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567:(FOV) – Humans have an FOV of around 180°, but most HMDs offer far less than this. Typically, a greater field of view results in a greater sense of immersion and better situational awareness. Most people do not have a good feel for what a particular quoted FOV would look like (e.g., 25°) so often manufacturers will quote an apparent screen size. Most people sit about 60 cm away from their monitors and have quite a good feel about screen sizes at that distance. To convert the manufacturer's apparent screen size to a desktop monitor position, divide the screen size by the distance in feet, then multiply by 2. Consumer-level HMDs typically offer a FOV of about 110°.
47:
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454:. Other products available in 2021 were the Cinemizer OLED, with 870×500 resolution per eye, the VISIONHMD Bigeyes H1, with 1280x720 resolution per eye, and the Dream Glass 4K, with 1920x1080 resolution per eye. All of the products mentioned here incorporated audio headphones or earphones except for the Goovis G2, the Cinera Prime, the VISIONHMD Bigeyes H1, and the Dream Glass 4K, which instead offered an audio headphones jack.
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295:(CAD) schematics. Virtual reality, when applied to engineering and design, is a key factor in integration of the human in the design. By enabling engineers to interact with their designs in full life-size scale, products can be validated for issues that may not have been visible until physical prototyping. The use of HMDs for VR is seen as supplemental to the conventional use of
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555:(IPD)) of between 2.5 and 3 inches (6 and 8 cm), the angle of an object at that distance becomes essentially the same from each eye. At smaller ranges the perspective from each eye is significantly different and the expense of generating two different visual channels through the computer-generated imagery (CGI) system becomes worthwhile.
601:. To make the HMD construction lighter producers may move the processing system to connected smart necklace form-factor that would also offer the additional benefit of larger battery pack. Such solution would allow to design lite HMD with sufficient energy supply for dual video inputs or higher frequency time-based multiplexing (see below).
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153:(MR). Combining real-world view with CGI can be done by projecting the CGI through a partially reflective mirror and viewing the real world directly. This method is often called optical see-through. Combining real-world view with CGI can also be done electronically by accepting video from a camera and mixing it electronically with CGI.
678:– Binding the imagery. Head-mounted displays may also be used with tracking sensors that detect changes of angle and orientation. When such data is available in the system computer, it can be used to generate the appropriate computer-generated imagery (CGI) for the angle-of-look at the particular time. This allows the user to
693:– Eye trackers measure the point of gaze, allowing a computer to sense where the user is looking. This information is useful in a variety of contexts such as user interface navigation: By sensing the user's gaze, a computer can change the information displayed on a screen, bring added details to attention, etc.
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per eye, and the Cinera Prime, which featured 2560×1440 resolution per eye as well as a 66° FOV. The rather large Cinera Prime used either a standard support arm or an optional head mount. Expected to be available in late-2021 was the Cinera Edge, featuring the same FOV and 2560×1440 resolution per
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Binocular overlap – measures the area that is common to both eyes. Binocular overlap is the basis for the sense of depth and stereo, allowing humans to sense which objects are near and which objects are far. Humans have a binocular overlap of about 100° (50° to the left of the nose and 50° to the
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Resolution – HMDs usually mention either the total number of pixels or the number of pixels per degree. Listing the total number of pixels (e.g., 1600×1200 pixels per eye) is borrowed from how the specifications of computer monitors are presented. However, the pixel density, usually specified in
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and vehicle simulators, dismounted soldier training, medical procedure training, and more. However, a number of unwanted symptoms have been caused by prolonged use of certain types of head-mounted displays, and these issues must be resolved before optimal training and simulation is feasible.
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Time-based multiplexing preserves the full resolution per each image, but reduces the frame rate by half. For example, if the signal is presented at 60 Hz, each eye is receiving just 30 Hz updates. This may become an issue with accurately presenting fast-moving images.
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A key application for HMDs is training and simulation, allowing to virtually place a trainee in a situation that is either too expensive or too dangerous to replicate in real-life. Training with HMDs covers a wide range of applications from driving, welding and spray painting,
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Not all HMDs provide depth perception. Some lower-end modules are essentially bi-ocular devices where both eyes are presented with the same image. 3D video players sometimes allow maximum compatibility with HMDs by providing the user with a choice of the 3D format to be used.
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Many brands of video glasses can be connected to modern video and DSLR cameras, making them applicable as a new age monitor. As a result of the glasses ability to block out ambient light, filmmakers and photographers are able to see clearer presentations of their live images.
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On-board processing and operating system. Some HMD vendors offer on-board operating systems such as
Android, allowing applications to run locally on the HMD, and eliminating the need to be tethered to an external device to generate video. These are sometimes referred to as
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Head
Mounted Display systems are also used in the maintenance of complex systems, as they can give a technician a simulated x-ray vision by combining computer graphics such as system diagrams and imagery with the technician's natural vision (augmented or modified reality).
