:Homosexuality
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
481:
478:
477:
471:
470:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
427:
426:
423:
419:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:
394:
392:
389:
387:
386:
382:
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
363:
361:
358:
356:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
334:
333:
328:
323:
322:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
288:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
246:
242:
239:
238:
234:
233:
226:
223:
222:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
160:
157:
156:
152:
151:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
118:
115:
114:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
50:
49:
45:
44:
40:
36:
35:
32:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
6182:Vetus Latina
6180:
6163:
6135:
6116:Jewish canon
6111:Antilegomena
6013:Poetic Books
6009:Wisdom books
5987:Subdivisions
5900:
5605: /
5530:Deuterocanon
5450:Lamentations
5430:Ecclesiastes
5337:(protocanon)
5328:Hebrew Bible
5270:
5217:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5187:. Retrieved
5178:
5162:. Retrieved
5158:
5134:
5115:
5089:
5067:
5048:
5026:
5007:
4995:. Retrieved
4991:
4980:Bruce, F. F.
4972:
4968:
4949:
4926:
4916:Bibliography
4904:
4892:. Retrieved
4882:
4870:
4855:
4844:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4809:Metzger 1992
4804:
4797:Metzger 1992
4792:
4780:
4768:
4761:Metzger 1992
4756:
4744:
4736:the original
4710:
4691:
4685:
4673:. Retrieved
4664:
4656:
4652:
4640:
4617:
4605:
4593:
4581:
4554:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4507:
4495:
4483:. Retrieved
4474:
4462:
4450:
4438:. Retrieved
4429:
4417:
4405:. Retrieved
4396:
4384:. Retrieved
4380:
4370:
4358:
4346:. Retrieved
4337:
4328:
4316:
4304:
4284:is the only
4267:
4250:
4144:Bible portal
4029:
3990:nomina sacra
3820:
3790:
3785:
3777:
3764:
3762:
3749:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3716:
3708:Palaeography
3706:
3678:
3667:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3609:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3512:3rd century
3511:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3477:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3443:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3410:3rd Century
3409:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3363:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3318:3rd century
3317:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3283:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3159:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3113:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3079:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3039:
3024:
3017:
3010:
2999:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2965:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2931:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2885:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2845:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2775:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2669:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2583:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2454:
2432:
2392:
2380:
2377:
2360:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2304:
2302:
2294:lectionaries
2289:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2224:
2200:lectionaries
2185:
2157:
2151:
2148:Gospel Books
2141:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2104:nomina sacra
2102:
2096:
2072:
2037:
2008:
1995:illumination
1987:
1984:Transmission
1960:
1352:
1345:Lectionaries
1344:
1338:
1312:
1274:were called
1268:
1212:
1142:500β1000 C E
1072:Aleppo Codex
894:Oldest Copy
803:Aleppo Codex
800:
795:Aleppo Codex
766:
754:Hebrew Bible
740:
724:
722:
619:Perspectives
480:Hermeneutics
395:
383:
303:Luther Bible
298:Gothic Bible
287:Vetus Latina
285:
244:
241:Translations
181:Hebrew canon
109:Antilegomena
104:Deuterocanon
15:
6287:WikiProject
6165:Diatessaron
6136:Manuscripts
6089:Development
5891:Philippians
5761:Beta Israel
5679:4 Maccabees
5674:3 Maccabees
5588:2 Maccabees
5583:1 Maccabees
5365:Deuteronomy
4923:Aland, Kurt
4894:23 November
4875:Ehrman 2004
4785:Ehrman 2004
4715:Ehrman 2004
4532:(63): 111.
4512:Kruger 2012
4500:Kruger 2012
4381:Greek to Me
4348:31 December
4262:for plural.
