2142:
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2068:; much earlier than its larger and later relative. However, both tyrannosaur genera underwent these ontogenetic transformations at a similar percent of skull length relative to the large known adult individuals. The study's results likewise indicate that there is a dissociation between body size and cranial development in tyrannosaurs, while simultaneously allowing better identification of juvenile remains that may have been misidentified in museum fossil collections. It is estimated that an ontogenetic dietary shift of
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1939:
discovery of this specimen indicated that tyrannosaurids probably did not hunt in multigenerational packs, since its prey size is too small to share with the conspecifics. It is also a direct dietary evidence that reinforces the theory of 'ontogenetic dietary shift' for tyrannosaurids, as previously inferred by ecological modeling and anatomical features among different age groups. Only the remains of the hindlimbs and caudal vertebrae of juvenile
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129:
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1299:. He originally reported the skin as being essentially smooth and lacking the scales found in other dinosaurs, similar to the secondarily featherless skin found in large modern birds. Scales of some sort were present in this specimen, but they are reportedly widely dispersed from each other and very small. Other patches of isolated
1986:, which can determine the age of a specimen when it died. A growth curve can be developed when the ages of various individuals are plotted against their sizes on a graph. Tyrannosaurids grew throughout their lives, but underwent tremendous growth spurts for about four years, after an extended juvenile phase.
2615:
being more abundant to the south. The same pattern is seen in other groups of dinosaurs. Chasmosaurine ceratopsians and saurolophine hadrosaurs are also more common in the Two
Medicine Formation of Montana and in southwestern North America during the Campanian, while centrosaurines and lambeosaurines
1938:
juveniles that weigh about 9–12 kilograms (20–26 lb), contrary to the assumption that tyrannosaurids fed on prey of their size once they reached 16–32 kilograms (35–71 lb), indicating that juvenile tyrannosaurids still consumed much smaller prey after exceeding a certain size threshold. The
2012:
spent as much as half its life in the juvenile phase before ballooning up to near-maximum size in only a few years. This, along with the complete lack of predators intermediate in size between huge adult tyrannosaurids and other small theropods, suggests that these niches may have been filled by
4312:
Voris, Jared T.; Zelenitsky, Darla K.; Therrien, François; Ridgely, Ryan C.; Currie, Philip J.; Witmer, Lawrence M. (2021). "Two exceptionally preserved juvenile specimens of
Gorgosaurus libratus (Tyrannosauridae, Albertosaurinae) provide new insight into the timing of ontogenetic changes in
4394:
2116:
both in the middle and at the far end. The third phalanx of the third right toe is deformed, as the claw on that digit has been described as "quite small and amorphous". The three pathologies may have been received in a single encounter with another dinosaur.
1112:. Adults reached 8 to 9 m (26 to 30 ft) in length from snout to tail, and weighed 2–3 metric tons (2.2–3.3 short tons) in body mass. The largest known skull measures 99 cm (39 in) long, just slightly smaller than that of
2616:
dominate in northern latitudes. Holtz has suggested this pattern indicates shared ecological preferences between tyrannosaurines, chasmosaurines and saurolophines. At the end of the later
Maastrichtian stage, tyrannosaurines like
2220:
with preserved face bite injuries and also has a thoroughly healed fracture in the right fibula. Also present was a healed fracture in the dentary and what the authors describing the specimen referred to as "a mushroom-like
4370:
Rothschild, B., Tanke, D. H., and Ford, T. L., 2001, Theropod stress fractures and tendon avulsions as a clue to activity: In: Mesozoic
Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press,
2747:(1914). "On the fore-limb of a carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, and a new genus of Ceratopsia from the same horizon, with remarks on the integument of some Cretaceous herbivorous dinosaurs".
569:, measuring 8–9 metres (26–30 ft) in length and 2–3 metric tons (2.2–3.3 short tons) in body mass. Dozens of large, sharp teeth lined its jaws, while its two-fingered forelimbs were comparatively small.
1362:
published a phylogenetic analysis in 2004 which indicated it was an albertosaurine. More recent, unpublished work by Holtz agrees with the original assessment. All other tyrannosaurid genera, including
827:
between bones were unfused in this specimen as well. Matthew and Brown noted that these features were characteristic of juvenile tyrannosaurids, but still described it as the holotype of a new species,
1375:, are classified in the subfamily Tyrannosaurinae. Compared to the tyrannosaurines, albertosaurines had slender builds, with proportionately smaller, lower skulls and longer bones of the lower leg (
2702:"Introduction to the Special Issue commemorating the 30th anniversary of the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, with a summary of the museum's early history and its research contributions"
2076:
occurs when the mandibular length reaches 58 cm (1.90 ft), indicating that this is the stage when their bite force increases exponentially and when they begin to pursuit large prey.
1899:
could exert a bite force of at least 22,000, possibly up to 42,000 newtons. Other paleontologists have produced significantly lower bite force estimates. In 2021, given that the largest known
1934:. This juvenile would have been 5-7 years old at the time of death, measuring about 4 metres (13 ft) long and weighing around 335 kilograms (739 lb). It is much larger than the two
863:
described two tyrannosaurid premaxillary teeth from
Montana. Although there was no indication of what the animal looked like, the teeth were large and robust, and Leidy gave them the name
2558:
by anatomical, behavioral or geographical differences that limit competition. Niche differentiation between the
Dinosaur Park tyrannosaurids is not well understood. In 1970, Dale Russell
1200:
was also shaped like the premaxillary teeth. The rest of the teeth were oval in cross section, rather than blade-like as in most other theropods. Along with the eight premaxillary teeth,
1951:, a paleontologist who also previously theorized that tyrannosaurs underwent a big dietary shift with maturation, said that the fossil "looks like it was Thanksgiving," as the juvenile
1050:
4380:
Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic
Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337–363.
1994:
specimens of various sizes, Erickson calculated a maximum growth rate of about 50 kg (110 lb) per year during the rapid growth phase, slower than in tyrannosaurines like
1907:, Therrien and colleagues proposed that the maximum bite force that could be produced by adult albertosaurines is around 12,200 to 21,800 newtons. In 2022, Sakamoto estimated that
4440:
Reisdorf, A.G.; Wuttke, M. (2012). "Re-evaluating Moodie's
Opisthotonic-Posture Hypothesis in fossil vertebrates. Part I: Reptiles – The taphonomy of the bipedal dinosaurs
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2348:
into areas formerly above sea level and drowning the
Dinosaur Park ecosystem. This transgression, called the Bearpaw Sea, is recorded by the marine sediments of the massive
4066:"A Tyrannosaur Was Found Fossilized, and So Was Its Last Meal - A 75-million-year-old Gorgosaurus fossil is the first tyrannosaur skeleton ever found with a filled stomach"
2112:, NMC 2120. These include the third right dorsal rib, as well as healed fractures on the 13th and 14th gastralia and left fibula. Its fourth left metatarsal bore roughened
4749:"Body size overlap, habitat partitioning and living space requirements of terrestrial vertebrate predators: implications for the paleoecology of large theropod dinosaurs"
4246:; Wicks, Kelly; Murphy, Nate (2005). "An unusual multi-individual tyrannosaurid bonebed in the Two Medicine Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) of Montana (USA)". In
2141:
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increases slowly among young individuals, and then it increases exponentially when they reach the late juvenile stage. In 2012, Jovannelly and Lane estimated that
653:
is the best-represented tyrannosaurid in the fossil record, known from dozens of specimens. These plentiful remains have allowed scientists to investigate its
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with marked seasonality, and periodic droughts sometimes resulted in massive mortality among the great herds of dinosaurs, as represented in the numerous
9323:
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scales and approximately as fine as a Gila monster's). Neither of these specimens was associated with any particular bone or specific body area. In the
3182:
1261:) which did not contact the ground. Tyrannosaurid hindlimbs were long relative to overall body size compared with other theropods. The largest known
9217:
3529:
Currie, P. (2001). 2001 A. Watson Armour
Symposium: The Paleobiology and Phylogenetics of Large Theropods. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
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in 1970, and many subsequent authors followed his lead. Combining the two greatly expands the geographical and chronological range of the genus
836:. Dozens of other specimens have been excavated from the Dinosaur Park Formation and are housed in museums across the United States and Canada.
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1116:. As in other tyrannosaurids, the skull was large compared to its body size, although chambers within the skull bones and large openings (
957:
953:
3956:"Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using phylogenetically predicted physiological cross-sectional areas of jaw adductor muscles"
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1000:
528:
4395:"Intraspecific facial bite marks in tyrannosaurids provide insight into sexual maturity and evolution of bird-like intersexual display"
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of Montana preserves the digested remains of a juvenile hadrosaur in its gut region, and another bonebed contains the remains of three
3023:
852:
848:
812:
804:
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685:
4007:"Exceptionally preserved stomach contents of a young tyrannosaurid reveal an ontogenetic dietary shift in an iconic extinct predator"
9348:
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1979:
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2504:, which were two orders of magnitude larger in mass. Intervening predatory niches may have been filled by young tyrannosaurids. A
9358:
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2172:. Lesions from a bite received to the face were present and showed evidence that the wounds were healing before the animal died.
6317:
4005:
Therrien, F.; Zelenitsky, D. K.; Tanaka, K.; Voris, J. T.; Erickson, G. M.; Currie, P. J.; DeBuhr, C. L.; Kobayashi, Y. (2023).
1345:. These are the only two definite albertosaurine genera that have been described, although other undescribed species may exist.
1245:-shaped neck. In contrast to its large head, its forelimbs were very small. The forelimbs had only two digits, although a third
8562:
3084:(1856). "Notice of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. F.V. Hayden in the badlands of the Judith River".
2284:
fossils are known specifically from the lower to middle section of the formation, between 76.6 and 75.1 million years ago. The
2130:
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of a right pedal phalanx." Ralph Molnar has speculated that this may be the same kind of pathology afflicting an unidentified
4847:
Xu, X.; Wang, K.; Zhao, X. & Li, D. (2010). "First ceratopsid dinosaur from China and its biogeographical implications".
6310:
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Unlike some other groups of dinosaurs, neither genus was more common at higher or lower elevations than the other. However,
8576:
5512:
4098:
2654:, and albertosaurines and centrosaurines had gone extinct. However, in the case of the centrosaurines, they had thrived in
2513:
has been discovered in the Dinosaur Park Formation that bore tooth marks left by the bite of a young tyrannosaur, possibly
2165:
fracture is present in the middle of the right fibula's shaft. Multiple ribs bear healed fractures and the specimen had a
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3019:
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The Dinosaur Park Formation preserves a great wealth of vertebrate fossils. A wide variety of fish swam the rivers and
8569:
6324:
3599:"A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama"
593:
are extremely similar, distinguished mainly by subtle differences in the teeth and skull bones. Some experts consider
2774:"On a new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of
1990:
may have ended this rapid growth phase, after which growth slowed down considerably in adult animals. Examining five
149:
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skulls, three of which were associated with skeletons. Matthew and Brown described four of these specimens in 1923.
9338:
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9137:
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were widespread throughout western North America, while lambeosaurines were rare, consisting of a few species like
2550:. This is one of the few examples of two tyrannosaur genera coexisting. Similar-sized predators in modern predator
2229:
discovered with a similar mushroom shaped growth on a toe bone. TMP91.36.500 is also preserved in a characteristic
7822:
3679:"Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia"
2199:
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on the bone. In a 2001 study conducted by Bruce Rothschild and other paleontologists, 54 foot bones referred to
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1189:
925:
7803:
3449:"Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions"
3160:
9131:
1144:
was circular rather than oval or keyhole-shaped as in other tyrannosaurid genera. A tall crest rose from the
889:, tyrannosaurid teeth are extremely uniform, so it cannot be said for certain which animal they belonged to.