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The advantage of dual video inputs is that it provides the maximum resolution for each image and the maximum frame rate for each eye. The disadvantage of dual video inputs is that it requires separate video outputs and cables from the device generating the content.
145:(CGI), or only live imagery from the physical world, or combination. Most HMDs can display only a computer-generated image, sometimes referred to as virtual image. Some HMDs can allow a CGI to be superimposed on real-world view. This is sometimes referred to as
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applications. The design is optimized to provide high definition data under all lighting conditions, in covered or see-through modes of operation. The LE has a low power consumption, operating on four AA batteries for 35 hours or receiving power via standard
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images. It should be borne in mind that so-called 'Optical
Infinity' is generally taken by flight surgeons and display experts as about 9 meters. This is the distance at which, given the average human eye rangefinder "baseline" (distance between the eyes or
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in 1997. It had as an optional accessory a positional sensor which permitted the user to view the surroundings, with the perspective moving as the head moved, providing a deep sense of immersion. One novel application of this technology was in the game
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right). The larger the binocular overlap offered by an HMD, the greater the sense of stereo. Overlap is sometimes specified in degrees (e.g., 74°) or as a percentage indicating how much of the visual field of each eye is common to the other eye.
371:, which permitted users of the Sony Glasstron or Virtual I/O's iGlasses to adopt a new visual perspective from inside the cockpit of the craft, using their own eyes as visual and seeing the battlefield through their craft's own cockpit.
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An optical head-mounted display uses an optical mixer which is made of partly silvered mirrors. It can reflect artificial images, and let real images cross the lens, and let a user look through it. Various methods have existed for
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environment simply by moving the head without the need for a separate controller to change the angle of the imagery. In radio-based systems (compared to wires), the wearer may move about within the tracking limits of the
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A typical HMD has one or two small displays, with lenses and semi-transparent mirrors embedded in eyeglasses (also termed data glasses), a visor, or a helmet. The display units are miniaturized and may include
247:. In 2005, the Liteye HMD was introduced for ground combat troops as a rugged, waterproof lightweight display that clips into a standard U.S. PVS-14 military helmet mount. The self-contained color monocular
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The most rudimentary HMDs simply project an image or symbology on a wearer's visor or reticle. The image is not bound to the real world, i.e., the image does not change based on the wearer's head position.
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Military, police, and firefighters use HMDs to display tactical information such as maps or thermal imaging data while viewing a real scene. Recent applications have included the use of HMD for
652:, chose to provide side-by-side 3D which saves the need to allocate extra transmission bandwidth and is more suitable to fast-paced sports action relative to time-based multiplexing methods.
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Research universities often use HMDs to conduct studies related to vision, balance, cognition and neuroscience. As of 2010, the use of predictive visual tracking measurement to identify mild
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Distant focus (collimation). Optical methods may be used to present the images at a distant focus, which seems to improve the realism of images that in the real world would be at a distance.
319:(MRI) imaging) is combined with the surgeon's natural view of the operation, and anesthesia, where the patient vital signs are within the anesthesiologist's field of view at all times.
434:(FOV) of 50–60°, making them less immersive than virtual-reality headsets, but they offer correspondingly higher resolution in terms of pixels per degree. Released in 2011, the Sony
575:, above which increased resolution is not noticed by people with normal vision. HMDs typically offer 10 to 20 pixels/°, though advances in micro-displays help increase this number.
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By using AR technology, the HMDs are allowed to achieve a see-through display. By using virtual reality (VR) technology, the HMDs can realize viewing the images in 360 degrees.
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Group. The HMD displays critical race data while allowing the driver to continue focusing on the track as pit crews control the data and messages sent to their drivers through
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is a platform developed by
Microsoft which includes a wide range of headsets produced by HP, Samsung, and others and is capable of playing most HTC Vive games. It uses only
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in their Star 1200 product. Various waveguide methods have existed for years. These include diffraction optics, holographic optics, polarized optics, and reflective optics.
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Time-based multiplexing. Methods such as frame sequential combine two separate video signals into one signal by alternating the left and right images in successive frames.
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Products released as of 2020 featuring 1920×1080 resolution per eye included the Goovis G2 and Royole Moon. Also available was the
Avegant Glyph, which incorporated 720P
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for VR simulation. HMDs are predominantly used for single-person interaction with the design, while CAVEs allow for more collaborative virtual reality sessions.
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Some head-mounted displays are designed to present traditional video and film content in a virtual cinema. These devices typically feature a relatively narrow
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Side-by-side and top-bottom multiplexing provide full-rate updates to each eye, but reduce the resolution presented to each eye. Many 3D broadcasts, such as
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360:(CES) in 1994. The VFX-1 had stereoscopic displays, 3-axis head-tracking, and stereo headphones. Another pioneer in this field was Sony, which released the
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that tracks the wearer's head position and angle, so that the picture or symbol displayed is congruent with the outside world using see-through imagery.
