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383:
Some writers have suggested that
Schwann's move in 1838, and his decreased scientific productivity after that, reflect religious concerns and perhaps even a crisis relating to the theoretical implications of his work on cell theory. However, other authors regard this as misrepresenting his thinking, and reject the idea that Schwann went through an existential crisis or a mystical phase. Ohad Parnes uses Schwann's laboratory notebooks and other unpublished sources along with his publications to reconstruct his research as a unified progression. Florence Vienne draws on unpublished writings to discuss the ways in which cell theory, as a "unifying principle of organic development", related to the philosophical, religious, and political ideas of various proponents including Schwann.
311:, where Müller was now Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. Schwann graduated with an M.D. degree in medicine from the University of Berlin in 1834. He did his thesis work in 1833–1834, with Müller as his advisor. Schwann's thesis involved a careful study of the necessity for oxygen during the embryonic development of the chicken. To carry it out, he designed and built an apparatus that enabled him to pump the gases oxygen and hydrogen out of the incubation chamber at specific times. This enabled him to establish the critical period in which the eggs needed oxygen.
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398:, Schwann continued to follow the latest advances in anatomy and physiology but did not himself make major new discoveries. He became something of an inventor. One of his projects was a portable respirator, designed as a closed system to support human life in environments where the surroundings cannot be breathed. By 1858 he was serving as professor of physiology, general anatomy and embryology. In 1863, the
583:. Liebig, in contrast, saw fermentation as a series of purely chemical events, without involving living matter. Ironically, Schwann's work was later seen as being a first step away from vitalism. Schwann was the first of Müller's pupils to work towards a physico-chemical explanation of life. Schwann's view furthered a conceptualization of living things in terms of the biological reactions of
466:. Schwann realized that other substances in digestive juices might also help to break down food. At the beginning of 1836, Schwann began to study digestive processes. He conceptualized digestion as the action of a physiological agent, which, though not immediately visible or measurable, could be characterized experimentally as a "peculiar specific substance".
684:. Schwann claimed that "there is one universal principle of development for the elementary parts of organisms, however different, and this principle is the formation of cells." Schwann supported this claim by examining adult animal tissues and showing that all tissues could be classified in terms of five types of highly differentiated cellular tissues.
655:
446:, which he saw as a starting point for "the introduction of calculation to physiology". He developed and described an experimental method to calculate the contraction force of the muscle, by controlling and measuring the other variables involved. His measurement technique was developed and used later by
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Schwann was deeply respected by his peers. In 1878, a festival was held to celebrate his years of teaching and his many contributions. He was presented with a unique gift: a book containing 263 autographed photographic portraits of scientists from various countries, each of them sent by the scientist
382:
In examining processes such as muscle contraction, fermentation, digestion, and putrefaction, Schwann sought to show that living phenomena were the result of physical causes rather than "some immaterial vital force". Nonetheless, he still sought to reconcile "an organic nature" with "a divine plan."
314:
Schwann passed the state examination to practice medicine in the summer of 1834, but he chose to continue to work with Müller, doing research rather than practicing medicine. He could afford to do so, at least in the short term, because of a family inheritance. His salary as an assistant was only 120
433:
When viewed in the context of his unpublished writings and laboratory notes, Schwann's research can be seen as "a coherent and systematic research programme" in which biological processes are described in terms of material objects or "agents", and the causal dependencies between the forces that they
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Described as quiet and serious, Schwann was particularly gifted in the construction and use of apparatus for his experiments. He was also able to identify important scientific questions and design experiments to systematically test them. His writing has been described as accessible, and his logic as
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was necessary for the process to happen. Next, Schwann tested the effects of purified air and unpurified air. He sterilized the air by passing it through heated glass bulbs. Fermentation did not occur in the presence of purified air. It did occur in the presence of unpurified air, suggesting that
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Schwann proved to be a dedicated and conscientious professor. With his new teaching duties, he had less time for new scientific work. He spent considerable time perfecting experimental techniques and instruments for use in experiments. He produced few papers. One exception was a paper in 1844 that
567:
Schwann had demonstrated that fermentation required the presence of yeasts to start, and stopped when the yeasts stopped growing. He concluded that sugar was converted to alcohol as part of an organic biological process based on the action of a living substance, the yeast. He demonstrated that