4081:Uncial 0308
4067:Deuteronomy
3988:containing
3059:Philippians
2440:Paleography
2309:blackletter
2259:superscript
1999:scriptorium
1997:called the
1375:Minuscules
1280:Middle Ages
1276:palimpsests
1111:200β100 BCE
1003:300β100 BCE
927:β587 BCE (
517:Inspiration
355:Historicity
313:by language
245:manuscripts
6302:Categories
6224:Authorship
6154:Septuagint
5999:Pentateuch
5978:Revelation
5902:Laodiceans
5896:Colossians
5385:1β2 Samuel
4309:Bruce 1964
4296:References
4034:Septuagint
3730:, and the
3672: 150
3629:Revelation
3621:Fragments
3614: 300
3574: 350
3542: 350
3489:Fragments
3482: 300
3455:Fragments
3448: 300
3415:Fragments
3375:Fragments
3368: 175
3288: 200
3254: 350
3229:Fragments
3222: 250
3199:Fragments
3171:Fragments
3164: 175
3125:Fragments
3118: 175
3099:Colossians
3091:Fragments
3084: 175
3051:Fragments
3044: 175
3011:Fragments
3004: 175
2977:Fragments
2970: 175
2943:Fragments
2936: 175
2897:Fragments
2890: 175
2780: 125
2674: 175
2588: 150
2435:autographs
2342:Kurt Aland
2220:Revelation
2166:Cataloging
2109:palimpsest
2092:descenders
2015:Nile Delta
1920:15th/16th
1880:14th/15th
1840:13th/14th
1800:12th/13th
1760:11th/12th
1720:10th/11th
1368:Minuscules
1316:manuscript
1258: 125
1207:See also:
983:Septuagint
925: 650
916: 650
745:) to huge
522:Literalism
432:Historical
339:Archeology
276:Septuagint
171:Authorship
159:Authorship
6063:Johannine
5923:2 Timothy
5918:1 Timothy
5886:Ephesians
5881:Galatians
5669:Psalm 151
5537:apocrypha
5515:Zechariah
5505:Zephaniah
5390:1β2 Kings
5355:Leviticus
4546:162215529
4485:4 October
4440:4 October
4407:4 October
4158:Apographa
3771:Euripides
3679:Fragment
3581:Complete
3549:Complete
3517:Fragment
3323:Fragment
3295:Fragment
3261:Complete
3237:2 Timothy
3207:1 Timothy
3019:Ephesians
2985:Galatians
2500:Condition
2405:, sy for
2387:. In the
2267:Von Soden
2088:ascenders
2080:minuscule
2066:from the
2025:parchment
1680:9th/10th
1320:parchment
1304:Bethlehem
1067:Masoretic
931:with the
647:Inerrancy
457:Canonical
452:Redaction
344:Artifacts
125:Apocrypha
54:and books
6277:Category
6176:Peshitta
6073:Catholic
6068:Pastoral
6053:Epistles
6046:Synoptic
5933:Philemon
5746:2 Baruch
5733:Peshitta
5707:Jubilees
5659:2 Esdras
5654:1 Esdras
5549:Catholic
5500:Habakkuk
5445:Jeremiah
5425:Proverbs
5405:Nehemiah
5183:Archived
5114:(2005).
5088:(1992).
5047:(2004).
4982:(1964).
4625:Archived
4342:Archived
4130:See also
3965:Philemon
3827:Listings
3739:a priori
3303:Philemon
2411:Peshitta
2381:versions
2311:script (
2229:(A) and
2156:and the
2137:ΞΊΞ΅Οαλαία
2117:and the
2084:baseline
1640:8th/9th
1600:7th/8th
1560:6th/7th
1520:5th/6th
1480:4th/5th
1440:3rd/4th
1400:2nd/3rd
1372:Uncials
1251:Armenian
1239:Ethiopic
1018:Peshitta
918:β587 BCE
888:Language
885:Examples
747:polyglot
742:Tefillin
596:Violence
581:Serpents
571:Prophecy
566:Muhammad
281:Peshitta
271:Targumim
23:a series
21:Part of
6313:Scribes
6249:Studies
6217:Related
6188:Vulgate
6058:Pauline
6036:Gospels
5953:2 Peter
5948:1 Peter
5938:Hebrews
5841:Matthew
5731:Syriac
5617:Susanna
5520:Malachi
5480:Obadiah
5455:Ezekiel
5360:Numbers
5345:Genesis
5318:of the
5189:19 June
5164:7 April
4997:19 June
4990:(ed.).
4675:30 June
4635:website
4631:at the
4435:"Waltz"
4386:25 July
4273:Metzger
4123:Vulgate
3936:Gospels
3859:Gallery
3805:scribes
3793:Albania
3759:wrote,
3463:2 Peter
3423:1 Peter
3331:Hebrews
2509:Matthew
2429:at work
2399:Vulgate
2391:of the
2298:papyrus
2204:Gospels
2044:codices
2040:scrolls
2011:papyrus
1990:scribes
1363:Uncials
1353:Century
1294:in the
1138:Aramaic
1041:Vulgate
964:β 70 CE
929:amulets
882:Version
855:of the
853:scrolls
764:works.