251:(OLED) display replaces the NVG tube and connects to a mobile computing device. The LE has see-through ability and can be used as a standard HMD or for
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Lawson, B. D. (2014). Motion sickness symptomatology and origins. Handbook of
Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications, 531–599.
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Side by side or top-bottom multiplexing. This method allocated half of the image to the left eye and the other half of the image to the right eye.
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of modern helicopters and fighter aircraft. These are usually fully integrated with the pilot's flying helmet and may include protective visors,
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Depth perception inside an HMD requires different images for the left and right eyes. There are multiple ways to provide these separate images:
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pixels per degree or in arcminutes per pixel, is also used to determine visual acuity. 60 pixels/° (1 arcmin/pixel) is usually referred to as
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Low-cost HMD devices are available for use with 3D games and entertainment applications. One of the first commercially available HMDs was the
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Ability to show stereoscopic imagery. A binocular HMD has the potential to display a different image to each eye. This can be used to show
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Major HMD applications include military, government (fire, police, etc.), and civilian-commercial (medicine, video gaming, sports, etc.).
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476:(FPV) drone flying uses head-mounted displays which are commonly called "FPV goggles". Analog FPV goggles (such as the ones produced by
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Dr. James Miller, Fullerton, CA, research psychologist for the Ground
Systems Group at Hughes, "I've Got a Secret", April 9, 1962, on
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are a type of HMD that track 3D position and rotation to provide a virtual environment to the user. 3DOF VR headsets typically use an
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699:– tracking hand movement from the perspective of the HMD allows natural interaction with content and a convenient game-play mechanism
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Bachhuber, Christoph; Eckehard, Steinbach (2017). "Are Today's Video
Communication Solutions Ready for the Tactile Internet?".
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O. Cakmakci and J.P. Rolland. Head-Worn
Displays: A Review. IEEE Journal of Display Technology, Vol. 2, No. 3, September 2006.
561:(IPD). This is the distance between the two eyes, measured at the pupils, and is important in designing head-mounted displays.
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based "private cinema" products were released using various brands such as VRWorld, Magicsee, based on software from Nibiru.
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ability shows an object moving in a regular pattern. People without brain injury are able to track the moving object with
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for tracking. 6DOF VR headsets typically use sensor fusion from multiple data sources including at least one IMU.
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Proceedings of the
December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I on – AFIPS '68 (Fall, part I)
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1065:"Monitoring with Head-Mounted Displays in General Anesthesia: A Clinical Evaluation in the Operating Room"
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97:(OHMD) is a wearable display that can reflect projected images and allows a user to see through it.
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1610:"Cutting-Edge VR/AR Display Technologies (Gaze-, Accommodation-, Motion-aware and HDR-enabled)"
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Liu, David; Jenkins, Simon A.; Sanderson, Penelope M.; Fabian, Perry; Russell, W. John (2010).
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is a virtual reality head-mounted display. The headset is produced by a collaboration between
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signal in to transparent eyepiece. Ruggedized HMDs are increasingly being integrated into the
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David McGriffy. Make: Drones: Teach an Arduino to Fly. Maker Media, 2016. ISBN 9781680451719
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HMD's, most of which can be summarized into two main families based on curved mirrors or
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1271:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11572. Springer, Cham. pp. 669–682.
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to produce see-through augmented reality glasses that are only a few millimeters thick.
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Use dual video inputs, thereby providing a completely separate video signal to each eye
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Head Mounted Displays: Designing for the user; Melzer and Moffitt; McGraw Hill, 1997.
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as they offer the lowest video latency. But digital FPV goggles (such as produced by
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134:(OLED). Some vendors employ multiple micro-displays to increase total resolution and
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There are also applications in surgery, wherein a combination of radiographic data (
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Effects of Low/High-Definition Stereoscopic Video Clips on the Equilibrium Function
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HMD). HMDs have many uses including gaming, aviation, engineering, and medicine.
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1302:"The Royole Moon headset is like an in-flight IMAX cinema strapped to your face"
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971:"A Three Dimensional Helmet Mounted Primary Flight Reference for Paratroopers"
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2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW)
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for aviation applications), that has a small display optic in front of one (
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Since 2010s, FPV drone flying is widely used in aerial cinematography and
488:) are becoming increasingly popular due to their higher resolution video.
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featured 1280x720 resolution per eye. In approximately 2015, standalone
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1476:"Beyound Reality: Head-Mounted Displays for Mobile Systems Researchers"
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Takada, Masumi; Yamamoto, Syota; Miyao, Masaru; Takada, Hiroki (2019).
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523:, MOD and MOD Live, the latter based on an Android operating system.
