Windmill - Knowledge (XXG)

574: 1052:

laminates, which are enclosed within the skins (surfacing) of the blade, and together, the system of the webs and spars resist the flapwise loading. Flapwise loading, one of the two different types of loading that blades are subject to, is caused by the wind pressure, and edgewise loading (the second type of loading) is caused by the gravitational force and torque load. The former loading subjects the spar laminate on the pressure (upwind) side of the blade to cyclic tension-tension loading, while the suction (downwind) side of the blade is subject to cyclic compression-compression loading. Edgewise bending subjects the leading edge to a tensile load, and the trailing edge to a compressive load. The remainder of the shell, not supported by the spars or laminated at the leading and trailing edges, is designed as a sandwiched structure, consisting of multiple layers to prevent elastic buckling.

712: 789: 643: 730: 902: 414: 774: 693: 457: 317: 681: 515: 438:

build. In contrast to the post mill, only the cap of the tower mill needs to be turned into the wind, so the main structure can be made much taller, allowing the sails to be made longer, which enables them to provide useful work even in low winds. The cap can be turned into the wind either by winches or gearing inside the cap or from a winch on the tail pole outside the mill. A method of keeping the cap and sails into the wind automatically is by using a

1249: 530: 918: 220: 658: 442:, a small windmill mounted at right angles to the sails, at the rear of the windmill. These are also fitted to tail poles of post mills and are common in Great Britain and English-speaking countries of the former British Empire, Denmark, and Germany but rare in other places. Around some parts of the Mediterranean Sea, tower mills with fixed caps were built because the wind's direction varied little most of the time. 3567: 1048:

to stronger forces and consequently put them at a greater risk of failure. Taller towers and longer blades suffer from higher fatigue, and offshore windfarms are subject to greater forces due to higher wind speeds and accelerated corrosion due to the proximity to seawater. To ensure a long enough lifetime to make the return on the investment viable, the materials for the components must be chosen appropriately.

1388: 426: 589:

or not functional. A slight tilt of the sails (top blade at 1 o'clock) signals joy, such as the birth of a healthy baby. A tilt of the blades to 11-2-5-8 o'clock signals mourning, or warning. It was used to signal the local region during Nazi operations in World War II, such as searches for Jews. Across the Netherlands, windmills were placed in mourning positions in honor of the Dutch victims of the 2014

131: 34: 3591: 746: 762: 3555: 1402: 212: 1234: 3579: 804: 570:), Germany, and less commonly elsewhere. Earlier multiple-sailed mills are found in Spain, Portugal, Greece, parts of Romania, Bulgaria, and Russia. A mill with an even number of sails has the advantage of being able to run with a damaged sail by removing both the damaged sail and the one opposite, which does not unbalance the mill. 378:

requirement for windmills to operate economically in north-western Europe, where wind directions are variable. The body contains all the milling machinery. The first post mills were of the sunken type, where the post was buried in an earth mound to support it. Later, a wooden support was developed called the

261:(Eastern Iran and Western Afghanistan) already in the 9th century. Such windmills were in widespread use across the Middle East and Central Asia and later spread to Europe, China, and India from there. By the 11th century, the vertical-axle windmill had reached parts of Southern Europe, including the 607:

Gears inside a windmill convey power from the rotary motion of the sails to a mechanical device. The sails are carried on the horizontal windshaft. Windshafts can be wholly made of wood, wood with a cast iron pole end (where the sails are mounted), or entirely of cast iron. The brake wheel is fitted

561:

invented a system consisting of longitudinal wooden slats connected by a mechanism that lets the miller open them while the mill is turning. In the twentieth century, increased knowledge of aerodynamics from the development of the airplane led to further improvements in efficiency by German engineer

491:

Smock windmills were introduced by the Dutch in the 17th century to overcome the limitations of tower windmills, which were expensive to build and could not be erected on wet surfaces. The lower half of the smock windmill was made of brick, while the upper half was made of wood, with a sloping tower

1314:

in 1854 and was used mostly for lifting water from wells. Larger versions were also used for tasks such as sawing wood, chopping hay, and shelling and grinding grain. In early California and some other states, the windmill was part of a self-contained domestic water system which included a hand-dug

1055:

In addition to meeting the stiffness, strength, and toughness requirements determined by the loading, the blade needs to be lightweight, and the weight of the blade scales with the cube of its radius. To determine which materials fit the criteria described above, a parameter known as the beam merit

1047:

In an attempt to make wind turbines more efficient and increase their energy output, they are being built bigger, with taller towers and longer blades, and being increasingly deployed in offshore locations. While such changes increase their power output, they subject the components of the windmills

855:

has been said to have been the first industrialized region of the world with around 600 operating wind-powered industries by the end of the eighteenth century. Economic fluctuations and the industrial revolution had a much greater impact on these industries than on grain and drainage mills, so only

588:

In the Netherlands, the stationary position of the sails, i.e. when the mill is not working, has long been used to give signals. If the blades are stopped in a "+" sign (3-6-9-12 o'clock), the windmill is open for business. When the blades are stopped in an "X" configuration, the windmill is closed

1051:

The blade of a wind turbine consists of 4 main elements: the root, spar, aerodynamic fairing, and surfacing. The fairing is composed of two shells (one on the pressure side, and one on the suction side), connected by one or more webs linking the upper and lower shells. The webs connect to the spar

1188:

have been disposed of in Denmark, and the waste problem will grow significantly in the coming years when more and more wind turbines have reached their end of life. According to the SDU lecturer's calculations, the waste sector in Denmark will have to receive 46,400 tonnes of fiberglass from wind

957:

in Denmark (1890s). La Cour's mill from 1896 later became the local power of the village of Askov. By 1908, there were 72 wind-driven electric generators in Denmark, ranging from 5 to 25 kW. By the 1930s, windmills were widely used to generate electricity on farms in the United States where

846:

engines, although windmills continued to be built in large numbers until late in the nineteenth century. More recently, windmills have been preserved for their historic value, in some cases as static exhibits when the antique machinery is too fragile to be put in motion, and other cases as fully

437:

By the end of the 13th century, the masonry tower mill, on which only the cap is rotated rather than the whole body of the mill, had been introduced. The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to

377:

The evidence at present is that the earliest type of European windmill was the post mill, so named because of the large upright post on which the mill's main structure (the "body" or "buck") is balanced. By mounting the body this way, the mill can rotate to face the wind direction; an essential

545:

Common sails consist of a lattice framework on which the sailcloth is spread. The miller can adjust the amount of cloth spread according to the wind and the power needed. In medieval mills, the sailcloth was wound in and out of a ladder-type arrangement of sails. Later mill sails had a lattice

850:

Of the 10,000 windmills in use in the Netherlands around 1850, about 1,000 are still standing. Most of these are being run by volunteers, though some grist mills are still operating commercially. Many of the drainage mills have been appointed as a backup to the modern pumping stations. The

398:

In a hollow-post mill, the post on which the body is mounted is hollowed out, to accommodate the drive shaft. This makes it possible to drive machinery below or outside the body while still being able to rotate the body into the wind. Hollow-post mills driving scoop wheels were used in the

546:

framework over which the sailcloth was spread, while in colder climates, the cloth was replaced by wooden slats, which were easier to handle in freezing conditions. The jib sail is commonly found in Mediterranean countries and consists of a simple triangle of cloth wound round a spar.