550:
Schwann went beyond others who simply had noted the multiplication of yeast during alcoholic fermentation, first by assigning yeast the role of a primary causal factor, and then by claiming it was alive. Schwann used the microscope to carry out a carefully planned series of experiments that
362:
By 1838, Schwann needed a position with a more substantial salary. He hoped to return to Bonn, a
Catholic city. He attempted to gain a professorship there in 1838 and again in 1846, but was disappointed. Instead, in 1839, Schwann accepted the chair of anatomy at the
598:, ten years later. Pasteur would begin his fermentation research in 1857 by repeating and confirming Schwann's work, accepting that yeast were alive, and then taking fermentation research further. Pasteur, not Schwann, would challenge Liebig's views in the
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327:
From 1834 to 1839, Schwann worked as an assistant to Müller in at the
Anatomisch-zootomische Museum at the University of Berlin. Schwann carried out a series of microscopic and physiological experiments focused on studying the structure and function of
551:
contraindicated two popular theories of fermentation in yeast. First he controlled the temperature of fluid from fermenting beer in a closed vessel in the presence of oxygen. Once heated, the liquid could no longer ferment. This disproved
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Schwann's third tenet, speculating on the formation of cells, was later disproven. Schwann hypothesized that living cells formed in ways similar to the formation of crystals. Biologists would eventually accept the view of pathologist
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Even more importantly, Schwann wrote, by carrying through such analyses one could eventually "explain the whole developmental process of life in all organized bodies." During the next year, he studied both
642:(as had been shown by Müller) and instantly realized the importance of connecting the two phenomena. The resemblance was confirmed without delay by both observers. In further experiments, Schwann examined
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exert, and their measurable effects. Schwann's idea of the cell as a fundamental, active unit then can be seen as foundational to the development of microbiology as "a rigorously lawful science".
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808:, Schwann introduced the term "metabolism", which he first used in the German adjectival form "metabolische" to describe the chemical action of cells. French texts in the 1860s began to use
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Schwann, Theodor and
Schleyden, M. J. 1847. Microscopical researches into the accordance in the structure and growth of animals and plants. London: Printed for the Sydenham Society
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Schwann used newly powerful microscopes to examine animal tissues. This enabled him to observe animal cells and note their different properties. His work complemented that of
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Powerful microscopes made it possible for him to observe yeast cells in detail and recognize that they were tiny organisms whose structures resembled those of plants.
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659:(Microscopic investigations on the similarity of structure and growth of animals and plants). It is considered a landmark work, foundational to modern biology.
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a "clear progression". He identified the question that he wanted to answer and communicated the importance of his findings effectively to others. His co-worker
319:. For the next five years, Schwann would pay the other three-quarters of his expenses out of his inheritance. As a long-term strategy, it was not sustainable.
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In it
Schwann declared that "All living things are composed of cells and cell products". He drew three further conclusions about cells, which formed his
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and cartilage from toad larvae, as well as tissues from pig embryos, establishing that animal tissues are composed of cells, each of which has a nucleus.
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fermentation was not an inorganic chemical process like sugar oxidation. Living yeast was necessary for the reaction that would produce more yeast.
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Kruta, V. (1987). "The idea of the primary unity of elements in the microscopic structure of animals and plants. J. E. Purkynĕ and Th. Schwann".
792:" connected to both the inner surface of the enamel and the pulp. He also identified fibrils in the dentinal tubes, which later became known as "
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was invented. All axons in the peripheral nervous system are now known to be wrapped in
Schwann cells. Their mechanisms continue to be studied.
677:
By the 1860s, these tenets were the accepted basis of cell theory, used to describe the elementary anatomical composition of plants and animals.
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Oppenheimer, Jane (1963). "Review: LIVES AND LETTERS OF THEODOR SCHWANN A REVIEW Reviewed Work: Lettres de Théodore
Schwann by Marcel Florkin".
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viewed and stated that new plant cells formed from the nuclei of old plant cells. Dining with
Schwann one day, their conversation turned on the
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elected him an international member. As of 1872, he ceased to teach general anatomy, and as of 1877, embryology. He retired fully in 1879.