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eye as the earlier Cinera Prime model, but with a much more compact
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is a virtual reality headset for gaming consoles, dedicated for the
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is currently working on a system for PCAS that will use holographic
68:) is a display device, worn on the head or as part of a helmet (see
1582:"Recon Instruments' Next Generation Technology Available This Fall"
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distances of the eyes are more comfortable than those that do not.
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HMDs as part of the Persistent Close Air Support (PCAS) Program.
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developed for virtual reality simulations and video games. The
179:. Curved mirrors have been used by Laster Technologies, and by
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was being studied. In visual tracking tests, a HMD unit with
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1248:"Xbox One, PS4 "too limited" for Oculus Rift, says creator"
228:(7" long), head-mounted monocular display that reflected a
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Maruta, J; Lee, SW; Jacobs, EF; Ghajar, J (October 2010).
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released on 3 November 2011 two head-mounted displays for
775:
Shibata, Takashi (1 April 2002). "Head mounted display".
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Accommodation support – HMDs that support matching the
1226:"Oculus Rift – Virtual Reality Headset for 3D Gaming"
1584:. Recon Instruments. 3 November 2011. Archived from
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973:. Air Force Institute of Technology. Archived from
1020:"Darpa's Hologram Goggles Will Unleash Drone Hell"
710:List of optical head-mounted display manufacturers
1395:"Cinemizeroled – One Place to Find Best Products"
113:illuminators and cameras to measure eye movements
1370:"Meet Cinera Edge, the Next-gen Personal Cinema"
1196:"Video Glasses Can be Connected to DSLR Cameras"
1320:"Your Personal Theater | Avegant Video Headset"
263:The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (
212:flight equipment technician testing a Scorpion
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2432:
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1564:"CDT Acquires Opsys' Dendrimer OLED Business"
1046:"Understanding Virtual Reality (VR) Headsets"
287:Engineers and scientists use HMDs to provide
141:HMDs differ in whether they can display only
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1118:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
812:"A head-mounted three dimensional display"
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1080:
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622:Side-by-side and top-bottom multiplexing
45:
1171:"VFX-1 Virtual Reality Helmet by Forte"
874:"Optics of AR/VR using liquid crystals"
810:Sutherland, Ivan E. (9 December 1968).
767:
2896:Stereoscopic Displays and Applications
1300:Kronsberg, Matthew (1 November 2017).
878:Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
668:More sophisticated HMDs incorporate a
2344:Software related to augmented reality
1891:Simultaneous localization and mapping
997:"Liteye OLED Helmet Mounted Displays"
954:"'Seeing Things' with Electrocular".
386:(VR) head-mounted display created by
7:
503:A HMD system has been developed for
1943:Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera
240:, and displays of other symbology.
1917:Image-based modeling and rendering
1246:Makuch, Eddie (13 November 2013).
1003:, no. 3, 2005, archived from
25:
1114:"A unified science of concussion"
1018:Shachtman, Noah (11 April 2011).
939:"Third Eye for Space Explorers".
872:Komura, Shinichi (19 July 2024).
4133:
1138:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05695.x
267:) continues to fund research in
2536:Vergence-accommodation conflict
507:drivers by Kopin Corp. and the
37:For aviation applications, see
1:
2702:Stereo photography techniques
2359:Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK
1474:Cuervo, Eduardo (June 2017).
1202:. 30 May 2013. Archived from
1044:Wheeler, Andrew (July 2016).
887:10.1080/15421406.2024.2379694
789:10.1016/S0141-9382(02)00010-0
614:Frame sequential multiplexing
224:revealed the Electrocular, a
195:Aviation and tactical, ground
132:organic light-emitting diodes
4060:Optical head-mounted display
2712:Stereoscopic depth rendition
2395:List of PlayStation VR games
1788:Virtual reality applications
1614:INRIA.HAL.SCIENCE Web Portal
1082:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181d3e647
249:organic light-emitting diode
166:Optical head-mounted display
95:optical head-mounted display
4103:Multi-primary color display
1306:Australian Financial Review
606:Support of 3D video formats
216:integrated targeting system
4203:
1753:Projection augmented model
1523:10.1109/WCNCW.2017.7919060
1069:Anesthesia & Analgesia
345:
334:eye movements and correct
317:magnetic resonance imaging
198:
163:
143:computer-generated imagery
36:
30:Not to be confused with a
29:
4129:
3894:
2727:Stereoscopic video coding
2722:Stereoscopic spectroscopy
2486:Convergence insufficiency
2390:List of Oculus Rift games
1969:Omnidirectional treadmill
1938:Free viewpoint television
1907:Asynchronous reprojection
1743:On-set virtual production
1728:Computer-mediated reality
1723:Cinematic virtual reality
1689:
1277:10.1007/978-3-030-23560-4
818:. ACM. pp. 757–764.
