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858:(NARA) have done studies on freeze-drying as a recovery method of water-damaged books and documents. While recovery is possible, restoration quality depends on the material of the documents. If a document is made of a variety of materials, which have different absorption properties, expansion will occur at a non-uniform rate, which could lead to deformations. Water can also cause mold to grow or make inks bleed. In these cases, freeze-drying may not be an effective restoration method.
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655:, as military rations, or astronaut meals. A greater amount of dried food can be carried compared to the same weight of wet food. In replacement of wet food, freeze dried food can easily be rehydrated with water if desired and shelf-life of the dried product is longer than fresh/wet product making it ideal for long trips taken by hikers,
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Silicone oil is the common fluid that is used to heat or cool shelves in the freeze-dryer. The continuous heat/cool cycle can lead to a leakage of silicone oil at weak areas that connect the shelf and hose. This can contaminate the product leading to major losses of pharmaceuticals and food products.
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Since the main method of microbial decontamination for freeze drying is the low temperature dehydration process, spoilage organisms and pathogens resistant to these conditions can remain in the product. Although microbial growth is inhibited by the low moisture conditions, it can still survive in the
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The primary purpose of freeze drying within the food industry is to extend the shelf-life of the food while maintaining the quality. Freeze-drying is known to result in the highest quality of foods of all drying techniques because structural integrity is maintained along with preservation of flavors.
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administered after reconstitution by injection which need to be sterile as well as free of impurity particles. Pre-treatment in these cases consists of solution preparation followed by a multi-step filtration. Afterwards the liquid is filled under sterile conditions into the final containers which in
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membrane. Freeze-drying is a relatively expensive process. The equipment is about three times as expensive as the equipment used for other separation processes, and the high energy demands lead to high energy costs. Furthermore, freeze-drying also has a long process time, because the addition of too
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Contact freeze dryers use contact (conduction) of the food with the heating element to supply the sublimation energy. This type of freeze dryer is a basic model that is simple to set up for sample analysis. One of the major ways contact freeze dryers heat is with shelf-like platforms contacting the
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rather than melting will occur in the following steps. To facilitate faster and more efficient freeze drying, larger ice crystals are preferable. The large ice crystals form a network within the product which promotes faster removal of water vapor during sublimation. To produce larger crystals, the
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were needed to treat the wounded in the field. Because of the lack of refrigerated transport, many serum supplies spoiled before reaching their recipients. The freeze-drying process was developed as a commercial technique that enabled blood plasma and penicillin to be rendered chemically stable and
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sample chamber to become plasma. This plasma could potentially burn the sample, so maintaining a microwave strength appropriate for the vacuum levels is imperative. The rate of sublimation in a product can affect the microwave impedance, in which power of the microwave must be changed accordingly.
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methods using higher temperatures. Nutrient factors that are sensitive to heat are lost less in the process as compared to the processes incorporating heat treatment for drying purposes. Freeze-drying does not usually cause shrinkage or toughening of the material being dried. In addition, flavors,
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who devised a method to freeze dry tissues (either plant or animal), but went virtually unnoticed until the 1930s. In 1909, L. F. Shackell independently created the vacuum chamber by using an electrical pump. No further freeze drying information was documented until Tival in 1927 and Elser in 1934
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Microwave-assisted freeze dryers utilize microwaves to allow for deeper penetration into the sample to expedite the sublimation and heating processes in freeze-drying. This method can be complicated to set up and run as the microwaves can create an electrical field capable of causing gases in the
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Radiant freeze dryers use infrared radiation to heat the sample in the tray. This type of heating allows for simple flat trays to be used as an infrared source can be located above the flat trays to radiate downwards onto the product. Infrared radiation heating allows for a uniform heating of the
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immediately touching the heater. This problem can be minimized by maximizing the surface area of the sample touching the heating element by using a ribbed tray, slightly compressing the sample between two solid heated plates above and below, or compressing with a heated mesh from above and below.
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have also come a long way, from being served cured pork and corn meal to beefsteaks with mushroom gravy. How rations are chosen and developed are based on acceptance, nutrition, wholesomeness, producibility, cost, and sanitation. Additional requirements for rations include a minimum shelf life of
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The process condenser consists of refrigerated coils or plates that can be external or internal to the chamber. During the drying process, the condenser traps water. For increased efficiency, the condenser temperature should be 20 °C (36°F) less than the product during primary drying and have a
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Additionally, the shelf-fluid system works to provide specific temperatures to the shelves during drying by pumping a fluid (usually silicone oil) at low pressure. The downside to this type of freeze dryer is that the heat is only transferred from the heating element to the side of the sample
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Freeze-dried products can be rehydrated (reconstituted) much more quickly and easily because the process leaves microscopic pores. The pores are created by the ice crystals that sublimate, leaving gaps or pores in their place. This is especially important when it comes to pharmaceutical uses.