2257:
Bunge, R P; Bunge, M B; Eldridge, C F (March 1986). "Linkage
Between Axonal Ensheathment and Basal Lamina Production by Schwann Cells".
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tissues. As part of his efforts to classify bodily tissues in terms of their cellular nature, he discovered the cells that envelope the
2177:
344:, Schwann did research of his own. Many of his important contributions were made during the time that he worked with Müller in Berlin.
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785:. He speculated that the muscular nature of the esophagus enabled it to act as a pipe, moving food between the mouth and the stomach.
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An
Introduction to the History of Medicine, with Medical Chronology, Bibliographic Data and Test Questions – Primary Source Edition
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The biology of pulp and dentine : a historic, terminologic-taxonomic, histologic-biochemical, embryonic and clinical survey
2363:"Implications of Schwann Cells Biomechanics and Mechanosensitivity for Peripheral Nervous System Physiology and Pathophysiology"
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to be part of the gift for Schwann. The volume was dedicated "To the creator of the cell theory, the contemporary biologists."
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499:"to digest"). Pepsin was the first enzyme to be isolated from animal tissue. He demonstrated that it could break down the
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103:
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Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen
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114:
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and others. Schwann's notes suggest that he hoped to discover regularities and laws of physiological processes.
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1861:
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The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms.
473:, which he successfully isolated from the stomach lining and named in 1836. Schwann coined its name from the
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Bronze statue of Theodor Schwann at the entrance of the Institute of Zoology, University of Liege, Belgium
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Although Schwann was correct, his ideas were ahead of most of his peers. They were strongly opposed by
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sentiments. There is no evidence to suggest that Schwann and Raspail were aware of each other's work.
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sheaths of peripheral nerves were formed was a matter of debate that could not be answered until the
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308:
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Florkin, M. (1958). "Episodes in medicine of the people from Liège: Schwann & the stigmatized".
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793:
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588:
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260:
67:
796:". He speculated on the possible structural and functional significance of the tubes and fibrils.
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1955:
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278:
109:
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543:, all of whom published work in 1837. By 1836, Schwann had carried out numerous experiments on
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Microscopical Researches into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants
2065:
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2008:
1947:
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270:, a priest and novelist, emphasized the individuality of the human soul and the importance of
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1998:
1939:
1845:
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414:
734:—that every cell arises from another cell—in 1857. The epigram was originally put forth by
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Science and its times : understanding the social significance of scientific discovery
20:
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Schwann T. Ueber die Analogie in der Structur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen.
1883:
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Emil du Bois-Reymond : neuroscience, self, and society in nineteenth-century Germany
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something in the air started the process. This was strong evidence against the theory of
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Krech, Eva-Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz Christian (2009).
292:. Müller is considered to have founded scientific medicine in Germany, publishing his
39:
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2003:
1986:
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579:, both of whom saw his emphasis on the importance of a living organism as supporting
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in the premedical curriculum. He received a bachelor of philosophy in 1831. While at
89:
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Watermann, R. (1973). "Theodor Schwann accepted the honorable appointment abroad".
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1959:
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eventually becomes a complete organism, established one of the basic principles of
702:
631:
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on 7 December 1810 to Leonard Schwann and Elisabeth Rottels. Leonard Schwann was a
208:
153:
135:
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1450:"From agents to cells: Theodor Schwann's research notes of the years 1835 to 1838"
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cells formed by the fusion of walls and cavities, e.g. muscles, tendons and nerves
1796:
New Beer in an Old Bottle: Eduard Buchner and the Growth of Biochemical Knowledge
1612:
842:
670:
The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things.
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204:
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1826:"Vorläufige Mittheilung, betreffend Versuche über die Weingährung und Fäulniss"
1150:
555:'s speculation that oxygen caused fermentation. It suggested that some sort of
195:; 7 December 1810 – 11 January 1882) was a German physician and
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611:
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The value of Schwann's work on fermentation eventually would be recognized by
375:
reported on a series of experiments on dogs and established the importance of
341:
228:
196:
2379:
1951:
1857:
1849:
3334:
3194:
2891:
Watermann, R. (1960). "Theodor Schwann as a maker of lifesaving apparatus".
