608:
were sent to him to serve as personal adornments of the body or for battle; and as touching these he would say, "How am I to deck myself out in all these? To my mind a man's chief ornament is the adornment of nobly-adorned friends." Indeed, that he should triumph over his friends in the great matters of welldoing is not surprising, seeing that he was much more powerful than they, but that he should go beyond them in minute attentions, and in an eager desire to give pleasure, seems to me, I must confess, more admirable. Frequently when he had tasted some specially excellent wine, he would send the half remaining flagon to some friend with a message to say: "Cyrus says, this is the best wine he has tasted for a long time, that is his excuse for sending it to you. He hopes you will drink it up to-day with a choice party of friends." Or, perhaps, he would send the remainder of a dish of geese, half loaves of bread, and so forth, the bearer being instructed to say: "This is Cyrus's favourite dish, he hopes you will taste it yourself." Or, perhaps, there was a great dearth of provender, when, through the number of his servants and his own careful forethought, he was enabled to get supplies for himself; at such times he would send to his friends in different parts, bidding them feed their horses on his hay, since it would not do for the horses that carried his friends to go starving. Then, on any long march or expedition, where the crowd of lookers-on would be large, he would call his friends to him and entertain them with serious talk, as much as to say, "These I delight to honour."
591:, nothing was more noticeable in his conduct than the importance which he attached to the faithful fulfillment of every treaty or compact or undertaking entered into with others. He would tell no lies to any one. Thus doubtless it was that he won the confidence alike of individuals and of the communities entrusted to his care; or in case of hostility, a treaty made with Cyrus was a guarantee sufficient to the combatant that he would suffer nothing contrary to its terms. Therefore, in the war with Tissaphernes, all the states of their own accord chose Cyrus in lieu of Tissaphernes, except only the men of Miletus, and these were only alienated through fear of him, because he refused to abandon their exiled citizens; and his deeds and words bore emphatic witness to his principle: even if they were weakened in number or in fortune, he would never abandon those who had once become his friends. He made no secret of his endeavour to outdo his friends and his foes alike in reciprocity of conduct. The prayer has been attributed to him, "God grant I may live along enough to recompense my friends and requite my foes with a strong arm."
318:
400:. Plutarch wrote that Cyrus's mother, Parysatis, favored him and wanted him on the throne, "And therefore, his father Darius now lying ill, he, being sent for from the sea to the court, set out thence with full hopes that by her means he was to be declared the successor to the kingdom. For Parysatis had the specious plea in his behalf, which Xerxes on the advice of Demaratus had of old made use of, that she had borne him Arsicas when he was a subject, but Cyrus when a king. Notwithstanding, she prevailed not with Darius, but the eldest son Arsicas was proclaimed king, his name being changed into Artaxerxes; and Cyrus remained satrap of Lydia, and commander in the maritime provinces."
308:
Nor less in matters of war, in the use of the bow and the javelin, was he held by men in general to be at once the aptest of learners and the most eager practiser. As soon as his age permitted, the same pre-eminence showed itself in his fondness for the chase, not without a certain appetite for perilous adventure in facing the wild beasts themselves. Once a bear made a furious rush at him, and without wincing he grappled with her, and was pulled from his horse, receiving wounds the scars of which were visible through life; but in the end he slew the creature, nor did he forget him who first came to his aid, but made him enviable in the eyes of many.
42:
423:
564:
522:, the commander of the Greeks, to take the centre against Artaxerxes. Clearchus, afraid of the army's encirclement, disobeyed and remained on the flank. As a result, the left wing of the Persians under Tissaphernes was free to engage the rest of Cyrus' forces; Cyrus in the centre threw himself upon Artaxerxes but was slain. Tissaphernes claimed to have killed the rebel himself, and Parysatis later took vengeance upon the slayer of her favourite son.