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Freeze-drying costs about five times as much as conventional drying, so it is most suitable for products which increase in value with processing. Costs are also variable depending on the product, the packaging material, processing capacity, etc. The most energy-intensive step is sublimation.
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Because of the low temperature used in processing, the rehydrated product retains many of its original qualities. When solid objects like strawberries are freeze dried the original shape of the product is maintained. If the product to be dried is a liquid, as often seen in pharmaceutical
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since the 13th century. The process involved multiple cycles of exposing potatoes to below freezing temperatures on mountain peaks in the Andes during the evening, and squeezing water out and drying them in the sunlight during the day. The Inca people also used the unique climate of the
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During the drying process, a vacuum of 50–100 microbar is applied, by the vacuum system, to remove the solvent. A two-stage rotary vacuum pump is used, however, if the chamber is large then multiple pumps are needed. This system compresses non-condensable gases through the condenser.
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In the case of goods where preservation of structure is required, like food or objects with formerly-living cells, large ice crystals break the cell walls, resulting in increasingly poor texture and loss of nutritive content. In this case, rapidly freezing the material to below its
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Freeze-drying is viewed as the optimal method of choice for dehydration of food because of the preservation of quality, meaning characteristics of the food product such as aroma, rehydration, and bioactivity, are noticeably higher compared to foods dried using other techniques.
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rations. What began for astronaut crews as tubed meals and freeze-dried snacks that were difficult to rehydrate, were transformed into hot meals in space by improving the process of rehydrating freeze-dried meals with water. As technology and food processing improved,
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If a dried product cannot be easily or fully re-hydrated, it is considered to be of lower quality. Because if the final freeze dried product is porous, complete re-hydration can occur in the food. This signifies greater quality of the product and makes it ideal for
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With conventional dehydration, berries can degrade in quality as their structure is delicate and contains high levels of moisture. Strawberries were found to have the highest quality when freeze dried; retaining color, flavor, and ability to be re-hydrated.
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samples. The shelves play a major role as they behave like heat exchangers at different times of the freeze-drying process. They are connected to a silicone oil system that will remove heat energy during freezing and provide energy during drying times.
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The chamber is highly polished and contains insulation, internally. It is manufactured with stainless steel and contains multiple shelves for holding the product. A hydraulic or electric motor is in place to ensure the door is vacuum-tight when closed.
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Examples of lyophilized biological products include many vaccines such as live measles virus vaccine, typhoid vaccine, and meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine groups A and C combined. Other freeze-dried biological products include antihemophilic
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outbreak that occurred in the United States in 2016, associated with frozen strawberries. If the product is not properly packaged and/or stored, the product can absorb moisture, allowing the once inhibited pathogens to begin reproducing as well.
503:, the material can be easily stored, shipped, and later reconstituted to its original form for injection. Another example from the pharmaceutical industry is the use of freeze drying to produce tablets or wafers, the advantage of which is less
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There are many types of freeze-dryers available, however, they usually contain a few essential components. These are a vacuum chamber, shelves, process condenser, shelf-fluid system, refrigeration system, vacuum system, and control system.
206:(HACCP) plan, which is widely used today to evaluate food material before, during, and after processing. With the combination of these three innovations, NASA could provide safe and wholesome foods to their crews from freeze-dried meals.
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Pharmaceutical companies often use freeze-drying to increase the shelf life of the products, such as live virus vaccines, biologics, and other injectables. By removing the water from the material and sealing the material in a glass
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Due to the low processing temperatures and the minimization of deterioration reactions, nutrients are retained and color is maintained. Freeze-dried fruit maintains its original shape and has a characteristic soft crispy texture.
348:. In this initial drying phase, about 95% of the water in the material is sublimated. This phase may be slow (can be several days in the industry), because, if too much heat is added, the material's structure could be altered.
298:. The freezing phase is the most critical in the whole freeze-drying process, as the freezing method can impact the speed of reconstitution, duration of freeze-drying cycle, product stability, and appropriate crystallization.
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Finally, the control system sets up controlled values for shelf temperature, pressure, and time that are dependent on the product and/or the process. The freeze-dryer can run for a few hours or days depending on the product.
355:. The vacuum speeds up the sublimation, making it useful as a deliberate drying process. Furthermore, a cold condenser chamber and/or condenser plates provide a surface(s) for the water vapor to re-liquify and solidify on.
