922:
959:
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353:(475–221 BCE). The guzheng became prominent during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE). By the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE), the guzheng was perhaps the most commonly played instrument in China. The guzheng is played throughout all of China with a variety of different techniques, depending on the region of China and the time period. It has a light timbre, broad range, rich performance skills, and strong expressive power, and it has been deeply loved by many Chinese people throughout history.
55:
364:
1355:
mentioned in the
Classics, it is mentioned here because of its old age. The movable bridges which allowed variable tunings linked the cheng securely with popular music. It still exists side by side with the distinguished ch'in and se. Since the fourth or third centuries B.C. there existed another form of the se, a zither with five (to thirteen) strings, called chu (M 1375). The instrument is not mentioned in the Classics.
477:. Interestingly, among the 21 strings of Guzheng, although no strings are specifically assigned to play F or B, those pitches can be produced by pressing E and A instead, respectively. Most modern players use plectra that are attached to up to four fingers on each hand. Ancient picks were made of mundane materials such as
304:
It can have nylon steel strings, steel strings, silk strings, etc., depending on the genre. The most common guzheng has 21 strings. The high-pitched strings of the guzheng are close to the player, and the low-pitched strings are on the opposite side. The strings' order from the inside to the outside
1354:
According to the Shuo Wen the cheng was a bamboo-tube zither. The bamboo tube eventually was replaced by a larger curved wooden board and while in one or two zither types fixed or movable bridges were used, the noble ch'in remained an unfretted instrument. Despite the fact that the cheng is not
809:) in 1938; Cao Dongfu (1898–1970), from Henan; Gao Zicheng (born 1918) and Zhao Yuzhai (born 1924), both from Shandong; Su Wenxian (1907–1971); Guo Ying (born 1914) and Lin Maogen (born 1929), both from Chaozhou; the Hakka Luo Jiuxiang (1902–1978) and Cao Guifen and Cao Zheng (
1211:
The kayagum, the most popular South Korean instrument, is a 12-string half-tube plucked zither (H/S 312.22.5) (Plate 7). It resembles the
Chinese zheng, Mongolian yatga, Japanese koto, and Vietnamese dan tranh. All these instruments descend from a common model, the ancient
580:, songs from Henan are fiery. Left hand slides and vibrato are used frequently and tremolo is done with the thumb. Meanwhile, Shandong songs are "glamorous ... melodic lines often rise and fall dramatically ... Its music is characteristically light and refreshing.
411:
and made from larger curved wooden boards and movable bridges. A third legend says the guzheng came about when two people fought over a 25-string se. They broke it in half, one person receiving a 12-string part and another the 13-string part.
1167:
Throughout the centuries, the zheng became the parent instrument of the Asian zither family as it spread from China to a number of adjacent countries giving birth to the
Japanese koto, the Korean kayagum and the Vietnamese dan
700:
Many pieces composed since the 1950s have used newer techniques and also mix elements from both northern and southern styles, ultimately creating a new modern school. Examples of modern songs include "Spring on Snowy
Mountain"
1065:
in order to slice the incoming ship
Judgment Day into slivers as it travels through the canal is codenamed Guzheng, referencing the resemblance of the strands of nanomaterial across the canal to the strings of the instrument.
974:, the assassins known as The Harpists play a long zither to generate bladed and percussive attacks. The instrument has raised bridges like a guzheng but its body is shaped like a guqin. The sound is that of a guqin.
921:
1791:
500:
by pressing the strings to the left of the movable bridges. Modern styles use both hands to play on the right side of the strings. There are many techniques used to strike notes. One iconic sound is a
465:
Guzheng music has similarity with folk songs, it is developed on the basis of people's life. Through the performance of performers, it reflects the production and life of people at that time.
1784:
1777:
637:, “Hakka melodies are similar to but less highly embellished than those of the neighboring Chaozhou school.” Songs from Chaozhou use even less descending notes and
1271:
1677:
349:
The guzheng has undergone many changes during its long history. The oldest specimen yet discovered held 13 strings and was dated to possibly the
680:
notes. Chaozhou songs use multiple scales, using both "flat" notes or both "natural" notes. The tone of the song can change based on the scale.