284:
599:
964:
1189:
540:: Κούναξα), making him fall from his horse, dazed. Some eunuchs found Cyrus and tried to bring him to safety, but a Caunian among the king's camp followers struck a vein behind his knee with a dart, making him fall and strike his head on a stone, whereupon he died. Unwisely, Mithridates boasted of killing Cyrus in the court, and Parysatis had him executed by
307:
In this courtly training Cyrus earned a double reputation; first he was held to be a paragon of modesty among his fellows, rendering an obedience to his elders which exceeded that of many of his own inferiors; and next he bore away the palm for skill in horsemanship and for love of the animal itself.
302:
According to
Xenophon, Cyrus the Younger was born after the accession of his father in 424 BC. He had an elder brother, Arsicas (whose name changed to Artaxerxes II when he ascended the throne), and two younger brothers named Ostanes and Oxathres. About Cyrus' childhood, Plutarch wrote, "Cyrus, from
607:
Many were the gifts bestowed on him, for many and diverse reasons; no one man, perhaps, ever received more; no one, certainly, was ever more ready to bestow them upon others, with an eye ever to the taste of each, so as to gratify what he saw to be the individual requirement. Many of these presents
824:
He then assigned to
Lysander all the tribute which came in from his cities and belonged to him personally, and gave him also the balance he had on hand; and, after reminding Lysander how good a friend he was both to the Lacedaemonian state and to him personally, he set out on the journey to his
317:
407:(Ciθrafarna) denounced Cyrus' plan to assassinate his brother, and Cyrus was captured, but by the intercession of Parysatis, Cyrus was pardoned and sent back to his satrapy. According to Plutarch, "his resentment for made him more eagerly desirous of the kingdom than before."
303:
his earliest youth, showed something of a headstrong and vehement character; Artaxerxes, on the other side, was gentler in everything, and of a nature more yielding and soft in its action." Xenophon spoke more highly of Cyrus' excellence as a child:
492:. Cyrus the Younger had obtained the support of the Spartans after having asked them "to show themselves as good friend to him, as he had been to them during their war against Athens", in reference to the support he had given the Spartan in the
381:. In him, Cyrus found a man who was willing to help him become king, just as Lysander himself hoped to become absolute ruler of Greece by the aid of the Persian prince. Thus, Cyrus put all his means at the disposal of Lysander in the
468:
without announcing the object of his expedition. By dexterous management and large promises, he overcame the misgivings of the Greek troops over the length and danger of the war; a
Spartan fleet of 35
587:
After he had been sent down by his father to be satrap of Lydia and Great
Phrygia and Cappadocia, and had been appointed general of the forces, whose business it is to muster in the plain of the
544:. She likewise got vengeance on Masabates, the king's eunuch, who had cut off Cyrus' hand and head, by winning him from her son Artaxerxes in a game of dice and having him flayed alive.
499:
The king had only been warned at the last moment by
Tissaphernes and gathered an army in haste; Cyrus advanced into Babylonia before he met with an enemy. In October 401 BC, the
2122:
377:, and commander of the Persian troops, "which gather into the field of Castolos", i.e. of the army of the district of Asia Minor. There, Cyrus met the Spartan general
909:
1038:
988:
815:
1375:
2107:
41:
2132:
885:
2117:
2112:
2097:
727:
551:, and then attacked through trickery. After their commanders had been taken prisoners, the Greeks managed to force their way to the
46:
Anonymous portrait of a satrap of Asia Minor, around the time of Cyrus the
Younger. From a coin of Ionia, Phokaia, circa 478-387 BC.
979:
171:
1243:
625:, a historical novel about Prince Cyrus's quest and the survival of the Greek mercenaries who walked out of Persia while pursued.
568:
1007:
1031:
2082:
1869:
796:
The
Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians, and Macedonians
2102:
2058:
1580:
2092:
2062:
1947:
1632:
1472:
396:
Around that time, Darius fell ill and called his son to his deathbed; Cyrus handed money over to
Lysander and went to
253:
547:
The
Persian troops, instead of attacking the Greeks via a direct assault, decoyed them into the interior, beyond the
422:
1402:
1024:
913:
1835:
1565:
1543:
646:. The Black Legion series closely follows the original historical narrative with most of the characters retained.
