4585:, p. 262: 'The term "General American" arose as a name for a presumed most common or "default" form of American English, especially to be distinguished from marked regional speech of New England or the South. "General American" has often been considered to be the relatively unmarked speech of "the Midwest", a vague designation for anywhere in the vast midsection of the country from Ohio west to Nebraska, and from the Canadian border as far south as Missouri or Kansas. No historical justification for this term exists, and neither do present circumstances support its use... t implies that there is some exemplary state of American English from which other varieties deviate. On the contrary, can best be characterized as what is left over after speakers suppress the regional and social features that have risen to salience and become noticeable.'
639:, leading to less mingling of different social classes and less density and diversity of linguistic interactions. As a result, wealthier and higher-educated Americans' communications became more restricted to their own demographic. This, alongside their new marketplace that transcended regional boundaries (arising from the century's faster transportation methods), reinforced a widespread belief that highly educated Americans should not possess a regional accent. A General American sound, then, originated from both suburbanization and suppression of regional accent by highly educated Americans in formal settings. A second factor was a rise in immigration to the Great Lakes area (one native region of supposed "General American" speech) following the region's rapid industrialization period after the
4188:". Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania. "The North Midland: Approximates the initial position|Absence of any marked features"; "On Map 1, there is no single defining feature of the North Midland given. In fact, the most characteristic sign of North Midland membership on this map is the small black dot that indicates a speaker with none of the defining features given"; "Map 1 shows Western New England as a residual area, surrounded by the marked patterns of Eastern New England, New York City, and the Inland North. No clear pattern of sound change emerges from western New England in the Kurath and McDavid materials or in our present limited data."
1255:
1279:
238:
184:
130:
6487:
535:" pronunciation features: those perceived by Americans as strongly indicative of a fellow American speaker's regional origin, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. Despite confusion arising from the evolving definition and vagueness of the term "General American" and its consequent rejection by some linguists, the term persists mainly as a reference point to compare a baseline "typical" American English accent with other
620:"General American" class of accents throughout the United States. Most factors focus on the first half of the twentieth century, though a basic General American pronunciation system may have existed even before the twentieth century, since most American English dialects have diverged very little from each other anyway, when compared to dialects of single languages in other countries where there has been more time for
109:
643:, when this region's speakers went on to form a successful and highly mobile business elite, who traveled around the country in the mid-twentieth century, spreading the high status of their accents. A third factor is that various sociological (often race- and class-based) forces repelled socially-conscious Americans away from accents negatively associated with certain minority groups, such as
6478:
492:, which he defines as a level of American English pronunciation "employed by educated speakers in formal settings", while still being variable within the U.S. from place to place, and even from speaker to speaker. However, the term "standard" may also be interpreted as problematically implying a superior or "best" form of speech. The terms
442:. However, many younger speakers within the Inland North seem to be moving back away from the Northern Cities Shift of front lax vowels that were rising. Accents that have never been labeled "General American", even since the term's popularization in the 1930s, are the regional accents (especially the
476:
William A. Kretzschmar Jr. explains in a 2004 article that the term "General
American" came to refer to "a presumed most common or 'default' form of American English, especially to be distinguished from marked regional speech of New England or the South" and referring especially to speech associated
426:
put together a scattergram based on the formants of vowel sounds, finding that
Midland U.S., western Pennsylvania, the western U.S. and Canada to be closest to the center of the scattergram, and concluding that they had fewer marked dialectical features than other accents such as New York or the
340:
regions of the country are the most likely to be perceived as using
General American speech. The precise definition and usefulness of the term continue to be debated, and the scholars who use it today admittedly do so as a convenient basis for comparison rather than for exactness. Other scholars
701:
General
American is thus sometimes associated with the speech of North American radio and television announcers, promoted as prestigious in their industry, where it is sometimes called "Broadcast English" "Network English", or "Network Standard". Instructional classes in the United States that
669:, however, far from being an area of "non-regional" accents, has emerged now as a crossroads for at least four distinct regional accents, according to late twentieth-century research. Furthermore, Kenyon himself was vocally opposed to the notion of any superior variety of American speech.
4643:
Blodgett, S. L., Wei, J., & O'Connor, B. (2018, July). Twitter universal dependency parsing for
African-American and mainstream American English. In Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) (pp.
315:
spoken by a majority of
Americans, encompassing a continuum rather than a single unified accent. It is often perceived by Americans themselves as lacking any distinctly regional, ethnic, or socioeconomic characteristics, though the term was spread by the linguist
3212:
392:, who largely popularized the term, considered it equivalent to the speech of "the North" or "Northern American", but, in 1934, "Western and Midwestern". Now typically regarded as falling under the General American umbrella are the regional accents of the
147:
481:", despite any historical or present evidence supporting this notion. Kretzschmar argues that a General American accent is simply the result of American speakers suppressing regional and social features that have become widely noticed and stigmatized.
647:
and poor white communities in the South and with
Southern and Eastern European immigrant groups (for example, Jewish communities) in the coastal Northeast. Instead, socially-conscious Americans settled upon accents more prestigiously associated with
201:
1510:
3060:
255:
3373:
3256:
3169:
2795:
148:
1573:, as in the majority of cases stressed syllables of foreign words are assigned one of these six vowels, regardless of whether the original pronunciation has a tense or a lax vowel. An example of that is the common German name
202:
256:
1637:, hereafter transcribed without the diacritics), which is reflected in the way they are transcribed. Monophthongal realizations are also possible, most commonly in unstressed syllables; here are audio examples for
685:
of many other societies, has never been the accent of the entire nation, and, unlike RP, does not constitute a homogeneous national standard. Starting in the 1930s, nationwide radio networks adopted non-coastal
3133:
139:
1804:
193:
3958:
4634:
Pearson, B. Z., Velleman, S. L., Bryant, T. J., & Charko, T. (2009). Phonological milestones for
African American English-speaking children learning mainstream American English as a second dialect.
2317:
404:(a band spanning central Ohio, central Indiana, central Illinois, northern Missouri, southern Iowa, and southeastern Nebraska), plus the accents of highly educated Americans nationwide. Arguably, all
1659:
1645:
665:(1934), was influential in codifying General American pronunciation standards in writing. He used as a basis his native Midwestern (specifically, northern Ohio) pronunciation. Kenyon's home state of
247:
1758:
3906:
3799:
3691:
1617:
3747:
3584:
3484:
3417:
2940:
2829:
1631:
3852:
3652:
3545:
3327:
2877:
2420:
2296:
1772:
3094:
3017:
540:
364:
6076:
Duncan, Daniel (February 10, 2016). "'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study". In
Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.).
4601:
may be taken to reflect conformance to a set of rules, but its meaning commonly gets bound up with social ideas about how one's character and education are displayed in one's speech".
1797:
4522:
6196:
Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2004). "Standard
American English pronunciation". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.).
584:. However, since the early to mid-20th century, deviance away from General American sounds started occurring, and may be ongoing, in the eastern Great Lakes region due to its
7598:
1790:
6614:
4813:
564:
in the very early 20th century, which was relatively stable since that region's original settlement by English speakers in the mid-19th century. This includes western
6118:
Hallé, Pierre A.; Best, Catherine T.; Levitt, Andrea (1999). "Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants".
1701:
is subject to the same variation (also when monophthongal: ), but its mean phonetic value is usually somewhat less central than in modern Received Pronunciation (RP).
1677:
with diphthongs. Even the diphthongal pronunciations themselves vary between the very narrow (i.e. ) and somewhat wider (i.e. ), with the former being more common.
7806:
5707:
Flemming, Edward; Johnson, Stephanie. (2007). "Rosa's roses: Reduced vowels in American English". Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37(1), 83–96.
2714:
to be called 'General American'" according to data measurements of vowel pronunciations, "it would be the configuration formed by these three" dialect regions:
531:. Today, the term is understood to refer to a continuum of American speech, with some slight internal variation, but otherwise characterized by the absence of "
6099:
Gordon, Matthew J. (2004). "The West and Midwest: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.).
2473:
7693:
6666:
5884:
Boberg, Charles (2004b). "English in Canada: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.).
6462:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press.
6413:
Thomas, Erik R. (2004). "Rural Southern white accents". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.).
149:
8472:
8073:
4013:
1524:.) All unstressed vowels are also shorter than the stressed ones, and the more unstressed syllables follow a stressed one, the shorter it is, so that
203:
3953:
5128:
4948:
257:
8078:
8041:
7743:
7528:
6506:
6445:
6386:
6334:
6280:
6165:
6008:
5874:
5843:
5770:
5072:
5045:
5015:
4737:
4129:
1545:
1353:
1201:
7763:
6836:
6721:
6302:
4859:
1209:
4877:
730:
Typical General American accent features (for example, in contrast to British English) include features that concern consonants, such as
7244:
6639:
1175:
592:(often now associated with the region's urban centers, like Chicago and Detroit) and in the western Great Lakes region towards a unique
7799:
7349:
6471:
4979:
3363:
1371:
6176:
4533:
6422:
6205:
6186:
6108:
6037:
5986:
5893:
5099:
5062:
5035:
5005:
4887:
4727:
63:
5760:
5089:
635:
One factor fueling General American's popularity was the major demographic change of twentieth-century American society: increased
803:
363:, for instance, claimed in 1982 that typical Canadian English accents align with General American in nearly every situation where
7908:
7148:
6484:
6475:
3993:
2466:
1898:
1133:
1062:
8309:
8296:
7835:
7396:
7192:
5849:
2785:
2706:
2082:
2023:
2001:
1992:
1947:
1712:
1438:
1399:
1184:
1091:
706:", "accent modification", or "accent neutralization" usually attempt to teach General American patterns. Television journalist
422:
97:
79:
6433:
8507:
7860:
7713:
7153:
6659:
6621:
6255:
6156:
3052:
1891:
1392:
593:
4821:
430:
Regarded as having General American accents in the earlier 20th century, but not by the middle of the 20th century, are the
4558:
1601:
can have either monophthongal or diphthongal pronunciations (i.e. vs ). The diphthongs are the most usual realizations of
8467:
8432:
8063:
7850:
7792:
7753:
7446:
7408:
6081:
3317:
2409:
1416:
1140:
1069:
8053:
8006:
7845:
7748:
7401:
7221:
7038:
6859:
2168:
1866:
1692:
1449:
1119:
1098:
649:
439:
5243:
is generally tensed and raised only before nasals, a raising environment for most speakers of North American English".