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looked for ways to provide a complete nutrient profile while reducing crumbs, disease-producing bacteria, and toxins. The complete nutrient profile was improved with the addition of an algae-based vegetable-like oil to add
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Dong, Wenjiang; Hu, Rongsuo; Chu, Zhong; Zhao, Jianping; Tan, Lehe (25 April 2017). "Effect of different drying techniques on bioactive components, fatty acid composition, and volatile profile of robusta coffee beans".
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Shelf-life extension results from low processing temperatures in conjunction with rapid transition of water through sublimation. With these processing conditions, deterioration reactions, including nonenzymic
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Many bio-pharmaceutical products based on therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies require lyophilization for stability. Examples of lyophilized biopharmaceuticals include blockbuster drugs such as
382:. In this phase, the temperature is raised higher than in the primary drying phase, and can even be above 0 °C (32 °F), to break any physico-chemical interactions that have formed between the water
643:. Examples of high-value freeze-dried products are seasonal fruits and vegetables because of their limited availability, coffee; and foods used for military rations, astronauts/cosmonauts, and/or hikers.
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In bioseparations, freeze-drying can be used also as a late-stage purification procedure, because it can effectively remove solvents. Furthermore, it is capable of concentrating substances with low
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Cell extracts that support cell-free biotechnology applications such as point-of-care diagnostics and biomanufacturing are also freeze-dried to improve stability under room temperature storage.
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Bourdoux, Siméon; Li, Dan; Rajkovic, Andreja; Devlieghere, Frank; Uyttendaele, Mieke (2016-09-07). "Performance of Drying
Technologies to Ensure Microbial Safety of Dried Fruits and Vegetables".
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The amount of heat energy needed at times of the primary and secondary drying phase is regulated by an external heat exchanger. Usually, silicone oil is circulated around the system with a pump.
67:(i.e., inactive ingredients). Primary applications of freeze drying include biological (e.g., bacteria and yeasts), biomedical (e.g., surgical transplants), food processing (e.g., coffee), and
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Pisano, Roberto; Fissore, Davide; Velardi, Salvatore A.; Barresi, Antonello A. (November 2010). "In-Line
Optimization and Control of an Industrial Freeze-Drying Process for Pharmaceuticals".
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In many instances the decision to pretreat a product is based on theoretical knowledge of freeze-drying and its requirements, or is demanded by cycle time or product quality considerations.
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Maugey, M; Neri, W; Zakri, C; Derré, A; Pénicaud, A; Noé, L; Chorro, M; Launois, P; Monthioux, M; Poulin, P (2007). "Substantial improvement of nanotube processability by freeze-drying".
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have been improved upon by increasing acceptable items and provide high quality meals while in the field. Freeze-dried coffee was also incorporated by replacing spray-dried coffee in the
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Freeze-dried pharmaceutical products are produced as lyophilized powders for reconstitution in vials and more recently in prefilled syringes for self-administration by a patient.
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It is important to note that, in this range of pressure, the heat is brought mainly by conduction or radiation; the convection effect is negligible, due to the low air density.
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are generally used for all of the aforementioned purposes versus harvesting wild insects, except in the case of grasshoppers which are often harvested out of field crops.
925:, are minimized. When the product is successfully dried, packaged properly, and placed in ideal storage conditions the foods have a shelf life of greater than 12 months.
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This system works to cool shelves and the process condenser by using compressors or liquid nitrogen, which will supply energy necessary for the product to freeze.
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much heat to the material can cause melting or structural deformations. Therefore, freeze-drying is often reserved for materials that are heat-sensitive, such as
2315:"2016 - Multistate outbreak of hepatitis A linked to frozen strawberries (Final Update) | Hepatitis A Outbreaks | Outbreaks | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
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smells, and nutritional content generally remain unchanged, making the process popular for preserving food. However, water is not the only chemical capable of
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and the frozen material. Usually the pressure is also lowered in this stage to encourage desorption (typically in the range of microbars, or fractions of a
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Gregorio, Nicole (21 February 2020). "Unlocking applications of cell-free biotechnology through enhanced shelf-life and productivity of E. coli extracts".
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during roasting and can be preserved with freeze-drying. Compared to other drying methods like room temperature drying, hot-air drying, and solar drying,
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viable without refrigeration. In the 1950s–1960s, freeze drying began to be viewed as a multi-purpose tool for both pharmaceuticals and food processing.
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avoids the formation of large ice crystals. Usually, the freezing temperatures are between −50 °C (−58 °F) and −80 °C (−112 °F).
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coating on the foods to lock in and prevent crumbs. Disease-producing bacteria and toxins were reduced by quality control and the development of the
1941:"Stability evaluation of freeze-dried Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerance and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in oral capsules".
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After the freeze-drying process is complete, the vacuum is usually broken with an inert gas, such as nitrogen, before the material is sealed.