2597:
Florkin, M. (1957). "1838; Year of crisis in the life of Théodore Schwann".
778:
681:
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340:. In addition to performing experiments in preparation for Müller's book on
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2012:
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1611:
Miller, David; Millar, Ian; Millar, John; Millar, Margaret (25 July 2002).
1407:
519:, constructing apparatus that he would later adapt for the study of yeast.
251:(also known as the Tricoronatum or Three Kings School), a Jesuit school in
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2739:
2721:
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851:] (in German) (7th ed.). Berlin: Dudenverlag. pp. 771, 834.
580:
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395:
220:
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943:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 388.
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cells whose connecting walls have coalesced, e.g. cartilage, bones, and
691:
cells that are independent but compacted together in layers, e.g. skin,
564:, the idea that living organisms could develop out of nonliving matter.
1454:
Reworking the bench : research notebooks in the history of science
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252:
200:
171:
85:
2987:
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Lukács, D. (April 1982). "Centenary of the death of Theodor Schwann".
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in 1837–1843 and became the leading physiology textbook of the 1800s.
1943:
1532:. In Koehler, Peter J.; Bruyn, George W.; Pearce, John M. S. (eds.).
767:
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329:
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140:
2166:(English translation by Henry Smith, for the Sydenham Society, 1847)
1825:
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had reported in 1824 that the digestive juices of animals contained
413:, on 11 January 1882. He was buried in the family tomb in Cologne's
2061:
Management of medical technology : theory, practice, and cases
638:. Schwann remembered seeing similar structures in the cells of the
738:
in 1825, but Raspail's writings were unpopular, partly due to his
680:
Schwann's theory and observations created a foundation for modern
528:
419:
240:
224:
63:
882:] (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 914, 987.
2539:
Aszmann, O. C. (2000). "The life and work of Theodore Schwann".
2361:
Rosso, Gonzalo; Young, Peter; Shahin, Victor (25 October 2017).
1785:"Early Research on Fermentation—a Story of Missed Opportunities"
1703:(2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 195.
715:
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In 1835, relatively little was known about digestive processes.
376:
282:
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Academic staff of the Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)
3006:
587:, while Liebig sought to reduce biological reactions to purely
2618:
Florkin, M. (1957). "Discovery of pepsin by Theodor Schwann".
1617:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 320–321.
351:
in plants and was informed by it; the two were close friends.
1452:. In Holmes, F. L.; Renn, J.; Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg (eds.).
1359:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 215–217. Archived from
491:
478:
1798:. Valencia, Spain: Universitat de València. pp. 43–50.
1085:"Theodor Schwann: A founding father of biology and medicine"
2681:
Florkin, M. (1951). "The family and childhood of Schwann".
2660:
Florkin, M. (October 1951). "Schwann at the Tricoronatum".
653:. This was followed in 1839 by the publication of his book
307:
for clinical training in medicine. In 1833, he went to the
707:
elongated cells forming fibers, e.g. tendons and ligaments
2221:(1st ed.). Britannica Educational Pub. p. 132.
688:
cells that are independent and separate, e.g. blood cells
207:
to animals. Other contributions include the discovery of
2747:
Hayashi, M. (1992). "Theodor Schwann and reductionism".
777:
Schwann also discovered that muscle tissue in the upper
359:
spoke of him as having an "inborn drive" to experiment.
1494:
American Philosophical Society Member History Database
1392:"A note from history: Introduction of the cell theory"
841:
Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) .
2499:
The Oxford companion to the history of modern science
1987:"Louis Pasteur, from crystals of life to vaccination"
788:
In examining teeth, Schwann was the first to notice "
294:
Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen für Vorlesungen
535:. His work on yeast was independent of work done by
247:
and later a printer. Theodor Schwann studied at the
2032:. C. Griffin and company, limited. pp. 18–19.
1748:
Helmholtz : from enlightenment to neuroscience
167:
149:
123:
96:
74:
49:
30:
2639:Florkin, M. (1951). "Schwann as medical student".
1700:Acid related diseases : biology and treatment
649:Schwann published his observations in 1838 in the
2100:, 1838;Jan:33–36; 1838;Feb:25–29; 1838;Apr:21–23.