715:Computer-mediated reality
358:Consumer Electronics Show
313:X-ray computed tomography
128:liquid crystal on silicon
109:An eye tracking HMD with
2823:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D
2760:3D-enabled mobile phones
2717:Stereoscopic rangefinder
2554:Active shutter 3D system
2385:List of Meta Quest games
1793:Virtual reality sickness
1608:Koulieris, George-Alex.
1445:"Dream Glass 4K/4K Plus"
736:Positioning technologies
480:) are commonly used for
84:Virtual reality headsets
4065:Virtual retinal display
2795:Virtual reality headset
2790:Stereoscopic video game
2639:Virtual retinal display
1860:Virtual retinal display
1848:Virtual reality headset
1492:10.1145/3131214.3131218
956:Science & Mechanics
910:"Science: Second Sight"
834:10.1145/1476589.1476686
756:Virtual retinal display
573:eye limiting resolution
559:Interpupillary distance
553:Interpupillary distance
527:Training and simulation
356:which was announced at
348:Virtual reality headset
222:Hughes Aircraft Company
124:liquid-crystal displays
55:virtual reality headset
53:soldier demonstrates a
4177:Multimodal interaction
2687:Multiview Video Coding
2682:Computer stereo vision
2491:Correspondence problem
2380:List of HTC Vive games
1773:Six degrees of freedom
1517:. IEEE. pp. 1–6.
1420:"VISIONHMD-BIGEYES H1"
623:
615:
541:Performance parameters
470:
324:traumatic brain injury
217:
201:Helmet mounted display
114:
70:helmet-mounted display
57:
39:Helmet-mounted display
27:Type of display device
4162:Head-mounted displays
3937:Emerging technologies
2229:The Sword of Damocles
2131:Windows Mixed Reality
1768:Simulation hypothesis
621:
613:
465:
422:for its controllers.
416:Windows Mixed Reality
307:Medicine and research
293:computer-aided design
208:
108:
49:
4050:Head-mounted display
3886:Head-mounted display
3534:Enhanced Combat (US)
2579:Head-mounted display
2511:Kinetic depth effect
2349:Virtual reality game
1994:Cyberith Virtualizer
1826:Head-mounted display
440:Android 5 (Lollipop)
258:Universal Serial Bus
238:night vision devices
62:head-mounted display
51:British Army Reserve
18:Head mounted display
4091:Holographic display
4045:Bionic contact lens
3807:Horn-rimmed glasses
2667:2D to 3D conversion
2619:Specular holography
2614:Polarized 3D system
2531:Stereoscopic acuity
2526:Stereopsis recovery
1455:on 16 November 2021
1130:2010NYASA1208...58M
1007:on 19 February 2006
969:Thompson, Jason I.
941:Popular Electronics
469:wearing FPV goggles
420:inside-out tracking
4187:Wearable computers
4167:Display technology
4113:Volumetric display
4096:Computer-generated
3484:Lobster-tailed pot
2649:Wiggle stereoscopy
2644:Volumetric display
2609:Parallax scrolling
2089:Microsoft HoloLens
1912:Foveated rendering
1618:HAL (open archive)
1169:Cochrane, Nathan.
670:positioning system
624:
616:
493:aerial photography
471:
447:retinal projection
260:(USB) connection.
218:
115:
76:HMD) or each eye (
58:
4149:
4148:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
3903:
3902:
3619:
3618:
3401:
3400:
2904:
2903:
2865:Sharp Actius RD3D
2785:Stereo microscope
2692:Parallax scanning
2506:Epipolar geometry
2496:Peripheral vision
2471:Binocular rivalry
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2283:
2282:
2057:Golden-i headsets
1982:
1981:
1974:Wearable computer
1778:Spatial computing
1694:Augmented reality
1532:978-1-5090-5908-9
1399:cinemizeroled.com
1286:978-3-030-23559-8
517:Recon Instruments
474:First-person view
390:that the company
315:(CAT) scans, and
269:augmented reality
253:augmented reality
147:augmented reality
120:cathode ray tubes
16:(Redirected from
4194:
4137:
4136:
4086:Flexible display
3955:
3948:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3907:
3897:List of headwear
3625:Other protective
3412:
2962:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2850:Nvidia 3D Vision
2604:Parallax barrier
2589:Integral imaging
2501:Depth perception
2481:Chromostereopsis
2476:Binocular vision
2441:
2434:
2427:
2418:
2317:virtual graffiti
2292:
2162:Google Cardboard
2052:Apple Vision Pro
2042:
2009:PlayStation Move
1933:360-degree video
1811:
1748:Persistent world
1682:Extended reality
1675:
1668:
1661:
1652:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1588:on 9 March 2012.
1578:
1572:
1571:
1566:. Archived from
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1451:. Archived from
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1206:on 22 March 2017
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1084:
1075:(4): 1032–1038.
1060:
1054:
1053:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1015:
1009:
1008:
993:
987:
986:
984:
982:
977:on 6 August 2014
966:
960:
959:
951:
945:
944:
936:
930:
924:
918:
917:
916:. 13 April 1962.