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4962:
3208:
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2297:
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1931:
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in Alberta at the same time, collecting hundreds of spectacular dinosaur specimens, including four complete
769:
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is the best-represented tyrannosaurid in the fossil record, known from a virtually complete growth series.
673:
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3106:
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2289:
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shared its general body plan with all other tyrannosaurids. Its massive head was perched on the end of an
1167:
937:
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391:
3287:(1992). "Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America". In Mateer, Niall J.; Chen Peiji (eds.).
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1494:
1403:
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3865:(Tyrannosauridae: Albertosaurinae) provide evidence for an ontogenetic dietary shift in tyrannosaurids"
2889:(1923). "Preliminary notices of skeletons and skulls of Deinodontidae from the Cretaceous of Alberta".
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animals. The two bones were of equal length in the largest specimens. The long, heavy tail served as a
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1462:, which are almost always kept separate. He also notes that undescribed tyrannosaurids discovered in
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Holtz, T. 2001. Phil Currie celebration, tyrant skin, and other things. Dinosaur Mailing List post.
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4799:"Gut contents from a Cretaceous tyrannosaurid: implications for theropod dinosaur digestive tracts"
4727:
Jacobsen, A.R. 2001. Tooth-marked small theropod bone: An extremely rare trace. p. 58–63. In:
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2452:. Dinosaur fossils in particular are found with unrivaled abundance and diversity. Huge herds of
2056:
underwent the morphological shift from gracile juveniles to robust adults at an earlier age than
1748:
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3113:(1922). "The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta".
1967:
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1971:
A graph showing the hypothesized growth curves (body mass versus age) of four tyrannosaurids.
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and a skeleton with several bone injuries, from the "Dinosaur Mummy: CSI" exhibit at the HMNS
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4693:(1976). "Speculations about the diet and foraging behavior of large carnivorous dinosaurs".
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869:. Matthew and Brown commented in 1922 that these teeth were indistinguishable from those of
768:. This specimen was the first tyrannosaurid found with a complete hand. It was found in the
512:
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8783:
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1987:
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had an anterior bite force of 6,418 newtons and a posterior bite force of 13,817 newtons.
1568:
1508:
1471:
1227:
1141:
972:(infection) at the tip of the lower jaw resulting in permanent tooth loss, and possibly a
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509:
262:
249:
236:
37:
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Molnar, R.E. (January 1980). "An Albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana".
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roamed the floodplains alongside equally large groups of saurolophine and lambeosaurine
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were fused along the midline of the skull, as in all other members of the family. The
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2022:
2014:
1982:
and colleagues have studied the growth and life history of tyrannosaurids using bone
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Campione, Nicolas E.; Evans, David C.; Brown, Caleb M.; Carrano, Matthew T. (2014).
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5237:
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4507:; Burns, M.E.; Sissons, R.L. (2009). "A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur
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to the west, from which flowed great rivers that deposited eroded sediment in vast
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juvenile specimen TMP 2009.12.14, featuring stomach contents comprising remains of
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2120) is a nearly complete skeleton associated with a skull, discovered in 1913 by
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remains. At this time, the area was a coastal plain along the western edge of the
2029:, have been found in aggregations that some have suggested to represent mixed-age
4490:
Eberth, D.A. (2005). "The geology." In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds),
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3305:(1965). "Growth changes in Asian dinosaurs and some problems of their taxonomy".
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2030:
2018:
1443:
1304:
1303:
skin shows denser, and larger though still relatively fine scales (smaller than
1292:
973:
823:
specimens, with a lower, lighter skull and more elongate limb proportions. Many
54:
4920:
4582:
3915:"Comparison of the Functional Morphology of Appalachiosaurus and Albertosaurus"
2956:(Second ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 111–136.
2611:
appears more common in northern formations like Dinosaur Park, with species of
1943:
were present in the tyrannosaurid's stomach cavity, suggesting that a juvenile
1184:
teeth at the front of the snout were smaller than the rest, closely packed and
877:, opted not to unequivocally synonymize the two genera, provisionally naming a
645:. Although these animals were roughly the same size, there is some evidence of
9017:
8946:
8891:
8512:
8327:
8145:
8131:
8116:
8068:
8002:
7928:
7750:
7743:
7729:
7635:
7568:
7496:
7460:
7413:
7355:
7341:
7308:
7300:
7293:
7274:
7097:
7062:
6850:
6451:
6242:
6192:
6129:
6100:
6055:
6033:
6026:
6018:
5942:
5838:
5797:
5790:
5782:
5766:
5686:
5557:
5433:
5286:
5149:
5008:
4868:
4731:. Ed.s Tanke, D. H., Carpenter, K., Skrepnick, M. W. Indiana University Press.
4469:
4132:"Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs"
3791:"Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans"
2668:, it is most likely these are indeterminate remains belonging to a species of
2644:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2477:
2473:
2426:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2341:
2329:
2309:
2277:
2230:
2169:
2095:
2064:
suggests that the ontogenetic changes occurred at roughly 5-7 years of age in
1467:
1380:
1246:
1181:
1133:
628:
616:
536:
207:
99:
64:
20:
4825:
4426:
4342:
4295:
3622:
3425:
3389:"A new method to calculate allometric length-mass relationships of dinosaurs"
3345:
1442:. Other experts maintain the two genera as separate. Canadian paleontologist
9038:
9031:
8731:
8724:
8397:
8336:
7990:
7708:
7254:
7158:
6893:
6478:
6363:
6350:
6277:
6213:
6136:
6115:
5872:
5735:
5543:
5530:
5448:
5300:
5119:
5106:
5069:
4978:
3652:
3542:
3473:
3448:
3241:, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana".
2807:
2457:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2337:
2273:
2113:
1983:
1384:
1334:
1277:
1250:
961:
632:
566:
516:
220:
161:
128:
104:
48:
41:
9180:
4193:
4166:
4050:
4031:
3991:
3891:
3836:
3263:(1955). "New carnivorous dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia".
2726:
2701:
4934:
3211:(1946). "A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana".
2436:. A number of species of terrestrial lizards were also present, including
2025:
capable of taking down large vertebrates. Other tyrannosaurids, including
819:
had collected in 1917 and sold to their museum. It was smaller than other
9174:
8622:
8047:
8040:
8012:
7905:
7405:
6786:
6122:
5949:
5710:
5347:
5026:
5002:
4532:
3795:
2489:
2449:
2430:
2372:
2364:
2109:
1058:
865:
753:
654:
505:
502:
194:
181:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
4418:
4393:
Brown, Caleb M.; Currie, Philip J.; Therrien, François (February 2022).
4281:"Head-biting behavior in theropod dinosaurs: paleopathological evidence"
4207:
has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace
4185:
4158:
3972:
1268:
measured 105 cm (41 in) long. In several smaller specimens of
799:
9222:
8180:
7942:
7672:
7575:
6900:
6221:
4903:
4714:
4511:
Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus".
4204:
4099:"Young tyrannosaur died with a full stomach, remarkable fossil reveals"
2853:"Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurids from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta"
2510:
2445:
2437:
2356:
2321:
2317:
2209:
right maxilla with 5 raised scars; healed injuries from face biting by
1926:
1920:
1880:
1197:
1086:
941:
662:
540:
532:
109:
84:
3024:"Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)"
555:, although other species have been erroneously referred to the genus.
8831:
8519:
5963:
4996:
3325:
3126:
2899:
2433:
2384:
2180:
2176:
1463:
1398:
have led many experts to combine them into one genus over the years.
1258:
777:
524:
171:
9151:
4706:
3857:"Mandibular force profiles and tooth morphology in growth series of
3705:
2700:
Gardner, James D.; Henderson, Donald M.; Therrien, François (2015).
1341:
Tyrannosauridae. It is most closely related to the slightly younger
4130:; Norell, Mark A.; Yerby, Scott A.; Brochu, Christopher A. (2004).
2993:(1970). "Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada".
9256:
7679:
7420:
7362:
4663:
Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed
4492:
Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed
2527:
2441:
2368:
2240:
2089:
2048:
The discovery of two exceptionally preserved juvenile skulls from
2039:
1966:
1870:
1484:
1376:
1273:
1265:
1226:
1166:
1132:
and other tyrannosaurids. The end of the snout was blunt, and the
1085:
983:
842:
798:
742:
672:
563:
495:
2161:
94.12.602 bears multiple pathologies. A 10 cm (3.9 in)
1947:
may have had preferential consumption of the muscular hindlimbs.
1204:
had 26 to 30 maxillary teeth and 30 to 34 teeth in the
9209:
9095:
7722:
4494:. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 54–82.
3855:
Therrien, F.; Zelenitsky, D.K.; Voris, J.T.; Tanaka, K. (2021).
2995:
National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Paleontology
2655:
2376:
2344:. Around 73 million years ago, the seaway began to expand,
2333:
999:
in the 20th century. A complete skull of a small tyrannosaurid (
9155:
8593:
7839:
7033:
6348:
5528:
5104:
4989:
4951:
2060:, to which it was compared in a study published by Jared Voris
1470:
and elsewhere in North America may help clarify the situation.
1358:
just outside Tyrannosauridae, although American paleontologist
1257:
had four digits on each hindlimb, including a small first toe (
1029:
and colleagues in 1988. Currently, many paleontologists regard
2360:
1156:. Differences in the shape of bones surrounding the brain set
3144:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
1314:
pointed out that traces of skin impressions from the tail of
832:. Today's paleontologists regard this specimen as a juvenile
718:
706:
4947:
1422:
doubted the distinction of the two genera as early as 1922.
452:
437:
4818:
10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0401:GCFACT>2.0.CO;2
4254:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 313–324.
3615:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0119:ANGASO]2.0.CO;2
3418:
10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0051:ANMTCA]2.0.CO;2
2175:
Another specimen has a poorly healed fracture of the right
455:
443:
3506:"Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid phylogeny"
2812:(abridged ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1180:
teeth were typical of all known tyrannosaurids. The eight
3140:
Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H., eds. (2004).
440:
434:
2013:
juvenile tyrannosaurids. This pattern is seen in modern
1930:
juveniles about a year old intact was reported from the
1446:
claims there are as many anatomical differences between
1295:
reported skin impressions from the holotype specimen of
3185:. The Children's Museum of Indianapolis. Archived from
1493:
Below is the cladogram of Tyrannosauridae based on the
948:, although it remains uncertain whether they belong to
3086:
Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia
2664:. While albertosaurine remains have been found in the
2484:
were also represented. Small predatory dinosaurs like
2272:
in Alberta. This formation dates to the middle of the
9274:
4556:"The Laramide Orogeny: what were the driving forces?"
4448:
from the Solnhofen Archipelago (Jurassic, Germany)".
3597:; Williamson, Thomas E.; Schwimmer, David R. (2005).
2542:
In the middle stages of the Dinosaur Park Formation,
2150:
right maxilla with 5 raised scars; healed bite marks.
2033:, but there is no evidence of gregarious behavior in
1208:
of the lower jaw. This number of teeth is similar to
467:
458:
449:
431:
3913:
Jovanelly, Tamie J.; Lane, Lesley (September 2012).
