36:
271:, are also familiar concepts that are similar in style to imperative programming; each step is an instruction, and the physical world holds the state. Since the basic ideas of imperative programming are both conceptually familiar and directly embodied in the hardware, most computer languages are in the imperative style.
230:
Procedural programming could be considered a step toward declarative programming. A programmer can often tell, simply by looking at the names, arguments, and return types of procedures (and related comments), what a particular procedure is supposed to do, without necessarily looking at the details of
312:
statements allow a sequence of statements to be executed only if some condition is met. Otherwise, the statements are skipped and the execution sequence continues from the statement following them. Unconditional branching statements allow an execution sequence to be transferred to another part of a
1304:
of a subset inherits all the attributes contained in the superset. For example, a student is a person. Therefore, the set of students is a subset of the set of persons. As a result, students inherit all the attributes common to all persons. Additionally, students have unique attributes that other
708:(1960) stands for "ALGOrithmic Language." It had a profound influence on programming language design. Emerging from a committee of European and American programming language experts, it used standard mathematical notation and had a readable structured design. Algol was first to define its
403:(1966) carried the imperative paradigm to a logical extreme, by not having any statements at all, relying purely on commands, even to the extent of making the IF and ELSE commands independent of each other, connected only by an intrinsic variable named $ TEST.
903:
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that allowed named variables, complex expressions, subprograms, and many other features now common in imperative languages. The next two decades saw the development of many other major high-level imperative programming languages. In the late 1950s and 1960s,
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heap memory. Populating the heap with data is an additional copy function. Variables stored in the heap are economically passed to functions using pointers. Without pointers, the entire block of data would have to be passed to the function via the
373:
The earliest imperative languages were the machine languages of the original computers. In these languages, instructions were very simple, which made hardware implementation easier but hindered the creation of complex programs.
692:
COBOL's development was tightly controlled, so dialects did not emerge to require ANSI standards. As a consequence, it was not changed for 15 years until 1974. The 1990s version did make consequential changes, like
305:) allow a sequence of statements to be executed multiple times. Loops can either execute the statements they contain a predefined number of times, or they can execute them repeatedly until some condition is met.
254:
From this low-level perspective, the program state is defined by the contents of memory, and the statements are instructions in the native machine language of the computer. Higher-level imperative languages use
688:
being a major contributor. The statements were
English-like and verbose. The goal was to design a language so managers could read the programs. However, the lack of structured statements hindered this goal.
3527:
206:
or functions). The terms are often used as synonyms, but the use of procedures has a dramatic effect on how imperative programs appear and how they are constructed. Heavy procedural programming, in which
247:, which is native to the computer and is usually written in the imperative style, although low-level compilers and interpreters using other paradigms exist for some architectures such as
4274:
277:, in imperative paradigm, perform an operation on information located in memory and store the results in memory for later use. High-level imperative languages, in addition, permit the
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region. Unlike global variables, static variables are only visible within the function or block. Static variables always retain their value. An example usage would be the function
869:. C is a relatively small language -- making it easy to write compilers. Its growth mirrored the hardware growth in the 1980s. Its growth also was because it has the facilities of
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680:(1959) stands for "COmmon Business Oriented Language." Fortran manipulated symbols. It was soon realized that symbols did not need to be numbers, so strings were introduced. The
793:
for all of their students to learn. If a student did not go on to a more powerful language, the student would still remember Basic. A Basic interpreter was installed in the
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began in 1979 and the first implementation was completed in 1983. In the late 1980s and 1990s, the notable imperative languages drawing on object-oriented concepts were
338:
enabled the construction of programs in which a group of statements and declarations could be treated as if they were one statement. This, alongside the introduction of
386:(IBM) starting in 1954, was the first major programming language to remove the obstacles presented by machine code in the creation of complex programs. FORTRAN was a
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in 1978, after a 4-year project to define the requirements for the language. The specification was first published in 1983, with revisions in 1995, 2005, and 2012.