423:
coated in nylon. First introduced in the 1970s, these multi-material strings increased the instrument's volume while maintaining an acceptable
430:
The guzheng is often decorated. Artists create unique cultural and artistic content on the instrument. Decorations include carved art, carved
1760:
1329:
1204:
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946:
1800:
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2719:
1403:"Automatic composition of Guzheng (Chinese Zither) music using long short-term memory network (LSTM) and reinforcement learning (RL)"
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1621:
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276:. The modern guzheng commonly has 21, 25, or 26 strings, is 64 inches (1.6 m; 5 ft 4 in) long, and is tuned in a
419:. During the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) the strings transitioned to only wires such as brass. Modern strings are almost always
173:
69:
1054:
1650:"Tim Shiel & Mindy Meng Wang's new EP happens to be some of the best Australian electronic music released this year -"
289:
wood. Other components are often made from other woods for structural or decorative reasons. Guzheng players often wear a
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83:
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songs use technique similar to the Pipa. Frequent tremolo is used with left-hand glissando. Other techniques include
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2219:
1345:
1100:
389:
The guzheng has various accounts for its origin. An early guzheng-like instrument is said to have been invented by
1275:
899:, Chih-Lin Chou, Liu Le, David Sait. AND Moyun. Also, Koto player Brett Larner developed innovative works for the
492:
Traditional playing styles use the right hand to pluck notes and the left hand to add ornamentation such as pitch
1649:
1095:
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1512:
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with a rock-influenced style and electronic effects on his 1996 collaboration "The
Aquarium Conspiracy" (with
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813:, 1920–1998), both of whom trained in the Henan school. The Cao family of Henan are known as masters of the
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1321:
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1039:
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1595:
The emergence of the
Chinese zheng: traditional context, contemporary evolution, and cultural identity
1570:
The emergence of the
Chinese zheng: traditional context, contemporary evolution, and cultural identity
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produced by the right thumb rotating rapidly around the same note. Other guzheng techniques include
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2608:
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1952:
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1005:
645:. Chaozhou songs have "irregular beats, and alternate between hard and soft taps on the strings."
2724:
2527:
2204:
2176:
2012:
1298:
1227:
Guqin and
Guzheng: the historical and contemporary development of two Chinese musical instruments
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1992:
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512:) where one plucks a string while tapping it at the same time, producing a note in a higher
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280:
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114:
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players include Xiang Sihua, Wang
Zhongshan, Chang Jing, Jing Xia, and Funa. Although most
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2496:
1866:
1769:
1289:"Zithers of East Asia: Extension of Silk Strings and Diversity of Sounds (Video Review)".
1105:
798:
408:
394:
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1080:
367:
The number of strings on the Guzheng has gradually increased over its 2,000 year history.
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1529:
Toyo Ongaku Kenkyu : The Journal of the Society for the Research of Asiatic Music
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Slide descending notes are not used as often as Henan. Glissandos are always on beat.
2744:
2338:
1242:
990:
841:
673:
619:) from the Hakka School. Famous songs from Zhejiang include "The General's Command" (
569:). Songs from Henan include "High Mountain and Flowing Water " and "Going Upstairs" (
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653:, where 16th notes are played used thumb, index finger and middle finger in quick
459:
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2209:
1967:
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1376:
Toyo Ongaku Kenkyu: The Journal of the Society for the Research of Asiatic Music
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853:
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577:
519:
Many guzheng techniques have been borrowed from other instruments. For example,
447:
398:
363:
277:
1418:
527:, all five fingers pluck on a string to produce a tremolo sound similar to the
2653:
2613:
2552:
2471:
1603:
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1031:
950:
876:
336:
290:
1527:
van Gulik, R.H. (1951). "Brief Note on the Cheng, the Chinese Small Cither".
1426:
1374:
van Gulik, R.H. (1951). "Brief Note on the Cheng, the Chinese Small Cither".
1061:, a military operation which sets up thin strands of nanomaterial across the
308:
The guzheng is ancestral to several other Asian zithers such as the Japanese
2633:
2266:
2261:
1947:
1912:
1821:
1350:
Musical References in the Chinese Classics. Detroit Monographs in Musicology
1165:. 16–17. Leiden: European Foundation for Chinese Music Research: 242. 2005.
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60:
1444:
757:, in March of that year. She has previously collaborated with British band
739:) are contemporary songs that do not use the traditional pentatonic scale.