549:

In all cases, the mill needs to be stopped to adjust the sails. Inventions in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries led to sails that automatically adjust to the wind speed without the need for the miller to intervene, culminating in patent sails invented by

1319:. During the late 19th century, steel blades and towers replaced wooden construction. At their peak in 1930, an estimated 600,000 units were in use. Firms such as U.S. Wind Engine and Pump Company, Challenge Wind Mill and Feed Mill Company, Appleton Manufacturing Company, Star, 160:

is not a practical windmill but was either an early wind-powered toy or a design concept for a wind-powered machine that may or may not have been a working device, as there is ambiguity in the text and issues with the design. Another early example of a wind-driven wheel was the

616:. Post mills sometimes have a head and/or tail wheel driving the stone nuts directly, instead of the spur gear arrangement. Additional gear wheels drive a sack hoist or other machinery. The machinery differs if the windmill is used for other applications than milling grain. A 231:, using sails that rotated in a horizontal plane, around a vertical axis. Made of six to 12 sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind grain or draw up water. A medieval account reports that windmill technology was used in 1335:

became the main suppliers in North and South America. These windpumps are used extensively on farms and ranches in the United States, Canada, Southern Africa, and Australia. They feature a large number of blades, so they turn slowly with considerable

711: 1172:

approximately half of the wings they have received since 2012 to Reno Nord's landfill in Aalborg. A total of around 1,000 wings have ended up there, he estimates - and today up to 99 percent of the wings the company receives end up in a landfill.

608:

onto the windshaft between the front and rear bearings. It has the brake around the outside of the rim and teeth in the side of the rim which drives the horizontal gearwheel called wallower on the top end of the vertical upright shaft. In

989:

technologies in use today, including steel tube towers, variable-speed generators, composite blade materials, and partial-span pitch control, as well as aerodynamic, structural, and acoustic engineering design capabilities. The modern

573: 382:. This was often covered over or surrounded by a roundhouse to protect the trestle from the weather and to provide storage space. This type of windmill was the most common in Europe until the 19th century when more powerful 1504:"a mill or machine operated by the wind usually acting on oblique vanes or sails that radiate from a horizontal shaft, especially: (a) wind-driven water pump or electric generator, (b) the wind-driven wheel of a windmill". 936:

is a windmill-like structure specifically developed to generate electricity. They can be seen as the next step in the development of the windmill. The first wind turbines were built by the end of the nineteenth century by

834:. Windmills were applied in regions where there was too little water, where rivers freeze in winter and in flat lands where the flow of the river was too slow to provide the required power. With the coming of the 562:

Bilau and several Dutch millwrights. The majority of windmills have four sails. Multiple-sailed mills, with five, six, or eight sails, were built in Great Britain (especially in and around the counties of

1355:

manufactured windmills of the American pattern from 1876, with the trade name Southern Cross Windmills in use from 1903. These became an icon of the Australian rural sector by utilizing the water of the

475:

The smock mill is a later development of the tower mill, where the masonry tower is replaced by a wooden framework, called the "smock", which is thatched, boarded, or covered by other materials, such as

250:), based on the caliph's conversation with a Persian builder slave. The authenticity of part of the anecdote involving the caliph Umar is questioned because it was recorded only in the 10th century. The 830:

In the 14th century, windmills became popular in Europe; the total number of wind-powered mills is estimated to have been around 200,000 at the peak in 1850, which is close to half of the some 500,000

332:

The horizontal-axis or vertical windmill (so called due to the plane of the movement of its sails) is a development of the 12th century, first used in northwestern Europe, in the triangle of northern

1348:

convert the rotary motion into reciprocating strokes carried downward through a rod to the pump cylinder below. Such mills pumped water and powered feed mills, sawmills, and agricultural machinery.

187:. This design was the panemone, with vertical lightweight wooden sails attached by horizontal struts to a central vertical shaft. It was first built to pump water and subsequently modified to grind 642: 308:. These early modern examples seem not to have been directly influenced by the vertical-axle windmills of the medieval period, but to have been independent inventions by 18th-century engineers. 3065: 3451: 692: 2683: 729: 2536: 344:. It is unclear whether the vertical windmill was influenced by the introduction of the horizontal windmill from Persia-Middle East to Southern Europe in the preceding century. 1145:(SDU). According to Dakofa, the Danish Competence Center for Waste and Resources, there is nothing specific in the Danish waste order about how to handle discarded fiberglass. 2430: 1536: 1006:. These early turbines were small by today's standards, with capacities of 20–30 kW each. Since then, commercial turbines have increased greatly in size, with the 962:, Wincharger, Miller Airlite, Universal Aeroelectric, Paris-Dunn, Airline, and Winpower. The Dunlite Corporation produced turbines for similar locations in Australia. 2767: 1131:

The reason why many wings end up in landfill is that they are incredibly difficult to separate from each other, which you will have to do if you hope to be able to

3633: 2864: 2082: 359:. Several earlier, but less certainly dated, 12th-century European sources referring to windmills have also been found. These earliest mills were used to 351:(assumed to have been of the vertical type) dates from 1185, in the former village of Weedley in Yorkshire which was located at the southern tip of the 788: 3364: 2838: 2557: 277:). A similar type of horizontal windmill with rectangular blades, used for irrigation, can also be found in thirteenth-century China (during the 2785: 628:

uses a crankshaft to provide a reciprocating motion to the saws. Windmills have been used to power many other industrial processes, including

2612:

Mishnaevsky, Leon et al. “Materials for Wind Turbine Blades: An Overview.” Materials vol. 10,11 1285. 9 November 2017, doi:10.3390/ma10111285

2500: 2418: 2234: 2198: 2065: 1769: 2658: 3147: 2691: 2621:

H.R. Shercliff, M.F. Ashby,"Elastic Structures in Design", Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, Elsevier,2016,

2543:, Noble Environmental Power, LLC, 12 November 2007. Retrieved from Noblepower.com website 10 January 2010. Comment: this is the real name 1810: 2917: 2643: 1969: 1200:, in Denmark, 250 tonnes of fiberglass from wind turbine waste also pours up on a landfill at Gerringe in the middle of Lolland in 2020. 1122:. Scrapped wind turbine blades are set to become a huge waste problem in Denmark and countries Denmark, to a greater and greater extent, 875:

and was located between Pinelands Station and the Black River. Long since demolished, its name lives on as that of a Technical school in

3384: 3369: 2533: 1513:

Glick, Thomas F., Steven Livesey, and Faith Wallis. Medieval science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia. Routledge, 2014, 519.