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The programming paradigm used to build programs for almost all computers typically follows an imperative model. Digital computer hardware is designed to execute
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region is a contiguous block of memory located near the top memory address. Variables placed in the stack are populated from top to bottom. A
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and are stored in the stack. They are visible inside the function or block and lose their scope upon exiting the function or block.
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602:(1958) was unveiled as "The IBM Mathematical FORmula TRANslating system." It was designed for scientific calculations, without
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656:(ANSI) developed the first Fortran standard in 1966. In 1978, Fortran 77 became the standard until 1991. Fortran 90 supports:
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operation is a function with the same name as the class name. It is executed when the calling operation executes the
1260:. A function, in an object-oriented language, is assigned to a class. An assigned function is then referred to as a
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However, non IBM vendors also wrote
Fortran compilers, but with a syntax that would likely fail IBM's compiler. The
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and a list of allocated memory blocks. Like the stack, the addresses of heap variables are set during runtime. An
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changes are localized to procedures or restricted to explicit arguments and returns from procedures, is a form of
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was developed in order to allow mathematical algorithms to be more easily expressed and even served as the
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is a type of imperative programming in which the program is built from one or more procedures (also termed
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that keeps track of the last memory address populated. Variables are placed into the stack via the
1047:. Parameter variables are enclosed within the parenthesis of function definitions. They provide an
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is only a definition; no memory is allocated. When memory is allocated to a class, it's called an
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a program operates step by step, rather than on high-level descriptions of its expected results.
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how it achieves its result. At the same time, a complete program is still imperative since it
1221:. Concrete datatypes have their representation as part of their name. Abstract datatypes are
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evaluations, and the assignment of the resulting value to memory. Looping statements (as in
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411:(1964) were both attempts to make programming syntax look more like English. In the 1970s,
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977:, where variables declared with default values are stored. The other region is called the
789:(1964) stands for "Beginner's All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code." It was developed at
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157:
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manufactured in the late 1970s. As the microcomputer industry grew, so did the language.
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An object-oriented module is composed of two files. The definitions file is called the
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The global and static data region is technically two regions. One region is called the
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466:. The last two decades of the 20th century saw the development of many such languages.
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region is located below the stack. It is populated from the bottom to the top. The
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327:, or procedure call (which usually returns to the next statement after the call).
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set at compile-time. They retain their values throughout the life of the process.
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allows the programmer to control in which region of memory data is to be stored.
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1496:
379:
35:
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Originally based on the article 'Imperative programming' by Stan
Seibert, from
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the statements to be executed and their order of execution to a large extent.
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PUSH instruction. Therefore, the addresses of these variables are set during
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int increment_counter(){ static int counter = 0; counter++; return counter;}
859:
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462:. These languages were imperative in style, but added features to support
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1327:(1985) was originally called "C with Classes." It was designed to expand
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in 1969, was released in 1980, by the Xerox Palo Alto
Research Center (
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1331:
capabilities by adding the object-oriented facilities of the language
2714:"Imperative programming: Overview of the oldest programming paradigm"
1332:
1293:
575:
479:
260:
574:(2002) is imperative at its core, as are its main target languages,
187:
the program should accomplish without specifying all the details of
1324:
818:
Statements could be programmed by preceding them with a line number
771:
570:, by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto, both released in 1995. Microsoft's
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491:
3393:, 3rd ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1996.
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developed by combining the need for classes and the need for safe
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705:
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408:
404:
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of concrete datatypes — with a new name assigned. For example, a
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programming and debugging costs were below computer running costs
259:
and more complex statements, but still follow the same paradigm.
979:
863:
851:
503:
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223:
and overall quality of imperative programs. The concepts behind
4256:
3415:
1144:
error occurs when the heap pointer and the stack pointer meet.
535:
29:
983:, where variables declared without default values are stored.
478:). Drawing from concepts in another object-oriented language—
219:
in general have been promoted as techniques to improve the
1178:
needed language support to break large projects down into
862:
called the next version "C." Its purpose was to write the
724:
block structure, where variables were local to their block
1548:// Reference the object using the keyword 'this'.