906:
900:
899:
889:
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
827:
807:
801:
800:
772:
741:Screenless video
342:Gaming and video
21:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4182:Virtual reality
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4117:
4081:Autostereoscopy
4069:
4055:Head-up display
4031:
3959:Next generation
3939:
3934:
3904:
3899:
3890:
3765:
3678:
3672:
3658:Padded headgear
3615:
3579:
3553:
3529:Advanced Combat
3397:
3285:
3276:
3240:
3174:
2958:
2940:
2935:
2905:
2900:
2879:
2805:
2799:
2737:
2731:
2707:Stereoautograph
2659:
2653:
2594:Lenticular lens
2569:Autostereoscopy
2546:
2540:
2516:Stereoblindness
2454:
2445:
2415:
2406:
2368:
2324:Meta Horizon OS
2312:Interactive art
2279:
2258:
2244:Virtual fixture
2214:Samsung Gear VR
2167:Google Daydream
2135:
2116:PlayStation VR2
2033:
1978:
1952:
1921:
1895:
1881:Finger tracking
1864:
1838:Head-up display
1802:
1711:
1700:Virtual reality
1685:
1679:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1570:on 5 July 2008.
1562:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1533:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1473:
1472:
1468:
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1228:
1224:
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1219:
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1207:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1050:Engineering.com
1043:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1012:
995:
994:
990:
980:
978:
968:
967:
963:
953:
952:
948:
938:
937:
933:
925:
921:
908:
907:
903:
871:
870:
866:
856:
854:
844:
825:10.1.1.388.2440
809:
808:
804:
774:
773:
769:
764:
725:Head-up display
706:
684:virtual reality
662:
608:
543:
529:
501:
460:
428:
384:virtual reality
350:
344:
309:
285:
203:
197:
189:
168:
162:
103:
42:
35:
32:head-up display
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4198:
4190:
4189:
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4179:
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4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
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4009:
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3999:
3994:
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3889:
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3883:
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3871:
3869:Shutter shades
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3375:
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3340:
3335:
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3310:
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3135:
3130:
3125:
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3110:
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3039:
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3024:
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2959:
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2880:
2878:
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2857:
2852:
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2845:
2835:
2833:MasterImage 3D
2830:
2825:
2820:
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2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
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2739:
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2730:
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2724:
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2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Stereo display
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Autostereogram
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2466:3D stereo view
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
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2404:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Pervasive game
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2289:
2285:
2284:
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2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
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2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:PlayStation VR
2206:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
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2141:
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2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1948:VR photography
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1869:3D interaction
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1823:
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1801:
1800:
1795:
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1600:
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1466:
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1361:
1336:
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1292:
1285:
1257:
1238:
1217:
1187:
1161:
1104:
1055:
1036:
1010:
1001:Defense Update
988:
961:
958:. August 1962.
946:
931:
919:
901:
864:
842:
802:
783:(1–2): 57–64.
766:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
722:
717:
712:
705:
702:
701:
700:
694:
688:
673:
666:
661:
658:
638:
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634:
631:
607:
604:
603:
602:
594:
591:
580:
576:
568:
562:
556:
542:
539:
528:
525:
500:
497:
459:
458:Remote control
456:
427:
426:Virtual cinema
424:
408:PlayStation VR
343:
340:
332:smooth pursuit
308:
305:
284:
281:
214:helmet mounted
210:U.S. Air Force
199:Main article:
196:
193:
188:
185:
164:Main article:
161:
158:
102:
99:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4199:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4172:Mixed reality
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
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3133:Stormy Kromer
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2891:Stereographer
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2780:Stereo camera
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2234:VFX1 Headgear
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1886:Pose tracking
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1706:Mixed reality
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1486:. ACM: 9–15.
1485:
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1424:visionhmd.com
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731:Lumus-optical
729:
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708:
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703:
698:
697:Hand tracking
695:
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689:
685:
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677:
676:Head tracking
674:
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664:
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659:
657:
653:
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635:
632:
629:
628:
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612:
605:
600:
599:smart goggles
595:
592:
589:
585:
584:accommodation
581:
577:
574:
569:
566:
565:Field of view
563:
560:
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514:
513:two-way radio
510:
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457:
455:
453:
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443:
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437:
433:
432:field of view
425:
423:
421:
417:
413:
412:PlayStation 4
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:Palmer Luckey
385:
381:
376:
372:
370:
369:
368:MechWarrior 2
363:
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355:
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194:
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186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
167:
159:
157:
154:
152:
151:mixed reality
148:
144:
139:
137:
136:field of view
133:
129:
125:
121:
112:
107:
100:
98:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4138:
4049:
3885:
3864:Solar viewer
3701:Deely bobber
3677:Hairwear and
3668:Sports visor
3454:Lamellenhelm
3091:Anthony Eden
2838:Nintendo 3DS
2745:3D camcorder
2660:technologies
2578:
2547:technologies
2270:Project Iris
2187:Oculus Quest
2177:Liquid Image
2172:Google Glass
2084:Meta Quest 3
2072:Meta Quest 2
2029:Wizdish ROVR
2019:Virtuix Omni
2004:Oculus Touch
1876:Eye tracking
1843:Smartglasses
1825:
1807:Technologies
1783:Telepresence
1636:Bibliography
1621:. Retrieved
1613:
1603:
1594:
1586:the original
1576:
1568:the original
1558:
1549:
1514:
1508:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1453:the original
1448:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1423:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:
1314:
1305:
1295:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1204:the original
1199:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:
1164:
1124:(1): 58–66.