1745:, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (Oxford, 2001).
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pieces have been composed since the 1980s. For example, "Ming Mountain" (
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is known for using traditional Chinese instruments such as the guzheng.
945:(although she mimes to the music). It is featured in the 1980 pop hit, "
393:, a general of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE), largely influenced by the
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2537:
2511:
2501:
2373:
2368:
2089:
2043:
2017:
2007:
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1836:
1738:
753:, releasing a single, "Hidden Qi 隐.气", in February, followed by an EP,
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634:
501:
497:
431:
346:, a Chinese zither with seven strings played without moveable bridges.
339:
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Newer techniques (especially since the 1950s) have included playing
1678:"Mindy Meng Wang 王萌 and Tim Shiel have released a collaborative EP"
925:
Guzheng in a Chinese New Year celebration (2016) in Dublin, Ireland
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1987:
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1937:
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for the instrument. Mandopop singer-songwriter and music producer
957:
920:
836:(1917–2003) played and composed for the instrument. Contemporary
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2002:
1997:
1932:
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1907:
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1622:"Mindy Meng Wang and Tim Shiel share new single 'Hidden Qi 隐.气'"
561:
Songs from Shandong include "High Mountain and Flowing Water " (
528:
455:
416:
397:. Some believe the guzheng was originally developed as a bamboo-
32:"Gu Zheng" redirects here. For the Chinese Catholic priest, see
2393:
1773:
773:
Notable 20th-century players and teachers include Wang Xunzhi (
1654:
1626:
840:
works have also been written by non-Chinese composers such as
903:
and played the instrument in a duet with electronic musician
199:
1514:
Historical and contemporary development of the Chinese zheng
871:. Other musicians playing in non-traditional styles include
1553:
The Development of the Modern Zheng in Taiwan and Singapore
2389:
1401:
Chen, Shuling; Zhong, Yong; Du, Ruxu (22 September 2022).
1247:. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 152.
178:
1535:(9): 10–25. doi:10.11446/toyoongakukenkyu1936.1951.en10.
883:, Mohamed Faizal b. Mohamed Salim, Mei Han, Bei Bei He,
742:
In 2021, Chinese/Australian guzheng composer and player
481:, bone, and animal teeth or by finer materials such as
1752:
The Chinese Zheng Zither: Contemporary Transformations
473:
The guzheng is plucked by the fingers with or without
154:
140:
126:
1022:
compilation). Jerusalem-based multi-instrumentalist
2712:
2682:
2561:
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2427:
2356:
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2290:
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2233:
2197:
2190:
2155:
2124:
2103:
2072:
2061:
2036:
1880:
1814:
1807:
1135:. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 266–267.
1132:
Handbook to life in medieval and early modern Japan
193:
186:
172:
165:
148:
134:
120:
113:
108:
96:
82:
68:
41:
1481:Qi: An Instrumental Guide to the Chinese Orchestra
1188:
981:has been used in rock music by Chinese performer
600:regional styles. Another prominent school is the
407:, which was later redesigned to be more like the
993:(on the 2011 Jakszyk, Fripp & Collins album
283:. It has a large, resonant soundboard made from
1743:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
1702:I have been settled here for about five years.
1161:"Hugo's window on the world of Chinese zheng".
615:from Chaozhou and "Lotus Emerging from Water" (
1676:Wang, Mindy Meng; Shiel, Tim (18 March 2021).
705:) by Fan Shang E, and "Fighting the Typhoon" (
342:. The guzheng should not be confused with the
2405:
1785:
1042:), and is the most widely recorded artist of
672:" being produced by bending the strings. The
88:
74:
8:
1003:on "Creative Captivity" from the 2013 album
293:made from materials such as plastic, resin,
1615:
1613:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
789:; Lou Shuhua, who rearranged a traditional
377:Ensemble of musician figurines, with three
264:
2431:
2412:
2398:
2390:
2194:
2069:
1811:
1792:
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1770:
1755:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 253–.
1318:A Cultural History of the Chinese Language
105:
1517:(Thesis). University of British Columbia.
1434:
565:) and "Autumn Moon Over the Han Palace" (
542:, producing different sounds and styles.
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
777:, 1899–1972), who popularized the Wulin
1801:Traditional Chinese musical instruments
1474:
1388:10.11446/toyoongakukenkyu1936.1951.en10
1266:
1264:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1121:
694:Woman playing guzheng in Taipei (2010).