38:
8611:
7124:
7114:
6712:
6679:
6675:
6555:"A magnetic resonance imaging-based articulatory and acoustic study of "retroflex" and "bunched" American English /r/"
6516:
Zawadzki, P.A.; Kuehn, D.P. (1980). "A cineradiographic study of static and dynamic aspects of American English /r/".
4003:
2548:
2459:
1360:
1151:
698:, with the patriotic incentive for a more wide-ranging and unpretentious "heartland variety" in television and radio.
682:
625:
585:
450:
397:
333:
6400:. Publication of the American Dialect Society. Vol. 85. Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society.
1498:
are customarily transcribed without the length mark. Phonetically, the vowels of GA are short when they precede the
8445:
7981:
7931:
7865:
7840:
7708:
7423:
7281:
6692:
6139:
2446:
1193:
1105:
1013:
997:
561:
431:
8616:
8606:
8154:
8083:
7941:
7921:
7688:
7214:
7172:
7143:
7075:
7043:
6652:
6143:
2542:
1876:
1684:
1234:
1126:
690:
rhotic pronunciations for their "General American" standard. The entertainment industry similarly shifted from a
687:
458:
348:
308:
855:
8477:
8159:
8093:
7413:
7367:
7239:
7204:
7099:
6970:
6033:""Come join us and lose your accent!" Accent modification courses as hierarchization of international students"
4181:
4018:
3968:
2723:
2719:
1871:
1856:
1378:
1230:
719:
577:
513:
478:
401:
393:
337:
329:
6270:
5654:
416:
and certain newly developing features may serve to increasingly distinguish such accents from American ones.
8321:
8204:
8174:
8139:
7926:
7870:
7855:
7625:
7458:
7276:
7251:
4837:
4449:
1459:
1112:
1031:
1020:
1004:
661:
519:
Modern language scholars discredit the original notion of General American as a single unified accent, or a
485:
652:
communities in the remainder of the country: namely, the West, the Midwest, and the non-coastal Northeast.
8575:
8362:
8169:
8068:
7540:
7518:
7322:
7019:
6988:
6866:
5960:
5240:
4048:
4008:
3896:
3842:
3789:
3776:
3730:
3681:
3642:
3574:
3535:
3474:
3407:
3402:
3356:
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3246:
3241:
3202:
3123:
3084:
3045:
3007:
3002:
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2867:
2862:
2778:
2711:
2516:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2395:
2388:
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2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2310:
2306:
2279:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2217:
2213:
2195:
2191:
2162:
2054:
2034:
2011:
1978:
1956:
1933:
1909:
1819:
1813:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1719:
1698:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1551:
1525:
1503:
1495:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1424:
1271:
1267:
1222:
921:
827:
807:
787:
783:
779:
735:
678:
356:
93:
89:
75:
1563:
8186:
8179:
8088:
8001:
7996:
7738:
7658:
7523:
7418:
7131:
7065:
6819:
6809:
6804:
4956:
4920:
2403:
2174:
1226:
1162:
966:
955:
911:
454:
7731:
5136:
1254:
6644:
6553:
Zhou, Xinhui; Espy-Wilson, Carol Y.; Boyce, Suzanne; Tiede, Mark; Holland, Christy; Choe, Ann (2008).
2726:. The following charts present the vowels that converge across these three dialect regions to form an
1782:), or, based on a specific dialect, variously as or . See the chart for comparison to other dialects.
8565:
8427:
8337:
8316:
8226:
7953:
7160:
7053:
6993:
6871:
6844:
6761:
6566:
6345:
5952:
4703:
4211:
3735:
3361:
3315:
3050:
2922:
2783:
2536:
2407:
2286:
2166:
2080:
2021:
1999:
1990:
1945:
1851:
1690:
1682:
1038:
731:
691:
617:
443:
2391:
and is stressed—a convention preserved in many sources to facilitate comparisons with other accents.
1278:
8555:
8462:
8440:
8397:
8382:
8347:
8291:
8236:
8231:
8100:
7986:
7963:
7903:
7758:
7588:
7580:
7478:
7441:
7327:
7312:
7187:
7177:
7104:
6943:
5965:
4023:
1861:
1841:
1731:
1084:
1049:
381:
4247:
8452:
8261:
8196:
8191:
8146:
8105:
7893:
7819:
7648:
7615:
7550:
7533:
7388:
7209:
6756:
6746:
6541:
6247:
6239:
6056:
5924:
4185:
3978:
979:
916:
771:
640:
581:
524:
389:
351:
accents are sometimes considered to fall under General American, especially in opposition to the
317:
8352:
7784:
6293:(1990). "Quantity and quality in British and American vowel systems". In Ramsaran, Susan (ed.).
4910:
4851:
556:
Though General American accents are not commonly perceived as associated with any region, their
6018:
Delattre, P.; Freeman, D.C. (1968). "A dialect study of American R's by x-ray motion picture".
568:
and the area to its immediate west, settled by members of the same dialect community: interior
8580:
8545:
8530:
8514:
8502:
8487:
8457:
8417:
8387:
8367:
8357:
8301:
8281:
8271:
8256:
8241:
8126:
8121:
8048:
8018:
8013:
7991:
7973:
7968:
7958:
7948:
7653:
7638:
7610:
7570:
7362:
7344:
7299:
7048:
6824:
6788:
6592:
6533:
6502:
6441:
6418:
6401:
6382:
6330:
6298:
6276:
6201:
6182:
6161:
6104:
6064:
6004:
5978:
5889:
5870:
5839:
5766:
5095:
5068:
5041:
5011:
4883:
4733:
4237:
4125:
3988:
3194:
2994:
1406:
1242:
938:
928:
866:
839:
644:
8560:
8492:
8482:
8422:
8412:
8407:
8392:
8377:
8372:
8286:
8276:
8219:
8134:
8028:
7916:
7898:
7888:
7773:
7726:
7678:
7605:
7513:
7503:
7498:
7488:
7334:
7307:
7165:
7085:
7030:
6928:
6910:
6897:
6734:
6729:
6582:
6574:
6525:
6463:
6231:
6127:
6085:
6046:
5970:
5916:
4227:
4219:
3973:
3963:
3627:
3527:
3459:
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2715:
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2650:
2627:
2612:
2598:
2583:
2568:
2553:
2523:
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1846:
1499:
906:
877:
739:
703:
695:
573:
520:
501:
413:
405:
312:
4530:
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 22.2: Selected Papers from NWAV 44
8570:
8550:
8535:
8497:
8402:
8342:
8266:
8251:
8246:
8214:
8209:
8036:
8023:
7936:
7643:
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7483:
7453:
7436:
7261:
7136:
6957:
6933:
6905:
6876:
6849:
6814:
6701:
6084:. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America (published June 21, 2016).
3998:
3983:
3737:
3620:
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2530:
2372:
2288:
2283:
1836:
946:
933:
715:
636:
629:
621:
536:
512:
has also been occasionally used, particularly in scholarly articles that contrast it with
473:
5937:
118:
6570:
6295:
Studies in the Pronunciation of English: A Commemorative Volume in Honour of A.C. Gimson
5956:
4215:
8585:
8540:
7718:
7633:
7593:
7493:
7317:
7070:
6975:
6965:
6881:
6683:
6620:. Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. Archived from
6587:
6554:
5860:
5756:
4873:
4723:
4708:
4232:
4199:
1674:
990:
786:), as well as features that concern vowel sounds, such as various vowel mergers before
707:
505:
465:
wrote that two-thirds of the American population spoke with a General American accent.
352:
321:
210:
4508:
8600:
7768:
7683:
7339:
7256:
7197:
7109:
7060:
6938:
6920:
6455:
6323:
6290:
6266:
5928:
3298:
2757:
2239:
1555:
1303:
1238:
462:
417:
385:
360:
156:
6545:
5828:
5239:, Volume 76, Number 1. pp. 3–29 (Article). Duke University Press. p. 11: "The vowel
7271:
7119:
6998:
6251:
6216:
4944:
876:
among at least half). All of these phenomena are explained in further detail under
767:
605:
589:
569:
560:
does have traceable regional origins: specifically, the English of the non-coastal
435:
214:
4509:
Escaping the TRAP: Losing the Northern Cities Shift in Real Time (with Anja Thiel)
4486:
1704:
5998:
5864:
254:
200:
146:
6151:
6147:
4906:
2740:
2268:
1574:
1347:
1298:
565:
292:
268:
17:
380:
The term "General American" was first disseminated by American English scholar
7182:
5829:"More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization"
5437:
5435:
4952:
2727:
1739:
1432:
1308:
880:. The following provides all the General American consonant and vowel sounds.