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802:, freeze-drying is used for nanotube purification to avoid aggregation due to capillary forces during regular thermal vaporization drying.
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Lopez-Quiroga, Estefania; Antelo, Luis T.; Alonso, Antonio A. (August 2012). "Time-scale modeling and optimal control of freeze–drying".
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surface of the product, but has little capacity for penetration so it is used mostly with shallow trays and homogeneous sample matrices.
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when choosing to preserve their pet via taxidermy, many owners opt for freeze-drying because it is less invasive upon the pet's body.
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are used to identify vapors released by silicone oil to immediately take corrective action and prevent contamination of the product.
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like leucine, lysine, and phenylalanine. Also, few non-essential amino acids that significantly contributed to taste were preserved.
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has been developed by the
Swedish company Promessa Organic AB, which puts it forward as an environmentally friendly alternative to
1352:"Freeze-dried but Always Peeled: Anthropological Approaches to Food Processing, Preparation, and Consumption of the Andean Potato"
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revision (i.e., addition of components to increase stability, preserve appearance, and/or improve processing), decreasing a high-
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Freeze-drying is used extensively to preserve insects for the purposes of consumption. Whole freeze-dried insects are sold as
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three years, be deliverable by air, consumable in worldwide environments, and provide a complete nutritional profile. The new
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There are four stages in the complete freeze drying process: pretreatment, freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying.
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Pretreatment includes any method of treating the product prior to freezing. This may include concentrating the product,
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1853:"Thermostable lyoprotectant-enhanced cell-free protein synthesis for on-demand endotoxin-free therapeutic production"
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Meissner, U.; Stahl, Harald; Steinkellner, D. (2011-09-01). "Detection of
Silicone Oil Leakages in Freeze Dryers".
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Because of its light weight per volume of reconstituted food, freeze-dried products are popular and convenient for
312:, below which the product must be maintained to prevent melt-back or collapse during primary and secondary drying.
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Zhang, Miao; Oldenhof, Harriëtte; Sydykov, Bulat; Bigalk, Judith; Sieme, Harald; Wolkers, Willem F. (2017-07-24).
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In 2023, freeze dried candy saw a major surge in popularity with freeze dried versions of popular candies such as
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treated to make them free flowing prior to freeze drying. Freeze dried pharmaceutical products are in most cases
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mist. Freeze-drying creates softer particles with a more homogeneous chemical composition than traditional hot
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Rey, Louis (2010). "Chapter 1 - Glimpses into the Realm of Freeze-Drying: Classical Issues and New
Ventures".
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At the end of the operation, the final residual water content in the product is extremely low, around 1–4%.
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289:, the temperature at which the solid, liquid, and gas phases of the material can coexist. This ensures that
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Shishehgarha, F; Makhlouf, J; Ratti, C (January 2002). "Freeze-Drying
Characteristics of Strawberries".
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Research, Institute of
Medicine (US) Committee on Military Nutrition; Marriott, Bernadette M. (1995).
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59:. This is in contrast to dehydration by most conventional methods that evaporate water using heat.
842:. Freeze-drying is also used as a means to memorialize pets after death. Rather than opting for a
186:. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are beneficial in mental and vision development and, as they remain
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1727:. Rey, Louis., May, Joan C. (Joan Christine) (3rd ed.). New York: Informa Healthcare. 2010.
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1270:"Optimization of freeze-drying using a Life Cycle Assessment approach: Strawberries' case study"
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product should be frozen slowly or can be cycled up and down in temperature in a process called
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defrosting mechanism to ensure that the maximum amount of water vapor in the air is condensed.
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process that involves freezing the product and lowering pressure, thereby removing the ice by
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Brookwell, August W.; Gonzalez, Jorge L.; Martinez, Andres W.; Oza, Javin P. (2023-07-25).
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663:. The development of freeze drying increased meal and snack variety to include items like
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814:. When animals are preserved in this manner they are called "freeze-dried taxidermy" or "
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1835:"FDA Guideline for the Determination of Residual Moisture in Dried Biological Products"
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A residential freeze-dryer, along with the vacuum pump, and a cooling fan for the pump
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cells generally do not survive freeze drying even though they still can be preserved.
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had patented freeze drying systems with improvements to freezing and condenser steps.
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applications, the properties of the final product are optimized by the combination of
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Insects as
Sustainable Food Ingredients: Production, Processing and Food Applications
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245:, avoiding the direct liquid–gas transition seen in ordinary drying (green arrow).
2391:"Freeze-drying of mammalian cells using trehalose: preservation of DNA integrity"
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processes sometimes use freeze-drying to create a formable powder from a sprayed
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Organizations such as the
Document Conservation Laboratory at the United States
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During the primary drying phase, the pressure is lowered (to the range of a few
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Unloading trays of freeze-dried material from a small cabinet-type freeze-dryer
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1239:(4th ed.). Kent: Woodhead Publishing/Elsevier Science. pp. 929–940.