1321:
became the dominant language paradigm by the late 1990s.
1236:
In object-oriented jargon, abstract datatypes are called
1190:. A less obvious feature was to decompose large projects
1117:
prefix, including formal parameter variables, are called
172:
to perform. Imperative programming focuses on describing
2557:
c++student_dvr.cppgrade.ostudent.operson.o-ostudent_dvr
3386:, 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1996.
1182:. One obvious feature was to decompose large projects
959:
region. (The program region is technically called the
164:
expresses commands, an imperative program consists of
2467:// -------------------------------------------------
2280:// -------------------------------------------------
2232:// -------------------------------------------------
2229:// Execute the constructor of the PERSON superclass.
963:
region. It's where machine instructions are stored.)
4343:
4290:
4185:
4070:
3972:
3788:
3730:
3687:
3590:
3581:
3521:
3463:
3454:
1022:On the other hand, variable declarations inside of
369:
History of imperative and object-oriented languages
239:
Rationale and foundations of imperative programming
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2690:"Javascript Promises— Is There a Better Approach?"
3150:
3148:
3146:
2941:
2939:
2937:
1551:// ----------------------------------------------
1370:// ----------------------------------------------
1361:// Used to allow multiple source files to include
3384:Programming Languages: Design and Implementation
3282:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
3257:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
3232:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
3207:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
3157:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
3125:Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988).
3100:Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988).
3022:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
2995:Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988).
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2948:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
2918:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
2893:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2859:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2827:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
2820:
2818:
2799:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
2774:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
2767:
2765:
929:is automatically used for the standard variable
27:Type of programming paradigm in computer science
3045:
3043:
3041:
1364:// this header file without duplication errors.
1099:. The method for stack variables to lose their
345:Many imperative programming languages (such as
2990:
2988:
1367:// See: https://en.wikipedia.org/Include_guard
215:. Since the 1960s, structured programming and
4268:
3427:
1201:. At the time, languages supported concrete (
8:
3357:The C++ Programming Language, Fourth Edition
3332:The C++ Programming Language, Fourth Edition
3307:The C++ Programming Language, Fourth Edition
3182:The C++ Programming Language, Fourth Edition
2407:// Notice student inherits PERSON's name
2303:Here is a driver program for demonstration:
1015:and every other function in the source code.
458:The 1980s saw a rapid growth in interest in
4275:
4261:
4253:
3587:
3460:
3434:
3420:
3412:
1011:function. Global variables are visible to
1007:that are declared on top of (outside) the
586:, a functional language, also runs on it.
3498:Programming in the large and in the small
3127:The C Programming Language Second Edition
3102:The C Programming Language Second Edition
2997:The C Programming Language Second Edition
850:(1973) got its name because the language
766:on one branch. On another branch there's
648:applications at the time were scientific.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2646:List of imperative programming languages
1003:The global and static region stores the
821:The 'list' command displayed the program
812:The 'new' command created an empty slate
313:program. These include the jump (called
285:, which may consist of a combination of
2680:
2657:
494:, an object-oriented language based on
482:(which is considered the world's first
399:'s target language for some computers.
191:the program should achieve the result.
824:The 'run' command executed the program
179:The term is often used in contrast to
1397:// ----------------------------------
1394:// This is the constructor operation.
684:influenced COBOL's development, with
654:American National Standards Institute
7:
1500:. Here is a C++ source file for the
1253:Object-oriented imperative languages
835:is still widely used and produces a
582:that run on it; however Microsoft's
484:object-oriented programming language
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2091:// --------------------------------
2088:// A STUDENT is a subset of PERSON.
877:. It added advanced features like:
746:Algol's direct descendants include
720:compilers. It added features like:
441:United States Department of Defense
2461:// deallocate student's memory
528:Microsoft Foundation Class Library
25:
3391:Concepts of Programming Languages
955:region is located just above the
808:commands within its environment:
227:attempt to extend this approach.