442:Some of Schwann's earliest work in 1835 involved
296:in 1837–1840. It was translated into English as
3490:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
2704:"Neurological stamp. Theodore Schwann (1810–82)"
2064:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 267–268.
1676:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 95.
1262:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
523:Yeast, fermentation, and spontaneous generation
3500:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
2029:Technical Mycology: Schizomycetic fermentation
1355:. In Aminoff, Michael; Daroff, Robert (eds.).
666:or cell doctrine. The first two were correct:
3018:
1456:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 123–.
1212:Garrison, Fielding Hudson (8 December 2013).
1180:
1178:
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8:
2152:. Berlin: Printed for the Sydenham Society.
1575:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 51–52.
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
409:Three years after retiring, Schwann died in
2789:Kosinski, C. M. (2004). "Theodor Schwann".
1913:
1911:
1909:
1754:. MIT Press. pp. 56–60. Archived from
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1536:. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–50.
1306:. Oxford University Press. pp. 60–76.
3025:
3011:
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2447:. Vol. 8. S. Karger. pp. 1–220.
2053:
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1139:Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences
986:"Probing the Mysteries of Human Digestion"
923:
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27:
3485:Academic staff of the University of Liège
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2002:
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1443:
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1396:Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science
1357:Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
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1100:
19:For the American Union Army officer, see
2502:. Oxford University Press. p. 513.
2252:
2250:
1697:Modlin, Irvin M.; Sachs, George (2004).
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618:, can be traced to Schwann's influence.
2768:Kiszely, G. (1983). "Theodor Schwann".
2179:The Story of Nineteenth-century Science
1295:
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833:
750:Schwann was particularly interested in
714:His observation that the single-celled
199:. His most significant contribution to
2541:Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery
2478:
2468:
2127:from the original on 21 September 2018
2058:Geisler, Eliezer; Heller, Ori (1998).
1614:The Cambridge Dictionary of Scientists
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
259:. In Cologne his religious instructor
1894:from the original on 23 February 2017
1218:. Nabu Press. pp. 387–404, 416.
1133:Vienne, Florence (28 November 2017).
1039:
1037:
1035:
955:"Theodor Schwann German physiologist"
203:is considered to be the extension of
190:
7:
3495:Foreign members of the Royal Society
3475:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
2998:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2516:from the original on 3 February 2024
2412:Schlager, Neil; Lauer, Josh (2000).
2342:from the original on 3 February 2024
2235:from the original on 3 February 2024
2218:Medicine and healers through history
2078:from the original on 3 February 2024
2036:from the original on 3 February 2024
2026:Lafar, Franz; Salter, T. C. (1898).
1966:from the original on 3 February 2024
1918:Springer, Alfred (13 October 1892).
1717:from the original on 3 February 2024
1589:from the original on 3 February 2024
1550:from the original on 3 February 2024
1470:from the original on 3 February 2024
1414:from the original on 24 October 2018
1320:from the original on 3 February 2024
1157:from the original on 24 January 2020
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965:from the original on 31 October 2018
469:Eventually Schwann found the enzyme
2367:Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
2271:10.1146/annurev.ne.09.030186.001513
1991:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
1888:Eric Weisstein's World of Biography
1528:Karenberg, Axel (26 October 2000).
1187:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
1000:from the original on 23 August 2020
2322:Jacobson, Marcus (14 March 2013).
2303:from the original on 3 August 2019
1864:from the original on 9 August 2020
1805:from the original on 9 August 2020
1268:from the original on 21 April 2019
371:, Belgium, another Catholic city.
14:
2986:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2972:Works by or about Theodor Schwann
2156:from the original on 19 July 2011
1920:"The Micro-organisms of the Soil"
1500:from the original on 29 July 2023
1258:"Schwann, Theodor Ambrose Hubert"
1055:from the original on 6 April 2019
896:from the original on 22 July 2023
390:convinced him to transfer to the
277:In 1829, Schwann enrolled at the
227:, and the invention of the term "
2709:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
2215:Rogers, Kara (15 January 2011).
2196:from the original on 5 June 2022
2004:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03945.x
365:Université Catholique de Louvain
38:
2115:Rhoads, Dan (5 November 2007).