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1981:
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390:). However, there are products that benefit from increased pressure as well.
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Meryman, H. T. (October 1976). "Historical recollections of freeze-drying".
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Ratti, C (2001). "Hot air and freeze-drying of high-value foods: a review".
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Freeze-drying is among the methods used to preserve animals in the field of
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Aaron T. Dossey; Juan A. Morales-Ramos; M. Guadalupe Rojas (23 June 2016).
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2213:"Grieving Pet Owners Can Opt for Stuffing, Freezing-Drying Deceased Pets"
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1536:"Breaking the Ice: The Chill, Crunch, and Pleasure of Freeze-Dried Candy"
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of the process leads to minimal damage of these heat-sensitive products.
755:, products are often freeze-dried to make them more stable, or easier to
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with added benefits. The crumb problem was solved with the addition of a
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are often produced by bulk freeze-drying of live microorganisms such as
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production scale freeze dryers are loaded automatically to the shelves.
237:, the boundary between gas and liquid runs from the triple point to the
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1661:"Defense.gov News Article: New Rations in Pipeline for Service Members"
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Coffee contains flavor and aroma qualities that are created due to the
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434: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
341:. The amount of heat necessary can be calculated using the sublimating
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2460:. Lyle Frederick Albright. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2009. p. 1695.
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Freeze-Drying/Lyophilization of
Pharmaceutical and Biological Products
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Freeze drying/lyophilization of pharmaceutical and biological products
1374:
Freeze Drying/Lyophilization of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products
1235:
Fellows, P. (Peter) (2017). "Freeze drying and freeze concentration".
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1958:"Development of Solid-State Storage for Cell-Free Expression Systems"
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as well as a rapidly absorbed and easily administered dosage form.
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Prosapio, Valentina; Norton, Ian; De Marco, Iolanda (2017-12-01).
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Lyophilized biologics can be pressed into pellets and tablets for
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Freeze-drying can also be used to increase the shelf life of some
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A new form of burial which previously freeze-dries the body with
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In this phase, pressure is controlled through the application of
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and high-density, solid-state storage of biological products.
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solvent, or increasing the surface area. Food pieces are often
1511:"The Hottest Candy Trend of 2023 Is a Cool Twist on Nostalgia"
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Freeze dried ice cream and chocolate, and spaghetti with bacon
403:
337:), and enough heat is supplied to the material for the ice to
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A significant turning point for freeze drying occurred during
1712:"Basic Cycle Development Techniques for Lyophilized Products"
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Freeze-drying causes less damage to the substance than other
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During the freezing stage, the material is cooled below its
1376:(3rd ed.). London, UK: Informa Healthcare. p. 1.
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Because freeze drying is expensive, it is used mainly with
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1560:"What Is Freeze Dried Candy & How to Freeze Dry Candy"
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Lyophilized 5% w/v sucrose cake in a pharmaceutical glass
241:. Freeze-drying (blue arrow) brings the system around the
2186:"Plastination and Taxidermy: Which is Best for a Museum?"
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Evolution of Rations: The Pursuit of Universal Acceptance
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Food processing technology : principles and practice
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beans that were freeze-dried contained higher amounts of
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The secondary drying phase aims to remove unfrozen water
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FDA Guide to Inspection of Lyophilization of Parenterals
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Proceedings of the Conference on Indigenous Knowledges
2265:
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
1644:"NASA Food Technology: Incredible Edibles from Space"
2340:
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
1406:History of Tofu and Tofu Products (965 CE to 2013)
727:food, bird feed, fish bait, and increasingly for
2124:"Farm hopes to expand into edible insect market"
1772:"Freeze-drying of live virus vaccines: A review"
1230:
1228:
1226:
168:Freeze-dried foods became a major component of
114:Modern freeze drying began as early as 1890 by
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
818:". Freeze-drying is commonly used to preserve
770:weights that are too small to be removed by a
731:. Powdered freeze-dried insects are used as a
2599:
8:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1318:
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1314:
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1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
856:National Archives and Records Administration
1689:
1687:
1685:
1350:Zorn, Elayne; Lieberman, Leslie S. (2004).
735:in animal feeds, and in some markets, as a
204:Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
2606:
2592:
2584:
1431:Developments in Biological Standardization
1361:– via Pennsylvania State University.