2604:
along with the remains of at least five hadrosaurs.
1253:
remains of the third digit seen in other theropods.
988:
Cast of specimen PIN 553–1, holotype of now invalid
298:
9164:
9077:
8972:
8915:
8877:
8794:
8767:
8677:
8647:
8606:
8504:
8472:
8414:
8380:
8353:
8326:
8295:
8268:
8257:
8217:
8082:
8030:
8001:
7963:
7952:
7852:
7764:
7698:
7620:
7551:
7527:
7439:
7387:
7327:
7283:
7272:
7216:
7184:
7131:
7081:
7046:
6964:
6917:
6864:
6826:
6772:
6723:
6659:
6618:
6594:
6563:
6517:
6487:
6476:
6361:
6276:
6175:
6086:
6065:
6001:
5904:
5848:
5814:
5721:
5666:
5635:
5575:
5541:
5467:
5447:
5371:
5318:
5199:
5117:
5068:
5041:
4739:
4737:
4121:
4119:
3157:"First dinosaur brain tumor found, experts suggest"
3101:
3099:
2320:deposits preserved in the Dinosaur Park Formation.
1276:was longer than the femur, a proportion typical of
811:
Matthew and Brown also described a fifth skeleton (
446:
4665:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp.
4624:Eberth, David A. (1997). "Judith River Wedge". In
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
3115:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
2877:
2875:
2873:
2546:lived alongside a rarer species of tyrannosaurid,
2496:hunted smaller prey than the huge tyrannosaurids;
1318:showed similar small rounded or hexagonal scales.
1128:share proportionally longer and lower skulls than
1072:in 1992, but both are now considered juveniles of
4554:English, Joseph M.; Johnston, Stephen T. (2004).
4234:
4232:
3562:Carpenter, Kenneth (1997). "Tyrannosauridae". In
3496:
3494:
3492:
2105:Several pathologies have been documented in the
4632:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 199–204.
3589:
3587:
3291:. Beijing: China Ocean Press. pp. 250–268.
508:that lived in western North America during the
2017:, whose hatchlings start off as tree-dwelling
1903:had a similar bite force to the similar-sized
1887:Just like other tyrannosaurids, bite force of
1402:was named first, so by convention it is given
4963:
4653:Braman, Dennis R.; Koppelhus, Eva B. (2005).
4619:
4617:
4615:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2582:dinosaurs) were left to the more heavy built
995:Several species were incorrectly assigned to
952:or a new species. One specimen from Montana (
8:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2764:
2762:
2739:
2737:
873:, but in the absence of skeletal remains of
4126:Erickson, Gregory M.; Makovicky, Peter J.;
3756:, Princeton University Press, 2010. P. 105.
3330:. Princeton University Press. p. 110.
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2300:, which divided North America in half. The
964:, including healed leg, rib, and vertebral
579:, and more distantly related to the larger
479:
9329:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
9152:
8883:
8800:
8775:
8659:
8655:
8614:
8603:
8590:
8501:
8469:
8301:
8265:
8225:
8094:
8090:
7975:
7971:
7960:
7860:
7849:
7836:
7627:
7617:
7533:
7445:
7333:
7280:
7190:
7143:
7139:
7089:
7054:
7043:
7030:
6961:
6870:
6778:
6731:
6600:
6575:
6571:
6499:
6495:
6484:
6369:
6358:
6345:
6273:
6092:
6083:
5912:
5727:
5678:
5674:
5587:
5583:
5549:
5538:
5525:
5324:
5207:
5125:
5114:
5101:
5047:
5038:
4986:
4970:
4956:
4948:
3728:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p.
3570:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 768.
3159:. National Geographic News. Archived from
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2216:TMP91.36.500 is a very complete sub-adult
127:
27:
4450:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
4040:
4030:
3981:
3971:
3938:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3826:
3816:
3543:http://dml.cmnh.org/2001Jul/msg00243.html
3472:
3407:
3366:. Indiana University Press. p. 310.
2898:
2725:
1093:adult and subadult with a human for scale
932:Several tyrannosaurid skeletons from the
737:; the specific epithet "balanced" is the
3359:Larson, P.; Carpenter, K., eds. (2008).
9281:
3504:; Hurum, Jørn H; Sabath, Karol (2003).
3289:Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology
2692:
2570:, while the rarer and more troublesome
2532:Dinosaur Park specimen (FMNH PR308) of
1049:for two small tyrannosaurid specimens (
329:
4221:|...|checked=yes}}
3754:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
3537:
3535:
3327:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
2395:also dwelled in the aquatic habitats.
2292:of Montana have also yielded possible
702:in 1914. Its name is derived from the
639:coexisted with another tyrannosaurid,
4388:
4386:
4097:Johnson, Carolyn (December 8, 2023).
4078:from the original on December 8, 2023
4064:Greshko, Michael (December 8, 2023).
3213:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
2194:As with many tyrannosaurids, several
2100:Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology
1284:to the head and torso and placed the
899:today. Additional likely synonyms of
138:Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology
7:
9262:03BCF91D-FFDE-2E6B-FE58-F845B3A3FB84
3364:, the Tyrant King (Life of the Past)
3155:Pickrell, John (November 24, 2003).
2094:Sub-adult specimen TMP91.36.500 in "
1410:, which is sometimes considered its
1120:) between bones reduced its weight.
688:5664), now recognized as a juvenile
1740:
1716:
1692:
1668:
1644:
1621:
1597:
1574:
1521:
1514:
1504:
1019:in 1946. This specimen was renamed
885:teeth are very similar to those of
4513:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4315:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3872:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3686:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3603:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3396:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3028:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2706:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1003:7541), found in the younger, late
782:American Museum of Natural History
519:), between about 76.5 and 75
14:
9324:Campanian genus first appearances
2312:along the coast. The climate was
1148:in front of each eye, similar to
958:Children's Museum of Indianapolis
619:environment along the edge of an
9284:
9136:
9130:
9123:
8575:
8568:
8561:
8555:
7821:
7814:
7809:
7802:
7796:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6330:
6323:
6316:
6309:
5511:
5505:
4933:
4919:
3725:Predatory Dinosaurs of the World
3453:Methods in Ecology and Evolution
2682:Timeline of tyrannosaur research
2460:. Other herbivorous groups like
2140:
2129:
1924:stomach contents containing two
1249:is known in some specimens, the
772:of Alberta and is housed in the
558:Like most known tyrannosaurids,
427:
148:
2944:(2004). "Tyrannosauroidea". In
2021:and slowly mature into massive
1390:The close similarities between
527:remains have been found in the
19:For the fictional monster, see
3649:"RE: Burpee Conference (LONG)"
3048:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011161
2596:200) from the contemporaneous
2421:lived on the ground alongside
2157:Another specimen cataloged as
1955:was mostly eating the legs of
1322:Classification and systematics
1053:553-1 and PIN 552–2) from the
717:– "fierce" or "terrible") and
1:
9364:Fossil taxa described in 1914
4797:Varricchio, David J. (2001).
4335:10.1080/02724634.2021.2041651
3513:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2860:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2566:actively hunted fleet-footed
2554:are separated into different
2538:, mounted at the Field Museum
2276:, between 76.5 and 74.8
2268:have been recovered from the
1065:renamed the smaller specimen
16:Genus of tyrannosaur dinosaur
9369:Taxa named by Lawrence Lambe
9354:Fossils of the United States
4661:; Koppelhus, Eva B. (eds.).
4563:International Geology Review
3818:10.1371/journal.pone.0079420
573:was most closely related to
9319:Campanian genus extinctions
4776:10.1080/0891296031000154687
4695:American Midland Naturalist
3940:10.2174/1874262901206010065
2952:; Osmólska Halszka (eds.).
2198:specimens show evidence of
2187:were examined for signs of
1426:was formally reassigned to
1337:Albertosaurinae within the
1216:but is fewer than those of
960:, shows evidence of severe
9385:
4747:; Pianka, Eric R. (2002).
4583:10.2747/0020-6814.46.9.833
4509:Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus
3552:. Accessed: March 15, 2014
3303:Rozhdestvensky, Anatoly K.
3266:Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR
2083:
2044:Restoration of a sub-adult
1918:(TMP 2009.12.14) with its
956:2001.89.1), housed in the
719:
707:
18:
9120:
8886:
8803:
8778:
8662:
8658:
8617:
8602:
8589:
8553:
8500:
8468:
8304:
8228:
8097:
8093:
7978:
7974:
7863:
7848:
7835:
7794:
7630:
7616:
7536:
7448:
7336:
7193:
7146:
7142:
7092:
7057:
7042:
7029:
6998:
6960:
6873:
6781:
6734:
6603:
6578:
6574:
6502:
6498:
6372:
6357:
6344:
6306:
6272:
6095:
5915:
5730:
5681:
5677:
5590:
5586:
5552:
5537:
5524:
5502:
5327:
5210:
5128:
5113:
5100:
5050:
5037:
4985:
4869:10.1007/s11434-009-3614-5
4630:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
4470:10.1007/s12549-011-0068-y
4294:: 167–184. Archived from
4252:The Carnivorous Dinosaurs
3954:Sakamoto, Manabu (2022).
3859:Albertosaurus sarcophagus
3568:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
3387:Seebacher, Frank (2001).
3324:Paul, Gregory S. (2016).
2891:American Museum Novitates
2776:Stephanosaurus marginatus
2588:. However, a specimen of
2412:flew overhead, while the
1762:
1745:
1738:
1721:
1714:
1697:
1690:
1673:
1666:
1649:
1642:
1626:
1619:
1602:
1595:
1579:
1572:
1547:Albertosaurus sarcophagus
1543:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1480:Albertosaurus sarcophagus
1396:Albertosaurus sarcophagus
1309:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
1196:, the first tooth in the
980:Formerly assigned species
893:is usually regarded as a
774:Canadian Museum of Nature
661:and other aspects of its
320:
313:
297:
290:
145:Scientific classification
143:
135:
126:
30:
9349:Cretaceous United States
4849:Chinese Science Bulletin
4729:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life
4655:"Campanian palynomorphs"
4628:; Padian, Kevin (eds.).
3919:The Open Geology Journal
2636:and chasmosaurines like
2304:had begun uplifting the
2205:TMP 2017.012.0002, is a
1291:In 2001, paleontologist
926:Dryptosaurus kenabekides
749:, meaning "to balance".
627:, preying upon abundant
377:Dryptosaurus kenabekides
9359:Paleontology in Montana
9344:Paleontology in Alberta
4892:Journal of Paleontology
4806:Journal of Paleontology
3566:; Padian Kevin (eds.).
3548:August 1, 2020, at the
3474:10.1111/2041-210X.12226
3307:Paleontological Journal
2298:Western Interior Seaway
2270:Dinosaur Park Formation
2191:, but none were found.
1932:Dinosaur Park Formation
1766:Zhuchengtyrannus magnus
1489:Skeletal mount in Japan
1017:Charles Whitney Gilmore
780:. Prospectors from the
770:Dinosaur Park Formation
698:was first described by
4442:Compsognathus longipes
4032:10.1126/sciadv.adi0505
3892:10.1139/cjes-2020-0177
3647:(September 20, 2005).