880:German Pronunciation Dictionary
816:was introduced into English by
16:German physiologist (1810–1882)
3460:Recipients of the Copley Medal
3455:People from the Rhine Province
3445:19th-century German biologists
3327:Jacques Charles François Sturm
2328:(3rd ed.). Plenum Press.
2176:Williams, Henry Smith (1900).
1884:"Schwann, Theodor (1810–1882)"
1448:Parnes, Ohad (11 April 2006).
875:Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch
400:American Philosophical Society
386:In 1848, Schwann's compatriot
303:In 1831, Schwann moved to the
285:, Schwann met and worked with
1:
3470:University of Würzburg alumni
3263:Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana
2259:Annual Review of Neuroscience
1830:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
1569:Finkelstein, Gabriel (2013).
1530:"Chapter 7. The Schwann cell"
1083:Thomas, Tony Abraham (2017).
215:, the discovery and study of
104:Humboldt University of Berlin
2962:Resources in other libraries
2938:Resources in other libraries
1645:Florkin M (March 1957). "".
1300:Otis, Laura (5 April 2007).
849:The Pronunciation Dictionary
766:in his honor. How the fatty
730:, who popularized the maxim
651:Neue notisen geb. nat.-heilk
239:Theodor Schwann was born in
1985:Berche, P. (October 2012).
537:Charles Cagniard de la Tour
3521:
2871:Medizinische Monatsschrift
2496:Heilbron, John L. (2003).
2325:Developmental neurobiology
1674:A short history of biology
1151:10.1525/hsns.2017.47.5.629
541:Friedrich Traugott Kützing
492:
479:
18:
3465:University of Bonn alumni
3041:
2957:Resources in your library
2933:Resources in your library
2803:10.1007/s00115-004-1805-5
2182:. Harper & Brothers.
2146:Schwann, Theodor (1839).
2117:"History of Cell Biology"
1745:Meulders, Michel (2010).
1390:Hajdu, Steven I. (2002).
1348:Aubert, Genviève (2003).
984:Price, Catherine (2018).
213:peripheral nervous system
192:[ˈteːodoːɐ̯ˈʃvan]
177:
160:
37:
2443:Baume, Louis J. (1980).
2380:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00345
2297:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1850:10.1002/andp.18371170517
959:Encyclopaedia Britannica
934:"Schwann, Theodor"
844:Das Aussprachewörterbuch
806:Microscopical researches
736:François-Vincent Raspail
628:Matthias Jakob Schleiden
349:Matthias Jakob Schleiden
235:Early life and education
3291:Antoine César Becquerel
3119:Benjamin Collins Brodie
2989:"Theodor Schwann"
2683:Revue Médicale de Liège
2662:Revue Médicale de Liège
2641:Revue Médicale de Liège
2620:Revue Médicale de Liège
2599:Revue Médicale de Liège
2578:Revue Médicale de Liège
1783:Schlenk, Fritz (1997).
1647:Revue Médicale de Liège
940:Encyclopædia Britannica
762:, which are now called
732:Omnis cellula e cellula
553:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
388:Antoine Frédéric Spring
255:. Schwann was a devout
219:, the discovery of the
3450:German Roman Catholics
3055:William Hyde Wollaston
2418:. Gale Group. p.
1672:Asimov, Isaac (1980).
1089:Current Medical Issues
822:Textbook of Physiology
600:Liebig–Pasteur dispute
562:spontaneous generation
425:
394:, also in Belgium. At
305:University of Würzburg
298:Elements of Physiology
115:University of Würzburg
3295:John Frederic Daniell
3167:Hans Christian Ørsted
3127:William Thomas Brande
2995:Catholic Encyclopedia
2893:Die Medizinische Welt
2722:10.1136/jnnp.66.1.103
2098:Neue Not Geb Nat Heil
1824:Schwann, Th. (1837).
1102:10.4103/cmi.cmi_81_17
602:. In retrospect, the
545:alcohol fermentation.
527:Next Schwann studied
423:
290:Johannes Peter Müller
188:German pronunciation:
3505:German physiologists
3407:Peter Andreas Hansen
3303:Carl Friedrich Gauss
3279:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
3255:Siméon Denis Poisson
3087:Thomas Andrew Knight
2702:Haas, L. F. (1999).