865:freeze-drying is used to conserve special
2524:
2430:
2117:
2115:
1795:
450:Learn how and when to remove this message
19:"Instant freeze" redirects here. For the
2457:Albright's chemical engineering handbook
1482:Innovations in Pharmaceutical Technology
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1156:
942:Effect on nutrients and sensory quality
2481:
1748:
1612:
961:food product. An example of this is a
1851:Wilding, Kristen (25 November 2019).
1823:(Third ed.). Informa healthcare.
526:, and wasp venom allergenic extract.
7:
2239:"Efficacy of Various Drying Methods"
1770:Hansen, L.L.J.; et al. (2015).
1006:Equipment and types of freeze dryers
432:adding citations to reliable sources
16:Low temperature dehydration process
2542:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
2122:Bolden, Bonnie (7 December 2018).
1840:. US Food and Drug Administration.
921:, enzymatic browning, and protein
14:
1598:. SpaceFlight:JSC. Archived from
884:, but it is also more expensive.
483:Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology
83:were freeze drying potatoes into
2778:
2777:
2766:
1700:. National Academies Press (US).
1475:"The Evolution of Freeze Drying"
1110:Microwave-assisted freeze dryers
1031:Function of essential components
408:
370:A benchtop manifold freeze-drier
1189:. CRC Press. pp. 209–235.
687:Freeze-dried coffee, a form of
419:needs additional citations for
2517:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.03.001
2190:Canadian Museum of Nature blog
2031:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.156
1819:Rey, Louis; May, Joan (2016).
1592:"NASA - Food for Space Flight"
1183:Ratti, Cristina (2008-11-21).
1:
2184:Khidas, Kamal (5 June 2015).
1788:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.085
1509:Dempsey, Bobbi (2023-12-28).
1337:10.1016/s0260-8774(00)00228-4
1289:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.125
1277:Journal of Cleaner Production
400:Applications of freeze drying
2211:Owens, Ryan (8 March 2012).
1534:Beaton, Kelly (2024-05-30).
1186:Advances in Food Dehydration
987:Hence, to avoid this issue,
316:Structurally sensitive goods
103:, dates to the mid 1500s in
2784:Category: Food preservation
2505:Journal of Food Engineering
2192:. Canadian Museum of Nature
1325:Journal of Food Engineering
522:, anti-blood clot medicine
184:polyunsaturated fatty acids
2841:
2825:NASA spin-off technologies
2454:"23.4.1.4 Freeze Dryers".
2415:10.1038/s41598-017-06542-z
2352:10.5731/pdajpst.2011.00748
1135:Freeze-dried food and NASA
936:ready-to-eat instant meals
667:, chicken and vegetables,
346:latent heat of sublimation
18:
2761:
2621:
1974:10.1021/acssynbio.3c00111
1912:10.1021/acssynbio.9b00433
1869:10.1016/j.nbt.2019.07.004
1710:J. Jeff Schwegman (2009)
647:NASA and military rations
36:Freeze-dried strawberries
304:materials do not have a
2277:10.1111/1541-4337.12224
611:Freeze-dried Bulgarian
225:Stages of freeze drying
51:, is a low temperature
2488:: CS1 maint: others (
2130:. The Associated Press
1755:: CS1 maint: others (
1619:: CS1 maint: others (
1023:
1015:
844:traditional skin mount
747:Technological industry
737:nutritional supplement
691:
635:
627:
604:
495:
371:
281:Freezing and annealing
246:
165:
163:Freeze-dried ice cream
37:
2151:J Nanosci Nanotechnol
2066:10.1081/drt-120001370
1962:ACS Synthetic Biology
1900:ACS Synthetic Biology
1101:Radiant freeze dryers
1088:Contact freeze dryers
1021:
1013:
793:operating temperature
704:essential amino acids
686:
633:
610:
598:
591:Freeze drying of food
490:
369:
308:, but they do have a
232:
161:
150:appearing in stores.
35:
2815:Preservation methods
2163:10.1166/jnn.2007.855
2098:. Elsevier Science.
1145:Supercritical drying
1062:Refrigeration system
982:Silicone oil leakage
912:Shelf-life extension
763:for subsequent use.
669:butterscotch pudding
574:lactic acid bacteria
428:improve this article
380:adsorption isotherms
92:to freeze dry meat.
2696:Modified atmosphere
2407:2017NatSR...7.6198Z
1665:archive.defense.gov
1140:List of dried foods
816:freeze-dried mounts
641:high-value products
2395:Scientific Reports
2219:. ABC News Network
1540:The Food Institute
1408:. Soyinfo Center.
1398:Shurtleff, William
1024:
1016:
989:mass spectrometers
893:traditional casket
753:chemical synthesis
692:
657:military personnel
636:
628:
605:
496:
372:
247:
219:meal, ready-to-eat
166:
154:Early uses in food
38:
2810:Food preservation
2792:
2791:
2671:Hurdle technology
2631:Burying in ground
2615:Food preservation
2554:10.1002/jps.22166
2548:(11): 4691–4709.