2778:from the same horizon"
2727:10.1139/cjes-2015-0059
2598:Two Medicine Formation
2539:
2290:Judith River Formation
2286:Two Medicine Formation
2261:
2102:
2045:
1976:
1884:
1677:Bistahieversor sealeyi
1606:Daspletosaurus torosus
1490:
1432:Albertosaurus libratus
1416:William Diller Matthew
1235:
1174:
1094:
1047:Gorgosaurus novojilovi
1043:Gorgosaurus lancinator
1011:of Montana, was named
992:
990:Gorgosaurus lancinator
938:Judith River Formation
934:Two Medicine Formation
856:
851: 12814 (formerly
808:
788:were active along the
692:
682:Gorgosaurus sternbergi
387:Gorgosaurus sternbergi
9244:Paleobiology Database
7529:Carcharodontosaurinae
7441:Carcharodontosauridae
4301:on February 27, 2008.
4213:|...}}
3233:; Williams, Michael;
3062:on September 30, 2008
2809:Greek-English Lexicon
2562:that the more common
2531:
2244:
2179:, which left a large
2093:
2043:
1970:
1874:
1653:Teratophoneus curriei
1495:phylogenetic analysis
1488:
1454:as there are between
1230:
1170:
1089:
1013:Gorgosaurus lancensis
987:
846:
802:
676:
647:niche differentiation
8505:Dubious coelurosaurs
7218:Metriacanthosaurinae
7186:Metriacanthosauridae
5468:Dubious neotheropods
4944:at Wikimedia Commons
4533:10.1671/039.029.0405
3863:Gorgosaurus libratus
3183:"Meet the Gorgosaur"
3163:on November 26, 2003
2946:Weishampel, David B.
2666:Hell Creek Formation
2578:(horned and heavily
2414:enantiornithine bird
2332:plants consisted of
2282:Gorgosaurus libratus
2266:Gorgosaurus libratus
2107:Gorgosaurus libratus
2002:, but comparable to
1914:In 2023, a juvenile
1530:Gorgosaurus libratus
1497:conducted by Loewen
1476:Gorgosaurus libratus
1424:Gorgosaurus libratus
1392:Gorgosaurus libratus
1009:Hell Creek Formation
817:Charles H. Sternberg
766:Charles M. Sternberg
758:Gorgosaurus libratus
696:Gorgosaurus libratus
690:Gorgosaurus libratus
669:Discovery and naming
303:Gorgosaurus libratus
7542:Carcharodontosaurus
7329:Carcharodontosauria
4861:2010ChSBu..55.1631X
4768:2002HBio...16...21F
4575:2004IGRv...46..833E
4525:2009JVPal..29.1117A
4462:2012PdPe...92..119R
4419:10.1017/pab.2021.29
4411:2022Pbio...48...12B
4327:2021JVPal..41E1651V
4186:10.1038/nature16487
4159:10.1038/nature02699
4151:2004Natur.430..772E
4023:2023SciA....9I.505T
3973:10.7717/peerj.13731
3931:2012OGJ.....6...65J
3884:2021CaJES..58..812T
3809:2013PLoSO...879420L
3698:2003CaJES..40..651C
3465:2014MEcEv...5..913C
3209:Gilmore, Charles W.
3189:on January 30, 2008
3107:Matthew, William D.
3040:1999JVPal..19..497C
2883:Matthew, William D.
2718:2015CaJES..52D...5G
1949:Thomas R. Holtz Jr.
1474:has suggested that
1351:was described as a
1108:, close in size to
944:probably belong to
921:Laelaps incrassatus
815: 5664), which
597:to be a species of
547:recognize only the
368:Laelaps incrassatus
8997:Archaeornithomimus
7518:Veterupristisaurus
7378:Veterupristisaurus
7234:Metriacanthosaurus
7174:Piatnitzkysauridae
6609:Eustreptospondylus
6519:Piatnitzkysauridae
6402:Chuandongocoelurus
5266:Notatesseraeraptor
4756:Historical Biology
4659:Currie, Phillip J.
4446:Juravenator starki
4275:Tanke, Darren H.;
4248:Carpenter, Kenneth
4242:; Trexler, David;
4071:The New York Times
2770:Lambe, Lawrence M.
2745:Lambe, Lawrence M.
2540:
2264:Most specimens of
2262:
2103:
2046:
1977:
1885:
1749:Tarbosaurus bataar
1701:Lythronax argestes
1491:
1236:
1175:
1095:
1075:Tarbosaurus bataar
1041:created the names
993:
916:Laelaps hazenianus
879:?Deinodon libratus
857:
830:G. sternbergi
809:
693:
601:; this would make
358:Laelaps hazenianus
9339:Fossils of Canada
9334:Cretaceous Canada
9272:
9271:
9231:Open Tree of Life
9158:Taxon identifiers
9149:
9148:
9145:
9144:
9118:
9117:
9114:
9113:
9110:
9109:
9106:
9105:
9073:
9072:
9069:
9068:
8879:Macrocheiriformes
8796:Ornithomimosauria
8770:Maniraptoriformes
8763:
8762:
8609:Maniraptoromorpha
8596:Maniraptoromorpha
8585:
8584:
8551:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8496:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8474:Maniraptoromorpha
8464:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8213:
8212:
8078:
8077:
8032:Proceratosauridae
7984:Chingkankousaurus
7831:
7830:
7792:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7760:
7759:
7612:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7268:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7025:
7024:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6860:
6859:
6816:Vallibonavenatrix
6719:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6559:
6558:
6340:
6339:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6251:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5662:
5661:
5520:
5519:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5443:
5442:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5087:
4938:Media related to
4855:(16): 1631–1635.
4676:978-0-253-34595-0
4639:978-0-12-226810-6
4626:Currie, Philip J.
4313:tyrannosaurids".
4277:Currie, Philip J.
4261:978-0-253-34539-4
4244:Koppelhus, Eva B.
4240:Currie, Philip J.
4145:(7001): 772–775.
4128:Currie, Philip J.
3739:978-0-671-61946-6
3675:Currie, Philip J.
3655:on April 12, 2016
3577:978-0-12-226810-6
3564:Currie, Philip J.
3502:Currie, Philip J.
3362:Tyrannosaurus rex
3337:978-1-78684-190-2
3261:Maleev, Evgeny A.
3235:Currie, Philip J.
3231:Bakker, Robert T.
2963:978-0-520-24209-8
2849:Currie, Philip J.
2819:978-0-19-910207-5
2800:Liddell, Henry G.
2782:Ottawa Naturalist
2749:Ottawa Naturalist
2658:with genera like
2618:Tyrannosaurus rex
2556:ecological niches
2521:Coexistence with
2507:Saurornitholestes
2470:pachycephalosaurs
2450:alligator lizards
2278:million years ago
2123:TMP 2017.012.0002
1975:is shown in blue.
1858:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1725:Tyrannosaurus rex
1558:
1557:
1312:Kenneth Carpenter
1286:center of gravity
1100:was smaller than
1063:Kenneth Carpenter
1035:Tyrannosaurus rex
729:– "lizard"). The
649:between the two.
635:. In some areas,
529:Canadian province
521:million years ago
418:
417:
411:
399:
383:
373:
364:
354:
341:
332:Deinodon horridus
326:
286:
9376:
9289:
9288:
9287:
9280:
9265:
9264:
9252:
9251:
9239:
9238:
9226:
9225:
9213:
9212:
9200:
9199:
9198:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9153:
9140:
9134:
9127:
8983:Aepyornithomimus
8884:
8801:
8776:
8740:Sinocalliopteryx
8660:
8656:
8650:Neocoelurosauria
8615:
8604:
8591:
8579:
8572:
8565:
8559:
8502:
8470:
8439:Zhuchengtyrannus
8371:Thanatotheristes
8302:
8266:
8234:Appalachiosaurus
8226:
8095:
8091:
8085:Pantyrannosauria
7976:
7972:
7966:Tyrannosauroidea
7961:
7936:Xinjiangovenator
7861:
7850:
7837:
7825:
7818:
7813:
7806:
7800:
7628:
7618:
7534:
7454:Acrocanthosaurus
7446:
7334:
7281:
7207:Yangchuanosaurus
7191:
7144:
7140:
7090:
7071:Lourinhanosaurus
7055:
7044:
7031:
7019:
7012:
7005:
6962:
6928:Sigilmassasaurus
6871:
6828:Ceratosuchopsini
6779:
6732:
6677:Dubreuillosaurus
6601:
6584:Streptospondylus
6576:
6572:
6542:Piatnitzkysaurus
6500:
6496:
6485:
6370:
6359:
6346:
6334:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6274:
6109:Ekrixinatosaurus
6093:
6084:
5913:
5728:
5679:
5675:
5588:
5584:
5550:
5539:
5526:
5515:
5509:
5419:Procompsognathus
5325:
5208:
5126:
5115:
5102:
5048:
5039:
5032:
5031:
4987:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4949:
4937:
4924:Data related to
4923:
4908:
4907:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4803:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4753:
4745:Farlow, James O.
4741:
4732:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4691:Farlow, James O.
4687:
4681:
4680:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4621:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4599:
4593:. Archived from
4560:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4519:(4): 1117–1135.
4501:
4495:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4390:
4381:
4378:
4372:
4371:p. 331–336.
4368:
4355:
4354:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4285:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4236:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4214:
4199:Retraction Watch
4178:
4136:
4123:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4034:
4017:(49): eadi0505.
4011:Science Advances
4002:
3996:
3995:
3985:
3975:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3869:
3852:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3820:
3763:
3757:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3720:Paul, Gregory S.
3716:
3710:
3709:
3683:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3651:. Archived from
3645:Holtz, Thomas R.
3641:
3635:
3634:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3559:
3553:
3539:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3498:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3411:
3393:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3058:. Archived from
3016:
3003:
3002:
2991:Russell, Dale A.
2987:
2968:
2967:
2942:Holtz, Thomas R.
2938:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2879:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2845:
2824:
2823:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2697:
2423:multituberculate
2404:ornithuran birds
2375:, among others.