721: 2712: 3638: 2969: 2626: 2596: 2521: 2145: 2119: 2040: 1942: 1917: 1861: 1744: 1713: 901: 2434: 2190: 1141:

in Innovation and Technological Foresight and education leader for civil engineering in Product Development and Innovation at the

3643: 838:, the importance of wind and water as primary industrial energy sources declined, and they were eventually replaced by steam (in 820: 1544: 680: 3628: 3202: 2250: 2135: 1177: 1142: 657: 2457: 974: 495:

The smock windmill design included a small turbine in the back that helped the main mill to face the direction of the wind.

3461: 718: 581: 492:

shape that added structural strength to the design. This made them lightweight and able to be erected on unstable ground.

3312: 2362: 2077: 985:

developed from 1974 through the mid-1980s. The development of these 13 experimental wind turbines pioneered many of the

797: 590: 3116: 2642:

Ennis, Kelley, et al. "Optimized Carbon Fiber Composites in Wind Turbine Blade Design" US Department of Energy (2019),

3493: 3471: 3244: 3097: 1566: 413: 292:

Vertical-axle windmills were built, in small numbers, in Europe during the 18th and nineteenth centuries, for example

251: 1785: 871:

sent carpenters, masons, and materials to construct a durable mill. The mill, completed in 1718, became known as the

773: 3317: 3249: 2255: 1909: 1089: 668: 206: 115: 2813: 2591:

Paul Breeze, Chapter 11 - Wind Power,"Power Generation Technologies (Second Edition)", Newnes,2014, Pages 223-242,

3518: 3267: 1332: 1237: 1212: 27: 1080:). Currently, GFRP materials are chosen for their lower cost, despite the much greater figure of merit of CFRP. 3538: 3140: 1369: 1341: 896: 612:, the great spur wheel, lower down the upright shaft, drives one or more stone nuts on the shafts driving each 2294: 558: 183:

One of the earliest recorded working windmill designs found was invented sometime around 700–900 AD in

3597: 2001:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering

1522: 1393: 1207:, worn-out wind turbine blades made of fiberglass go to the handful of landfills that accept them (e.g., in 38: 456: 3533: 3528: 3292: 1666: 1597: 745: 148:

machines may have been known earlier, but there is no clear evidence of windmills before the 9th century.

3583: 3327: 3322: 3287: 3272: 3239: 3182: 3177: 2912: 2882: 2320: 1965: 1957: 1901: 1837:

Wailes, R. Horizontal Windmills. London, Transactions of the Newcomen Society vol. XL 1967–68 pp 125–145

1427: 835: 3070: 1422: 156:

described what appears to be a wind-driven wheel to power a machine. His description of a wind-powered

2644:

https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/optimized-carbon-fiber-composites-wind-turbine-blade-design

2561: 488:. The smock is commonly of octagonal plan, though there are examples with different numbers of sides. 3374: 3277: 3187: 3172: 3036: 2894: 2742: 1357: 876: 621: 1671: 1602: 699: 3648: 3571: 3523: 3481: 3356: 3282: 3234: 3192: 3133: 1288: 1138: 1112: 1097: 1042: 991: 986: 965:

Forerunners of modern horizontal-axis utility-scale wind generators were the WIME-3D in service in

843: 316: 278: 240: 111: 99: 49: 3590: 2741:

Olifent, Af Louise; Fredsted, Rasmus; Møgelbjerg 5, Sebastian Himmelstrup og Thomas (2020-04-17).

2582:

Ng C., Ran L. "Offshore Wind Farms: Technologies, Design and Operation" Woodhead Publishing (2016)

173:, though there is uncertainty over the date of its first appearance, which could have been either 3623: 3307: 3120: 3025: 1662: 1593: 1457: 1452: 1030: 982: 978: 880: 808: 620:

uses another set of gear wheels on the bottom end of the upright shaft to drive a scoop wheel or

301: 149: 135: 79:), but in some parts of the English-speaking world, the term has also been extended to encompass 1057: 1010:

capable of delivering up to 7 MW, while wind turbine production has expanded to many countries.

514: 2544: 1814: 3559: 3214: 2965: 2935: 2761: 2622: 2592: 2517: 2496: 2414: 2230: 2194: 2141: 2115: 2061: 2036: 2032: 2026: 1938: 1913: 1896:

Klaus Ferdinand, “The Horizontal Windmills of Western Afghanistan,” Folk 5, 1963, pp. 71–90..

1857: 1765: 1740: 1709: 1437: 1407: 1361: 1248: 1161: 262: 228: 200: 103: 64: 2224: 2012:

Hills, R L. Power from Wind: A History of Windmill Technology Cambridge University Press 1993

1315:

well and a wooden water tower supporting a redwood tank enclosed by wooden siding known as a

3403: 3017: 2902: 2091: 1684: 1676: 1607: 1320: 1208: 1116: 1026: 946: 938: 534: 439: 293: 258: 95: 994:

began in 1979 with the serial production of wind turbines by Danish manufacturers Kuriant,

3513: 3508: 3466: 3101: 3060: 2720: 2540: 2022: 1637: 1442: 1324: 1311: 1216: 1165: 1014: 950: 917: 812: 348: 337: 72: 2268: 1736: 1730: 1111:

and in 2020, with considerably larger fiberglass quantities, even though it is the least

781: 2986: 2898: 2151: 2096: 529: 219: 3488: 3476: 3425: 2906: 1897: 1018: 864: 649: 602: 577: 551: 379: 356: 282: 2028:

Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century, Vol. I: The Structure of Everyday Life

973:, from 1931 until 1942, a 100 kW generator on a 30-metre (98 ft) tower, the 3617: 3602: 3456: 3297: 3055: 3029: 2630: 1491: 1472: 1300: 1204: 1153: 1007: 852: 824: 554:

in 1807. In these sails, the cloth is replaced by a mechanism of connected shutters.

509: 477: 157: 139: 68: 3079: 2600: 425: 3498: 3259: 3197: 1272: 1241: 1149: 1061: 954: 933: 863:

in the seventeenth century. The early tower mills did not survive the gales of the

816: 563: 184: 162: 145: 130: 84: 33: 3021: 2461: 1982: 1848: 3339: 3106: 2080:(November 1995), "History of, and Recent Progress in, Wind-Energy Utilization", 1416: 1387: 1304: 1296: 1292: 1260: 1259:

Windpumps were used to pump water since at least the 9th century in what is now

1065: 959: 906: 868: 860: 831: 777: 481: 223:

Hooper's Mill, Margate, Kent, an eighteenth-century European horizontal windmill

153: 119: 1657:

Shepherd, Dennis G. (December 1990). "Historical development of the windmill".