2467:978-1-4200-1438-9
2243:National Archives
2105:978-0-12-802892-6
2054:Drying Technology
1857:New Biotechnology
1782:(42): 5507–5519.
1415:978-1-928914-55-6
1045:Process condenser
729:human consumption
696:Maillard reaction
460:
459:
452:
107:and the 1600s on
2832:
2820:Drying processes
2781:
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2386:
2380:
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2335:
2329:
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2305:
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2271:(6): 1056–1066.
2260:
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2250:
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2157:(8): 2633–2639.
2146:
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2110:
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2025:(234): 121–130.
2013:
2002:
2001:
1968:(9): 2561–2577.
1953:
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1691:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1667:. Archived from
1657:
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1640:
1625:
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1610:
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1496:
1490:
1484:. Archived from
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956:Microbial growth
479:for many years.
455:
448:
444:
441:
435:
412:
404:
362:Secondary drying
210:Military rations
43:, also known as
2840:
2839:
2835:
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2833:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2773:Food portal
2765:
2757:
2626:Biopreservation
2617:
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2148:
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2081:
2051:
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2046:
2015:
2014:
2005:
1955:
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1897:
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1892:
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1797:1854/LU-7069013
1769:
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1764:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
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1693:
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1354:
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1234:
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1197:
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1121:
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1103:
1090:
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1064:
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1038:
1033:
1008:
997:
984:
975:
958:
953:
944:
931:
914:
905:
889:liquid nitrogen
852:
808:
749:
739:for human use.
721:
712:
681:
665:shrimp cocktail
649:
593:
568:Dry powders of
548:Janssen Biotech
520:interferon alfa
485:
477:pharmaceuticals
456:
445:
439:
436:
425:
413:
402:
364:
331:
318:
283:
255:
227:
156:
116:Richard Altmann
99:, freeze-dried
77:
49:cryodesiccation
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2836:
2828:
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2787:
2786:
2775:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2753:Vacuum packing
2750:
2748:Tyndallization
2745:
2740:
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2730:
2725:
2724:
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2708:
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2698:
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2596:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2573:External links
2571:
2568:
2567:
2532:
2511:(4): 655–666.
2495:
2466:
2446:
2381:
2346:(5): 481–485.
2330:
2306:
2255:
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2176:
2141:
2111:
2104:
2079:
2060:(1): 131–145.
2044:
2019:Food Chemistry
2003:
1948:
1933:
1906:(4): 766–778.
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1331:(4): 311–319.
1302:
1260:
1246:978-0081005231
1245:
1202:
1195:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1130:Frozen mummies
1127:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1108:
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1099:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1079:Control system
1077:
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848:
838:, and smaller
807:
804:
800:nanotechnology
785:microorganisms
748:
745:
741:Farmed insects
720:
717:
711:
708:
700:Robusta coffee
689:instant coffee
680:
677:
648:
645:
592:
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578:bifidobacteria
558:(Herceptin by
484:
481:
458:
457:
416:
414:
407:
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398:
363:
360:
353:partial vacuum
330:
329:Primary drying
327:
323:eutectic point
317:
314:
310:critical point
306:eutectic point
282:
279:
263:vapor-pressure
254:
251:
239:critical point
226:
223:
194:, can provide
155:
152:
76:
73:
45:lyophilization
25:Instant Freeze
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2701:Pascalization
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2661:Freeze-drying
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1943:Res Pharm Sci
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1734:9781439825761
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1671:on 2017-09-30
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1602:on 2018-09-11
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1491:on 2018-05-20
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1473:Corver, Jos.
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1402:Aoyagi, Akiko
1399:
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1283:: 1171–1179.
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951:Disadvantages
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621:meatball soup
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599:Freeze dried
597:
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546:(Remicade by
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524:streptokinase
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440:November 2015
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417:This section
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235:phase diagram
233:In a typical
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95:The Japanese
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41:Freeze drying
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23:episode, see
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2721:Potjevleesch
2656:Fermentation
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1673:. Retrieved
1669:the original
1664:
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1604:. Retrieved
1600:the original
1596:www.nasa.gov
1595:
1568:. Retrieved
1566:. 2021-06-28
1563:
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:
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1518:. Retrieved
1514:
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1493:. Retrieved
1486:the original
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1404:(May 2013).