532:
528:
280:
226:
172:
160:
6467:
6405:
6068:
6060:
5920:
5838:. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68.
5235:
Boberg, Charles (Spring 2001). "Phonological Status of Western New England".
2383:
is not a true phoneme in General American but merely a different notation of
1506:
within the same syllable and long elsewhere. (Listen to the minimal pair of
616:
Linguists have proposed multiple factors contributing to the popularity of a
484:
Since calling one variety of American speech the "general" variety can imply
7815:
6739:
6051:
6032:
4915:
3452:
2340:
1735:
1559:
1468:
1386:
889:
601:
597:
557:
6596:
6131:
4949:"The Colbert Report: Morley Safer Profiles Comedy Central's 'Fake' Newsman"
4241:
6537:
6235:
6090:
5982:
6766:
1570:
747:
722:
in response to media portrayals of Southerners as stupid and uneducated.
324:
and used speech forms there as the basis of his widely disseminated text
264:
85:
6364:
Shitara, Yuko (1993). "A survey of American pronunciation preferences".
6243:
5762:
The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis
7703:
7698:
7508:
6854:
6781:
6776:
6417:. Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 300–324.
6200:. Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 257–269.
6103:. Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 338–350.
5888:. Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 351–365.
4561:". Publicly Accessible University of Pennsylvania Dissertations. p. 48.
4523:"Reversal and re-organization of the Northern Cities Shift in Michigan"
1491:
892:
6578:
6529:
4223:
504:
under the accent continuum, have also been suggested by sociolinguist
6771:
6751:
5974:
5343:
5341:
4521:
Wagner, S. E.; Mason, A.; Nesbitt, M.; Pevan, E.; Savage, M. (2016).
759:
710:
states that "in television you are not supposed to sound like you're
694:
standard to a rhotic one in the late 1940s, after the triumph of the
409:
4852:"Do You Speak American? | Sea to Shining Sea | American Varieties |
5904:
5836:
Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics
5658:
4879:
Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English
4729:
Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English
1562:
monophthongs in General American, especially for speakers with the
384:, who in 1925 described it as an American type of speech that was "
1277:
1253:
4980:"Is There a Place in America Where People Speak Without Accents?"
4198:
Clopper, Cynthia G.; Levi, Susannah V.; Pisoni, David B. (2006).
5905:"Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English"
5863:(2004a). "Standard Canadian English". In Hickey, Raymond (ed.).
5316:
5314:
4303:
4301:
4200:"Perceptual similarity of regional dialects of American English"
2250:
are realized as centering diphthongs . Therefore, words such as
666:
7788:
6648:
6031:
Ennser-Kananen, Johanna; Halonen, Mia; Saarinen, Taina (2021).
5568:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5558:
3959:
List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas
5114:
4655:
Dialect diversity in America: The politics of language change
4487:"Reversal of the Northern Cities Shift in Syracuse, New York"
4053:
The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English
2601:
2571:
2487:
6398:
An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English
5207:
5205:
4511:". Talk presented at NWAV 46, Madison, Wisc., November 2017.
4164:
4162:
4160:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
2691:
2676:
2653:
2630:
2615:
2586:
2501:
236:
182:
128:
4360:
4358:
4182:
A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English
4091:
4089:
388:" but "not local in character". In 1930, American linguist
659:(1924) and pronunciation editor for the second edition of
5866:
Standards of English: Codified Varieties Around the World
5679:
5677:
5157:
5088:
Benson, Morton; Benson, Evelyn; Ilson, Robert F. (1986).
4333:
4331:
4051:, for both British and American English. Others, such as
2854:
2186:
In New York City, certain lexical exceptions exist (like
1812:
541:
Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation
5715:
5713:
5619:
5617:
5358:
5356:
5301:
5299:
5297:
4491:
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
2107:
In New York City and Philadelphia, most function words (
1593:: also has a lax vowel). All of the tense vowels except
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4055:, do not use the length mark for American English only.
62:"General American" redirects here. For other uses, see
42:
6640:
Comparison with other English accents around the world
5029:
5027:
4833:
Hampton, Marian E. & Barbara Acker (eds.) (1997).
4318:
4316:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4180:
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997). "
1266:, p. 486). and are monophthongal allophones of
5827:
Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008).
5402:
2177:, mainly predominant in Canada and the American West.
1754:). This sound may be narrowly transcribed as (as in
6325:
The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics
5180:
5178:
4120:
Allen, Harold B.; Linn, Michael D. (June 28, 2014).
2379:. Thus, unlike in most English dialects of England,
850:
often pronounced the same), and at least one of the
84:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8523:
8330:
8114:
7881:
7671:
7624:
7579:
7559:
7471:
7387:
7380:
7298:
7230:
7084:
7029:
7018:
7011:
6956:
6919:
6896:
6835:
6797:
6720:
6711:
6700:
6691:
6078:
Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology
6379:NTC's Dictionary of American English Pronunciation
6322:
5938:"Coarticulatory stability in American English /r/"
5834:. In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.).
2710:surmises that "if one were to recognize a type of
1494:in General American, and therefore vowels such as
115:This article includes inline links to audio files.
4047:, use a unified symbol set with the length mark,
1697:. As indicated in above phonetic transcriptions,
6559:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
6436:. In Allen, Harold B.; Linn, Michael D. (eds.).
4911:"A Fake Newsman's Fake Newsman: Stephen Colbert"
4204:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2331:, which are phonetically distinguished in RP as
98:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
6381:. Lincolnwood, Illinois: NTC Publishing Group.
6275:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 187–208.
5094:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 179–180.
2111:, etc.) and some learned or less common words (
1569:. The class manifests in how GA speakers treat
5731:
5695:
5584:
5549:
5441:
5414:
5390:
5378:
5347:
5332:
5320:
5288:
5276:
5264:
5252:
4678:
4436:
4388:
4307:
2190:being tense) and variability is common before
1589:, which mirrors the German pronunciation with
7800:
6660:
6160:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5115:Ennser-Kananen, Halonen & Saarinen (2021)
4559:The Phonological Influence on Phonetic Change
2467:
2433:Some scholars analyze to be an allophone of
1798:
1258:Monophthongs of General American without the
328:. Americans with high education, or from the
8:
5945:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
5648:
5646:
5644:
4939:
4937:
4901:
4899:
4623:Accent in North American film and television
2212:In New Orleans, additionally occurs before
834:having a higher and tenser vowel sound than
5785:
5765:. Cambridge University Press. p. 156.
5572:
5525:
5040:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 85–86.
4752:
4594:
4582:
4292:
4151:
1577:, which is pronounced in GA with the tense
117:If you have trouble playing the files, see
26:
7807:
7793:
7785:
7694:Comparison of American and British English
7563:
7384:
7092:
7026:
7015:
6717:
6708:
6697:
6667:
6653:
6645:
5655:"Accents of English from Around the World"
5653:Heggarty, Paul; et al., eds. (2015).
2730:or generic American English sound system.
2643:Forest, Florida, historic, moral, porridge
2474:
2460:
2359:in GA as well, so the historical phonemes
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
1805:
1791:
1785:
1673:, the monophthongal pronunciations are in
6615:"North American English: General Accents"
6586:
6089:
6050:
5964:
5127:Tsentserensky, Steve (October 20, 2011).
5064:Basics of Phonetics and English Phonology
4788:
4776:
4764:
4690:
4666:
4570:
4424:
4412:
4400:
4376:
4364:
4280:
4231:
4168:
4080:
4014:Regional vocabularies of American English
865:is complete among most Americans and the
718:says he consciously avoided developing a
6157:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
4800:
4657:. University of Virginia Press. pp. 1–2.
4095:
3954:List of dialects of the English language
3618:
3450:
2737:
2454:
2165:may be lowered and retracted as much as
1289:
897:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
6269:; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006).
6181:. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press.
5743:
5196:
5034:Melchers, Gunnel; Shaw, Philip (2013).
4610:
4337:
4073:
4036:
2157:
2155:
2093:
899:Consonant phonemes in General American
488:, Kretzchmar instead promotes the term
28:
6261:from the original on November 8, 2005.
6000:Race and the Rise of Standard American
5683:
5608:
5596:
5426:
5374:
5362:
5305:
4862:from the original on December 8, 2016.
4820:. GateHouse Media, Inc. Archived from
662:Webster's New International Dictionary
278:
224:
170:
5809:
5797:
5719:
5635:
5623:
5537:
5513:
5501:
5489:
5477:
5465:
5453:
5403:Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008)
5223:
5211:
5184:
5169:
4472:
4349:
4322:
4268:
4107:
3122:
2777:
2666:Forum, memorial, oral, storage, story
2124:In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs
1944:
1924:
1546:Stress and vowel reduction in English
1283:
1282:Diphthongs of General American, from
1263:
7:
7764:Non-native pronunciations of English
6329:. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
5091:Lexicographic Description of English
878:American English's phonology section
826:), raising and gliding of pre-nasal
88:. For the distinction between ,
59:Accents typical of English in the US
6272:The Atlas of North American English
5992:from the original on July 22, 1997.