750:codices
733:scrolls
636:Quranic
631:Islamic
626:Gnostic
601:Warfare
591:Slavery
531:Alcohol
493:Midrash
437:Textual
293:Vulgate
79:Ketuvim
74:Nevi'im
6282:Portal
6159:Targum
5968:3 John
5963:2 John
5958:1 John
5866:Romans
5819:Jewish
5644:Others
5603:Baruch
5598:Sirach
5593:Wisdom
5573:Judith
5558:Others
5510:Haggai
5460:Daniel
5440:Isaiah
5420:Psalms
5410:Esther
5375:Judges
5370:Joshua
5350:Exodus
5142:
5122:
5096:
5074:
5055:
5033:
5014:
4956:
4937:
4698:
4544:
4480:"Seid"
4402:"Seid"
4278:papyri
3782:adds,
3726:, the
3557:3 John
3525:2 John
3497:1 John
2859:Romans
2427:scribe
2417:Dating
2359:, and
2218:, and
2196:uncial
2150:, the
2029:vellum
1358:Papyri
1324:script
1308:folios
1249:, and
1247:Nubian
1243:Coptic
1235:Gothic
1231:Slavic
1227:Syriac
1170:Coptic
1159:Coptic
1131:Targum
1108:Hebrew
1081:Hebrew
1025:Syriac
833:Qumran
825:Tanakh
812:) and
737:Jewish
561:Incest
541:Ethics
498:Pardes
488:Pesher
442:Source
371:Places
366:People
349:Dating
176:Dating
130:Jewish
64:Tanakh
52:Canons
25:on the
5943:James
5928:Titus
5702:Enoch
5568:Tobit
5495:Nahum
5490:Micah
5485:Jonah
5465:Hosea
5320:Bible
5316:Books
5220:: 40.
4986:. In
4542:S2CID
4242:Notes
3766:Iliad
3383:James
3269:Titus
2247:aleph
2180:Jesus
2033:paper
1977:1879
1971:2667
1961:Total
1940:16th
1900:15th
1860:14th
1820:13th
1780:12th
1740:11th
1700:10th
1296:Sinai
1271:cache
1260:(the
1223:Latin
1219:Greek
1050:Latin
1000:Greek
729:Bible
606:Women
556:Humor
376:Names
69:Torah
31:Bible
6041:List
5973:Jude
5861:Acts
5856:John
5851:Luke
5846:Mark
5807:list
5684:Odes
5475:Amos
5470:Joel
5400:Ezra
5380:Ruth
5240:site
5191:2007
5166:2021
5140:ISBN
5120:ISBN
5094:ISBN
5072:ISBN
5053:ISBN
5031:ISBN
5012:ISBN
4999:2007
4954:ISBN
4935:ISBN
4896:2013
4696:ISBN
4677:2021
4487:2014
4442:2014
4409:2014
4388:2018
4350:2008
3944:Mark
3940:Acts
3938:and
3701:and
3589:Jude
2795:Acts
2689:John
2637:Luke
2603:Mark
2493:Date
2479:Book
2371:and
2357:2928
2353:0323
2326:and
2317:e.g.
2212:Acts
2090:and
1974:286
1968:269
1955:194
1949:136
1915:171
1909:241
1875:308
1869:511
1835:394
1829:547
1795:486
1789:555
1755:227
1749:429
1712:108
1709:124
1672:113
1660:9th
1620:8th
1580:7th
1540:6th
1500:5th
1460:4th
1420:3rd
1380:2nd
1213:The
994:and
865:1QIs
861:1QIs
843:and
801:The
576:Rape
447:Form
243:and
5534:and
5415:Job
4534:doi
4260:MSS
3213:π
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2340:).
2123:).
1965:94
1855:17
1849:28
1815:17
1809:26
1775:13
1769:33
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1715:38
1706:17
1669:13
1666:53
1632:22
1626:29
1586:28
1546:51
1526:10
1506:36
1466:14
1463:14
1423:28
831:at
586:Sex
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