1588:

Shepherd, Dennis G. (December 1990). "Historical development of the windmill".

761: 3503: 3334: 3164: 3156: 2344: 1764:(1 ed.). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. p. 4. 1447: 1432: 1383: 1345: 1284: 1100: 892: 839: 736: 664: 609: 461: 451: 408: 387: 383: 270: 266: 60: 42: 1833: 1831: 1029:. Worldwide, many thousands of wind turbines are now operating, with a total 3344: 3226: 3012:

Mishmastnehi, Moslem (2021). "Technological Heritage of Persian Windmills".

1689: 1467: 1462: 1352: 1328: 1316: 1276: 1169: 1132: 999: 966: 958:

distribution systems had not yet been installed, built by companies such as

703: 633: 629: 613: 567: 485: 465: 430: 372: 360: 352: 297: 286: 76: 3554: 3094: 1401: 2865:"Wind Turbine Blades Can't Be Recycled, So They're Piling Up in Landfills" 1789: 1233: 211: 3410: 1365: 1268: 1228: 1104: 1022: 942: 922: 617: 341: 254: 236: 80: 20: 1291:). Windmills were later used extensively in Europe, particularly in the 803: 3420: 3397: 3392: 1197: 1108: 1093: 1069: 1003: 926: 625: 523: 519: 469: 325: 274: 3111: 2413:

Endedijk, L and others. Molens, De Nieuwe Stockhuyzen. Wanders. 2007.

2295:"Wind powered factories: history (and future) of industrial windmills" 1735:(2nd ed.). New York: Litton Educational Publishing, Inc. p. 3435: 3430: 3415: 3302: 3074: 2659:"Verdens første havmøllepark er deponeret på en losseplads i Aalborg" 2458:"World First for Scotland Gives Engineering Student a History Lesson" 2363:"In somber ceremony, Dutch receive the first remains of MH17 victims" 1373: 1337: 1193: 1157: 1123: 995: 418: 333: 107: 46: 2839:"Bagsiden af den grønne strøm - vindmøllerester graves ned i jorden" 2213:

Hills, Power from wind: a history of windmill technology, (1996), 65

1680: 1611: 1103:

from 33 wind turbine blades ended as cut up at the Rærup Controlled

879:. By 1863, Cape Town had 11 mills stretching from Paarden Eiland to 399:

Netherlands to drain wetlands since the early 15th century onwards.

110:

during the 9th century, and the vertical windmill first appeared in

2786:"Politikere kræver handling: Rester fra vindmøller dumpes i jorden" 636:

mills, and to process oil seeds, wool, paints, and stone products.

2743:"Glasfiber fra Vindeby Havmøllepark endte på losseplads i Aalborg" 2401:, Episode 1. Directed and produced by Naomi Benson. BBC Television 1280: 1247: 1232: 1185: 1181: 1176:

Since 1996, according to an estimate made by Lykke Margot Ricard (

1156:

that they have handled wind turbine blades (wings) that have been

1119: 916: 910: 900: 802: 787: 772: 766: 760: 572: 528: 513: 455: 424: 412: 321: 315: 218: 210: 188: 170: 166: 129: 32: 3107:

A Geograph article and photo-record of Windmills in Great Britain

2514:

Wind turbines: fundamentals, technologies, application, economics

1883:

Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle",

1624:

Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle",

3089: 3008:

R. Gregory, The Industrial Windmill in Britain. Phillimore, 2005

2885:(May 1991). "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East". 2389:

Gregory, R. The Industrial Windmill in Britain. Phillimore, 2005

1340:

in low winds and are self-regulating in high winds. A tower-top

1264: 1077: 1073: 970: 672: 538: 305: 232: 3129: 1850:

Science and Technology in Islam: The exact and natural sciences

2367: 1307:

onwards, to drain land for agricultural or building purposes.

1253: 215:

The Persian horizontal windmill, the first practical windmill.

3125: 1160:

after being taken to a recycling station. One of them is the

3084: 2534:

The Return of Windpower to Grandpa's Knob and Rutland County

1310:

The "American windmill", or "wind engine", was invented by

2187:

Wind Energy: Fundamentals, Resource Analysis and Economics

2140:. Catrine, East Ayrshire: Stenlake Publishing. p. 2. 2112:

Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology

1935:

Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology

1706:

Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology

1025:

led to an expansion of interest in all available forms of

3014:

Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies

977:

built in 1941 on the mountain known as Grandpa's Knob in

698:

Windshaft, brake wheel, and brake blocks in smock mill

1960:, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", 2351:, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 99–104 1060:

and rho is the density. The best blade materials are

580:

windmill in mourning position following the death of

1271:. The use of windpumps became widespread across the 3444: 3383: 3355: 3258: 3225: 3163: 2321:"Windmill Sail - Different Types of Windmill Sails" 2631:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.02944-1 1537:"Amsterdam • Venice of the North" 3080:Earth Science Australia, Wind Power and Windmills 2601:https://doi.org/10.1016B978-0-08-098330-1.00011-9 1084:Recycling and waste problems with polymers blades 780:being struck by a windmill (1863 illustration by 118:, there are approximately 1,000 windmills in the 91:is also sometimes used to describe such devices. 1013:As the 21st century began, rising concerns over 347:The earliest certain reference to a windmill in 2269:"History Of Windmills: Part 2 - Windmills Tech" 1056:index is defined: Mb = E^1/2 / rho, where E is 165:, which is believed to have been first used in 2460:. The Robert Gordon University. Archived from 2409: 2407: 3141: 3039:: "An Enquiry into Origins of the Windmill", 2289: 2287: 2285: 648:An isometric drawing of the machinery of the 180:, the 7th century, or after the 9th century. 8: 2547:the turbine was built, in case you wondered. 1887:, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995), pp. 1–30 (8) 281:in the north), introduced by the travels of 114:in the 12th century. Regarded as an icon of 2929: 2927: 2766:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2083:Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 1786:"Part 1 — Early History Through 1875" 1628:, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995), pp. 1–30 (10f.) 1567:"The Dutch windmill making artisanal bread" 3148: 3134: 3126: 2713:"Arbejdspladser og eksport | Wind Denmark" 2031:. University of California Press. p. 1928: 1926: 1906:Islamic Technology: An illustrated history 1652: 1650: 1189:turbine blades over the next 20–25 years. 2964:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 123–127. 2095: 1688: 1670: 1601: 3064:) is being considered for deletion. See 2684:"Tal og viden om eksport | Wind Denmark" 1351:In Australia, the Griffiths Brothers at 235:and the Middle East during the reign of 71:or blades, by tradition specifically to 3085:The International Molinological Society 2075:(Oxford, 1962) p. 86 & p. 161–162. 1847:Ahmed, Maqbul; Iskandar, A. Z. (2001). 1762:Electricity Generation Using Wind Power 1483: 638: 3095:Mill Database, Belgium and Netherlands 2759: 591:Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 shootdown 2942:. Office of Science/US Dept of Energy 2936:"Historic Turns in The Windmill City" 2808: 2806: 2779: 2777: 2653: 2651: 2173:Medieval technology and social change 2134:Laurence Turner, Roy Gregory (2009). 2073:Medieval technology and social change 1494:. Merriam-webster.com. 31 August 2012 981:, United States, of 1.25 MW, and the 257:reported windmills being operated in 16:Machine that makes use of wind energy 7: 3578: 2433:. Mostertsmill.co.za. Archived from 2114:, Brill Publishers, pp. 106–7, 859:Construction of mills spread to the 19:For the wind-driven water pump, see 3634:Industrial buildings and structures 2558:"Global Installed Capacity in 2018" 2097:10.1146/annurev.eg.20.110195.002131 2003:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd., p. 560. 1329:Dempster Mill Manufacturing Company 582:Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 227:The first practical windmills were 94:Windmills were used throughout the 87:, and other applications. The term 2934:Clements, Elizabeth (2003-02-14). 2907:10.1038/scientificamerican0591-100 2060:, Osprey Publishing, p. 280, 735:Technical drawing of a 1793 Dutch 722:Historic American Buildings Survey 14: 3068:to help reach a consensus. › 2987:"Triumph of the Griffiths Family" 2229:. Osprey Publishing. p. 55. 1811:"A Panemone (Drag-Type Windmill)" 1708:. Brill Publishers. p. 105. 1543:. The Independent. Archived from 1126:its many produced wind turbines. 717:Interior view, Pantigo windmill, 134:A 19th-century reconstruction of 3589: 3577: 3566: 3565: 3553: 2837:Østergaard, Kasper Larsen Jens. 2814:"Vindmøllevinger ender i deponi" 1964:, May 1991, p. 64–69. (cf. 1937:. Brill Publishers. p. 65. 1525:. Pennsylvania State University. 1400: 1386: 744: 728: 710: 691: 679: 656: 641: 300:in London, and Hooper's Mill at 3041:Journal of the Newcomen Society 1360:. Another well-known maker was 245: 3117:Wind and watermill collections 1535:Ahmed, Shamim (10 July 2015). 1523:Geography, Landscape and Mills 1143:University of Southern Denmark 1: 3462:Blade element momentum theory 3022:10.1080/05786967.2021.1960885 2249:Rex Wailes, Fred Landis, 1137:", says Lykke Margot Ricard, 792:Egbert Livensz van der Poel, 174: 59:is a structure that converts 3452:2020s in wind power research 2665:(in Danish). 25 October 2021 2493:Encyclopedia of Energy Vol.6 2491:in Cutler J. Cleveland,(ed) 1987:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 905:A group of wind turbines in 686:Cross section of a post mill 3472:Energy return on investment 3090:Windmills at Windmill World 2719:(in Danish). Archived from 2690:(in Danish). Archived from 2185:Sathyajith, Mathew (2006). 1983:"Asbads (windmill) of Iran" 1885:Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 1626:Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 1033:of 591 GW as of 2018. 3665: 2325:www.historyofwindmills.com 2191:Springer Berlin Heidelberg 1910:Cambridge University Press 1856:. UNESCO Pub. p. 80. 1760:Shepherd, William (2011). 1226: 1180:) in 2020, at least 8,810 1090:Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm 1040: 921:A wind turbine in Huikku, 890: 600: 507: 449: 406: 370: 207:Vertical axis wind turbine 204: 198: 25: 18: 3547: 3519:Variable renewable energy 1168:informed, that they have 975:Smith–Putnam wind turbine 798:National Museum in Kraków 152:(Heron) in first-century 28:Windmill (disambiguation) 3639:Sustainable technologies 3539:Wind resource assessment 3066:templates for discussion 2962:Wind Energy Comes of Age 1999:Needham, Joseph (1986). 1729:Eldridge, Frank (1980). 1252:Windpump in far western 1096:in 2017, 99% of the not- 897:High-altitude wind power 3644:Timber framed buildings 3071:Architecture: Windmills 2524:, page 32, with a photo 2256:Encyclopædia Britannica 2056:Farrokh, Kaveh (2007), 1644:, 7 (1961), pp. 145–151 1394:Renewable energy portal 1164:H.J. Hansen, where the 821:De Gekroonde Poelenburg 769:, United Kingdom. 1815. 559:Pierre-Théophile Berton 39:windmills at Kinderdijk 3629:Agricultural buildings 3534:Wind profile power law 3529:Wind power forecasting 2985:Millet, Bruce (1984). 2918:Mechanical Engineering 2863:Chris, Martin (2020). 2560:. GWEC. Archived from 2539:28 August 2008 at the 2489:History of Wind Energy 2456:Shackleton, Jonathan. 2137:Windmills of Yorkshire 1970:Mechanical Engineering 1659:NASA Contractor Report 1590:NASA Contractor Report 1256: 1245: 929: 914: 827: 800: 785: 770: 751:1813 technical drawing 719:East Hampton, New York 585: 542: 526: 472: 434: 422: 329: 224: 216: 142: 52: 3560:Wind power portal 3037:Vowles, Hugh Pembroke 2913:Donald Routledge Hill 2784:Tiirikainen, Morten. 