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scale to prove feasibility and establish some of the required ultrasonic exposure parameters. After this phase is complete, the process is transferred to a pilot (bench) scale for flow-through pre-production optimization and then to an industrial scale for continuous production. During these scale-up steps, it is essential to make sure that all local exposure conditions (ultrasonic amplitude,
27:
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intensity, time spent in the active cavitation zone, etc.) stay the same. If this condition is met, the quality of the final product remains at the optimized level, while the productivity is increased by a predictable "scale-up factor". The productivity increase results from the fact that laboratory,
270:
Substantial intensity of ultrasound and high ultrasonic vibration amplitudes are required for many processing applications, such as nano-crystallization, nano-emulsification, deagglomeration, extraction, cell disruption, as well as many others. Commonly, a process is first tested on a laboratory
831:
A.S. Peshkovsky, S.L. Peshkovsky "Industrial-scale processing of liquids by high-intensity acoustic cavitation - the underlying theory and ultrasonic equipment design principles", In: Nowak F.M, ed., Sonochemistry: Theory, Reactions and
Syntheses, and Applications, Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science
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result in direct scalability, since it may be (and frequently is) accompanied by a reduction in the ultrasonic amplitude and cavitation intensity. During direct scale-up, all processing conditions must be maintained, while the power rating of the equipment is increased in order to enable the
200:
Sonication is used in food industry as well. Main applications are for dispersion to save expensive emulgators (mayonnaise) or to speed up filtration processes (vegetable oil etc.). Experiments with sonication for artificial ageing of liquors and other alcoholic beverages were conducted.
130:, polymer and epoxy processing, adhesive thinning, and many other processes. It is applied in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, water, food, ink, paint, coating, wood treatment, metalworking, nanocomposite, pesticide, fuel, wood product and many other industries.
98:. The chemical effects of ultrasound do not come from a direct interaction with molecular species. Studies have shown that no direct coupling of the acoustic field with chemical species on a molecular level can account for sonochemistry or
851:
Parvareh, A., Mohammadifar, A., Keyhani, M. and
Yazdanpanah, R. (2015). A statistical study on thermal side effects of ultrasonic mixing in a gas-liquid system. In: The 15 th Iranian National Congress of Chemical Engineering (IChEC 2015).
841:
A.S. Peshkovsky, S.L. Peshkovsky "Acoustic
Cavitation Theory and Equipment Design Principles for Industrial Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasound", Book Series: Physics Research and Technology, Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers;
164:(SUVs) can be made by sonication of a dispersion of large multilamellar vesicles (LMVs). Sonication is also used to fragment molecules of DNA, in which the DNA subjected to brief periods of sonication is sheared into smaller fragments.
170:
Sonication can also be used to initiate crystallisation processes and even control polymorphic crystallisations. It is used to intervene in anti-solvent precipitations (crystallisation) to aid mixing and isolate small crystals.
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zones and, therefore, to process more material per unit of time. This is called "direct scalability". It is important to point out that increasing the power capacity of the ultrasonic processor alone does
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operation of a larger ultrasonic horn. Finding the optimum operation condition for this equipment is a challenge for process engineers and needs deep knowledge about side effects of ultrasonic processors.
262:
334:
Garcia-Vaquero, M.; Rajauria, G.; O'Doherty, J.V.; Sweeney, T. (2017-09-01). "Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification".
102:. Instead, in sonochemistry the sound waves migrate through a medium, inducing pressure variations and cavitations that grow and collapse, transforming the sound waves into mechanical energy.
702:
122:
and wax emulsions, as well as for wastewater purification, degassing, extraction of seaweed polysaccharides and plant oil, extraction of anthocyanins and antioxidants, production of
167:
Sonication is commonly used in nanotechnology for evenly dispersing nanoparticles in liquids. Additionally, it is used to break up aggregates of micron-sized colloidal particles.
732:
204:
Soil samples are often subjected to ultrasound in order to break up soil aggregates; this allows the study of the different constituents of soil aggregates (especially
94:
Sonication has numerous effects, both chemical and physical. The scientific field concerned with understanding the effect of sonic waves on chemical systems is called
701:
Catherin Vaska, Susan; Muralakar, Pavankumar; H.S, Arunkumar; D, Manoj; Nadiger, Seemantini; D, Jeevitha; Chimmalagi, Umesh; T V, Vinay; M, Nagaraju (2023-07-04).
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Sonication can be used to speed dissolution, by breaking intermolecular interactions. It is especially useful when it is not possible to stir the sample, as with
189:—loosening particles adhering to surfaces. In addition to laboratory science applications, sonicating baths have applications including cleaning objects such as
546:
Golmohamadi, Amir (September 2013). "Effect of ultrasound frequency on antioxidant activity, total phenolic and anthocyanin content of red raspberry puree".