5936:Boyce, S.; Espy-Wilson, C. (1997).
5855:from the original on June 24, 2011.
5067:. Logos Verlag Berlin. p. 12.
4485:Driscoll, Anna; Lape, Emma (2015).
1291:Vowel phonemes in General American
677:General American, like the British
365:British and American accents differ
6415:A Handbook of Varieties of English
6198:A Handbook of Varieties of English
6101:A Handbook of Varieties of English
5886:A Handbook of Varieties of English
4043:Some British sources, such as the
714:anywhere", and political comedian
412:are also General American, though
263:An example of an Asian woman from
57:
6312:Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999).
6178:American English: An Introduction
6038:Journal of International Students
5007:Gimson's Pronunciation of English
4978:Nosowitz, Dan (August 23, 2016).
4835:The Vocal Vision: Views on Voice.
2562:borrow, sorrow, sorry, (to)morrow
2347:. Moreover, what is historically
1458:
1448:
1437:
1423:
1415:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1377:
1370:
1359:
1352:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1150:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1068:
1061:
1037:
1030:
1019:
1012:
1003:
996:
978:
965:
954:
209:An example of a Black woman from
64:General American (disambiguation)
6499:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
6434:"General American: An Ambiguity"
4045:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
3994:English-language spelling reform
2687:
2672:
2649:
2626:
2611:
2597:
2582:
2567:
2497:
2483:
2437:that surfaces when stressed, so
818:using a higher vowel sound than
279:Problems playing this file? See
252:
225:Problems playing this file? See
198:
171:Problems playing this file? See
144:
107:
6432:Van Riper, William R. (2014) .
6346:"The Academy: Talking the Tawk"
6344:Seabrook, John (May 19, 2005).
6297:. Routledge. pp. 106–118.
5997:Bonfiglio, Thomas Paul (2002).
5671:See under "Std US + 'up-speak'"
5129:"You Know What The Midwest Is?"
4450:Why is Canadian English unique?
2707:Atlas of North American English
2387:for when this phoneme precedes
494:Standard North American English
461:. In 1982, British phonetician
423:Atlas of North American English
155:An example of a White man from
80:International Phonetic Alphabet
7714:English-based creole languages
6438:Dialect and Language Variation
5909:Journal of English Linguistics
5869:. Cambridge University Press.
5732:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5696:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5585:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5550:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5442:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5415:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5391:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5379:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5348:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5333:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5321:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5289:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5277:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5265:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5253:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
4679:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
4437:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
4389:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
4308:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
4122:Dialect and Language Variation
2449:, comprising only one phoneme.
2406:open-mid back unrounded vowel
1738:, whenever occurring before a
1225:is articulated variously as a
500:, in an effort to incorporate
498:General North American English
1:
7754:List of English-based pidgins
6377:Silverstein, Bernard (1994).
6003:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
5444:, pp. 82, 123, 177, 179.
4625:. Cambridge University Press.
4124:. Elsevier. p. 124-125.
2173:in varieties affected by the
1536:is noticeably longer than in
436:Inland Northern United States
376:History and modern definition
7749:Linguistic purism in English
6217:"Transmission and Diffusion"
6082:Annual Meetings on Phonology
5291:, pp. 173–174, 238–239.
5279:, pp. 173–174, 260–261.
4814:"Dissecting Ohio's Dialects"
2323:in GA. Similarly, the words
2149:alone in this context have .
1554:are considered to compose a
806:), raising of pre-voiceless
650:White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
521:standardized form of English
8042:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
6850:London & Thames Estuary
6366:Speech Hearing and Language
4882:. Basic Books. p. 32.
4004:Northern Cities Vowel Shift
2445:may be considered to be in
2264:are often pronounced and .
758:pronounced the same, as ),
734:(full pronunciation of all
626:English dialects of England
586:Northern Cities Vowel Shift
523:—except perhaps as used by
510:Mainstream American English
8633:
7709:English as a lingua franca
4557:Fruehwald, Josef (2013). "
2447:complementary distribution
2090:
1734:, followed by a centering
1237:, with various degrees of
630:German dialects of Germany
562:Northeastern United States
537:Englishes around the world
477:with the vaguely-defined "
432:Mid-Atlantic United States
119:Knowledge (XXG) Media help
61:
7826:
7689:Broad and general accents
7599:regional and occupational
7566:
7432:
7358:
7095:
6984:
6501:(3rd ed.). Longman.
6175:Kövecses, Zoltan (2000).
5526:Roca & Johnson (1999)
5010:. Routledge. p. 87.
5004:Cruttenden, Alan (2014).
3895:
3846:
3841:
3788:
3734:
3680:
3473:
3355:
3309:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3201:
3083:
3044:
2934:
2929:
2903:
2871:
2866:
2647:
2624:
2595:
2565:
2079:
2065:
2047:
2045:
1998:
1989:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1730:, is pronounced with the
1711:: For most speakers, the
1472:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1235:velar bunched approximant
1214:
1169:
1167:
1147:
1145:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1043:
1027:
1025:
1009:
984:
973:
971:
960:
937:
932:
927:
920:
915:
910:
905:
612:Theories about prevalence
490:Standard American English
486:privileging and prejudice
349:Standard Canadian English
343:Standard American English
6468:10.1017/CBO9780511611766
6396:Thomas, Erik R. (2001).
5921:10.1177/0075424208316648
5903:Boberg, Charles (2008).
5429:, pp. 130, 136–137.
5172:, pp. 120, 480–481.
4850:Fought, John G. (2005).
4791:, pp. 123, 128–130.
4621:Boberg, Charles (2021).
4448:Harbeck, James (2015). "
4019:Standard Written English
3969:African-American English
2394:The phonetic quality of
1750:and, for some speakers,
1231:postalveolar approximant
720:Southern American accent
588:(NCVS) towards a unique
514:African-American English
474:English-language scholar
289:General American English
39:latest accepted revision
8074:Regional North American
6497:Wells, John C. (2008).
6316:. Blackwell Publishing.
6215:Labov, William (2007).
6052:10.32674/jis.v11i2.1640
4838:Hal Leonard Corporation
4653:Labov, William (2012).
4507:Dinkin, Aaron (2017). "
888:A table containing the
596:(often associated with
76:phonetic transcriptions
8508:Dialects and varieties
8069:Received Pronunciation
7909:American Sign Language
6867:Received Pronunciation
6321:Rogers, Henry (2000).
6132:10.1006/jpho.1999.0097
5788:, pp. 263–4, 266.
5061:Lorenz, Frank (2013).
4824:on September 28, 2021.
4812:Hunt, Spencer (2012).
4009:Received Pronunciation
2995:cot–caught variability
2712:North American English
1820:North American English
1587:Received Pronunciation
1287:
1275:
679:Received Pronunciation
657:American Pronunciation
590:Inland Northern accent
414:Canadian vowel raising
357:Received Pronunciation
326:American Pronunciation
241:
187:
133:
73:This article contains
7061:Multicultural Toronto
6314:A Course in Phonology
6236:10.1353/lan.2007.0082
6091:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653
4921:National Public Radio
4818:The Columbus Dispatch
2282:, articulated as the
2175:Low Back Merger Shift
1281:
1257:
1227:retroflex approximant
240:
186:
132:
7222:Western Pennsylvania
6120:Journal of Phonetics
5800:, pp. 121, 481.
5350:, pp. 178, 180.
5214:, pp. 476, 487.
5139:on November 18, 2018
4909:(January 24, 2005).
4779:, pp. 4, 97–98.
4573:, pp. 123, 129.
4415:, pp. 128, 130.
4283:, pp. 124, 126.
4024:Transatlantic accent
2923:father–bother merger
1681:varies between back
1490:Vowel length is not
766:pronounced , not ),
746:pronounced , not ),
594:North Central accent
576:, and the adjacent "
440:Western Pennsylvania
359:. Noted phonetician
8433:Proto-Indo-European
8079:White South African
7759:Mid-Atlantic accent
7350:Trinidad and Tobago
6571:2008ASAJ..123.4466Z
5957:1997ASAJ..101.3741B
5417:, pp. 181–182.
5381:, pp. 175–177.
5267:, pp. 173–174.
4947:(August 13, 2006).
4712:. Condé Nast. 2005.
4427:, pp. 129–130.
4216:2006ASAJ..119..566C
4110:, pp. 34, 470.
3623:
3455:
2744:
2510:
2246:and sometimes also
1822:
1292:
900:
854:vowel mergers (the
804:pronounced the same
772:alveolar consonants
738:sounds), pre-nasal
539:(for instance, see
525:television networks
508:. Since the 2000s,
451:Eastern New England
398:Western New England
382:George Philip Krapp
334:Western New England
307:), is the umbrella
29:Page version status
8612:Standard languages
7282:Pennsylvania Dutch
6627:on April 21, 2014.
6460:Accents of English
5786:Kretzschmar (2004)
5573:Kretzschmar (2004)
5158:Zhou et al. (2008)
4959:on August 20, 2006
4874:McWhorter, John H.
4753:Kretzschmar (2004)
4724:McWhorter, John H.