2223:Martin Watts (2006). 2175:(Oxford, 1962) p. 87. 2058:Shadows in the Desert 1966:Donald Routledge Hill 1958:Donald Routledge Hill 1902:Donald Routledge Hill 1640:, "Hero's Windmill", 1428:History of wind power 1251: 1236: 1023:fossil fuel depletion 920: 904: 836:Industrial Revolution 806: 791: 776: 764: 576: 532: 517: 459: 428: 416: 319: 222: 214: 205:Further information: 133: 36: 3365:Consulting companies 3173:Airborne wind energy 2349:The English Windmill 2110:Lucas, Adam (2006), 1933:Lucas, Adam (2006). 1704:Lucas, Adam (2006). 1541:theindependentbd.com 1358:Great Artesian Basin 1275:and later spread to 195:Horizontal windmills 102:; the horizontal or 100:early modern periods 26:For other uses, see 3594:Additional portals: 3524:Virtual power plant 3357:Wind power industry 3235:Lists of wind farms 3043:, Vol. 11 (1930–31) 2960:Gipe, Paul (1995). 2899:1991SciAm.264e.100H 2887:Scientific American 2516:, Birkhäuser, 2006 2503:, 2007, pp. 421–422 2464:on 17 December 2008 1962:Scientific American 1240:-style windpump in 1139:Associate Professor 1043:Wind turbine design 992:wind power industry 987:wind turbine design 856:very few are left. 844:internal combustion 279:Jurchen Jin dynasty 241:Umar ibn al-Khattab 112:northwestern Europe 67:using vanes called 50:World Heritage Site 45:, Netherlands is a 3121:University of Kent 3100:2009-11-19 at the 1663:Cornell University 1594:Cornell University 1458:Sustainable living 1453:Sustainable energy 1257: 1246: 1092:was taken down in 1031:nameplate capacity 983:NASA wind turbines 979:Castleton, Vermont 930: 915: 828: 801: 786: 771: 757:Spread and decline 586: 543: 527: 473: 435: 423: 421:islands, Portugal. 330: 312:Vertical windmills 252:Persian geographer 229:panemone windmills 225: 217: 150:Hero of Alexandria 143: 106:first appeared in 53: 41:in the village of 3611: 3610: 3203:on public display 3112:The Mills Archive 2501:978-1-60119-433-6 2431:"Local Windmills" 2419:978-90-400-8785-1 2299:Low-tech Magazine 2236:978-0-7478-0653-0 2200:978-3-540-30905-5 2067:978-1-84603-108-3 1771:978-981-4304-13-9 1438:List of windmills 1408:Wind power portal 1162:recycling company 867:, so in 1717 the 739:for land drainage 622:Archimedes' screw 263:Iberian Peninsula 201:Panemone windmill 104:panemone windmill 65:rotational energy 3656: 3598:Renewable energy 3593: 3581: 3580: 3569: 3568: 3558: 3557: 3404:GE Offshore Wind 3150: 3143: 3136: 3127: 3033: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2931: 2922: 2920: 2910: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2818:Energy Supply DK 2810: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2765: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2699: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2655: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2554: 2548: 2545:for the mountain 2531: 2525: 2510: 2504: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2437:on 8 August 2013 2427: 2421: 2411: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2301:. 8 October 2009 2291: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2276: 2265: 2259: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2193:. pp. 1–9. 2182: 2176: 2171:Lynn White Jr., 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2150:. Archived from 2131: 2125: 2124: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2070: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2023:Braudel, Fernand 2019: 2013: 2010: 2004: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1979: 1973: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1930: 1921: 1894: 1888: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1855: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1813:. Archived from 1807: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1788:. Archived from 1782: 1776: 1775: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1690:2060/19910012312 1674: 1654: 1645: 1635: 1629: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1605: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1488: 1410: 1405: 1404: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1303:, from the late 1215:, South Dakota; 1115:friendly way of 1027:renewable energy 953:(1887–1888) and 947:Charles F. Brush 796:(17th century), 748: 732: 714: 695: 683: 660: 645: 535:Holgate windmill 464:with a stage in 417:Windmill in the 394:Hollow-post mill 355:overlooking the 249: 247: 179: 176: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3552: 3543: 3514:Tip-speed ratio 3509:Net energy gain 3467:Capacity factor 3440: 3379: 3351: 3254: 3240:Community-owned 3221: 3159: 3154: 3102:Wayback Machine 3069: 3050: 3011: 3005: 3003:Further reading 3000: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2945: 2943: 2933: 2932: 2925: 2916: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2846: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2822: 2820: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2795: 2793: 2783: 2782: 2775: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2726: 2724: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2695: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2657: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2564:on 27 July 2019 2556: 2555: 2551: 2541:Wayback Machine 2532: 2528: 2511: 2507: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2412: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2327: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2170: 2166: 2157: 2155: 2148: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2076: 2071:Lynn White Jr. 2068: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2043: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 1998: 1994: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1932: 1931: 1924: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1853: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1829: 1820: 1818: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1795: 1793: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1747: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1681:10.2172/6342767 1672:10.1.1.656.3199 1656: 1655: 1648: 1638:A. G. Drachmann 1636: 1632: 1623: 1619: 1612:10.2172/6342767 1603:10.1.1.656.3199 1587: 1586: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1547:on 15 June 2022 1534: 1533: 1529: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1497: 1495: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1443:Mill (heraldry) 1423:Éolienne Bollée 1406: 1399: 1392: 1385: 1382: 1325:Fairbanks-Morse 1312:Daniel Halladay 1231: 1225: 1166:product manager 1113:environmentally 1086: 1058:Young's modulus 1045: 1039: 1021:, and eventual 1015:energy security 951:Cleveland, Ohio 899: 891:Main articles: 889: 847:working mills. 