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buffeting or oscillations, extreme accelerations over longer time scales caused by rocket thrust and gravity, and sudden changes in the magnitude or direction of the acceleration caused by how quick engines are throttled and shut down, etc. Electrical, chemical, or biological payloads can be damaged by extreme temperatures (hot or cold), rapid changes in temperature or pressure, contact with fast moving air streams causing ionization, and radiation exposure from
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The various constraints placed on the launch system can be roughly categorized into those that cause physical damage to the payload and those that can damage its electronic or chemical makeup. Examples of physical damage include extreme accelerations over short time scales caused by atmospheric
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Launch and transport system differ not only on the payload that can be carried but also in the stresses and other factors placed on the payload. The payload must not only be lifted to its target, it must also arrive safely, whether elsewhere on the surface of the Earth or a specific orbit. To
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The maximum take-off weight is limited by a combination of the maximum net power of the engines and the lift/drag ratio of the wings. The diagonal line after the range-at-maximum-payload point shows how reducing the payload allows increasing the fuel (and range) when taking off with the maximum
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The second kink in the curve represents the point at which the maximum fuel capacity is reached. Flying further than that point means that the payload has to be reduced further, for an even lesser increase in range. The absolute range is thus the range at which an aircraft can fly with maximum
363:(MZFW) of the aircraft. Maximum payload is the difference between maximum zero-fuel weight and operational empty weight (OEW). Moving left-to-right along the line shows the constant maximum payload as the range increases. More fuel needs to be added for more range.
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260:. Sometimes payload also refers to the carrying capacity of an aircraft or launch vehicle, usually measured in terms of weight. Depending on the nature of the flight or mission, the payload of a vehicle may include
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ensure this the payload, such as a warhead or satellite, is designed to withstand certain amounts of various types of "punishment" on the way to its destination. Most rocket payloads are fitted within a
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of the wing as does weight in the fuselage. So even when the airplane has been loaded with its maximum payload that the wings can support, it can still carry a significant amount of fuel.
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of high-velocity travel through the atmosphere, and to improve the overall aerodynamics of the launch vehicle. Most aircraft payloads are carried within the
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276:, scientific instruments or experiments, or other equipment. Extra fuel, when optionally carried, is also considered part of the payload.
337:". In spacecraft, "mass fraction" is normally used, which is the ratio of payload to everything else, including the rocket structure.
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Jackson, Robert. de
Havilland Mosquito (Combat Legend), page 15. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 2003. ISBN 1-84037-358-X.
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The vertical line represents the range at which the combined weight of the aircraft, maximum payload and needed fuel reaches the
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798:"Using the Payload/Range and Takeoff Field Length Charts in the Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning Documents"
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Payload to Low Earth Orbit (Not counting the 110,000 kg serviced orbiter) 27,000 kg (53,700 lb)
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of an aircraft. A payload range diagram (also known as the "elbow chart") illustrates the trade-off.
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704:"Petlyakov Pe-8 (TB-7) Long-Range Strategic Heavy Bomber Aircraft Specifications and Pictures"
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The fraction of payload to the total liftoff weight of the air or spacecraft is known as the "
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399:: 1,800 kg (typical long range missions), 3,600 kg or more (short range missions)
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ISS Refueling propellant: 0 – 860 kg (306 kg of fuel, 554 kg of oxidizer)
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The top horizontal line represents the maximum payload. It is limited structurally by
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454:(Not counting the 110,000 kg serviced orbiter) 3,810 kg (8,390 lb)
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ISS re-boost and attitude control propellant: 0 - 4,700 kg
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Payload: 7,667 kg 8 racks with 2 x 0.314 m and 2 x 0.414 m
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and related systems; their total weight is referred to as the
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To Reach the High
Frontier: A History of U.S. Launch Vehicles
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may require a fuselage with unusual proportions, such as the
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Gas (Nitrogen, Oxygen, air, 2 gases/flight): 0 – 100 kg
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There is a natural trade-off between the payload and the
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is sometimes alternatively referred to as the aircraft's
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is the object or the entity which is being carried by an
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Envelope: each 1.146 m in front of 4 of these 8 racks
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
679:"B-17 | Crew, Range, & Bomb Load | Britannica"
780:"Aircraft Payload-Range Analysis for Financiers"
803:. Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Feb 12, 2014.
8:
628:"Payload - Define Payload at Dictionary.com"
509:does not contribute as significantly to the
479:Cargo mass: Dry cargo: 1,500 - 5,500 kg
378:possible fuel without carrying any payload.
648:Launius, Roger D. Jenkins, Dennis R. 2002.
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
494:Total cargo upload capacity: 7,667 kg
314:carrying humans, animals, or cargo. For a
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
606:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 210.
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436:Payload to Lunar orbit 47,000 kg
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505:For aircraft, the weight of fuel in
95:adding citations to reliable sources
302:For a rocket, the payload can be a
279:In a commercial context (i.e., an
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341:Relationship of range and payload
41:This article has multiple issues.
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792:from the original on 2022-10-09.
638:from the original on 2013-12-12.
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82:needs additional citations for
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386:Examples of payload capacity:
16:Carrying capacity of a vehicle
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778:Shannon Ackert (April 2013).
393:B Mk.IV Series 2: 920 kg
318:, the payload is one or more
452:geostationary transfer orbit
752:"Utilisation Relevant Data"
578:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
397:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
199:the claims made and adding
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573:Medium-lift launch vehicle
469:Automated Transfer Vehicle
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652:. Univ. Pr. of Kentucky.
568:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
604:A Dictionary of Aviation
602:Wragg, David W. (1973).
526:to protect them against
405:4,990 kg (internal)
361:maximum zero-fuel weight
21:Payload (disambiguation)
708:www.militaryfactory.com
368:maximum take-off weight
825:Aerospace technologies
728:"B-52H Stratofortress"
534:for similar reasons.
482:Water: 0 – 840 kg
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391:de Havilland Mosquito
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785:. Aircraft Monitor.
409:B-52H Stratofortress
335:useful load fraction
91:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
517:Payload constraints
501:Structural capacity
285:air freight carrier
683:www.britannica.com
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184:possibly contains
658:978-0-8131-2245-8
460:Trident (missile)
420:: 250,000 kg
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685:. 2024-03-06
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209:January 2020
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89:Please help
84:verification
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43:Please help
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830:Air freight
548:cosmic rays
540:Super Guppy
450:Payload to
429:Payload to
308:space probe
270:flight crew
819:Categories
760:2024-04-04
737:2024-04-04
713:2024-04-04
689:2024-04-04
589:References
556:solar wind
507:wing tanks
312:spacecraft
266:passengers
193:improve it
117:newspapers
46:improve it
732:Air Force
304:satellite
274:munitions
197:verifying
106:"Payload"
52:talk page
805:Archived
787:Archived
636:Archived
562:See also
532:fuselage
424:Saturn V
382:Examples
320:warheads
289:ordnance
254:aircraft
297:warload
281:airline
250:Payload
191:Please
131:scholar
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550:, the
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808:(PDF)
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554:, or
417:Mriya
354:range
310:, or
262:cargo
138:JSTOR
124:books
654:ISBN
608:ISBN
110:news
283:or
256:or
195:by
93:by
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