4704:"Talking the Tawk"
4583:Kretzschmar (2004)
4293:Kretzschmar (2004)
4152:Kretzschmar (2004)
3979:California English
3634:GenAm realization
3619:
3466:GenAm realization
3451:
2738:
2455:
1786:
1504:/p,t,k,tʃ,f,θ,s,ʃ/
1290:
1288:
1276:
898:
655:Kenyon, author of
641:American Civil War
582:Great Lakes region
390:John Samuel Kenyon
320:, who hailed from
318:John Samuel Kenyon
242:
188:
134:
35:
8594:
8593:
8084:Standard Canadian
7820:world's languages
7782:
7781:
7667:
7666:
7467:
7466:
7376:
7375:
7294:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7215:Pacific Northwest
7076:Standard Canadian
7007:
7006:
6952:
6951:
6892:
6891:
6613:Jilka, Matthias.
6579:10.1121/1.2902168
6530:10.1159/000259995
6508:978-1-4058-8118-0
6447:978-1-4832-9476-6
6388:978-0-8442-0726-1
6336:978-0-582-38182-7
6282:978-3-11-016746-7
6167:978-0-521-15255-6
6010:978-3-11-017189-1
5876:978-0-521-76389-9
5845:978-1-57473-423-2
5772:978-1-139-49144-0
5661:on April 29, 2011
5575:, pp. 263–4.
5504:, pp. 480–1.
5074:978-3-83-253109-6
5047:978-1-44-413537-4
5017:978-0-41-572174-5
4767:, pp. 69–70.
4755:, pp. 260–2.
4739:978-0-7867-3147-3
4224:10.1121/1.2141171
4171:, pp. 128–9.
4131:978-1-4832-9476-6
4098:, pp. 81–82.
4031:Explanatory notes
3989:English phonology
3944:
3943:
3628:Knowledge (XXG)'s
3612:
3611:
3460:Knowledge (XXG)'s
3444:
3443:
3195:weak vowel merger
2749:Knowledge (XXG)'s
2702:
2701:
2531:Metropolitan New
2229:
2228:
2141:In Philadelphia,
2113:alas, carafe, lad
2074:as, back, happy,
2060:ask, bath, half,
1742:(that is, before
1705:Raising of short
1665:. In the case of
1585:(as in Britain's
1487:
1486:
1243:pharyngealization
1218:
1217:
1165:
1087:
1052:
993:
949:
840:weak vowel merger
802:are all commonly
748:T- and D-flapping
645:African Americans
502:Canadian speakers
258:
204:
150:
47:21 September 2024
16:(Redirected from
8624:
8617:Standard English
8607:American English
8446:Kerkrade dialect
8059:General American
7809:
7802:
7795:
7786:
7679:English language
7564:
7385:
7368:Falkland Islands
7267:General American
7240:African-American
7093:
7027:
7016:
6718:
6709:
6698:
6669:
6662:
6655:
6646:
6628:
6626:
6619:
6600:
6590:
6565:(6): 4466–4481.
6549:
6512:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6482:
6481:
6451:
6428:
6409:
6392:
6373:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6340:
6328:
6317:
6308:
6304:978-0-41507180-2
6286:
6262:
6260:
6221:
6211:
6192:
6171:
6135:
6114:
6095:
6093:
6072:
6054:
6027:
6014:
5993:
5991:
5975:10.1121/1.418333
5968:
5951:(6): 3741–3753.
5942:
5932:
5899:
5880:
5856:
5854:
5833:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5795:
5789:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5708:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5657:. Archived from
5650:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5570:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5377:, pp. 1–2;
5372:
5366:
5360:
5351:
5345:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5309:
5303:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5242:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5135:. Archived from
5124:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5031:
5022:
5021:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4955:. Archived from
4941:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4847:
4841:
4831:
4825:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4789:Van Riper (2014)
4786:
4780:
4777:Bonfiglio (2002)
4774:
4768:
4765:Bonfiglio (2002)
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4700:
4694:
4691:Bonfiglio (2002)
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4667:Van Riper (2014)
4664:
4658:
4651:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4626:
4619:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4599:Standard English
4597:, p. 257: "
4595:Kretzschmar 2004
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4571:Van Riper (2014)
4568:
4562:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4539:on June 23, 2021
4538:
4532:. Archived from
4527:
4518:
4512:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4457:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4425:Van Riper (2014)
4422:
4416:
4413:Van Riper (2014)
4410:
4404:
4401:Van Riper (2014)
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4377:Van Riper (2014)
4374:
4368:
4365:Van Riper (2014)
4362:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4326:
4320:
4311:
4305:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4281:Van Riper (2014)
4278:
4272:
4266:
4251:
4245:
4235:
4195:
4189:
4178:
4172:
4169:Van Riper (2014)
4166:
4155:
4149:
4136:
4135:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4084:
4081:Van Riper (2014)
4078:
4056:
4050:
4041:
3974:American English
3964:Accent reduction
3915:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3898:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3844:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3791:
3778:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3741:
3732:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3683:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3644:
3624:
3621:R-colored vowels
3615:R-colored vowels
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3576:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3537:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3476:
3456:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3409:
3404:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3302:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3248:
3243:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3204:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3125:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3086:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3047:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3009:
3004:
2979:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2932:
2906:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2869:
2864:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2745:
2724:American Midland
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2481:Distribution of
2476:
2469:
2462:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2413:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2159:
2150:
2139:
2133:
2122:
2116:
2105:
2086:
2056:
2040:grab, flash, sad
2036:
2027:
2017:dragon, magazine
2013:
2005:
1996:
1980:
1958:
1951:
1939:animal, planet,
1935:
1915:fan, lamb, stand
1911:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1581:rather than lax
1580:
1553:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1505:
1497:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1462:
1452:
1441:
1427:
1419:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1381:
1374:
1363:
1356:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1293:
1273:
1269:
1224:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1161:
1154:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1083:
1072:
1065:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1023:
1016:
1007:
1000:
989:
982:
969:
958:
945:
901:
895:is given below:
873:
869:
862:
858:
853:
829:
809:
789:
785:
781:
740:T-glottalization
737:
704:accent reduction
696:Second World War
683:prestige accents
574:Upstate New York
552:Regional origins
408:accents west of
406:Canadian English
341:prefer the term
313:American English
297:General American
260:
259:
239:
206:
205:
185:
152:
151:
131:
111:
110:
95:
91:
21:
18:General American
8632:
8631:
8627:
8626:
8625:
8623:
8622:
8621:
8597:
8596:
8595:
8590:
8519:
8473:Scottish Gaelic
8326:
8170:Standard Modern
8110:
7917:Modern Standard
7877:
7822:
7813:
7783:
7778:
7663:
7620:
7575:
7555:
7463:
7459:Solomon Islands
7428:
7372:
7354:
7286:
7277:New York Latino
7252:American Indian
7232:
7226:
7087:
7080:
7021:
7003:
6989:Channel Islands
6980:
6948:
6915:
6888:
6831:
6793:
6703:
6687:
6673:
6636:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6612:
6608:
6606:Further reading
6603:
6552:
6515:
6509:
6496:
6488:
6479:
6454:
6448:
6431:
6425:
6412:
6395:
6389:
6376:
6363:
6354:
6352:
6343:
6337:
6320:
6311:
6305:
6289:
6283:
6265:
6258:
6219:
6214:
6208:
6195:
6189:
6174:
6168:
6138:
6117:
6111:
6098:
6075:
6030:
6017:
6011:
5996:
5989:
5940:
5935:
5902:
5896:
5883:
5877:
5861:Boberg, Charles
5859:
5852:
5846:
5831:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5816:
5812:, pp. 483.
5808:
5804:
5796:
5792:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5757:Boberg, Charles
5755:
5754:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5730:
5726:
5718:
5711:
5706:
5702:
5694:
5690:
5682:
5675:
5664:
5662:
5652:
5651:
5642:
5634:
5630:
5622:
5615:
5607:
5603:
5595:
5591:
5583:
5579:
5571:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5512:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5488:
5484:
5476:
5472:
5464:
5460:
5452:
5448:
5440:
5433:
5425:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5373:
5369:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5339:
5331:
5327:
5319:
5312:
5308:, pp. 1–2.
5304:
5295:
5287:
5283:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5237:American Speech
5234:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5183:
5176:
5168:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5140:
5133:The News Burner
5126:
5125:
5121:
5113:
5109:
5102:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5037:World Englishes
5033:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4988:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4960:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4925:
4923:
4905:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4832:
4828:
4811:
4807:
4801:Seabrook (2005)
4799:
4795:
4787:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4732:. Basic Books.
4722:
4721:
4717:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4677:
4673:
4665:
4661:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4605:
4593:
4589:
4581:
4577:
4569:
4565:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4506:
4502:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4460:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4267:
4254:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4179:
4175:
4167:
4158:
4150:
4139:
4132:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4096:Kövecses (2000)
4094:
4087:
4083:, pp. 123.
4079:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4028:
3999:Hawaiian Pidgin
3984:Chicano English
3949:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3629:
3617:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3461:
3449:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3300:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3012:
2970:lot–cloth split
2941:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2750:
2736:
2690:
2686:
2675:
2671:
2652:
2648:
2629:
2625:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2596:
2585:
2581:
2570:
2566:
2546:
2540:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2500:
2496:
2495:and prevocalic
2486:
2482:
2480:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2399:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2284:R-colored schwa
2275:
2271:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2211:
2185:
2181:
2160:
2153:
2140:
2136:
2123:
2119:
2106:
2095:
2075:
2061:
2053:
2052:Non-prevocalic
2033:
2032:Non-prevocalic
1977:
1976:Non-prevocalic
1962:frank, language
1940:
1932:
1908:
1907:Non-prevocalic
1900:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1850:
1840:
1832:
1827:
1811:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1740:nasal consonant
1727:
1723:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1552:/i,u,eɪ,oʊ,ɑ,ɔ/
1511:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1286:, p. 486).