550:Northern styles include songs from the
269:'ancient zheng'), is a Chinese
237:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1224:Gaywood, Harriet Rosemary Ann (1996).
156:
38:
1556:(Doctoral thesis). Durham University.
859:Zhang Yan (张燕, 1945–1996) played the
7:
1620:Gallagher, Alex (26 February 2021).
1352:. Harmonie Park Press. p. 101.
1230:(Masters thesis). Durham University.
1195:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1483:. Singapore: Teng. pp. 69–83.
633:songs are similar but according to
2720:Musical Instrument Factory of Riga
1598:. University of British Columbia.
1573:. University of British Columbia.
801:(1911–2000), who edited the first
604:regional school in the southeast.
14:
947:Everybody's Got to Learn Sometime
941:'s character Xia Ziwei plays the
863:, performing and recording with
53:
1479:Wong, Samuel Shengmiao (2005).
931:In the television drama series
381:players; 2nd century BCE, from
200:
179:
1749:Dr Sun Zhuo (28 August 2015).
1648:Martin, Josh (25 March 2021).
1291:Yearbook for Traditional Music
1244:Music in the Age of Confucious
1016:on "Hong Kong" (from the 2005
259:
227:
155:
141:
127:
89:
75:
1:
820:Notable 21st-century Chinese
746:collaborated with Australian
678:"flat", "natural" and "sharp"
1689:(Interview). Interviewed by
1550:Kao, Shu Hui Daphne (2003).
534:Techniques can also vary in
523:is a borrowed technique. In
2756:Chinese musical instruments
1055:Remembrance of Earth's Past
660:The guzheng is played on a
611:Jackdaw Plays with Water" (
2772:
1419:10.1038/s41598-022-19786-1
1191:Korean musical instruments
1101:List of guzheng performers
735:) and "Gloomy Fragrance" (
415:Strings were once made of
31:
20:
16:Chinese musical instrument
1129:Deal, William E. (2006).
1053:In the first book of the
962:Chinese guzheng in a shop
810:
774:
250:
211:
104:
52:
48:
832:, the American composer
592:Southern styles include
70:Traditional Chinese
59:Guzheng display at "The
21:Not to be confused with
1715:"Kung Fu Hustle (2004)"
1322:McFarland & Company
1019:Help! A Day in the Life
989:, the English musician
830:Chinese classical music
607:Southern songs include
84:Simplified Chinese
1272:"The Sound of History"
1187:Howard, Keith (1995).
996:A Scarcity of Miracles
963:
926:
695:
676:can change with using
386:
368:
301:on one or both hands.
1040:Sigtryggur Baldursson
961:
924:
693:
469:Styles and techniques
376:
366:
351:Warring States period
2690:Appalachian dulcimer
1278:on 18 November 2012.
1006:Rescue & Restore
999:), J.B. Brubaker of
889:Andreas Vollenweider
850:Simon Steen-Andersen
761:and Australian band
755:Nervous Energy 一 触即发
724:with the left hand.
2664:Tambourine de Bearn
2584:Epinette des Vosges
2521:West and South Asia
1316:Sharron Gu (2011).
865:Asian American jazz
793:piece and named it
748:electronic musician
401:as recorded in the
1717:. 24 November 2013
1407:Scientific Reports
1241:So, Jenny (2000).
964:
927:
915:In popular culture
881:Randy Raine-Reusch
703:Xue Shan Chun Xiao
696:
558:regional schools.
387:
369:
23:Sheng (instrument)
2738:
2737:
2708:
2707:
2594:Hammered dulcimer
2387:
2386:
2352:
2351:
2151:
2150:
2057:
2056:
1762:978-1-4724-1667-4
1592:Han, Mei (2013).
1567:Han, Mei (2013).
1511:Han, Mei (2001).
1331:978-0-7864-6649-8
1206:978-0-19-586177-8
795:Yu Zhou Chang Wan
563:Gao Shan Liu Shui
324:, the Vietnamese
267:
215:
214:
207:
206:
174:Yale Romanization
115:Standard Mandarin
34:Matthias Gu Zheng
2763:
2695:Mexican salterio
2477:Indonesian siter
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1346:Kaufmann, Walter
1342:
1336:
1335:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1297:: 207–208, 221.