1534:Neurological eponyms
1135:"Worlds Conflicting"
634:of plant and animal
503:from egg-white into
448:Emil du Bois-Reymond
309:University of Berlin
3351:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
3271:William Snow Harris
3243:George Biddell Airy
2553:10.1055/s-2000-7336
1936:1892Natur..46R.576.
1842:1837AnP...117..184S
772:electron microscope
589:inorganic chemistry
392:University of Liège
249:Dreikönigsgymnasium
68:First French Empire
3399:Roderick Murchison
2946:By Theodor Schwann
1792:Cornish-Bowden, A.
1761:on 3 November 2018
644:notochordal tissue
444:muscle contraction
426:
279:University of Bonn
110:University of Bonn
3440:People from Neuss
3417:
3416:
3375:Urbain Le Verrier
3323:Justus von Liebig
3034:Copley Medallists
2919:Library resources
1930:(1198): 576–579.
1683:978-0-313-22583-3
1490:"Theodor Schwann"
1463:978-0-306-48152-9
1350:"Theodor Schwann"
1049:Famous Scientists
1045:"Theodor Schwann"
889:978-3-11-018202-6
858:978-3-411-04067-4
790:cylindrical cells
746:Specialized cells
610:, as well as its
585:organic chemistry
573:Justus von Liebig
464:hydrochloric acid
181:
180:
162:Scientific career
3512:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3391:John Couch Adams
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3343:James MacCullagh
3338:
3330:
3318:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3246:
3238:
3226:
3218:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3187:William Buckland
3182:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3111:Edward Troughton
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3071:Smithson Tennant
3066:
3063:Richard Chenevix
3058:
3050:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3004:
2999:
2991:
2976:Internet Archive
2908:
2887:
2864:
2843:
2828:Folia Mendeliana
2822:
2785:
2764:
2749:Kagakushi Kenkyu
2743:
2733:
2698:
2677:
2656:
2635:
2614:
2593:
2572:
2526:
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1944:10.1038/046576b0
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951:
945:
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936:
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905:
903:
901:
869:
863:
862:
838:
614:applications by
577:Friedrich Wöhler
495:
494:
482:
481:
415:Melaten Cemetery
269:
194:
189:
81:
59:
57:
42:
28:
3520:
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3515:
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3511:
3510:
3509:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3367:Theodor Schwann
3365:
3359:Carlo Matteucci
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3321:
3313:
3307:Michael Faraday
3301:
3289:
3283:Francis Kiernan
3277:
3269:
3261:
3251:Michael Faraday
3249:
3241:
3229:
3221:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3173:
3165:
3159:Robert Seppings
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3031:
2985:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2943:
2942:
2927:
2926:
2924:Theodor Schwann
2922:
2915:
2890:
2867:
2846:
2825:
2788:
2767:
2755:(184): 209–14.
2746:
2701:
2680:
2668:(20): 696–703.
2659:
2638:
2617:
2596:
2575:
2538:
2535:
2533:Further reading
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1471:
1464:
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1446:
1427:
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1415:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1366:on 4 March 2016
1363:
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1333:
1323:
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1013:
1003:
1001:
983:
982:
978:
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927:
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909:
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871:
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859:
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839:
835:
830:
802:
748:
624:
525:
456:
440:
431:
325:
263:
237:
187:
184:Theodor Schwann
145:
119:
92:
83:
79:
78:11 January 1882
70:
61:
60:7 December 1810
55:
53:
45:
44:Schwann in 1857
33:
32:Theodor Schwann
24:
21:Theodore Schwan
17:
12:
11:
5:
3518:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
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3457:
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3432:
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3412:
3411:
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3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3319:
3311:
3299:
3287:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3247:
3239:
3227:
3219:
3211:François Arago
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3143:David Brewster
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2983:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:External links
2911:
2910:
2909:
2888:
2865:
2849:Orvosi Hetilap
2844:
2823:
2791:Der Nervenarzt
2786:
2776:(16): 959–62.
2770:Orvosi Hetilap
2765:
2744:
2699:
2678:
2657:
2636:
2615:
2605:(18): 503–10.