2302:Laramide Orogeny
2237:Paleoenvironment
2144:
2133:
1980:Gregory Erickson
1867:Diet and feeding
1741:
1717:
1693:
1669:
1645:
1622:
1598:
1575:
1522:
1515:
1505:
1478:is ancestral to
1348:Appalachiosaurus
1333:in the theropod
1172:Life restoration
1055:Nemegt Formation
950:G. libratus
910:Laelaps falculus
905:D. horridus
901:G. libratus
838:G. libratus
834:G. libratus
794:G. libratus
735:G. libratus
724:
723:
722:
712:
711:
710:
615:lived in a lush
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
474:
470:
465:
464:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
409:
390:
381:
371:
362:
349:
345:Laelaps falculus
336:
324:
300:
281:
274:
261:
248:
235:
153:
152:
136:Skeletal mount,
131:
121:
51:
36:Temporal range:
28:
9384:
9383:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9375:
9374:
9373:
9299:
9298:
9295:
9285:
9283:
9275:
9273:
9268:
9260:
9255:
9247:
9242:
9234:
9229:
9221:
9216:
9208:
9203:
9194:
9193:
9188:
9179:
9178:
9173:
9160:
9150:
9141:
9128:
9102:
9065:
9046:Sinornithomimus
8968:
8911:
8873:
8790:
8784:Compsognathidae
8772:
8759:
8747:Sinosauropteryx
8679:Compsognathidae
8673:
8652:
8643:
8611:
8598:
8581:
8580:
8566:
8539:
8534:Shanyangosaurus
8527:Phaedrolosaurus
8488:
8444:
8410:
8376:
8355:Daspletosaurini
8349:
8322:
8297:Tyrannosaurinae
8291:
8270:Albertosaurinae
8262:
8260:Tyrannosauridae
8253:
8222:
8220:Eutyrannosauria
8209:
8087:
8074:
8055:Proceratosaurus
8026:
7997:
7968:
7957:
7948:
7914:Richardoestesia
7898:Chilantaisaurus
7857:
7844:
7827:
7826:
7807:
7780:
7756:
7716:Australovenator
7694:
7688:Chilantaisaurus
7666:Phuwiangvenator
7588:
7553:Giganotosaurini
7547:
7523:
7435:
7398:Chilantaisaurus
7383:
7323:
7277:
7260:
7212:
7180:
7136:
7127:
7105:Monolophosaurus
7086:
7077:
7051:
7038:
7021:
7020:
7006:
6980:
6940:
6913:
6879:Camarillasaurus
6856:
6822:
6768:
6762:Ostafrikasaurus
6740:Camarillasaurus
6728:
6711:
6661:Afrovenatorinae
6655:
6614:
6590:
6568:
6555:
6513:
6492:
6490:Megalosauroidea
6481:
6472:
6467:Vectaerovenator
6460:Szechuanosaurus
6438:Monolophosaurus
6424:Kaijiangosaurus
6417:Cryolophosaurus
6378:Calamospondylus
6366:
6353:
6336:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6292:
6248:
6229:Pycnonemosaurus
6171:
6082:
6076:Majungasaurinae
6061:
6003:Majungasaurinae
5997:
5992:Xenotarsosaurus
5928:Dryptosauroides
5909:
5892:
5844:
5816:Elaphrosaurinae
5810:
5717:
5703:Ornithomimoides
5671:
5658:
5631:
5580:
5571:
5546:
5533:
5516:
5510:
5488:
5463:
5439:
5367:
5314:
5280:Shuangbaisaurus
5204:
5195:
5122:
5109:
5084:
5064:
5058:Avemetatarsalia
5043:Avemetatarsalia
5033:
5018:Avemetatarsalia
4992:
4991:
4981:
4976:
4916:
4911:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4751:
4743:
4742:
4735:
4726:
4722:
4707:10.2307/2424244
4689:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4623:
4622:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4600:on June 7, 2011
4597:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4489:
4485:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4392:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4358:
4321:(6). e2041651.
4311:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4180:(Erratum:
4179:
4134:
4125:
4124:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4103:Washington Post
4096:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4079:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3867:
3854:
3853:
3844:
3775:Sertich, J.J.W.
3765:
3764:
3760:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3706:10.1139/e02-083
3681:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3595:Carr, Thomas D.
3593:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3550:Wayback Machine
3540:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3508:
3500:
3499:
3490:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3338:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3285:Carpenter, Ken.
3283:
3282:
3278:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3020:Carr, Thomas D.
3018:
3017:
3006:
2989:
2988:
2971:
2964:
2940:
2939:
2908:
2881:
2880:
2871:
2855:
2847:
2846:
2827:
2820:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2678:
2526:
2486:oviraptorosaurs
2306:Rocky Mountains
2245:Restoration of
2239:
2189:stress fracture
2167:pseudoarthortic
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2088:
2082:
1988:Sexual maturity
1965:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1569:Tyrannosaurinae
1559:
1509:Tyrannosauridae
1472:Gregory S. Paul
1324:
1288:over the hips.
1084:
982:
739:past participle
720:
708:
671:
609:of that genus.
545:Paleontologists
510:Late Cretaceous
491:
489:dreadful lizard
488:
485:
482:
472:
468:
430:
426:
414:
408:
389:
380:
370:
361:
348:
335:
328:
327:
309:
306:
280:
272:
263:Albertosaurinae
259:
250:Tyrannosauridae
246:
237:Eutyrannosauria
233:
147:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
38:Late Cretaceous
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9382:
9380:
9372:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9314:Campanian life
9311:
9309:Tyrannosaurids
9301:
9300:
9294:
9293:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9266:
9253:
9240:
9227:
9214:
9201:
9186:
9170:
9168:
9162:
9161:
9156:
9147:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9122:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9112:
9111:
9108:
9107:
9104:
9103:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9098:
9092:
9083:
9081:
9075:
9074:
9071:
9070:
9067:
9066:
9064:
9063:
9056:
9049:
9042:
9035:
9028:
9021:
9014:
9011:Dromiceiomimus
9007:
9000:
8993:
8986:
8978:
8976:
8974:Ornithomimidae
8970:
8969:
8967:
8966:
8959:
8955:Paraxenisaurus
8951:
8943:
8936:
8929:
8921:
8919:
8917:Deinocheiridae
8913:
8912:
8910:
8909:
8906:Shenzhousaurus
8902:
8895:
8887:
8881:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8871:
8864:
8856:
8849:
8842:
8835:
8828:
8820:
8812:
8804:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8788:
8779:
8773:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8757:
8750:
8743:
8736:
8728:
8721:
8714:
8707:
8703:Beipiaognathus
8699:
8692:
8683:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8663:
8653:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8634:
8627:
8618:
8612:
8607:
8600:
8599:
8594:
8587:
8586:
8583:
8582:
8574:
8560:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8545:
8544:
8541:
8540:
8538:
8537:
8530:
8523:
8516:
8508:
8506:
8498:
8497:
8494:
8493:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8484:
8478:
8476:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8442:
8435:
8428:
8420:
8418:
8416:Tyrannosaurini
8412:
8411:
8409:
8408:
8401:
8394:
8386:
8384:
8382:Teratophoneini
8378:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8367:
8364:Daspletosaurus
8359:
8357:
8351:
8350:
8348:
8347:
8344:Qianzhousaurus
8340:
8332:
8330:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8320:
8313:
8305:
8299:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8289:
8282:
8274:
8272:
8263:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8244:
8241:Bistahieversor
8237:
8229:
8223:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8207:
8199:
8192:
8185:
8177:
8170:
8163:
8156:
8149:
8142:
8135:
8128:
8121:
8113:
8106:
8098:
8088:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8072:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8044:
8036:
8034:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8024:
8016:
8008:
8006:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7995:
7987:
7979:
7969:
7964:
7958:
7955:Tyrannoraptora
7953:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7939:
7932:
7925:
7917:
7910:
7902:
7894:
7887:
7879:
7872:
7864:
7858:
7853:
7846:
7845:
7840:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7820:
7801:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7770:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7754:
7747:
7740:
7733:
7726:
7719:
7712:
7704:
7702:
7700:Megaraptoridae
7696:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7684:
7676:
7669:
7662:
7655:
7647:
7639:
7631:
7625:
7614:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7562:Giganotosaurus
7557:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7537:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7521:
7514:
7507:
7500:
7493:
7486:
7479:
7472:
7465:
7457:
7449:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7425:
7417:
7410:
7402:
7393:
7391:
7389:Neovenatoridae
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7374:
7371:Ulughbegsaurus
7367:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7337:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7313:
7305:
7297:
7289:
7287:
7278:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7222:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7203:
7199:Xuanhanosaurus
7194:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7170:
7166:Xuanhanosaurus
7162:
7155:
7152:Asfaltovenator
7147:
7137:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7117:
7113:Megalosauridae
7109:
7101:
7093:
7087:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7067:
7058:
7052:
7047:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7027:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7014:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6970:
6968:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6931:
6923:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6887:Ichthyovenator
6883:
6874:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6854:
6847:
6840:
6832:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6812:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6782:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6758:
6751:
6748:Cristatusaurus
6744:
6735:
6729:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6705:Poekilopleuron
6701:
6698:Piveteausaurus
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6665:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6646:
6639:
6632:
6624:
6622:
6620:Megalosaurinae
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6604:
6598:
6596:Megalosauridae
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6579:
6569:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6549:Xuanhanosaurus
6545:
6538:
6531:
6523:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6508:Yunyangosaurus
6503:
6493:
6488:
6482:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6448:
6445:Pandoravenator
6441:
6434:
6431:Kayentavenator
6427:
6420:
6413:
6405:
6398:
6390:
6382:
6373:
6367:
6362:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6162:
6159:Skorpiovenator
6155:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6096:
6090:
6081:
6080:
6071:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6052:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6015:
6007:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5971:Spectrovenator
5967:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5924:
5916:
5910:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5854:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5820:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5805:Spinostropheus
5801:
5794:
5787:
5779:
5771:
5763:
5755:
5748:
5740:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5707:
5699:
5691:
5682:
5672:
5669:Abelisauroidea
5667:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5649:
5641:
5639:
5637:Ceratosauridae
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5626:Saltriovenator
5622:
5614:
5607:
5603:Fosterovenator
5599:
5591:
5581:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5565:Lophostropheus
5561:
5553:
5547:
5542:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5479:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5430:
5426:Pterospondylus
5422:
5415:
5407:
5399:
5396:Lucianovenator
5392:
5385:
5377:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5328:
5322:
5320:Coelophysoidea
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5305:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5259:Lophostropheus
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5205:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5185:
5177:
5169:
5161:
5158:Erythrovenator
5154:
5146:
5138:
5129:
5123:
5118:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5051:
5045:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5020:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4990:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4931:
4930:at Wikispecies
4915:
4914:External links
4912:
4910:
4909:
4898:(1): 102–108.
4882:
4839:
4812:(2): 401–406.
4789:
4733:
4720:
4701:(1): 186–191.
4682:
4675:
4645:
4638:
4611:
4569:(9): 833–838.
4546:
4496:
4483:
4456:(1): 119–168.
4432:
4382:
4373:
4356:
4304:
4267:
4260:
4228:
4115:
4089:
4056:
3997:
3946:
3905:
3878:(9): 812–828.
3842:
3803:(11): e79420.
3787:Evans, David C
3783:Sampson, S. D.
3758:
3745:
3738:
3711:
3692:(4): 651–665.
3666:
3636:
3609:(1): 119–143.
3583:
3576:
3554:
3531:
3522:
3488:
3459:(9): 913–923.
3439:
3409:10.1.1.462.255
3379:
3372:
3351:
3336:
3316:
3294:
3276:
3269:(in Russian).
3252:
3222:
3200:
3174:
3147:
3142:The Dinosauria
3132:
3121:(6): 367–385.
3095:
3073:
3034:(3): 497–520.