519:
Peshkovsky, A. S.; Peshkovsky, S. L.; Bystryak, S. (2013). "Scalable high-power ultrasonic technology for the production of translucent nanoemulsions".
137:. It may also be used to provide the energy for certain chemical reactions to proceed. Sonication can be used to remove dissolved gases from liquids (
41:
is the act of applying sound energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes such as the extraction of multiple compounds from plants,
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In biological applications, sonication may be sufficient to disrupt or deactivate a biological material. For example, sonication is often used to
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797:
Peshkovsky, S. L.; Peshkovsky, A. S. (2007). "Matching a transducer to water at cavitation: Acoustic horn design principles".
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Suslick, K. S.; Flannigan, D. J. (2008). "Inside a
Collapsing Bubble, Sonoluminescence and Conditions during Cavitation".
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79:
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703:"CURRENT TRENDS IN PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF FISH OILS & ITS CHEMICAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES: AN OVERVIEW"
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Gensel, P.G.; Johnson, N.G.; Strother, P.K. (1990). "Early Land Plant Debris (Hooker's" Waifs and Strays"?)".
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or an ultrasonic probe system is used for extraction. For instance, this technique was suggested to remove
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frequencies (> 20 kHz) are usually used, leading to the process also being known as
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Deora, N. S.; Misra, N. N.; Deswal, A.; Mishra, H. N.; Cullen, P. J.; Tiwari, B. K. (2013).
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748:"Batch and Continuous Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Boldo Leaves (Peumus boldus Mol.)"
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bench and industrial-scale ultrasonic processor systems incorporate progressively larger
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This article is about the laboratory procedure. For the bee pollination procedure, see
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Petigny, Loïc; Périno-Issartier, Sandrine; Wajsman, Joël; Chemat, Farid (2013-03-12).
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141:) by sonicating the liquid while it is under a vacuum. This is an alternative to the
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Schematic of bench and industrial-scale ultrasonic liquid processors
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is the basis for the operation of ultrasound-assisted extraction.
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583:"Ultrasound for Improved Crystallisation in Food Processing"
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Chemical
Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification
280:, able to generate progressively larger high-intensity
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powder. The outcomes differ for every raw material and
208:) without subjecting them to harsh chemical treatment.
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Kaiser, Michael; Asefaw Berhe, Asmeret (August 2014).
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and release cellular contents. This process is called
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60:In the laboratory, it is usually applied using an
731:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
246:utilized and the other extraction techniques.
110:Sonication can be used for the production of
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752:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
626:Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science
178:Sonication machines for record cleaning at
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495:10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093739
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86:more uniformly and strengthen the paper.
422:Suslick, K. S. (1990). "Sonochemistry".
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185:Sonication is the mechanism used in
211:Sonication is also used to extract
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126:, crude oil desulphurization,
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444:10.1126/science.247.4949.1439
348:10.1016/j.foodres.2016.11.016
180:Swiss National Sound Archives
32:Weizmann Institute of Science
403:. Royal Society of Chemistry
336:Food Research International
16:Application of sound energy
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707:European Chemical Bulletin
162:Small unilamellar vesicles
70:, colloquially known as a
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799:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
599:10.1007/s12393-012-9061-0
548:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
533:10.1016/j.cep.2013.02.010
401:Chemical Methods Ontology
587:Food Engineering Reviews
891:Medical ultrasonography
858:10.13140/2.1.4913.9524
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154:disrupt cell membranes
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881:Laboratory techniques
475:Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem
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672:1990Palai...5..520G
487:2008ARPC...59..659S
436:1990Sci...247.1439S
430:(4949): 1439–1445.
342:(Pt 3): 1011–1020.
305:Ultrasonic cleaning
206:soil organic matter
187:ultrasonic cleaning
30:A sonicator at the
310:Kenneth S. Suslick
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232:phenolic compounds
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832:Publishers; 2010.
397:"Ultrasonication"
395:Colin Batchelor.
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481:: 659–683.
300:Ultrasonics
224:isoflavones
215:from rock.
876:Ultrasound
870:Categories
357:10197/8191
316:References
282:cavitation
273:cavitation
252:cavitation
236:wheat bran
191:spectacles
114:, such as
47:Ultrasonic
43:microalgae
39:Sonication
527:: 77–82.
460:220099341
366:0963-9969
258:Equipment
149:methods.
139:degassing
135:NMR tubes
120:liposomes
72:sonicator
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784:23481637
607:55520937
568:23507361
503:18393682
452:17791211
407:17 April
382:10531419
374:28865611
294:See also
248:Acoustic
228:soybeans
147:sparging
124:biofuels
775:3634473
688:3514860
668:Bibcode
660:PALAIOS
483:Bibcode
432:Bibcode
424:Science
244:solvent
195:jewelry
90:Effects
74:. In a
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