1286:
1280:
1279:
1274:. Archived from
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1259:
1258:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1194:
1184:
1171:
1170:
1158:
1147:
1146:
1126:
1001:August Burns Red
934:My Fair Princess
812:
781:school based in
776:
662:pentatonic scale
567:Han Gong Qiu Yue
281:pentatonic scale
268:
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2659:Streichmelodion
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929:
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917:
799:Liang Tsai-Ping
771:
744:Mindy Meng Wang
698:
697:
686:
613:Han Ya Xi Shui)
590:
548:
471:
436:mother-of-pearl
371:
370:
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97:Literal meaning
64:
37:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2576:
2574:Bowed psaltery
2571:
2565:
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2545:
2543:Persian santur
2540:
2538:Indian santoor
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2336:
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2326:
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2316:
2314:Alligator drum
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2100:
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1746:
1741:. "Zheng." In
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1706:
1681:(Audio + text)
1668:
1640:
1609:
1584:
1559:
1537:
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1324:. p. 14.
1308:
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1071:
1068:
971:Kung Fu Hustle
956:
955:
919:
918:
916:
913:
897:Mike Hovancsek
848:, David Vayo,
770:
769:Notable people
767:
727:Experimental,
711:Wang Changyuan
688:
687:
685:
682:
664:, with notes "
621:Jiang Jun Ling
589:
588:Southern China
586:
547:
546:Northern China
544:
540:Southern China
470:
467:
361:
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213:
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167:Yue: Cantonese
163:
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109:Transcriptions
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2731:
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2725:Oscar Schmidt
2723:
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2713:Manufacturers
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1808:Silk (string)
1806:
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1490:9789810540128
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991:Jakko Jakszyk
988:
984:
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975:
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890:
887:, Levi Chen,
886:
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843:
842:Halim El-Dabh
839:
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707:Zhan Tai Feng
704:
692:
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640:
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624:
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618:
617:Chu Shui Lian
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
598:Kejia (Hakka)
595:
587:
585:
583:
579:
576:According to
574:
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541:
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487:tortoiseshell
484:
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476:
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437:
433:
428:
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404:Shuowen Jiezi
400:
396:
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384:
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375:
365:
356:
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312:, the Korean
311:
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295:tortoiseshell
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147:
139:
137:
133:
125:
123:
119:
116:
112:
107:
103:
100:Ancient Zheng
99:
95:
87:
85:
81:
73:
71:
67:
62:
56:
51:
47:
44:
40:
35:
28:
24:
19:
2674:Violinzither
2548:Iraqi santur
2466:
1831:
1751:
1742:
1733:Bibliography
1719:. Retrieved
1709:
1701:
1694:. Retrieved
1684:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1653:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1625:
1594:
1587:
1569:
1562:
1552:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1513:
1480:
1413:(1): 15829.
1410:
1406:
1396:
1382:(9): 10–25.
1379:
1375:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1317:
1311:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1276:the original
1243:
1236:
1226:
1219:
1210:
1190:
1166:
1162:
1131:
1124:
1063:Panama Canal
1052:
1027:
1024:Bradley Fish
1017:
1011:virtual band
1004:
994:
978:
976:
969:
968:In the film
967:
942:
932:
930:
908:
905:Samm Bennett
900:
893:Jaron Lanier
860:
858:
846:Kevin Austin
837:
834:Lou Harrison
825:
821:
819:
814:
806:
802:
794:
790:
778:
772:
763:Regurgitator
754:
741:
736:
732:
726:
722:counterpoint
715:
706:
702:
699:
684:Modern music
659:
650:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
606:
591:
581:
575:
570:
566:
562:
560:
549:
533:
524:
520:
518:
509:
491:
489:, and jade.
472:
464:
429:
414:
402:
388:
378:
348:
320:, Mongolian
307:
305:is 1 to 21.