1252:
923:
886:
871:
867:
860:
856:
851:
728:
716:Stephen Colbert
675:
637:suburbanization
622:language change
614:
554:
549:
471:
378:
373:
286:
285:
277:
275:
274:
273:
272:
261:
253:
250:
243:
237:
232:
231:
223:
221:
220:
219:
218:
207:
199:
196:
189:
183:
178:
177:
169:
167:
166:
165:
164:
153:
145:
142:
135:
129:
124:
123:
122:
112:
108:
103:
102:
101:
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8630:
8628:
8620:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8599:
8598:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8527:
8525:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8517:
8512:
8511:
8510:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8478:Serbo-Croatian
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8443:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8334:
8332:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8149:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8137:
8129:
8124:
8118:
8116:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8097:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8046:
8045:
8044:
8039:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7838:
7833:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7814:
7812:
7811:
7804:
7797:
7789:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7729:
7721:
7719:Englishisation
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7675:
7673:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7630:
7628:
7626:Southeast Asia
7622:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7591:
7585:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7567:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7541:South Atlantic
7538:
7537:
7536:
7531:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7475:
7473:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7450:
7449:
7439:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7393:
7391:
7382:
7378:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7359:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7323:Cayman Islands
7320:
7315:
7310:
7304:
7302:
7296:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7236:
7234:
7233:ethno-cultural
7228:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7212:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7102:
7096:
7090:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7041:
7035:
7033:
7024:
7013:
7009:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6962:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6925:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6902:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6879:
6869:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6847:
6841:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6825:Stoke-on-Trent
6822:
6817:
6807:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6732:
6726:
6724:
6715:
6706:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6684:Modern English
6674:
6672:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6635:
6634:External links
6632:
6630:
6629:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6550:
6524:(4): 253–266.
6513:
6507:
6494:
6456:Wells, John C.
6452:
6446:
6429:
6423:
6410:
6393:
6387:
6374:
6361:
6350:The New Yorker
6341:
6335:
6318:
6309:
6303:
6291:Lindsey, Geoff
6287:
6281:
6267:Labov, William
6263:
6230:(2): 344–387.
6212:
6206:
6193:
6187:
6172:
6166:
6136:
6126:(3): 281–306.
6115:
6109:
6096:
6073:
6045:(2): 322–340.
6028:
6015:
6009:
5994:
5966:10.1.1.16.4174
5933:
5915:(2): 129–154.
5900:
5894:
5881:
5875:
5857:
5844:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5802:
5790:
5778:
5771:
5748:
5746:, p. 361.
5744:Boberg (2004b)
5736:
5734:, p. 154.
5724:
5722:, p. 486.
5709:
5700:
5698:, p. 104.
5688:
5686:, p. 343.
5673:
5640:
5638:, p. 145.
5628:
5626:, p. 476.
5613:
5611:, p. 340.
5601:
5599:, p. 315.
5589:
5587:, p. 180.
5577:
5554:
5542:
5540:, p. 132.
5530:
5528:, p. 190.
5518:
5516:, p. 485.
5506:
5494:
5492:, p. 121.
5482:
5480:, p. 487.
5470:
5468:, p. 373.
5458:
5456:, p. 359.
5446:
5431:
5419:
5407:
5395:
5393:, p. 183.
5383:
5367:
5365:, p. 145.
5352:
5337:
5335:, p. 238.
5325:
5323:, p. 173.
5310:
5293:
5281:
5269:
5257:
5255:, p. 182.
5245:
5228:
5216:
5201:
5197:Lindsey (1990)
5189:
5174:
5162:
5150:
5119:
5117:, p. 334.
5107:
5100:
5080:
5073:
5053:
5046:
5023:
5016:
4996:
4970:
4933:
4895:
4888:
4865:
4842:
4826:
4805:
4793:
4781:
4769:
4757:
4745:
4738:
4715:
4709:The New Yorker
4695:
4683:
4681:, p. 190.
4671:
4669:, p. 129.
4659:
4646:
4636:
4627:
4614:
4611:Boberg (2004a)
4603:
4587:
4575:
4563:
4550:
4513:
4500:
4477:
4475:, p. 470.
4458:
4441:
4439:, p. 268.
4429:
4417:
4405:
4403:, p. 130.
4393:
4391:, p. 146.
4381:
4379:, p. 125.
4369:
4367:, p. 124.
4354:
4352:, p. 491.
4342:
4340:, p. 159.
4338:Boberg (2004a)
4327:
4312:
4310:, p. 263.
4297:
4295:, p. 262.
4285:
4273:
4271:, p. 118.
4252:
4210:(1): 566–574.
4190:
4173:
4156:
4154:, p. 257.
4137:
4130:
4112:
4100:
4085:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3916:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3877:
3876:
3862:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3809:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3757:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3701:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3662:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3637:Example words
3635:
3632:
3630:IPA diaphoneme
3616:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3594:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3555:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3494:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3469:Example words
3467:
3464:
3462:IPA diaphoneme
3448:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3427:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3383:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3337:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3282:
3281:
3266:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3222:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3179:
3161:
3160:
3143:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3104:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3065:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3027:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2950:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2887:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2853:nd (pre-nasal
2839:
2821:
2820:
2805:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2755:
2735:
2732:
2700:
2699:
2684:
2669:
2662:
2661:
2646:
2639:
2638:
2623:
2594:
2579:
2564:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2392:
2278:are merged as
2265:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2179:
2151:
2134:
2117:
2115:, etc.) have .
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2078:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1702:
1675:free variation
1549:
1485:
1484:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1001:
994:
986:
985:
983:
976:
974:
972:
970:
963:
961:
959:
952:
950:
942:
941:
936:
931:
926:
919:
914:
909:
904:
885:
882:
760:L-velarization
727:
724:
708:Linda Ellerbee
674:
671:
613:
610:
553:
550:
548:
545:
506:Charles Boberg
470:
469:Disputed usage
467:
459:American South
420:et al.'s 2006
377:
374:
372:
369:
353:United Kingdom
322:Northeast Ohio
276:
262:
251:
248:Speech example
246:
245:
244:
235:
234:
233:
222:
208:
197:
194:Speech example
192:
191:
190:
181:
180:
179:
168:
154:
143:
140:Speech example
138:
137:
136:
127:
126:
125:
113:
106:
105:
104:
96:⟩, see
72:
71:
70:
58:
56:
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8629:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8526:
8522:
8516:
8513:
8509:
8506:
8505:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8329:
8323:
8322:Luxembourgish
8320:
8318:
8315:
8311:
8310:Maastrichtian
8308:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8113:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8050:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7880:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7836:Orthographies
7834:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7810:
7805:
7803:
7798:
7796:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7739:International
7737:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7670:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7623:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7431:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7419:Torres Strait
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7379:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7229:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7159:
7155:
7154:North-Central
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7133:
7132:New York City
7130:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7083:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7066:Ottawa Valley
7064:
7062:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7017:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6983:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6955:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6861:
6860:Multicultural
6858:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6820:Black Country
6818:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6810:West Midlands
6808:
6806:
6805:East Midlands
6803:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6670:
6665:
6663:
6658:
6656:
6651:
6650:
6647:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6623:
6616:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6598:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6500:
6495:
6486:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6430:
6426:
6424:3-11-017532-0
6420:
6416:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6380:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6362:
6351:
6347:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6327:
6326:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6306:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6207:3-11-017532-0
6203:
6199:
6194:
6190:
6188:1-55-111229-9
6184:
6180:
6179:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6140:Jones, Daniel
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6116:
6112:
6110:3-11-017532-0
6106:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6012:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5995:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5939:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5895:3-11-017532-0
5891:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5858:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5811:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5794:
5791:
5787:
5782:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5684:Gordon (2004)
5680:
5678:
5674:
5665:September 24,
5660:
5656:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5609:Gordon (2004)
5605:
5602:
5598:
5597:Thomas (2004)
5593:
5590:
5586:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5552:, p. 144
5551:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5427:Boberg (2008)
5423:
5420:
5416:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5375:Duncan (2016)
5371:
5368:
5364:
5363:Boberg (2008)
5359:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5306:Duncan (2016)
5302:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5249:
5246:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5226:, p. IX.
5225:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5151:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5108:
5103:
5101:9-02-723014-5
5097:
5093:
5092:
5084:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5057:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5000:
4997:
4985:
4984:Atlas Obscura
4981:
4974:
4971:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4945:Safer, Morley
4940:
4938:
4934:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4889:0-73-820446-3
4885:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4856:ful Southern"
4855:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4693:, p. 43.
4692:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4325:, p. 34.