579:
Xenophon wrote that all who knew Cyrus well considered him the most worthy of being king of all those born since
1233:
595:
According to
Xenophon, his efforts to reward uprightness earned Cyrus the loyalty and love of many followers:
2137:
1350:
1340:
1158:
2127:
2087:
2021:
1645:
1437:
1330:
1057:
489:
473:
338:
952:. Translated by Carleton L. Brownson (1918 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
933:. Translated by Carleton L. Brownson (1918 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1601:
1302:
518:
According to Xenophon, Cyrus saw that the outcome depended on the fate of the king; he therefore wanted
411:
877:
Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East : In the Crucible of Empire
1908:
1640:
1570:
1379:
461:
434:
166:
1830:
1477:
1148:
661:
628:
519:
426:
236:
800:
563:
185:
1778:
1442:
903:
124:
112:
1298:
1069:
1048:
891:
881:
723:
719:
493:
382:
283:
635:, a historical novel about the 10,000 Greek mercenaries who made up the core of Cyrus's army.
1553:
1128:
533:
532:, a young Persian soldier named Mithridates unknowingly struck Cyrus the Younger during the
500:
460:
In the spring of 401 BC, Cyrus united all his forces into an army now including Xenophon's "
220:
2005:
1774:
1360:
1200:
1168:
1113:
1011:
580:
56:
441:
Cyrus managed to gather a large army by beginning a quarrel with Tissaphernes, satrap of
838:
794:
775:
1840:
1743:
1689:
1345:
1163:
537:
292:
179:
154:
1004:
2076:
2011:
1932:
1895:
1735:
1712:
1655:
1397:
1335:
1283:
983:
970:
945:
928:
857:
751:
712:
618:
571:
mercenaries to Cunaxa, and return route of the Ten Thousand led by Xenophon, back to
288:
224:
1991:
1748:
1730:
1697:
1611:
1457:
1355:
1288:
1263:
1253:
1138:
975:
511:(light infantry), and an Asiatic army of approximately 10,000 under the command of
454:
404:
248:. Further information is contained in the excerpts from Artaxerxes II's physician,
74:
1016:
598:
349:
leading to an Athenian resurgence, Darius II decided to continue the war against
17:
1825:
1758:
1621:
1462:
1452:
1268:
1238:
1118:
880:. Collins, John J. (John Joseph), 1946-, Manning, Joseph Gilbert. Leiden. 2016.
403:
Soon after Darius died, around the time of Artaxerxes II's accession in 404 BC,
241:
1801:
1796:
1717:
1707:
1674:
1591:
1575:
1538:
1413:
1325:
1310:
1248:
1188:
1173:
1108:
1085:
1078:
374:
358:
346:
296:
268:
196:
895:
1981:
1967:
1963:
1937:
1913:
1791:
1786:
1722:
1679:
1616:
1533:
1447:
1427:
1422:
1320:
1315:
1273:
1153:
1143:
992:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 706–708.
572:
552:
390:
230:
The history of Cyrus and of the retreat of his Greek mercenaries is told by
216:
212:
144:
134:
864:. Translated by A. H. Clough (1996 ed.) – via Project Gutenberg.
875:
488:
and conveyed to him a Spartan detachment of 700 men under Spartan General
2031:
1985:
1903:
1879:
1820:
1596:
1499:
1467:
1432:
1392:
1278:
1218:
1133:
656:
588:
541:
527:
378:
334:
330:
322:
264:
258:
231:
275:. These are the only early sources of information on Cyrus the Younger.
2045:
2041:
2035:
2015:
2001:
1971:
1942:
1924:
1874:
1861:
1850:
1845:
1669:
1606:
1585:
1525:
1515:
1504:
1387:
1365:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1208:
1123:
1103:
1098:
1092:
714:
The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War
512:
508:
504:
477:
469:
450:
370:
249:
245:
119:
393:, he gave Lysander the revenues from all of his cities of Asia Minor.