3004:
2969:
2962:
2954:The Dinosauria
2906:
2869:
2825:
2818:
2791:
2758:
2733:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2613:Daspletosaurus
2602:Daspletosaurus
2590:Daspletosaurus
2585:Daspletosaurus
2576:ankylosaurians
2548:Daspletosaurus
2535:Daspletosaurus
2525:
2523:Daspletosaurus
2519:
2498:Daspletosaurus
2466:therizinosaurs
2238:
2235:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2086:Paleopathology
2084:Main article:
2081:
2080:Paleopathology
2078:
2052:suggests that
2023:apex predators
2015:Komodo dragons
1996:Daspletosaurus
1964:
1961:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1843:
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1828:
1825:
1824:
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1737:
1734:
1733:
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1715:
1713:
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1709:
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1705:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:tyrannosaurid
1625:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:tyrannosaurid
1578:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1456:Daspletosaurus
1412:junior synonym
1406:over the name
1365:Daspletosaurus
1356:tyrannosauroid
1323:
1320:
1214:Daspletosaurus
1154:Daspletosaurus
1138:parietal bones
1130:Daspletosaurus
1114:Daspletosaurus
1083:
1080:
1033:as a juvenile
981:
978:
790:Red Deer River
700:Lawrence Lambe
670:
667:
642:Daspletosaurus
607:junior synonym
416:
415:
413:
412:
400:
384:
374:
365:
355:
342:
323:
322:
321:
318:
317:
311:
310:
307:
295:
294:
288:
287:
270:
266:
265:
257:
253:
252:
244:
240:
239:
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224:
223:
218:
211:
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205:
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197:
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185:
184:
179:
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174:
169:
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164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
133:
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123:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9381:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9306:
9304:
9297:
9292:
9282:
9278:
9263:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9206:
9202:
9197:
9191:
9187:
9182:
9176:
9172:
9171:
9169:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9154:
9139:
9135:
9133:
9126:
9097:
9093:
9091:
9087:
9086:
9085:
9084:
9082:
9080:
9076:
9062:
9061:
9057:
9055:
9054:
9053:Struthiomimus
9050:
9048:
9047:
9043:
9041:
9040:
9036:
9034:
9033:
9029:
9027:
9026:
9022:
9020:
9019:
9015:
9013:
9012:
9008:
9006:
9005:
9004:"Coelosaurus"
9001:
8999:
8998:
8994:
8992:
8991:
8987:
8985:
8984:
8980:
8979:
8977:
8975:
8971:
8965:
8964:
8960:
8957:
8956:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8944:
8942:
8941:
8937:
8935:
8934:
8930:
8928:
8927:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8914:
8908:
8907:
8903:
8901:
8900:
8899:Pelecanimimus
8896:
8894:
8893:
8889:
8888:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8876:
8870:
8869:
8865:
8862:
8861:
8860:Thecocoelurus
8857:
8855:
8854:
8850:
8848:
8847:
8843:
8841:
8840:
8839:Kinnareemimus
8836:
8834:
8833:
8829:
8826:
8825:
8821:
8818:
8817:
8813:
8811:
8810:
8806:
8805:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8793:
8786:
8785:
8781:
8780:
8777:
8774:
8771:
8766:
8756:
8755:
8751:
8749:
8748:
8744:
8742:
8741:
8737:
8734:
8733:
8729:
8727:
8726:
8722:
8720:
8719:
8718:Huaxiagnathus
8715:
8713:
8712:
8711:Compsognathus
8708:
8705:
8704:
8700:
8698:
8697:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8680:
8676:
8670:
8669:
8665:
8664:
8661:
8657:
8654:
8651:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8638:Ornitholestes
8635:
8633:
8632:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8620:
8619:
8616:
8613:
8610:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8592:
8588:
8578:
8573:
8571:
8564:
8558:
8536:
8535:
8531:
8529:
8528:
8524:
8522:
8521:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8503:
8499:
8482:
8481:
8480:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8441:
8440:
8436:
8434:
8433:
8432:Tyrannosaurus
8429:
8427:
8426:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8417:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8405:Teratophoneus
8402:
8400:
8399:
8395:
8393:
8392:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8356:
8352:
8346:
8345:
8341:
8339:
8338:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8329:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8314:
8312:
8311:
8307:
8306:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8294:
8288:
8287:
8283:
8281:
8280:
8279:Albertosaurus
8276:
8275:
8273:
8271:
8267:
8264:
8261:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8245:
8243:
8242:
8238:
8236:
8235:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8221:
8216:
8205:
8204:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8196:Xiongguanlong
8193:
8191:
8190:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8178:
8176:
8175:
8174:Suskityrannus
8171:
8169:
8168:
8167:Stokesosaurus
8164:
8162:
8161:
8160:Santanaraptor
8157:
8155:
8154:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8136:
8134:
8133:
8129:
8127:
8126:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8107:
8105:
8104:
8103:Alectrosaurus
8100:
8099:
8096:
8092:
8089:
8086:
8081:
8071:
8070:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8059:
8057:
8056:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8033:
8029:
8022:
8021:
8020:Tanycolagreus
8017:
8015:
8014:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8000:
7993:
7992:
7988:
7986:
7985:
7981:
7980:
7977:
7973:
7970:
7967:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7940:
7938:
7937:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7895:
7893:
7892:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7883:Bahariasaurus
7880:
7878:
7877:
7873:
7871:
7870:
7866:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7855:Coelurosauria
7851:
7847:
7843:
7842:Coelurosauria
7838:
7834:
7824:
7819:
7817:
7812:
7805:
7799:
7774:
7773:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7767:
7766:Coelurosauria
7763:
7753:
7752:
7748:
7746:
7745:
7741:
7739:
7738:
7734:
7732:
7731:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7720:
7718:
7717:
7713:
7711:
7710:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7643:Bahariasaurus
7640:
7638:
7637:
7633:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7585:
7584:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7539:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7485:
7484:
7483:Kelmayisaurus
7480:
7478:
7477:
7473:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7458:
7456:
7455:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7438:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7344:
7343:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7319:
7318:
7317:Saurophaganax
7314:
7311:
7310:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7271:
7257:
7256:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7248:Siamotyrannus
7245:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7148:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7134:Allosauroidea
7130:
7123:
7122:
7121:Spinosauridae
7118:
7115:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7088:
7085:
7080:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7032:
7028:
7018:
7013:
7011:
7004:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6937:
6936:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6866:Spinosaurinae
6863:
6853:
6852:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6844:Riparovenator
6841:
6839:
6838:
6837:Ceratosuchops
6834:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6825:
6818:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6801:Riojavenatrix
6798:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6774:Baryonychinae
6771:
6764:
6763:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6726:Spinosauridae
6722:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6650:Wiehenvenator
6647:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6562:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6386:Chienkosaurus
6383:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6347:
6343:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6177:Furileusauria
6174:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6151:Rahiolisaurus
6148:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6067:Carnotaurinae
6064:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6048:Rahiolisaurus
6045:
6043:
6042:
6041:Majungasaurus
6038:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5978:Tarascosaurus
5975:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5936:Eoabelisaurus
5933:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5921:Chenanisaurus
5918:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5907:Abelisauridae
5903:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5866:Masiakasaurus
5863:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5832:Huinculsaurus
5829:
5827:
5826:
5825:Elaphrosaurus
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5744:Austrocheirus
5741:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5665:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5596:Berberosaurus
5593:
5592:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5574:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5523:
5514:
5508:
5485:
5484:
5483:Halticosaurus
5480:
5478:
5477:
5476:Teinurosaurus
5473:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:Megapnosaurus
5400:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5373:Coelophysidae
5370:
5364:
5363:
5362:Powellvenator
5359:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5252:Liliensternus
5249:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5223:Dolichosuchus
5220:
5218:
5217:
5216:Dilophosaurus
5213:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5198:
5191:
5190:
5189:Herrerasauria
5186:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:Daemonosaurus
5139:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4968:
4966:
4961:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4943:
4942:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4308:
4305:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4220:
4212:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4090:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4060:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3947:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3779:Currie, P. J.
3776:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3519:(2): 227–234.
3518:
3514:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3373:9780253350879
3369:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3273:(5): 779–783.
3272:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3111:Brown, Barnum
3108:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3082:Leidy, Joseph
3077:
3074:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2950:Dodson, Peter
2947:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2887:Brown, Barnum
2884:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:(2): 191–226.
2865:
2861:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2804:Scott, Robert
2801:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2670:Tyrannosaurus
2667:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2651:Hypacrosaurus
2647:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:Edmontosaurus
2623:
2622:saurolophines
2619:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2482:ankylosaurids
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:ornithomimids
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2350:Bearpaw Shale
2347:
2346:transgressing
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:forest canopy
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2252:Corythosaurus
2248:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2202:face biting.
2201:
2200:intraspecific
2197:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2149:
2143:
2132:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2074:Albertosaurus
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:Tyrannosaurus
2055:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:Albertosaurus
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2004:Albertosaurus
2001:
2000:Tyrannosaurus
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:Tyrannosaurus
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:Albertosaurus
1890:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:Dinosaur Park
1577:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:Tyrannosaurus
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:Albertosaurus
1445:
1441:
1440:Albertosaurus
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:Albertosaurus
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:Albertosaurus
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:Tyrannosaurus
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1343:Albertosaurus
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:counterweight
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1222:Tyrannosaurus
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:Albertosaurus
1207:
1206:dentary bones
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:cross section
1187:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1162:Albertosaurus
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:Albertosaurus
1147:
1146:lacrimal bone
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:Albertosaurus
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:Albertosaurus
1107:
1103:
1102:Tyrannosaurus
1099:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1068:Maleevosaurus
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Evgeny Maleev
1037:. Similarly,
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:Maastrichtian
1002:
998:
991:
986:
979:
977:
975:
971:
970:osteomyelitis
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
927:
922:
918:
917:
912:
911:
906:
902:
898:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:
862:
854:
850:
845:
841:
839:
835:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
806:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
786:New York City
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
716:
705:
701:
697:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:Type specimen
675:
668:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:apex predator
622:
618:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
599:Albertosaurus
596:
592:
591:Albertosaurus
588:
584:
583:
582:Tyrannosaurus
578:
577:
576:Albertosaurus
572:
568:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
511:
507:
504:
501:
500:tyrannosaurid
497:
477:
476:
463:
424:
423:
410:(Lambe, 1914)
407:
405:
404:Albertosaurus
401:
397:
393:
388:
385:
378:
375:
369:
366:
359:
356:
352:
346:
343:
339:
333:
330:
319:
316:
312:
305:
304:
296:
293:
289:
284:
279:
278:
271:
268:
267:
264:
258:
255:
254:
251:
245:
242:
241:
238:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
139:
134:
130:
125:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
47:76.5–75
43:
39:
33:
29:
26:
22:
9296:
9165:
9129:
9058:
9051:
9044:
9037:
9030:
9025:Ornithomimus
9023:
9016:
9009:
9002:
8995:
8988:
8981:
8963:Tyrannomimus
8961:
8953:
8945:
8938:
8933:Deinocheirus
8931:
8924:
8904:
8897:
8890:
8866:
8858:
8853:Nqwebasaurus
8851:
8846:Nedcolbertia
8844:
8837:
8830:
8824:Calamosaurus
8822:
8816:Aviatyrannis
8814:
8807:
8782:
8752:
8745:
8738:
8730:
8723:
8716:
8709:
8701:
8696:Aristosuchus
8694:
8688:Aniksosaurus
8686:
8668:Aniksosaurus
8666:
8636:
8629:
8621:
8567:
8532:
8525:
8518:
8511:
8437:
8430:
8423:
8403:
8396:
8391:Dynamoterror
8389:
8369:
8362:
8342:
8335:
8315:
8310:Asiatyrannus
8308:
8285:
8284:
8277:
8248:Dryptosaurus
8246:
8239:
8232:
8201:
8194:
8187:
8179:
8172:
8165:
8158:
8151:
8144:
8139:Jinbeisaurus
8137:
8130:
8123:
8115:
8110:Aviatyrannis
8108:
8101:
8067:
8062:Sinotyrannus
8060:
8053:
8046:
8039:
8018:
8011:
7989:
7982:
7941:
7934:
7927:
7919:
7912:
7904:
7896:
7891:Bicentenaria
7889:
7881:
7876:Asiamericana
7874:
7867:
7808:
7749:
7742:
7735:
7728:
7721:
7714:
7707:
7686:
7678:
7671:
7664:
7657:
7651:Deltadromeus
7649:
7641:
7634:
7583:Tyrannotitan
7581:
7574:
7567:
7560:
7540:
7516:
7511:Taurovenator
7509:
7502:
7495:
7490:Lajasvenator
7488:
7481:
7474:
7469:Concavenator
7467:
7459:
7452:
7427:
7419:
7412:
7404:
7396:
7376:
7369:
7361:
7354:
7347:
7340:
7315:
7307:
7299:
7292:
7285:Allosauridae
7253:
7246:
7241:Shidaisaurus
7239:
7232:
7225:
7205:
7197:
7172:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7119:
7111:
7103:
7096:
7069:
7061:
7049:Avetheropoda
7036:Avetheropoda
7007:
6966:Avetheropoda
6933:
6926:
6919:Spinosaurini
6906:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6877:
6849:
6842:
6835:
6814:
6806:
6799:
6794:Protathlitis
6792:
6785:
6760:
6753:
6746:
6738:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6684:Leshansaurus
6682:
6675:
6668:
6648:
6641:
6636:Megalosaurus
6634:
6629:Duriavenator
6627:
6607:
6582:
6566:Megalosauria
6547:
6540:
6535:Marshosaurus
6533:
6528:Condorraptor
6526:
6506:
6465:
6458:
6450:
6443:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6409:Cruxicheiros
6407:
6400:
6392:
6384:
6376:
6241:
6236:Quilmesaurus
6234:
6227:
6220:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6164:
6157:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6088:Brachyrostra
6074:
6054:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6017:
6010:
5990:
5985:Tralkasaurus
5983:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5926:
5919:
5887:Vespersaurus
5885:
5880:Velocisaurus
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5781:
5775:Deltadromeus
5773:
5765:
5759:Compsosuchus
5757:
5750:
5742:
5734:
5709:
5701:
5695:Lametasaurus
5693:
5685:
5651:
5646:Ceratosaurus
5644:
5624:
5616:
5609:
5601:
5594:
5578:Ceratosauria
5563:
5556:
5481:
5474:
5432:
5424:
5417:
5409:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5360:
5355:Podokesaurus
5353:
5346:
5339:
5331:
5307:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5238:Gojirasaurus
5236:
5231:Dracovenator
5229:
5221:
5214:
5202:Neotheropoda
5187:
5179:
5171:
5165:Guaibasaurus
5163:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5134:Chindesaurus
5132:
5022:
5013:
4940:
4926:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4809:
4805:
4792:
4762:(1): 21–40.