4324:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4067:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4030:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3939:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3739:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3614:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3528:price raising
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3137:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2881:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2739:Pure vowels (
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2720:American West
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2685:
2681:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2620:
2606:
2591:
2580:
2576:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2519:Pronunciation
2515:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2492:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2448:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2411:
2405:
2393:
2374:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2305:, pronounced
2304:
2301:. Therefore,
2297:
2290:
2285:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2253:
2241:
2240:syllable coda
2236:
2231:
2230:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2161:The untensed
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1929:
1916:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1837:New York City
1835:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1764:
1762:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:tongue raised
1717:
1716:
1710:
1709:before nasals
1708:
1703:
1694:
1686:
1676:
1660:
1654:
1646:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1588:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1556:natural class
1550:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1280:
1265:
1262:merger, from
1261:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1239:labialization
1236:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
988:
987:
981:
977:
975:
968:
964:
962:
957:
953:
951:
948:
944:
943:
940:
935:
930:
925:
918:
913:
908:
903:
902:
896:
894:
891:
883:
881:
879:
875:
864:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
825:
821:
817:
813:
805:
801:
797:
793:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
733:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
699:
697:
693:
689:
688:Northern U.S.
684:
680:
672:
670:
668:
664:
663:
658:
653:
651:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
624:(such as the
623:
619:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
551:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
475:
468:
466:
464:
463:John C. Wells
460:
456:
455:New York City
452:
448:
446:
441:
437:
433:
428:
425:
424:
419:
418:William Labov
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:North Midland
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
370:
368:
366:
362:
361:John C. Wells
358:
354:
350:
346:
344:
339:
335:
331:
330:North Midland
327:
323:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:(abbreviated
298:
294:
290:
284:
282:
270:
266:
249:
230:
228:
216:
212:
195:
176:
174:
162:
158:
157:Massachusetts
141:
120:
116:
99:
87:
83:
81:
77:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
8576:West Frisian
8363:Massachusett
8058:
7861:Prepositions
7830:
7524:South Africa
7519:Sierra Leone
7272:Miami Latino
7266:
7161:Philadelphia
7149:Inland North
7054:Newfoundland
6872:West Country
6686:by continent
6622:the original
6562:
6558:
6521:
6517:
6498:
6485:0-52128541-0
6476:0-52129719-2
6459:
6440:. Elsevier.
6437:
6414:
6397:
6378:
6369:
6365:
6353:. Retrieved
6349:
6324:
6313:
6294:
6271:
6227:
6223:
6197:
6177:
6155:
6152:Esling, John
6148:Setter, Jane
6144:Roach, Peter
6123:
6119:
6100:
6077:
6042:
6036:
6023:
6019:
5999:
5948:
5944:
5912:
5908:
5885:
5865:
5835:
5820:Bibliography
5810:Wells (1982)
5805:
5798:Wells (1982)
5793:
5781:
5761:
5751:
5739:
5727:
5720:Wells (1982)
5703:
5691:
5663:. Retrieved
5659:the original
5636:Wells (1982)
5631:
5624:Wells (1982)
5604:
5592:
5580:
5545:
5538:Wells (1982)
5533:
5521:
5514:Wells (1982)
5509:
5502:Wells (1982)
5497:
5490:Wells (1982)
5485:
5478:Wells (1982)
5473:
5466:Labov (2007)
5461:
5454:Labov (2007)
5449:
5422:
5410:
5398:
5386:
5370:
5328:
5284:
5272:
5260:
5248:
5236:
5231:
5224:Jones (2011)
5219:
5212:Wells (1982)
5192:
5185:Wells (2008)
5170:Wells (1982)
5165:
5153:
5143:December 13,
5141:. Retrieved
5137:the original
5132:
5122:
5110:
5090:
5083:
5063:
5056:
5036:
5006:
4999:
4987:. Retrieved
4983:
4973:
4961:. Retrieved
4957:the original
4924:. Retrieved
4914:
4907:Gross, Terry
4878:
4868:
4853:
4845:
4834:
4829:
4822:the original
4817:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4760:
4748:
4728:
4718:
4707:
4698:
4686:
4674:
4662:
4654:
4649:
4639:
4630:
4622:
4617:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4578:
4566:
4553:
4541:. Retrieved
4534:the original
4529:
4516:
4503:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4473:Wells (1982)
4453:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4350:Wells (1982)
4345:
4323:Wells (1982)
4288:
4276:
4269:Wells (1982)
4207:
4203:
4193:
4176:
4121:
4115:
4108:Wells (1982)
4103:
4076:
4052:
4044:
4039:
3937:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3782:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3722:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3038:
3034:
3030:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2768:realization
2741:monophthongs
2705:
2703:
2665:
2642:
2561:
2537:Philadelphia
2355:, merges to
2352:
2328:
2324:
2302:
2269:lexical sets
2258:
2251:
2234:
2232:Before dark
2207:
2203:
2199:
2187:
2182:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2109:am, can, had
2108:
2073:
2059:
2039:
2016:
1983:
1961:
1938:
1914:
1899:Great Lakes
1888:Mountain US
1852:Philadelphia
1774:
1760:
1714:
1706:
1689:and central
1652:
1638:
1624:
1610:
1564:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1516:
1512:
1259:
1221:The phoneme
887:
847:
843:
835:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
799:
795:
791:
775:
768:yod-dropping
763:
755:
751:
743:
729:
711:
700:
676:
673:In the media
660:
656:
654:
634:
615:
606:North Dakota
570:Pennsylvania
558:sound system
555:
518:
509:
497:
493:
489:
483:
472:
444:
429:
421:
379:
347:
342:
325:
304:
300:
296:
288:
287:
215:Alice Walker
114:
92:and ⟨
74:
68:
46:
37:This is the
31:
8306:Limburgish
8187:Greenlandic
8064:New Zealand
7997:Northern Wu
7851:Determiners
7831:Phonologies
7816:Phonologies
7649:Philippines
7442:New Zealand
7328:Bay Islands
7308:The Bahamas
7231:Social and
7188:New Orleans
7105:New England
6999:Isle of Man
6944:Port Talbot
6845:East Anglia
6762:Northumbria
6020:Linguistics
4989:October 12,
4644:1415–1425).
4543:October 21,
2855:/æ/ tensing
2734:Pure vowels
2549:New England
2543:Southern US
2509:by dialect
2373:neutralized
2341:homophonous
2126:began, ran,
2010:Prevocalic
1931:Prevocalic
1892:Minnesota,
1886:, Northern
1862:New England
1842:New Orleans
1502:consonants
1284:Wells (1982
1264:Wells (1982
1163:Approximant
778:pronounced
566:New England
371:Terminology
293:linguistics
291:, known in
269:Michelle Wu
8601:Categories
8566:Vietnamese
8437:Ripuarian
8428:Portuguese
8338:Macedonian
8317:Lithuanian
8227:Hindustani
8054:Australian
8007:Historical
7954:Belarusian
7846:Adjectives
7589:Bangladesh
7581:South Asia
7534:Cape Flats
7484:The Gambia
7409:Aboriginal
7245:vernacular
7210:California
7183:High Tider
7178:Appalachia
7039:Aboriginal
6971:South-West
6815:Birmingham
6772:Sunderland
6757:Manchester
6747:Lancashire
6372:: 201–232.
4963:August 15,
4953:60 Minutes
4246:See also:
4063:References
3453:Diphthongs
3447:Diphthongs
2753:diaphoneme
2722:, and the
2345:/ˈfɔrwərd/
2337:/ˈfɔːwɜːd/
2309:in RP, is
2070:Otherwise
1872:Western US
1867:Pittsburgh
1857:Midland US
1828:consonant
1826:Following
1565:cot–caught
1469:Diphthongs
1260:cot–caught
884:Consonants
692:non-rhotic
529:mass media
527:and other
457:, and the
400:, and the
295:simply as
281:media help
227:media help
173:media help
161:Matt Damon
8556:Ukrainian
8463:Sardinian
8441:Colognian
8398:Old Saxon
8383:Norwegian
8348:Maldivian
8292:Latgalian
8237:Icelandic
8232:Hungarian
8220:Samaritan
8101:Esperanto
7987:Cantonese
7964:Bulgarian
7932:Levantine
7904:Afrikaans
7654:Singapore
7616:Sri Lanka
7571:Hong Kong
7397:variation
7389:Australia
7300:Caribbean
7166:Baltimore
7049:Lunenburg
6994:Gibraltar
6911:Highlands
6789:Yorkshire
6752:Liverpool
6518:Phonetica
6406:0002-8207
6069:2162-3104
6061:2166-3750
5961:CiteSeerX
5929:146478485
4916:Fresh Air
4840:. p. 163.
4068:Citations
2704:The 2006
2517:Received
2333:/ˈfɔːwəd/
2311:/ˈfərðər/
1984:bag, drag
1894:Wisconsin
1877:Southern
1847:Baltimore
1571:loanwords
1085:Fricative
1050:Affricate
890:consonant
848:effecting
844:affecting
790:(so that
732:rhoticity
726:Phonology
702:promise "
681:(RP) and
602:Wisconsin
598:Minnesota
449:ones) of
447:-dropping
8453:Romanian
8262:Japanese
8215:Tiberian
8210:Biblical
8197:Hawaiian
8192:Gujarati
8155:Standard
8147:Galician
8135:Parisian
8106:Estonian
8037:Standard
7982:Mandarin
7978:Chinese
7942:Tunisian
7937:Moroccan
7922:Egyptian
7894:Acehnese
7866:Pronouns
7841:Grammars
7774:Standard
7744:Learning
7732:Nerrière
7723:Globish
7639:Malaysia
7611:Pakistan
7551:Zimbabwe
7479:Cameroon
7313:Barbados
7044:Atlantic
7012:Americas
6929:Abercraf
6898:Scotland
6877:Cornwall
6798:Midlands
6782:Teesside
6777:Tyneside
6767:Pitmatic
6730:Cheshire
6676:Dialects
6597:18537397
6546:46760239
6458:(1982).