2025:
1884:
1753:
1702:
1520:
1178:
548:
481:
465:
362:
354:
350:
326:
200:
190:
52:
994:
Information on Cyrus the Younger starts on page 708 of this article.
1975:
1812:
1557:
1488:
969:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
597:
575:, in red. The satrapy of Cyrus the Younger is delineated in green.
485:
446:
442:
421:
366:
316:
282:
208:
204:
1995:
397:
386:
1020:
449:
towns; he also pretended to prepare an expedition against the
183:
1187:
845:. Translated by H. G. Dakyns – via Project Gutenberg.
782:. Translated by H. G. Dakyns – via Project Gutenberg.
2057:
In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by
414:, and Sparta became more influential in the Greek world.
313:
Satrap of Asia Minor (408-401 BC) and support for Sparta
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
321:
Meeting between Cyrus the Younger and Spartan general
27:
Achaemenid prince, satrap of Lydia from 408 to 401 BC
1956:
1922:
1893:
1859:
1810:
1773:
1688:
1654:
1630:
1552:
1486:
1411:
1374:
1297:
1198:
1065:
223:during a failed attempt to oust his elder brother,
150:
140:
130:
118:
108:
100:
92:
88:
80:
70:
62:
51:
32:
711:
559:Excerpts from Xenophon's account of Cyrus' life
758:(1996 ed.) – via Project Gutenberg.
1032:
642:- a science fiction retelling of the tale of
433:(1842). The Greek mercenaries of Cyrus (the "
8:
602:Cyrus the Younger in the Achaemenid lineage.
1039:
1025:
1017:
908:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
769:
767:
765:
745:
743:
741:
739:
457:, which was never obedient to the Empire.
431:Episode in the Retreat of the Ten Thousand
40:
29:
418:Expedition against Artaxerxes II (401 BC)
2123:Rebellions against the Achaemenid Empire
562:
673:
901:
558:
697:
583:and describes him with great praise:
7:
496:against Athens a few years earlier.
567:Route of Cyrus the Younger and the
345:In 408 BC, after the victories of
25:
357:. He sent Cyrus the Younger into
240:. Another account, probably from
962:
718:. Free Press New York. pp.
199:prince and general. He ruled as
980:Cyrus s.v. 2. Cyrus the Younger
799:. W. Tegg and Company. p.
503:ensued. Cyrus had 10,400 Greek
353:and give strong support to the
329:. The encounter was related by
640:Black Legion: Gates of Cilicia
437:"), are shown being encircled.
1:
2108:5th-century BC Iranian people
1005:Livius.org: Cyrus the Younger
453:, a mountainous tribe in the
385:. When Cyrus was recalled to
2133:Accidental deaths from falls
410:In 405 BC, Lysander won the
273:History of Peloponnesian War
191:
2118:Achaemenid satraps of Ionia
2113:Achaemenid satraps of Lydia
227:, from the Persian throne.
211:from 408 to 401 BC. Son of
2154:
1185:
507:(citizen-soldiers), 2,500
184:
170:
2055:
1708:Queen Amoashtart (regent)
1055:
754:. In A. H. Clough (ed.).
480:opened the passes of the
242:Sophaenetus of Stymphalus
39:
2098:5th-century BC governors
793:Rollin, Charles (1851).
710:Strassler, R.B. (1996).
989:Encyclopædia Britannica
219:, he died in 401 BC in
1646:Alexander I of Macedon
1192:
610:
603:
593:
576:
474:Pythagoras the Spartan
438:
342:
339:Francesco Antonio Grue
310:
299:
195:; died 401 BC) was an
2083:5th-century BC births
1303:Hellespontine Phrygia
1191:
1174:Darius III Codomannus
912:) CS1 maint: others (
822:– via Perseus.