2594:
2584:(18): 627–38.
2573:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2508:
2488:
2479:|journal=
2453:
2435:
2429:978-0787639372
2428:
2404:
2353:
2335:978-0306437977
2334:
2314:
2293:"Schwann cell"
2284:
2265:(1): 305–328.
2246:
2227:
2207:
2189:978-1145376991
2188:
2168:
2138:
2102:
2089:
2070:
2047:
2018:
1977:
1905:
1875:
1836:(5): 184–193.
1816:
1772:
1728:
1710:978-0781741231
1709:
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1511:
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1312:
1279:
1238:
1225:978-1295393169
1224:
1204:
1168:
1145:(5): 629–652.
1116:
1066:
1011:
976:
946:
931:, ed. (1911).
929:Chisholm, Hugh
907:
888:
864:
857:
832:
831:
829:
826:
818:Michael Foster
810:le métabolisme
801:
798:
794:Tomes's fibers
747:
744:
728:Rudolf Virchow
712:
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379:in digestion.
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257:Roman Catholic
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3404:
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3396:
3392:
3388:
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3383:John Herschel
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3231:William Prout
3228:
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3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3203:John Brinkley
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
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3180:
3179:John Herschel
3176:
3175:Edward Sabine
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3103:William Henry
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
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3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:Astley Cooper
3044:
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2898:
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2889:
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2866:
2862:
2858:
2855:(14): 864–6.
2854:
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293:
287:physiologist
276:
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197:physiologist
183:
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161:
154:Copley Medal
80:(1882-01-11)
25:
3435:1882 deaths
3430:1810 births
3223:James South
3151:Henry Kater
3135:James Ivory
3036:(1801–1850)
1970:14 December
1504:16 February
900:14 December
693:fingernails
664:cell theory
622:Cell theory
604:germ theory
517:respiration
486:, meaning "
357:Jakob Henle
264: [
205:cell theory
131:Cell theory
3424:Categories
2899:: 2682–7.
2716:(1): 103.
2520:8 November
2346:6 November
2307:31 October
2239:5 November
2200:6 November
2131:31 October
2082:3 November
2040:3 November
1898:2 November
1809:2 November
1765:31 October
1721:8 November
1630:2 November
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1554:8 November
1474:6 November
1418:31 October
1324:31 October
1272:31 October
1231:31 October
1161:5 November
1095:(4): 299.
1059:1 November
1004:30 October
969:31 October
828:References
814:Metabolism
800:Metabolism
740:republican
720:embryology
612:antiseptic
342:physiology
229:metabolism
223:nature of
56:1810-12-07
3335:Georg Ohm
3195:John Pond
2834:: 35–50.
2481:ignored (
2471:cite book
1952:0028-0836
1858:0003-3804
824:in 1878.
779:esophagus
682:histology
640:notochord
626:In 1837,
488:digestion
272:free will
245:goldsmith
97:Education
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2340:Archived
2301:Archived
2233:Archived
2194:Archived
2160:3 August
2154:Archived
2125:Archived
2076:Archived
2034:Archived
2013:22882766
1964:Archived
1892:Archived
1862:Archived
1800:Archived
1715:Archived
1659:13432398
1587:Archived
1548:Archived
1498:Archived
1468:Archived
1412:Archived
1408:11848625
1318:Archived
1266:Archived
1199:44446900
1155:Archived
1111:90944618
1053:Archived
998:Archived
963:Archived
894:Archived
783:striated
756:muscular
697:feathers
581:vitalism
505:peptones
490:" (from
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1960:4037475
1932:Bibcode
1838:Bibcode
1794:(ed.).
1370:3 March
820:in his
804:In his
752:nervous
608:Pasteur
501:albumin
497:peptein
493:πέπτειν
411:Cologne
334:muscles
253:Cologne
221:organic
211:in the
201:biology
172:Biology
86:Cologne
3409:(1850)
3401:(1849)
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632:nuclei
616:Lister
484:pepsis
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330:nerves
323:Career
217:pepsin
168:Fields
156:(1845)
150:Awards
141:Pepsin
106:(1834)
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2565:S2CID
1956:S2CID
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480:πέψις
477:word
475:Greek
396:Liège
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