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1125:Cryofixation
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929:Re-hydration
923:denaturation
915:
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882:spray drying
871:
863:bacteriology
860:
853:
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797:
789:blood plasma
765:
750:
733:protein base
722:
713:
693:
650:
637:
582:
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564:
528:
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461:
446:
437:
426:Please help
421:verification
418:
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392:
373:
357:
350:
332:
319:
300:
287:triple point
284:
276:
256:
253:Pretreatment
248:
243:triple point
208:
192:space travel
167:
137:
128:blood plasma
124:World War II
121:
113:
94:
78:
69:preservation
61:
48:
44:
40:
39:
29:
20:
2805:Dried foods
2676:Irradiation
2526:10261/65243
2401:(1): 6198.
2319:www.cdc.gov
2223:24 February
2196:24 February
2134:26 February
1054:Shelf fluid
966:hepatitis A
820:crustaceans
673:apple sauce
556:trastuzumab
516:factor VIII
469:sublimation
464:dehydration
291:sublimation
271:parenterals
259:formulation
148:sweet tarts
57:sublimation
53:dehydration
2799:Categories
2641:Cold chain
2324:2018-05-20
2249:2023-01-23
2128:APNews.com
1675:2018-05-18
1606:2018-05-18
1570:2024-07-21
1545:2024-07-21
1520:2024-07-21
1495:2018-05-20
1151:References
903:Advantages
850:Other uses
828:amphibians
791:. The low
772:filtration
725:exotic pet
661:astronauts
570:probiotics
544:infliximab
532:etanercept
343:molecules'
221:category.
196:astronauts
132:penicillin
109:Mount Koya
65:excipients
2728:Rillettes
2484:cite book
2476:297373782
2423:2045-2322
2376:207533686
2360:1079-7440
2285:1541-4337
1998:260162676
1982:2161-5063
1928:211246427
1885:198932869
1863:: 73–80.
1751:cite book
1743:664125915
1443:0301-5149
1437:: 29–32.
1297:0959-6526
1255:960758611
1000:Mammalian
899:burials.
897:cremation
872:Advanced
812:taxidermy
806:Taxidermy
768:molecular
585:anhydrous
560:Genentech
552:rituximab
505:excipient
384:molecules
376:molecules
339:sublimate
335:millibars
302:Amorphous
296:annealing
215:T-rations
170:astronaut
97:koya-dofu
90:Altiplano
2743:Sugaring
2706:Pickling
2686:Jellying
2666:Freezing
2562:20845466
2441:28740099
2368:22293837
2301:89199785
2293:33401832
2171:17685277
2074:95140004
2039:28551215
1990:37490644
1920:32083847
1877:31349031
1806:26364685
1615:cite web
1564:Motherly
1119:See also
995:Products
919:browning
874:ceramics
832:reptiles
777:proteins
757:dissolve
174:military
144:clusters
140:skittles
2738:Smoking
2733:Salting
2711:Potting
2691:Jugging
2681:Jamming
2636:Canning
2432:5524761
2403:Bibcode
1945:. 2012.
1776:Vaccine
1036:Chamber
867:strains
840:mammals
836:insects
781:enzymes
719:Insects
625:tarator
613:apricot
200:gelatin
190:during
142:, nerd
75:History
2782:
2716:Confit
2651:Drying
2646:Curing
2560:
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1515:Parade
1451:801137
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1441:
1412:
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1253:
1243:
1193:
878:slurry
787:, and
710:Fruits
679:Coffee
671:, and
653:hikers
554:, and
536:Enbrel
388:pascal
188:stable
146:, and
105:Nagano
21:Batman
2372:S2CID
2297:S2CID
2070:S2CID
1994:S2CID
1924:S2CID
1881:S2CID
1838:(PDF)
1647:(PDF)
1489:(PDF)
1478:(PDF)
1355:(PDF)
1273:(PDF)
963:viral
761:water
659:, or
617:melon
601:bacon
540:Amgen
126:when
85:chuño
2558:PMID
2490:link
2472:OCLC
2462:ISBN
2437:PMID
2419:ISSN
2364:PMID
2356:ISSN
2289:PMID
2281:ISSN
2225:2020
2198:2020
2167:PMID
2136:2020
2100:ISBN
2035:PMID
1986:PMID
1978:ISSN
1916:PMID
1873:PMID
1802:PMID
1757:link
1739:OCLC
1729:ISBN
1621:link
1447:PMID
1439:ISSN
1410:ISBN
1378:ISBN
1293:ISSN
1251:OCLC
1241:ISBN
1191:ISBN
973:Cost
895:and
824:fish
603:bars
576:and
501:vial
493:vial
179:NASA
172:and
130:and
101:tofu
81:Inca
79:The
2550:doi
2521:hdl
2513:doi
2509:111
2427:PMC
2411:doi
2348:doi
2273:doi
2159:doi
2062:doi
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1970:doi
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1865:doi
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1333:doi
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