605:
601:
585:
566:
530:'s Life of Artaxerxes
472:under the command of
464:", and advanced from
425:
412:battle of Aegospotami
320:
305:
286:
263:of Artaxerxes II and
1909:Hydarnes the Younger
1641:Amyntas I of Macedon
1164:Artaxerxes III Ochus
1159:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
1060:- Achaemenid Kingdom
638:Michael G. Thomas -
623:The Falcon of Sparta
2103:Anabasis (Xenophon)
2059:Hellenistic satraps
1957:Other known satraps
1412:Greek Governors of
1179:Artaxerxes V Bessus
1169:Artaxerxes IV Arses
629:Michael Curtis Ford
427:Jean-Adrien Guignet
291:, from his tomb at
104:3 September, 401 BC
2093:Achaemenid princes
2065:from around 330 BC
2063:Hellenistic rulers
1193:
1010:2014-10-06 at the
613:In popular culture
604:
577:
439:
343:
300:
113:Aspasia of Phocaea
33:Cyrus the Younger
2070:
2069:
1259:Cyrus the Younger
1070:Achaemenid Empire
1049:Achaemenid Empire
887:978-90-04-33017-7
494:Peloponnesian War
383:Peloponnesian War
287:Relief depicting
163:Cyrus the Younger
160:
159:
18:Cyrus the younger
16:(Redirected from
2145:
1129:Darius the Great
1041:
1034:
1027:
1018:
993:
968:
966:
965:
954:
953:
941:
935:
934:
924:
918:
917:
907:
899:
872:
866:
865:
862:Plutarch's Lives
853:
847:
846:
834:
828:
827:
811:
805:
804:
790:
784:
783:
771:
760:
759:
756:Plutarch's Lives
747:
734:
733:
717:
707:
701:
695:
633:The Ten Thousand
534:Battle of Cunaxa
501:battle of Cunaxa
194:
189:
188:
174:
44:
30:
21:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2051:
2006:Greater Phrygia
1952:
1918:
1889:
1855:
1806:
1769:
1684:
1650:
1626:
1548:
1482:
1407:
1370:
1361:Pharnabazus III
1293:
1194:
1183:
1114:Cyrus the Great
1067:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1012:Wayback Machine
1001:
974:
963:
961:
958:
957:
943:
942:
938:
926:
925:
921:
900:
888:
874:
873:
869:
855:
854:
850:
836:
835:
831:
813:
812:
808:
792:
791:
787:
773:
772:
763:
749:
748:
737:
730:
709:
708:
704:
696:
675:
670:
653:
615:
581:Cyrus the Great
561:
420:
315:
281:
47:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2138:Iranian rebels
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1841:Pherendates II
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:Abdashtart III
1764:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:Baalshillem II
1741:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1690:Kings of Sidon
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1346:Pharnabazus II
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1244:Artaphernes II
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1066:Kings of Kings
1063:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1047:Rulers in the
1046:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1000:
999:External links
997:
996:
995:
984:Chisholm, Hugh
956:
955:
936:
919:
886:
867:
848:
829:
806:
785:
761:
735:
728:
702:
700:, p. 708.