759: 752: 749: 740: 733: 724: 715: 706: 696: 687: 684: 675: 663:Diagram of the 661: 652: 646: 605: 599: 512: 506: 501: 454: 448: 429:Tower mills in 411: 405: 396: 390:replaced them. 375: 369: 349:Northern Europe 338:eastern England 314: 244: 209: 203: 197: 177: 128: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3662: 3660: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3616: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3587: 3575: 3563: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3489:Energy subsidy 3486: 3485: 3484: 3477:Energy storage 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3426:Siemens Gamesa 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3315: 3313:Unconventional 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3278:Crosswind kite 3275: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3245:Offshore farms 3242: 3237: 3231: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3053: 3049: 3048:External links 3046: 3045: 3044: 3034: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2977: 2970: 2952: 2923: 2874: 2855: 2829: 2802: 2773: 2733: 2717:winddenmark.dk 2704: 2688:winddenmark.dk 2675: 2647: 2635: 2614: 2605: 2584: 2575: 2549: 2526: 2505: 2481: 2475: 2448: 2422: 2403: 2399:Victorian Farm 2391: 2382: 2371:. 23 July 2014 2354: 2336: 2312: 2281: 2260: 2242: 2235: 2215: 2206: 2199: 2177: 2164: 2146: 2126: 2120: 2102: 2090:(1): 387–424, 2066: 2048: 2041: 2014: 2005: 1992: 1974: 1950: 1943: 1922: 1898:Ahmad Y Hassan 1889: 1876: 1862: 1839: 1827: 1802: 1777: 1770: 1752: 1745: 1721: 1714: 1696: 1646: 1630: 1617: 1580: 1558: 1527: 1515: 1506: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1412: 1411: 1397: 1381: 1378: 1227:Main article: 1224: 1221: 1192:As so, at the 1135:the fiberglass 1085: 1082: 1041:Main article: 1038: 1035: 1019:global warming 888: 885: 865:Cape Peninsula 765:A windmill in 758: 755: 754: 753: 750: 743: 741: 734: 727: 725: 716: 709: 707: 697: 690: 688: 685: 678: 676: 662: 655: 653: 650:Beebe Windmill 647: 640: 603:Mill machinery 601:Main article: 598: 595: 552:William Cubitt 508:Main article: 505: 502: 500: 497: 450:Main article: 447: 444: 407:Main article: 404: 401: 395: 392: 371:Main article: 368: 365: 357:Humber Estuary 320:A windmill in 313: 310: 248: 634–644 199:Main article: 196: 193: 127: 124: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3661: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3385:Manufacturers 3382: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3370:Manufacturers 3368: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3318:Vertical-axis 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3298:Pitch bearing 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3260:Wind turbines 3257: 3251: 3250:Onshore farms 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3188:Land vehicles 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2988: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2971:0-471-10924-X 2967: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2856: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2830: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2763: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2734: 2723:on 2022-09-15 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2694:on 2022-09-15 2693: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2627:9780128035818 2624: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597:9780080983301 2594: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2522:3-540-24240-6 2519: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2449: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2154:on 2019-11-01 2153: 2149: 2147:9781840334753 2143: 2139: 2138: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2121:90-04-14649-0 2117: 2113: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2078:Bent Sorensen 2074: 2069: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2042:9780520081147 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1946: 1944:90-04-14649-0 1940: 1936: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918:0-521-42239-6 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1865: 1863:9789231038303 1859: 1852: 1851: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1817:on 2008-10-25 1816: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1792:on 2018-10-02 1791: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1753: 1748: 1746:0-442-26134-9 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1732:Wind Machines 1725: 1722: 1717: 1715:90-04-14649-0 1711: 1707: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1474: 1473:Windmill ship 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1301:Great Britain 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1255: 1250: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205:United States 1201: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:scrap dealers 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1008:Enercon E-126 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 963: 961: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 928: 924: 919: 912: 908: 903: 898: 894: 887:Wind turbines 886: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 857: 854: 853:Zaan district 848: 845: 841: 837: 833: 826: 825:Zaanse Schans 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 799: 795: 794:Windmill Fire 790: 783: 779: 775: 768: 763: 756: 747: 742: 738: 731: 726: 723: 720: 713: 708: 705: 701: 694: 689: 682: 677: 674: 670: 666: 659: 654: 651: 644: 639: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 618:drainage mill 615: 611: 604: 596: 594: 592: 583: 579: 575: 571: 569: 565: 560: 555: 553: 547: 540: 536: 531: 525: 521: 516: 511: 510:Windmill sail 503: 498: 496: 493: 489: 487: 483: 479: 471: 467: 463: 458: 453: 445: 443: 441: 432: 427: 420: 415: 410: 402: 400: 393: 391: 389: 385: 381: 374: 366: 364: 362: 361:grind cereals 358: 354: 350: 345: 343: 339: 335: 327: 323: 318: 311: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 294:Fowler's Mill 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 253: 242: 238: 234: 230: 221: 213: 208: 202: 194: 192: 190: 186: 181: 172: 168: 164: 159: 155: 151: 147: 141: 138:wind-powered 137: 132: 125: 123: 121: 117: 116:Dutch culture 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 96:high medieval 92: 90: 86: 85:wind turbines 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 51: 48: 44: 40: 35: 29: 22: 3582: 3570: 3551: 3499:Hybrid power 3268:Aerodynamics 3209: 3059: 3040: 3013: 2990:. Retrieved 2980: 2961: 2955: 2944:. Retrieved 2939: 2893:(5): 64–69. 2890: 2886: 2883:Hill, Donald 2877: 2868: 2858: 2847:. Retrieved 2842: 2832: 2821:. Retrieved 2817: 2794:. Retrieved 2789: 2751:. Retrieved 2746: 2736: 2725:. Retrieved 2721:the original 2716: 2707: 2696:. Retrieved 2692:the original 2687: 2678: 2667:. Retrieved 2662: 2638: 2617: 2608: 2587: 2578: 2566:. Retrieved 2562:the original 2552: 2529: 2513: 2508: 2495:, Elsevier, 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2466:. Retrieved 2462:the original 2451: 2439:. Retrieved 2435:the original 2425: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2373:. Retrieved 2366: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2328:. Retrieved 2324: 2315: 2303:. Retrieved 2298: 2273:. Retrieved 2271:. 