4759:
4755:
4728:
4723:
4698:
4694:
4685:
4662:
4648:
4629:
4604:November 11,
4602:. Retrieved
4595:the original
4566:
4562:
4549:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4505:Arbour, V.M.
4499:
4491:
4486:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4405:(1): 12–43.
4402:
4399:Paleobiology
4398:
4376:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4296:the original
4291:
4287:
4270:
4251:
4217:{{
4209:{{
4198:
4196:,
4142:
4138:
4106:. Retrieved
4102:
4092:
4080:. Retrieved
4069:
4059:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3925:(1): 65–71.
3922:
3918:
3908:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3858:
3800:
3794:
3767:Loewen, M.A.
3761:
3753:
3748:
3724:
3714:
3689:
3685:
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3653:the original
3639:
3606:
3602:
3567:
3557:
3525:
3516:
3512:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3402:(1): 51–60.
3399:
3395:
3382:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3326:
3319:
3310:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3242:
3239:Nanotyrannus
3238:
3225:
3216:
3212:
3203:
3191:. Retrieved
3187:the original
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3161:the original
3150:
3141:
3135:
3118:
3114:
3089:
3085:
3076:
3066:February 27,
3064:. Retrieved
3060:the original
3031:
3027:
2998:
2994:
2953:
2890:
2863:
2859:
2808:
2794:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2752:
2748:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2669:
2661:Sinoceratops
2659:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2589:
2583:
2572:ceratopsians
2563:
2560:hypothesized
2547:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2522:
2514:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:dromaeosaurs
2416:
2407:
2393:champsosaurs
2389:crocodilians
2359:, including
2354:
2328:, while the
2293:
2281:
2265:
2263:
2258:Chasmosaurus
2256:
2250:
2246:
2227:ornithomimid
2223:hyperostosis
2217:
2215:
2211:conspecifics
2206:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2184:
2174:
2163:longitudinal
2156:
2147:
2106:
2104:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2034:
2026:
2019:insectivores
2009:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1978:
1972:
1963:Life history
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1862:Paleobiology
1764:
1763:
1747:
1746:
1723:
1722:
1699:
1698:
1675:
1674:
1651:
1650:
1629:Two Medicine
1627:
1604:
1603:
1580:
1545:
1544:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1498:
1492:
1479:
1475:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1436:Dale Russell
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:Barnum Brown
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1379:) and feet (
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:Thomas Holtz
1346:
1342:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1278:fast-running
1269:
1262:
1254:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1182:premaxillary
1177:
1176:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1073:
1066:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1031:Nanotyrannus
1030:
1022:Nanotyrannus
1020:
1012:
996:
994:
989:
949:
945:
931:
924:
920:
914:
908:
904:
900:
896:nomen dubium
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
864:
861:Joseph Leidy
858:
837:
833:
829:
820:
810:
793:
757:
751:
746:
734:
731:type species
726:
714:
695:
694:
689:
681:
659:life history
650:
640:
636:
623:. It was an
612:
611:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
580:
574:
570:
562:was a large
559:
557:
552:
549:type species
421:
420:
419:
402:
386:
376:
367:
357:
344:
331:
302:
301:
292:Type species
276:
275:
227:
214:
201:
188:
31:
25:
9196:Gorgosaurus
9190:Wikispecies
9166:Gorgosaurus
9090:Maniraptora
9079:Maniraptora
9060:Tototlmimus
8990:Anserimimus
8940:Garudimimus
8926:Beishanlong
8868:Valdoraptor
8809:Arkansaurus
8754:Xunmenglong
8631:Juravenator
8425:Tarbosaurus
8317:Nanuqsaurus
8286:Gorgosaurus
8203:Megaraptora
8189:Timurlengia
7921:Sciurumimus
7869:Aratasaurus
7737:Murusraptor
7659:Fukuiraptor
7622:Megaraptora
7504:Shaochilong
7476:Eocarcharia
7429:Megaraptora
7349:Lusovenator
7227:Alpkarakush
7084:Carnosauria
6935:Spinosaurus
6908:Siamosaurus
6808:Suchosaurus
6755:Iberospinus
6691:Magnosaurus
6670:Afrovenator
6643:Torvosaurus
6394:Chilesaurus
6207:Carnotaurus
6200:Caletodraco
6186:Abelisaurus
6012:Arcovenator
5859:Laevisuchus
5850:Noasaurinae
5752:Berthasaura
5723:Noasauridae
5653:Genyodectes
5618:Lukousaurus
5611:Jubbulpuria
5411:Panguraptor
5389:Coelophysis
5382:Camposaurus
5341:Panguraptor
5333:Dracoraptor
5309:Zupaysaurus
5294:Tachiraptor
5273:Sarcosaurus
5173:Nhandumirim
4941:Gorgosaurus
4927:Gorgosaurus
4082:December 9,
3771:Irmis, R.B.
3752:Paul. G.S.
3193:February 7,
3167:February 7,
2893:(89): 1–9.
2639:Triceratops
2633:Kritosaurus
2609:Gorgosaurus
2564:Gorgosaurus
2544:Gorgosaurus
2515:Gorgosaurus
2502:Gorgosaurus
2478:nodosaurids
2474:ornithopods
2454:ceratopsids
2427:metatherian
2381:salamanders
2342:angiosperms
2324:formed the
2314:subtropical
2310:floodplains
2294:Gorgosaurus
2247:Gorgosaurus
2218:Gorgosaurus
2207:Gorgosaurus
2196:Gorgosaurus
2185:Gorgosaurus
2148:Gorgosaurus
2070:Gorgosaurus
2066:Gorgosaurus
2054:Gorgosaurus
2050:Gorgosaurus
2035:Gorgosaurus
2010:Gorgosaurus
1992:Gorgosaurus
1973:Gorgosaurus
1953:Gorgosaurus
1945:Gorgosaurus
1916:Gorgosaurus
1909:Gorgosaurus
1901:Gorgosaurus
1897:Gorgosaurus
1889:Gorgosaurus
1876:Gorgosaurus
1452:Gorgosaurus
1444:Phil Currie
1408:Gorgosaurus
1381:metatarsals
1369:Tarbosaurus
1327:Gorgosaurus
1316:Gorgosaurus
1305:hadrosaurid
1301:Gorgosaurus
1297:G. libratus
1293:Phil Currie
1270:Gorgosaurus
1263:Gorgosaurus
1255:Gorgosaurus
1239:Gorgosaurus
1218:Tarbosaurus
1202:Gorgosaurus
1194:Gorgosaurus
1188:-shaped in
1178:Gorgosaurus
1160:apart from
1158:Gorgosaurus
1126:Gorgosaurus
1106:Tarbosaurus
1098:Gorgosaurus
1091:G. libratus
1082:Description
997:Gorgosaurus
974:brain tumor
962:pathologies
946:Gorgosaurus
887:Gorgosaurus
881:. Although
871:Gorgosaurus
855: 5428)
821:Gorgosaurus
651:Gorgosaurus
637:Gorgosaurus
629:ceratopsids
613:Gorgosaurus
603:Gorgosaurus
595:G. libratus
587:Gorgosaurus
571:Gorgosaurus
560:Gorgosaurus
553:G. libratus
422:Gorgosaurus
308:Lambe, 1914
277:Gorgosaurus
256:Subfamily:
32:Gorgosaurus
9303:Categories
9018:Gallimimus
8947:Harpymimus
8892:Harpymimus
8513:Iliosuchus
8483:see below↓
8328:Alioramini
8146:Juratyrant
8132:Eotyrannus
8117:Bagaraatan
8069:Yutyrannus
8003:Coeluridae
7929:Vayuraptor
7775:see below↓
7751:Tratayenia
7744:Orkoraptor
7730:Megaraptor
7636:Aoniraptor
7569:Mapusaurus
7497:Sauroniops
7461:Altispinax
7414:Neovenator
7356:Siamraptor
7342:Datanglong
7309:Epanterias
7301:Antrodemus
7294:Allosaurus
7275:Allosauria
7098:Altispinax
7063:Gasosaurus
6975:see below↓
6851:Suchomimus
6452:Sinosaurus
6287:see below↓
6243:Viavenator
6193:Aucasaurus
6130:Ilokelesia
6101:Dahalokely
6056:Rajasaurus
6034:Indosaurus
6027:Genusaurus
6019:Dahalokely
5943:Indosuchus
5839:Limusaurus
5798:Ligabueino
5791:Kiyacursor
5783:Genusaurus
5767:Dahalokely
5687:Betasuchus
5558:Dornraptor
5458:see below↓
5434:Segisaurus
5287:Sinosaurus
5150:Eodromaeus
5079:see below↓
5027:Dinosauria
5009:Sauropsida
4108:January 6,
3966:: e13731.
3249:(5): 1–30.
2755:: 129–135.