672:
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
659:
652:
649:
648:
647:
636:
626:
614:
611:
560:
557:
419:
416:
389:by his father
337:decoration by
314:
311:
293:Naqsh-e Rostam
280:
277:
244:, was used by
158:
157:
155:Zoroastrianism
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2150:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Rebel princes
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:401 BC deaths
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2012:Phrataphernes
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Syennesis III
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1763:Abdashtart II
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Baalshillem I
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:Eshmunazar II
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1656:Kings of Tyre
1653:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:Mithrobuzanes
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:Pharnabazus I
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:Autophradates
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:Artaphernes I
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
991:
990:
985:
981:
977:
976:Meyer, Eduard
972:
971:public domain
960:
959:
951:
947:
940:
937:
932:
931:
923:
920:
915:
911:
905:
897:
893:
889:
883:
879:
878:
871:
868:
863:
859:
852:
849:
844:
840:
833:
830:
826:
821:
817:
810:
807:
802:
798:
797:
789:
786:
781:
777:
770:
768:
766:
762:
757:
753:
746:
744:
742:
740:
736:
731:
729:0-684-82790-5
725:
721:
716:
715:
706:
703:
699:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
674:
667:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
650:
645:
641:
637:
634:
630:
627:
624:
620:
619:Conn Iggulden
617:
616:
612:
609:
600:
596:
592:
590:
584:
582:
574:
570:
565:
556:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
529:
525:According to
523:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
436:
432:
428:
424:
417:
415:
413:
408:
406:
401:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
312:
309:
304:
298:
294:
290:
289:Artaxerxes II
285:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:
233:
228:
226:
225:Artaxerxes II
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
187:
181:
177:
173:
168:
164:
156:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2022:Ariobarzanes
1992:Satibarzanes
1749:Abdashtart I
1731:Tetramnestos
1698:Eshmunazar I
1602:Artemisia II
1512:Teththiweibi
1458:Themistocles
1403:Ariarathes I
1356:Artabazus II
1351:Ariobarzanes
1341:Pharnaces II
1289:Spithridates
1264:Tissaphernes
1258:
1254:Tissaphernes
1139:Artaxerxes I
1091:
1084:
1077:
987:
949:
939:
929:
922:
876:
870:
861:
851:
842:
832:
823:
819:
809:
795:
788:
779:
755:
752:"Artaxerxes"
713:
705:
643:
639:
632:
622:
606:
594:
586:
578:
569:Ten Thousand
546:
526:
524:
517:
498:
490:Cheirisophus
462:Ten Thousand
459:
445:, about the
440:
435:Ten Thousand
430:
409:
405:Tissaphernes
402:
395:
344:
341:(1686–1746).
306:
301:
272:
257:
235:
229:
175:
162:
161:
96:after 424 BC
84:Tissaphernes
75:Tissaphernes
1923:Satraps of
1894:Satraps of
1860:Satraps of
1826:Pherendates
1811:Satraps of
1759:Evagoras II
1622:Orontobates
1581:Lygdamis II
1487:Dynasts of
1463:Archeptolis
1453:Aristagoras
1438:Eurysthenes
1331:Artabazus I
1269:Tithraustes
1199:Satraps of
1119:Cambyses II
1058:Family tree
373:Major with
167:Old Persian
71:Predecessor
2077:Categories
1831:Achaemenes
1802:Orontes II
1797:Darius III
1718:Bodashtart
1666:Boulomenus
1592:Hecatomnus
1576:Pisindelis
1566:Lygdamis I
1539:Mithrapata
1530:Artembares
1473:Amyntas II
1414:Asia Minor
1393:Ariamnes I
1380:Cappadocia
1326:Oebares II
1311:Mitrobates
1249:Pissuthnes
1109:Cambyses I
1086:Ariaramnes
1079:Achaemenes
944:Xenophon.
927:Xenophon.
858:"Lysander"
856:Plutarch.
837:Xenophon.
814:Xenophon.
774:Xenophon.
750:Plutarch.