1121:
1117:
1107:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1049:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1023:
1013:
1005:the original
1000:
991:
979:. Retrieved
975:the original
964:
955:
949:
943:. July 1962.
940:
934:
922:
913:
904:
877:
867:
855:. Retrieved
815:
805:
780:
776:
770:
746:Smartglasses
691:Eye tracking
679:
654:
647:
643:
639:
625:
598:
548:stereoscopic
530:
502:
490:
482:drone racing
472:
444:
429:
377:
373:
366:
351:
328:eye tracking
321:
310:
301:
289:stereoscopic
286:
262:
245:paratroopers
242:
219:
190:
187:Applications
169:
155:
140:
116:
92:
82:
65:
61:
59:
43:
3679:other items
3648:Face shield
3565:Firefighter
3549:Paratrooper
3504:Pickelhaube
3424:Boar's tusk
3343:Ferronnière
3027:Chilote cap
2870:View-Master
2697:Pseudoscope
2629:Stereoscope
2559:Anaglyph 3D
2448:Stereoscopy
2239:Virtual Boy
2192:Oculus Rift
2126:Vuzix Blade
2121:Valve Index
2024:Wired glove
2014:Razer Hydra
1999:Leap Motion
1987:Peripherals
1964:Haptic suit
1926:Photography
1459:16 November
1449:Dream Glass
1324:avegant.com
751:Stereoscopy
680:look around
660:Peripherals
521:ski goggles
505:Formula One
467:Drone racer
452:form factor
380:Oculus Rift
283:Engineering
226:compact CRT
173:see-through
160:Optical HMD
130:(LCos), or
4156:Categories
4037:Screenless
3839:Sunglasses
3777:Eyeglasses
3731:Headphones
3606:Motorcycle
3558:Vocational
3489:Kulah khud
3439:Chalcidian
3434:Corinthian
3323:Coronation
2884:Miscellany
2775:Digital 3D
2770:Blu-ray 3D
2634:Vectograph
2599:Multiscopy
2584:Holography
2574:Bubblegram
2521:Stereopsis
2459:Perception
2452:3D display
2263:Unreleased
2249:Virtuality
2224:SixthSense
2067:Magic Leap
1763:Room-scale
1429:29 January
1404:29 January
1379:28 January
1354:28 January
1329:28 January
1231:14 January
762:References
354:Forte VFX1
346:See also:
336:trajectory
277:waveguides
177:waveguides
3874:Teashades
3822:Lorgnette
3812:Pince-nez
3756:Scrunchie
3736:Headpiece
3711:Hair drop
3696:Claw clip
3633:Balaclava
3519:Stahlhelm
3262:Tengkolok
3211:Mitznefet
3059:Fez (hat)
3017:Casquette
2307:ARToolKit
2219:Sensorama
2182:Oculus Go
1758:Real life
1738:Metaverse
1733:Immersion
1480:GetMobile
1175:GameBytes
896:1542-1406
820:CiteSeerX
797:0141-9382
478:Fat Shark
392:Oculus VR
362:Glasstron
291:views of
220:In 1962,
78:binocular
74:monocular
4108:Ultra HD
3992:MicroLED
3951:Displays
3879:Wayfarer
3859:Mirrored
3817:Lensless
3782:Browline
3761:Shpitzel
3751:Peinetón
3741:Kerchief
3726:Headband
3716:Hair tie
3706:Dush-toh
3686:Barrette
3653:Facekini
3638:Earmuffs
3601:Football
3570:Hard hat
3449:Imperial
3444:Phrygian
3358:Imperial
3201:Campaign
3186:Bearskin
3179:Military
3160:Tricorne
3128:Sombrero
3113:Pork pie
3022:Chupalla
2977:Baseball
2938:Headwear
2875:XpanD 3D
2860:RealD 3D
2818:Dolby 3D
2813:AMD HD3D
2806:products
2354:visionOS
2288:Software
2157:EyePhone
2062:HTC Vive
1900:Software
1716:Concepts
1623:20 March
1541:45663756
1500:27061046
1252:GameSpot
1156:20955326
1099:22683908
1091:20357147
981:6 August
880:: 1–26.