2022-09-27 2263: 2254: 2245: 2225: 2218: 2209: 2186: 2180: 2172: 2167: 2156:. Retrieved 2152:the original 2136: 2129: 2111: 2105: 2087: 2081: 2072: 2057: 2051: 2027: 2017: 2008: 2000: 1995: 1986: 1977: 1961: 1953: 1934: 1905: 1892: 1884: 1879: 1867:. Retrieved 1849: 1842: 1819:. Retrieved 1815:the original 1805: 1794:. Retrieved 1790:the original 1780: 1761: 1755: 1731: 1724: 1705: 1699: 1658: 1641: 1633: 1625: 1620: 1589: 1583: 1571:. Retrieved 1561: 1549:. Retrieved 1545:the original 1540: 1530: 1518: 1509: 1496:. Retrieved 1486: 1415: 1362:Metters Ltd. 1350: 1309: 1273:Muslim world 1258: 1242:South Dakota 1202: 1191: 1184:of the wing 1175: 1147: 1130: 1128: 1087: 1062:carbon fiber 1054: 1050: 1046: 1012: 964: 955:Poul la Cour 934:wind turbine 931: 872: 858: 849: 832:water wheels 829: 811:, paintmill 793: 782:Gustave Doré 606: 587: 564:Lincolnshire 556: 548: 544: 518:Windmill in 494: 490: 474: 436: 397: 376: 346: 331: 291: 226: 182: 163:prayer wheel 146:Wind-powered 144: 93: 88: 56: 54: 3054:‹ The 2940:Ferimi News 2845:(in Danish) 2792:(in Danish) 2749:(in Danish) 2512:Erich Hau, 2468:20 November 2345:Wailes, Rex 1869:27 December 1854:(Paperback) 1417:Don Quixote 1305:Middle Ages 1297:East Anglia 1293:Netherlands 1261:Afghanistan 1213:Sioux Falls 1170:transported 1068:reinforced 1066:glass fiber 960:Jacobs Wind 939:James Blyth 907:Zhangjiakou 869:Heeren XVII 861:Cape Colony 840:steam mills 778:Don Quixote 610:grist mills 557:In France, 482:sheet metal 462:smock mills 388:smock mills 328:in May 1987 283:Yelü Chucai 154:Roman Egypt 126:Forerunners 120:Netherlands 89:wind engine 3649:Wind power 3618:Categories 3504:Laddermill 3457:Betz's law 3402:including 3335:Yaw system 3227:Wind farms 3178:By country 3165:Wind power 3157:Wind power 2992:2013-12-10 2946:2015-01-25 2849:2022-09-15 2823:2022-09-12 2796:2022-09-15 2753:2022-09-12 2747:Ingeniøren 2727:2022-09-15 2698:2022-09-15 2669:2022-09-12 2330:2022-02-21 2275:2023-03-29 2158:2013-02-13 1821:2008-07-31 1796:2008-07-31 1573:8 February 1492:"Windmill" 1479:References 1448:Molinology 1433:Horse mill 1346:crankshaft 1285:South Asia 1209:Lake Mills 1158:pulverized 1154:Ingeniøren 1101:fiberglass 1098:degradable 893:Wind power 873:Oude Molen 737:smock mill 700:d'Admiraal 665:smock mill 630:papermills 452:Smock mill 446:Smock mill 409:Tower mill 403:Tower mill 271:Aegean Sea 269:) and the 267:Al-Andalus 178: 400 77:gristmills 61:wind power 43:Kinderdijk 3624:Windmills 3030:238712550 2869:Bloomberg 2441:15 August 2305:15 August 2251:Windmills 2226:Windmills 1908:, p. 54. 1667:CiteSeerX 1642:Centaurus 1598:CiteSeerX 1498:15 August 1468:Watermill 1463:Tide mill 1353:Toowoomba 1317:tankhouse 1277:East Asia 1223:Windpumps 1088:When the 1037:Materials 967:Balaklava 877:Pinelands 809:De Zoeker 704:Amsterdam 634:threshing 614:millstone 597:Machinery 568:Yorkshire 541:, England 499:Mechanics 486:tar paper 466:Greetsiel 431:Consuegra 373:Post mill 367:Post mill 298:Battersea 289:in 1219. 287:Turkestan 191:as well. 81:windpumps 3572:Category 3445:Concepts 3411:Goldwind 3375:Software 3328:Darrieus 3323:Savonius 3288:Floating 3273:Airborne 3215:panemone 3210:Windmill 3198:Turbines 3193:Offshore 3098:Archived 3056:template 3016:: 1–17. 2762:cite web 2663:plast.dk 2568:22 March 2537:Archived 2347:(1954), 2025:(1992). 1904:(1986). 1661:(4337). 1592:(4337). 1380:See also 1366:Adelaide 1333:Aermotor 1299:area of 1295:and the 1269:Pakistan 1238:Aermotor 1229:Windpump 1211:, Iowa; 1148:Several 1117:handling 1105:Landfill 1070:polymers 1000:Nordtank 945:(1887), 943:Scotland 923:Hailuoto 819:sawmill 807:Oilmill 626:Sawmills 342:Flanders 273:(in the 259:Khorasan 255:Estakhri 237:Rashidun 57:windmill 21:Windpump 3584:Commons 3421:Senvion 3398:GE Wind 3393:Enercon 3340:bearing 3293:Nacelle 3183:History 3119:at the 3058:below ( 2895:Bibcode 2843:TV2 ØST 2790:TV2 ØST 2375:24 July 2253:at the 1551:15 June 1342:gearbox 1321:Eclipse 1203:In the 1198:Lolland 1133:recycle 1109:Aalborg 1094:Denmark 927:Finland 913:, China 881:Mowbray 823:at the 817:paltrok 669:Meopham 584:in 1962 578:De Valk 533:5-sail 524:Estonia 520:Kuremaa 470:Germany 440:fantail 433:, Spain 380:trestle 326:Finland 302:Margate 275:Balkans 239:caliph 136:Heron's 122:today. 75:grain ( 3603:Energy 3436:Vestas 3431:Suzlon 3416:Nordex 3303:QBlade 3283:Design 3075:Curlie 3061:Curlie 3028: 2968: 2625: 2595: 2520: 2499: 2417: 2233: 2197: 2144: 2118: 2064: 2039: 1941: 1916: 1860: 1768: 1743: 1712: 1669: 1600: 1374:Sydney 1338:torque 1331:, and 1283:) and 1267:, and 1217:Casper 1194:island 1182:tonnes 1124:export 1002:, and 996:Vestas 842:) and 813:De Kat 419:Azores 334:France 233:Persia 185:Persia 108:Persia 47:UNESCO 3345:drive 3308:Small 3026:S2CID 2911:(cf. 1569:. BBC 1370:Perth 1289:India 1281:China 1186:scrap 1152:tell 1120:waste 1107:near 1004:Bonus 911:Hebei 767:Wales 504:Sails 484:, or 478:slate 384:tower 322:Kotka 265:(via 189:grain 171:China 167:Tibet 158:organ 140:organ 69:sails 63:into 3494:HVDC 3482:grid 2966:ISBN 2768:link 2623:ISBN 2593:ISBN 2570:2019 2518:ISBN 2497:ISBN 2470:2008 2443:2013 2415:ISBN 2377:2014 2307:2013 2231:ISBN 2195:ISBN 2142:ISBN 2116:ISBN 2062:ISBN 2037:ISBN 1939:ISBN 1914:ISBN 1871:2021 1858:ISBN 1766:ISBN 1741:ISBN 1710:ISBN 1575:2021 1553:2022 1500:2013 1372:and 1344:and 1265:Iran 1244:, US 1078:GFRP 1076:and 1074:CFRP 1064:and 971:USSR 895:and 815:and 673:Kent 566:and 539:York 460:Two 386:and 353:Wold 340:and 306:Kent 169:and 98:and 73:mill 37:The 3073:at 3018:doi 2903:doi 2891:264 2368:CNN 2092:doi 2033:358 1685:hdl 1677:doi 1608:doi 1364:of 1254:NSW 1219:). 1178:SDU 949:in 941:in 702:in 667:at 537:in 304:in 296:at 285:to 3620:: 3024:. 2938:. 2926:^ 2915:, 2901:. 2889:. 2867:. 2841:. 2816:. 2805:^ 2788:. 2776:^ 2764:}} 2760:{{ 2745:. 2715:. 2686:. 2661:. 2650:^ 2629:, 2599:, 2406:^ 2365:. 2323:. 2297:. 2284:^ 2189:. 2088:20 2086:, 2035:. 1985:. 1968:, 1925:^ 1912:. 1900:, 1830:^ 1739:. 1737:15 1683:. 1675:. 1665:. 1649:^ 1606:. 1596:. 1539:. 1376:. 1368:, 1327:, 1323:, 1263:, 1196:, 1017:, 998:, 969:, 932:A 925:, 909:, 883:. 784:). 671:, 632:, 624:. 593:. 522:, 480:, 468:, 363:. 336:, 324:, 246:r. 175:c. 83:, 55:A 3149:e 3142:t 3135:v 3032:. 3020:: 2995:. 2974:. 2949:. 2921:) 2909:. 2905:: 2897:: 2871:. 2852:. 2826:. 2799:. 2770:) 2756:. 2730:. 2701:. 2672:. 2633:. 2603:. 2572:. 2472:. 2445:. 2379:. 2333:. 2309:. 2278:. 2239:. 2203:. 2161:. 2094:: 2045:. 1989:. 1972:) 1947:. 1920:. 1873:. 1824:. 1799:. 1774:. 1749:. 1718:. 1693:. 1687:: 1679:: 1614:. 1610:: 1577:. 1555:. 1502:. 1287:( 1279:( 1129:" 1072:( 243:( 30:. 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index