698:Meyer 1911
668:References
375:Cappadocia
359:Asia Minor
347:Alcibiades
297:Persepolis
269:Thucydides
197:Achaemenid
172:𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁
125:Achaemenid
66:408–401 BC
35:𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁
1968:Abrocomas
1964:Megabyzus
1938:Camisares
1914:Atropates
1870:Hystaspes
1792:Orontes I
1787:Artasyrus
1723:Yatonmilk
1680:Azemilcus
1663:Mattan IV
1633:Macedonia
1631:Kings of
1617:Pixodarus
1571:Artemisia
1534:Artumpara
1478:Philiscus
1448:Histiaeus
1428:Demaratus
1423:Miltiades
1321:Megabates
1316:Megabazus
1274:Tiribazus
1154:Darius II
1149:Sogdianus
1144:Xerxes II
978:(1911). "
904:cite book
896:951955827
820:Hellenica
573:Byzantium
553:Black Sea
520:Clearchus
451:Pisidians
279:Biography
217:Parysatis
213:Darius II
145:Parysatis
135:Darius II
81:Successor
2032:Abulites
1986:Hyrcania
1904:Hydarnes
1880:Masistes
1821:Aryandes
1675:Evagoras
1597:Mausolus
1588:(satrap)
1509:Harpagus
1500:Kybernis
1468:Aridolis
1433:Gongylos
1279:Struthas
1219:Harpagus
1134:Xerxes I
1008:Archived
950:Anabasis
946:"I-2-22"
930:Anabasis
843:Anabasis
816:"2.1.14"
780:Anabasis
662:Anabasis
657:Xenophon
651:See also
644:Anabasis
589:Castolus
542:scaphism
528:Plutarch
509:peltasts
505:hoplites
476:sent to
470:triremes
379:Lysander
355:Spartans
335:Maiolica
331:Xenophon
323:Lysander
265:Lysander
261:’s Lives
259:Plutarch
237:Anabasis
232:Xenophon
151:Religion
2046:Babylon
2042:Mazaeus
2036:Susiana
2016:Parthia
2002:Atizyes
1972:Belesys
1948:Arsames
1943:Mazaeus
1925:Cilicia
1875:Dadarsi
1862:Bactria
1851:Mazaces
1846:Sabaces
1836:Arsames
1779:Armenia
1775:Satraps
1670:Abdemon
1607:Idrieus
1586:Adusius
1554:Dynasts
1544:Perikle
1526:Arbinas
1516:Kheriga
1505:Kuprlli
1496:Kheziga
1443:Prokles
1388:Datames
1376:Satraps
1366:Arsites
1299:Satraps
1229:Bagaeus
1224:Oroetus
1214:Mazares
1209:Tabalus
1124:Bardiya
1104:Cyrus I
1099:Teispes
1093:Arsames
1068:of the
986:(ed.).
973::
825:father.
722:, 549.
513:Ariaeus
478:Cilicia
371:Phrygia
254:Photius
250:Ctesias
246:Ephorus
234:in his
120:Dynasty
2026:Persis
1885:Bessus
1754:Tennes
1727:Anysos
1703:Tabnit
1521:Kherei
1416:cities
1234:Otanes
982:". In
967:
894:
884:
776:"I.IX"
726:
549:Tigris
482:Amanus
466:Sardis
455:Taurus
447:Ionian
391:Darius
363:satrap
351:Athens
327:Sardis
267:; and
221:battle
201:satrap
141:Mother
131:Father
109:Spouse
53:Satrap
1982:Ochus
1976:Syria
1896:Media
1813:Egypt
1740:Baana
1558:Caria
1489:Lycia
1201:Lydia
839:"I.I"
538:Greek
486:Syria
484:into
443:Caria
367:Lydia
252:, by
209:Ionia
205:Lydia
192:Kyros
186:Κῦρος
180:Greek
176:Kūruš
63:Reign
57:Lydia
2061:and
1996:Aria
914:link
910:link
892:OCLC
882:ISBN
724:ISBN
398:Susa
387:Susa
369:and
215:and
207:and
101:Died
93:Born
1777:of
1612:Ada
1556:of
1378:of
1301:of
801:110
720:128
365:of
361:as
325:in
203:of
55:of
2079::
1970:,
1966:,
948:.
906:}}
902:{{
890:.
860:.
841:.
818:.
778:.
764:^
738:^
676:^
631:,
621:,
555:.
515:.
429:,
333:.
295:,
271:'
256:;
182::
178:;
169::
2048:)
2044:(
2038:)
2034:(
2028:)
2024:(
2018:)
2014:(
2008:)
2004:(
1998:)
1994:(
1988:)
1984:(
1978:)
1974:(
1040:e
1033:t
1026:v
916:)
898:.
803:.
732:.
536:(
165:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