2688:References
2645:Torosaurus
2568:hadrosaurs
2458:hadrosaurs
2400:pterosaurs
2397:Azhdarchid
2338:tree ferns
2330:understory
2231:death pose
2170:gastralium
2096:death pose
1468:New Mexico
1331:classified
1247:metacarpal
1232:Bob Bakker
1142:eye socket
1070:novojilovi
1027:Bob Bakker
807: 5458
633:hadrosaurs
621:inland sea
617:floodplain
537:U.S. state
372:Cope, 1876
363:Cope, 1876
208:Saurischia
195:Dinosauria
21:Gorosaurus
9291:Dinosaurs
9094:includes
9039:Rativates
9032:Qiupalong
8732:Scipionyx
8725:Mirischia
8398:Lythronax
8337:Alioramus
7991:Labocania
7709:Aerosteon
7255:Sinraptor
7159:Erectopus
6894:Irritator
6479:Orionides
6364:Tetanurae
6351:Tetanurae
6278:Tetanurae
6214:Elemgasem
6137:Llukalkan
6116:Elemgasem
5873:Noasaurus
5736:Afromimus
5544:Averostra
5531:Averostra
5449:Averostra
5301:Velocipes
5120:Theropoda
5107:Theropoda
5070:Theropoda
4995:Kingdom:
4979:Theropoda
4877:128972108
4826:0022-3360
4591:129901811
4478:129785393
4427:0094-8373
4351:248197540
4343:0272-4634
4203:. If the
3900:234026715
3623:0272-4634
3426:0272-4634
3404:CiteSeerX
3346:985402380
3313:: 95–109.
3237:(1988). "
3127:2246/1300
2900:2246/3207
2490:troodonts
2438:whiptails
2431:eutherian
2418:Avisaurus
2409:Apatornis
2365:sturgeons
2357:estuaries
2274:Campanian
2114:exostoses
1984:histology
1501:in 2013.
1385:phalanges
1335:subfamily
1251:vestigial
1118:fenestrae
1061:in 1955.
966:fractures
859:In 1856,
847:Specimen
803:Specimen
517:Campanian
382:Hay, 1899
221:Theropoda
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
42:Campanian
9175:Wikidata
8623:Coelurus
8048:Kileskus
8041:Guanlong
8013:Coelurus
7906:Gualicho
7406:Gualicho
6787:Baryonyx
6123:Guemesia
5950:Kryptops
5711:Ozraptor
5348:Pendraig
5003:Chordata
5001:Phylum:
4997:Animalia
4834:86113170
4784:18114585
4541:85665879
4279:(1998).
4194:26675726
4167:15306807
4076:Archived
4051:38064561
4042:10846869
3992:35846881
3837:24223179
3796:PLoS ONE
3785:(2013).
3722:(1988).
3677:(2003).
3659:June 18,
3631:86243316
3546:Archived
3483:84317234
3434:53446536
3243:Hunteria
3092:: 72–73.
3056:83744433
3022:(1999).
2851:(2003).
2806:(1980).
2788:: 13–20.
2772:(1914).
2712:(8): 7.
2676:See also
2580:armoured
2472:, small
2446:monitors
2322:Conifers
2249:chasing
2110:holotype
1404:priority
1059:Mongolia
907:include
891:Deinodon
883:Deinodon
875:Deinodon
866:Deinodon
754:holotype
655:ontogeny
567:predator
535:and the
506:dinosaur
503:theropod
406:libratus
315:Synonyms
243:Family:
182:Chordata
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
9236:3595538
9223:4966240
9210:4433629
8181:Timimus
7943:Zuolong
7673:Rapator
7576:Meraxes
6901:Oxalaia
6222:Koleken
5245:Lepidus
5007:Class:
4904:1304167
4857:Bibcode
4764:Bibcode
4715:2424244
4667:101–130
4571:Bibcode
4521:Bibcode
4458:Bibcode
4407:Bibcode
4323:Bibcode
4250:(ed.).
4219:erratum
4211:erratum
4205:erratum
4175:4404887
4147:Bibcode
4019:Bibcode
3983:9285543
3927:Bibcode
3880:Bibcode
3828:3819173
3805:Bibcode
3789:(ed.).
3694:Bibcode
3461:Bibcode
3219:: 1–19.
3036:Bibcode
3001:: 1–34.
2714:Bibcode
2511:dentary
2434:mammals
2385:turtles
2318:bonebed
2062:et al.,
1957:Citipes
1941:Citipes
1936:Citipes
1927:Citipes
1921:in situ
1881:Citipes
1198:maxilla
942:Montana
903:and/or
825:sutures
747:librare
741:of the
663:biology
564:bipedal
541:Montana
533:Alberta
494:) is a
483:
392:Matthew
269:Genus:
116:↓
9277:Portal
9181:Q40752
8832:Hexing
8520:Kakuru
8125:Dilong
6166:Thanos
6144:Niebla
5964:Rugops
5957:Kurupi
4902:
4875:
4832:
4824:
4782:
4713:
4673:
4636:
4589:
4539:
4476:
4425:
4349:
4341:
4258:
4192:
4188:,
4173:
4165:
4139:Nature
4049:
4039:
3990:
3980:
3898:
3835:
3825:
3736:
3629:
3621:
3574:
3481:
3432:
3424:
3406:
3370:
3344:
3334:
3054:
2960:
2816:
2552:guilds
2442:skinks
2369:sharks
2280:, and
2181:callus
2177:fibula
1499:et al.
1464:Alaska
1339:family
1272:, the
1259:hallux
923:, and
778:Ottawa
727:saurus
721:σαυρος
715:gorgos
709:γοργος
525:Fossil
513:Period
398:, 1923
394:&
353:, 1876
340:, 1856
285:, 1914
9257:Plazi
9249:53193
9096:birds
8153:Moros
7680:Siats
7421:Siats
7363:Siats
5023:Clade
5014:Clade
4900:JSTOR
4873:S2CID
4830:S2CID
4802:(PDF)
4780:S2CID
4752:(PDF)
4711:JSTOR
4657:. In
4598:(PDF)
4587:S2CID
4559:(PDF)
4537:S2CID
4474:S2CID
4347:S2CID
4299:(PDF)
4284:(PDF)
4215:with
4171:S2CID
4135:(PDF)
3960:PeerJ
3896:S2CID
3868:(PDF)
3730:464pp
3682:(PDF)
3627:S2CID
3509:(PDF)
3479:S2CID
3430:S2CID
3392:(PDF)
3052:S2CID
2856:(PDF)
2624:like
2406:like
2377:Frogs
2334:ferns
2031:packs
1434:) by
1377:tibia
1353:basal
1274:tibia
1266:femur
1192:. In
1134:nasal
1007:-age
745:verb
743:Latin
704:Greek
496:genus
396:Brown
338:Leidy
283:Lambe
228:Clade
215:Clade
202:Clade
189:Clade
9218:GBIF
9088:see
7723:Maip
5181:Tawa
5056:see
4822:ISSN
4671:ISBN
4634:ISBN
4606:2010
4444:and
4423:ISSN
4339:ISSN
4288:Gaia
4256:ISBN
4190:PMID
4163:PMID
4110:2024
4084:2023
4047:PMID
3988:PMID
3861:and
3833:PMID
3734:ISBN
3661:2007
3619:ISSN
3572:ISBN
3422:ISSN
3368:ISBN
3342:OCLC
3332:ISBN
3195:2008
3169:2008
3068:2008
2958:ISBN
2814:ISBN
2656:Asia
2642:and
2630:and
2574:and
2500:and
2492:and
2480:and
2448:and
2429:and
2402:and
2391:and
2373:rays
2371:and
2361:gars
2340:and
2288:and
2255:and
2072:and
1998:and
1891:and
1458:and
1450:and
1430:(as
1418:and
1394:and
1383:and
1371:and
1212:and
1152:and
1136:and
1124:and
1045:and
1001:CMNH
954:TCMI
936:and
853:AMNH
849:USNM
813:AMNH
805:AMNH
752:The
686:AMNH
631:and
589:and
480:lit.
471:-gə-
351:Cope
325:List
55:PreꞒ
44:), ~
9205:EoL
4865:doi
4814:doi
4772:doi
4703:doi
4579:doi
4529:doi
4466:doi
4415:doi
4331:doi
4182:doi
4155:doi
4143:430
4037:PMC
4027:doi
3978:PMC
3968:doi
3935:doi
3888:doi
3823:PMC
3813:doi
3702:doi
3611:doi
3469:doi
3414:doi
3271:104
3217:106
3123:hdl
3044:doi
2895:hdl
2722:doi
2594:OTM
2213:.
2159:TMP
2098:",
2037:.
1387:).
1329:is
1220:or
1104:or
1057:of
1051:PIN
1025:by
1015:by
940:of
784:in
776:in
762:NMC
756:of
733:is
680:of
539:of
531:of
498:of
475:-əs
473:SOR
469:GOR
453:ɔːr
438:ɔːr
9305::
9259::
9246::
9233::
9220::
9207::
9192::
9177::
5025::
5016::
4896:54
4894:.
4871:.
4863:.
4853:55
4851:.
4828:.
4820:.
4810:75
4808:.
4804:.
4778:.
4770:.
4760:16
4758:.
4754:.
4736:^
4709:.
4699:95
4697:.
4669:.
4614:^
4585:.
4577:.
4567:46
4565:.
4561:.
4535:.
4527:.
4517:29
4515:.
4472:.
4464:.
4454:92
4452:.
4421:.
4413:.
4403:48
4401:.
4397:.
4385:^
4359:^
4345:.
4337:.
4329:.
4319:41
4317:.
4292:15
4290:.
4286:.
4231:^
4169:.
4161:.
4153:.
4141:.
4137:.
4118:^
4101:.
4074:.
4068:.
4045:.
4035:.
4025:.
4013:.
4009:.
3986:.
3976:.
3964:10
3962:.
3958:.
3933:.
3921:.
3917:.
3894:.
3886:.
3876:58
3874:.
3870:.
3845:^
3831:.
3821:.
3811:.
3799:.
3793:.
3781:;
3777:;
3773:;
3769:;
3732:.
3700:.
3690:40
3688:.
3684:.
3625:.
3617:.
3607:25
3605:.
3601:.
3586:^
3534:^
3517:48
3515:.
3511:.
3491:^
3477:.
3467:.
3455:.
3451:.
3428:.
3420:.
3412:.
3400:21
3398:.
3394:.
3340:.
3309:.
3245:.
3215:.
3119:46
3117:.
3109:;
3098:^
3088:.
3050:.
3042:.
3032:19
3030:.
3026:.
3007:^
2997:.
2972:^
2948:;
2909:^
2885:;
2872:^
2864:48
2862:.
2858:.
2828:^
2802:;
2786:28
2784:.
2780:.
2761:^
2753:27
2751:.
2736:^
2720:.
2710:52
2708:.
2704:.
2672:.
2620:,
2517:.
2488:,
2476:,
2468:,
2464:,
2444:,
2440:,
2425:,
2387:,
2383:,
2379:,
2367:,
2363:,
2352:.
2336:,
2233:.
2006:.
1959:.
1482:.
1466:,
1414:.
1367:,
1164:.
1078:.
976:.
968:,
929:.
919:,
913:,
665:.
657:,
605:a
585:.
551:,
543:.
523:.
478:;
379:?
360:?
347:?
334:?
230::
217::
204::
191::
105:Pg
49:Ma
9279::
8958:?
8950:?
8863:?
8827:?
8819:?
8787:?
8735:?
8706:?
8691:?
8626:?
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