777:Displays
704:See also
588:vergence
396:HTC Vive
234:cockpits
149:(AR) or
126:(LCDs),
101:Overview
3849:Glacier
3844:Aviator
3832:Rimless
3827:Monocle
3802:Goggles
3792:Cat eye
3787:Bug-eye
3770:Eyewear
3746:Peineta
3721:Hairnet
3691:Bumpits
3643:Earplug
3596:Bicycle
3591:Batting
3575:Welding
3499:Dragoon
3464:Barbute
3429:Ilyrian
3407:Helmets
3390: (
3373:Queen's
3338:Eastern
3328:Coronet
3318:Corolla
3313:Consort
3303:Circlet
3298:Chaplet
3245:Wrapped
3170:Ushanka
3165:Trucker
3118:Salakot
3108:Pillbox
3086:Homburg
3074:Newsboy
3069:Coppola
3037:Cricket
2965:General
2843:New 3DS
2828:Infitec
2804:Notable
2765:4D film
2750:3D film
2736:Product
2545:Display
2295:General
2275:Sega VR
2045:Current
2038:Devices
1831:optical
1814:Display
1345:"PRIME"
1210:19 June
1180:29 June
1147:3021720
1126:Bibcode
1029:29 June
857:10 June
852:4561103
687:system.
122:(CRT),
4007:QD-LED
3944:Fields
3854:Iggaak
3611:Racing
3539:Flight
3514:Brodie
3509:Adrian
3494:Kabuto
3479:Sallet
3474:Morion
3416:Combat
3392:laurel
3388:Wreath
3363:Makuṭa
3348:Fillet
3333:Diadem
3293:Astral
3282:Crowns
3267:Turban
3252:Do-rag
3221:Sailor
3216:Peaked
3206:Forage
3191:Boonie
3123:Salako
3081:Gandhi
3052:Trilby
3047:Fedora
3042:Easter
3032:Cowboy
3012:Buntal
3007:Bucket
3002:Bowler
2997:Bonnet
2992:Boater
2982:Beanie
2334:OpenXR
2329:OpenVR
2302:ARCore
2202:Rift S
2152:castAR
2140:Former
2106:PICO 4
1821:EyeTap
1539:
1529:
1498:
1374:Cinera
1349:Cinera
1283:
1200:Hitari
1154:
1144:
1097:
1089:
894:
850:
840:
822:
795:
720:Eyetap
534:flight
499:Sports
436:HMZ-T1
4074:Other
3982:Laser
3663:Scarf
3584:Sport
3469:Close
3459:Great
3383:Tiara
3378:State
3368:Naval
3286:bands
3226:Shako
3196:Busby
3153:Opera
3138:Straw
3103:Kofia
2987:Beret
2738:types
2658:Other
2373:Games
2364:WebXR
2147:AntVR
2111:Pimax
1957:Other
1537:S2CID
1496:S2CID
1095:S2CID
1024:Wired
848:S2CID
727:(HUD)
400:Valve
382:is a
273:Vuzix
265:DARPA
181:Vuzix
4140:List
4022:TMOS
4017:TDEL
4002:OLET
3997:OLED
3977:iMoD
3972:FLCD
3544:Mk 7
3353:Hoop
3308:Camp
3272:Veil
3257:Hood
3231:Side
3098:Knit
3064:Flat
2954:caps
2949:Hats
2450:and
2254:VR-1
2101:OSVR
1853:list
1708:(MR)
1702:(VR)
1696:(AR)
1684:(XR)
1625:2024
1527:ISBN
1461:2021
1431:2021
1406:2021
1381:2021
1356:2021
1331:2021
1281:ISBN
1233:2014
1212:2013
1182:2011
1152:PMID
1122:1208
1087:PMID
1031:2011
983:2014
914:Time
892:ISSN
859:2018
838:ISBN
793:ISSN
650:ESPN
586:and
402:and
378:The
297:CAVE
4027:TPD
4012:SED
3987:LPD
3967:FED
3524:M33
3284:and
3148:Top
3143:Sun
2400:VR2
2197:CV1
2077:Pro
1519:doi
1488:doi
1273:doi
1142:PMC
1134:doi
1077:doi
1073:110
928:CBS
882:doi
830:doi
785:doi
509:BMW
486:DJI
404:HTC
111:LED
93:An
88:IMU
66:HMD
4158::
3797:GI
1616:.
1612:.
1535:.
1525:.
1494:.
1484:21
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791:.
781:23
779:.
682:a
515:.
495:.
414:.
338:.
230:TV
138:.
60:A
3929:e
3922:t
3915:v
3394:)
2930:e
2923:t
2916:v
2440:e
2433:t
2426:v
2094:2
1674:e
1667:t
1660:v
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