6256:Archived
6244:40070845
6224:Language
6154:(eds.).
6142:(2011).
6026:: 29–68.
5987:Archived
5850:Archived
5759:(2010).
4926:July 11,
4876:(1998).
4860:Archived
4726:(2001).
4242:16454310
3947:See also
2896:ther, sp
2771:Example
2763:phoneme
2728:unmarked
2526:American
2524:General
2404:advanced
2402:) is an
2371:are all
2351:, as in
2329:foreword
2307:/ˈfɜːðə/
2274:and lett
2143:bad, mad
2076:locality
1831:Example
1492:phonemic
1233:, and a
924:alveolar
917:Alveolar
893:phonemes
265:Illinois
90:/ /
86:Help:IPA
43:reviewed
8581:Yiddish
8546:Turkish
8531:Tagalog
8515:Swedish
8503:Spanish
8488:Slovene
8458:Russian
8418:Persian
8388:Occitan
8368:Medumba
8358:Marathi
8302:Latvian
8282:Kurdish
8272:Konkani
8257:Italian
8242:Ingrian
8201:Hebrew
8175:Ancient
8160:Bernese
8151:German
8131:French
8127:Finnish
8122:Faroese
8049:English
8019:Cornish
8014:Chukchi
7992:Hokkien
7974:Catalan
7969:Burmese
7959:Bengali
7949:Avestan
7913:Arabic
7818:of the
7704:Engrish
7699:E-Prime
7672:Related
7659:Vietnam
7644:Myanmar
7514:Nigeria
7509:Namibia
7499:Liberia
7381:Oceania
7363:Bermuda
7335:Jamaica
7262:Chicano
7100:Midland
7086:United
7022:America
6958:Ireland
6934:Cardiff
6906:Glasgow
6855:Cockney
6735:Cumbria
6713:England
6704:Britain
6680:accents
6588:2680662
6567:Bibcode
6538:7443796
6355:May 14,
6252:6255506
5983:9193061
5953:Bibcode
4858:. PBS.
4233:3319012
4212:Bibcode
4184:" and "
3303:tensing
3189:s, harm
3152:blige,
2913:ther, l
2758:Wells's
2668:, etc.
2645:, etc.
2375:before
2343:in GA:
2325:forward
2303:further
2248:/eɪ,oʊ/
2200:imagine
2055:/f,θ,s/
2035:/b,d,ʃ/
1941:Spanish
1816:raising
1718:sound,
1609:(as in
1544:. (See
1542:dership
1480:
1476:
1304:Central
939:Glottal
929:Palatal
872:THOUGHT
838:), the
764:filling
578:Midwest
547:Origins
479:Midwest
427:south.
386:Western
338:Western
211:Georgia
78:in the
8561:Uyghur
8493:Somali
8483:Slovak
8423:Polish
8413:Pashto
8408:Ottawa
8393:Ojibwe
8378:Nepali
8373:Navajo
8287:Kyrgyz
8277:Korean
8205:Modern
8166:Greek
8140:Quebec
8094:Middle
8033:Dutch
8029:Danish
7927:Hejazi
7899:Adyghe
7889:Abkhaz
7727:Gogate
7634:Brunei
7546:Uganda
7529:accent
7504:Malawi
7472:Africa
7447:accent
7402:accent
7345:Samaná
7318:Bequia
7137:accent
7110:Boston
7088:States
7071:Quebec
7031:Canada
7020:North
6976:Ulster
6966:Dublin
6882:Dorset
6740:Barrow
6702:Great
6693:Europe
6595:
6585:
6544:
6536:
6505:
6489:
6483:,
6480:
6474:
6444:
6421:
6404:
6385:
6333:
6301:
6279:
6250:
6242:
6204:
6185:
6164:
6107:
6067:
6059:
6007:
5981:
5963:
5927:
5892:
5873:
5842:
5769:
5098:
5071:
5044:
5014:
4886:
4736:
4456:. BBC.
4240:
4230:
4128:
3908:listen
3884:se, st
3868:se, st
3854:listen
3833:ing, p
3801:listen
3749:listen
3693:listen
3654:listen
3586:listen
3565:ch, sc
3547:listen
3500:de, pr
3486:listen
3419:listen
3375:listen
3329:listen
3293:, part
3258:listen
3214:listen
3185:d, foc
3171:listen
3148:bout,
3135:listen
3096:listen
3019:listen
2956:ss, cl
2942:listen
2879:listen
2831:listen
2811:th, tr
2797:listen
2773:words
2766:GenAm
2761:GenAm
2718:, the
2716:Canada
2554:Canada
2422:listen
2367:, and
2339:, are
2206:, and
2198:as in
2188:avenue
2145:, and
2132:have .
1884:Canada
1833:words
1722:as in
1713:short
1653:window
1639:potato
1567:merger
1500:fortis
1250:Vowels
912:Dental
907:Labial
874:merger
863:merger
842:(with
830:(with
816:bright
810:(with
798:, and
782:, not
774:(with
770:after
762:(with
750:(with
742:(with
618:rhotic
604:, and
533:marked
438:, and
434:, the
410:Quebec
336:, and
309:accent
94:
8571:Welsh
8551:Ubykh
8536:Tamil
8498:Sotho
8468:Scots
8403:Oromo
8353:Māori
8343:Malay
8297:Latin
8267:Kiowa
8252:Irish
8247:Inuit
8180:Koine
8024:Czech
7871:Verbs
7856:Nouns
7769:Plain
7684:Basic
7606:Nepal
7594:India
7494:Kenya
7489:Ghana
7454:Palau
7414:South
7257:Cajun
7198:Texas
7193:Older
7173:South
7144:North
7120:Maine
6939:Gower
6921:Wales
6837:South
6722:North
6625:(PDF)
6618:(PDF)
6542:S2CID
6259:(PDF)
6248:S2CID
6240:JSTOR
6220:(PDF)
6057:eISSN
5990:(PDF)
5941:(PDF)
5925:S2CID
5853:(PDF)
5832:(PDF)
4537:(PDF)
4526:(PDF)
4186:Map 1
3897:/ʊər/
3843:/ɔːr/
3790:/ɪər/
3767:st, m
3740:]
3736:[
3731:/ɜːr/
3682:/ɛər/
3643:/ɑːr/
3604:ce, m
3522:ce, t
3518:t, pr
3504:ze, t
3433:se, n
3393:t, sh
3366:]
3362:[
3347:d, wh
3343:s, fl
3320:]
3316:[
3289:, mon
3276:c, fl
3272:m, ch
3232:nk, t
3110:ke, p
3075:t, br
3071:ss, m
3055:]
3051:[
3037:me, t
2989:t, fl
2985:ll, b
2960:th, d
2845:n, tr
2788:]
2784:[
2560:Only
2547:some
2541:some
2412:]
2408:[
2400:STRUT
2353:hurry
2291:]
2287:[
2272:NURSE
2262:/ful/
2255:/pil/
2244:/i,u/
2238:in a
2204:magic
2171:]
2167:[
2085:]
2081:[
2062:glass
2026:]
2022:[
2004:]
2000:[
1995:]
1991:[
1950:]
1946:[
1934:/m,n/
1910:/m,n/
1736:glide
1695:]
1691:[
1687:]
1683:[
1560:tense
1348:Close
1341:tense
1331:tense
1321:tense
1299:Front
947:Nasal
934:Velar
922:Post-
824:bride
820:prize
812:price
800:merry
796:marry
784:/nju/
756:medal
752:metal
744:satin
580:" or
305:GenAm
82:(IPA)
8586:Zuni
8541:Taos
7560:Asia
7437:Fiji
7424:West
7340:Saba
7205:West
7125:West
7115:East
6678:and
6593:PMID
6534:PMID
6503:ISBN
6472:ISBN
6442:ISBN
6419:ISBN
6402:ISSN
6383:ISBN
6357:2008
6331:ISBN
6299:ISBN
6277:ISBN
6202:ISBN
6183:ISBN
6162:ISBN
6105:ISBN
6065:ISSN
6005:ISBN
5979:PMID
5890:ISBN
5871:ISBN
5840:ISBN
5767:ISBN
5667:2016
5145:2018
5096:ISBN
5069:ISBN
5042:ISBN
5012:ISBN
4991:2019
4965:2006
4928:2007
4884:ISBN
4734:ISBN
4545:2019
4497:(2).
4238:PMID
4126:ISBN
3872:m, w
3837:ing
3781:murd
3777:/ər/
3771:der
3763:n, f
3725:ing
3711:, th
3668:n, c
3600:, ch
3575:/ɔɪ/
3536:/aʊ/
3526:ke (
3475:/aɪ/
3437:, tr
3403:/uː/
3389:k, p
3299:happ
3285:happ
3242:/iː/
3228:t, p
3193:ny (
3181:ball
3114:d, f
3085:/eɪ/
3033:t, h
3003:/oʊ/
2993:nt (
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