303:
284:
258:
242:
236:
226:
218:
216:
188:Southern Min
122:Hanyu Pinyin
42:
18:
1893:Daguangxian
1057:trilogy by
909:Itadakimasu
885:Zi Lan Liao
867:bandleader
854:Jon Foreman
643:free rhythm
578:Samuel Wong
448:calligraphy
399:tube zither
2745:Categories
2654:Scheitholt
2649:Psalterium
2553:Swarmandal
2472:Ichigenkin
2191:Percussion
2159:(woodwind)
2065:(woodwind)
1721:7 December
1604:1033223795
1579:1033223795
1117:References
1032:Sugarcubes
1009:, and the
951:the Korgis
937:, actress
907:on his CD
877:Xu Fengxia
807:Nizheng Pu
337:Kazakhstan
335:, and the
291:fingerpick
233:Wade–Giles
136:Wade–Giles
2634:Langeleik
2447:Đàn tranh
2435:East Asia
2428:By region
2267:Fangxiang
2262:Bianzhong
2167:Hulusheng
1948:Jing erhu
1913:Diyingehu
1822:Duxianqin
1691:Rowe, Zan
1427:2045-2322
1081:Đàn tranh
1059:Liu Cixin
1048:Lay Zhang
1026:used the
983:Wang Yong
828:music is
751:Tim Shiel
733:Ming Shan
639:glissando
571:Shang Lou
506:harmonics
460:cloisonné
454:carving (
434:, straw,
391:Meng Tian
383:Mawangdui
330:Sundanese
326:đàn tranh
286:Paulownia
201:Kóo-tsing
61:NAMM Show
2700:Tremoloa
2683:Americas
2669:Tsymbaly
2644:Psaltery
2639:Langspil
2579:Cimbalom
2569:Autoharp
2507:Yanggeum
2457:Geomungo
2452:Gayageum
2324:Bolanggu
2241:Bianqing
2143:Mangtong
1968:Matouqin
1696:24 April
1686:Double J
1661:24 April
1633:24 April
1445:36138058
1348:(1976).
1303:20465106
1086:Gayageum
1076:Chadagan
1070:See also
1038:drummer
1014:Gorillaz
987:Cui Jian
939:Ruby Lin
869:Jon Jang
805:manual (
787:Zhejiang
783:Hangzhou
759:Gorillaz
737:An Xiang
647:Zhejiang
627:Chaozhou
602:Zhejiang
594:Chaozhou
552:Shandong
536:Northern
440:painting
438:inlays,
314:gayageum
180:Gú-jāang
142:ku-cheng
2751:Zithers
2614:Kanklės
2604:Kantele
2512:Yazheng
2502:Yangqin
2467:Guzheng
2421:Zithers
2374:Lusheng
2369:Kouxian
2090:Paixiao
2044:Yangqin
2028:Zhuiqin
2018:Zhonghu
2008:Yazheng
1862:Sanxian
1837:Konghou
1832:Guzheng
1815:Plucked
1739:Han Mei
1436:9500105
1028:guzheng
979:guzheng
943:guzheng
901:guzheng
861:guzheng
838:guzheng
826:guzheng
822:guzheng
815:guzheng
803:guzheng
791:guzheng
718:harmony
668:" and "
635:Mei Han
502:tremolo
498:vibrato
475:plectra
458:), and
432:lacquer
340:jetigen
271:plucked
260:gǔzhēng
247:Chinese
243:guzheng
128:Gǔzhēng
43:Guzheng
2619:Kokles
2609:Kannel
2599:Hummel
2562:Europe
2482:Kacapi
2442:Ajaeng
2357:Others
2344:Zhangu
2339:Tanggu
2282:Yunluo
2215:Paiban
2172:Hulusi
2073:Flutes
2063:Bamboo
2037:Struck
2023:Zhuihu
1973:Maguhu
1963:Leiqin
1958:Laruan
1953:Jinghu
1943:Jiaohu
1923:Erxian
1903:Datong
1872:Yueqin
1852:Qinqin
1842:Liuqin
1759:
1602:
1577:
1487:
1443:
1433:
1425:
1328:
1301:
1251:
1212:zheng.
1203:
1168:tranh.
1139:
1091:Kacapi
949:", by
873:Wu Fei
852:, and
729:atonal
651:sidian
514:octave
510:Fanyin
494:slides
479:bamboo
444:poetry
425:timbre
357:Origin
333:kacapi
328:, the
318:ajaeng
297:, or
274:zither
257::
255:pinyin
249::
235::
225::
223:pinyin
195:Tâi-lô
63:" 2020
2730:Tōkai
2624:Kusle
2589:Gusli
2533:Nuzhe
2528:Kanun
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