4042:Partitioned global address space
3079:. No Starch Press. p. 122.
3054:. No Starch Press. p. 121.
2641:History of programming languages
2274:// deallocate grade's memory
2176:in a simple school application:
2059:in a simple school application:
1981:in a simple school application:
1897:in a simple school application:
1504:in a simple school application:
1350:in a simple school application:
815:Statements evaluated immediately
606:handling facilities. Along with
332:high-level programming languages
156:. In much the same way that the
34:
3284:. Addison-Wesley. p. 192.
3209:. Addison-Wesley. p. 193.
3077:The Linux Programming Interface
3052:The Linux Programming Interface
3024:. Addison-Wesley. p. 128.
1040:. Local variables also include
534:in 1991 and 1993 respectively;
384:International Business Machines
45:needs additional citations for
18:Imperative programming language
4284:Types of programming languages
3405:GNU Free Documentation License
3359:. Addison-Wesley. p. 49.
3334:. Addison-Wesley. p. 21.
3309:. Addison-Wesley. p. 22.
3259:. Addison-Wesley. p. 35.
3234:. Addison-Wesley. p. 39.
3184:. Addison-Wesley. p. 65.
3159:. Addison-Wesley. p. 38.
3129:. Prentice Hall. p. 187.
3104:. Prentice Hall. p. 185.
2950:. Addison-Wesley. p. 37.
2920:. Addison-Wesley. p. 31.
2895:. Addison-Wesley. p. 30.
2861:. Addison-Wesley. p. 19.
2829:. Addison-Wesley. p. 25.
2801:. Addison-Wesley. p. 24.
2776:. Addison-Wesley. p. 16.
2425:": Numeric grade = "
1436:// ---------------------------
1433:// This is a member operation.
1065:prefix are also stored in the
1:
2999:. Prentice Hall. p. 31.
2979:"Memory Layout of C Programs"
1494:A module's other file is the
1026:, other functions, or within
470:-80, originally conceived by
4416:Programming paradigms navbox
3569:Uniform Function Call Syntax
1575:// -------------------------
1572:// This is Temporal Cohesion
1463:// -------------------------
1460:// This is a class variable.
1421:// -------------------------
1418:// This is a class variable.
1229:of integers could be called
330:Early in the development of
4037:Parallel programming models
4011:Concurrent constraint logic
3355:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2013).
3330:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2013).
3305:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2013).
3180:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2013).
2688:Jain, Anisha (2022-12-10).
1319:Object-oriented programming
1276:Object-oriented programming
1103:is via the POP instruction.
727:arrays with variable bounds
695:object-oriented programming
460:object-oriented programming
225:object-oriented programming
4450:
4130:Metalinguistic abstraction
3997:Automatic mutual exclusion
3280:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
3255:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
3230:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
3205:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
3155:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
3020:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
2946:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
2916:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
2891:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
2857:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
2825:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
2797:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
2772:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
1292:support a syntax to model
486:, developed in the 1960s)—
431:. Wirth went on to design
334:, the introduction of the
4002:Choreographic programming
3075:Kerrisk, Michael (2010).
3050:Kerrisk, Michael (2010).
2464:// to avoid memory leaks.
2277:// to avoid memory leaks.
1307:Object-oriented languages
1290:Object-oriented languages
1136:manages the heap using a
895:freely combining complex
4052:Relativistic programming
2665:Reconfigurable computing
2499:
2305:
2178:
2061:
1983:
1899:
1506:
1352:
986:Variables stored in the
980:block started by segment
937:memory is returned to a
837:graphical user interface
682:US Department of Defense
530:(MFC) 2.0), released by
427:while he was working at
152:that change a program's
69:"Imperative programming"
3378:Pratt, Terrence W. and
2667:is a notable exception.
2497:to compile everything:
2365:"The Student"
645:it was supported by IBM
439:. For the needs of the
181:declarative programming
4062:Structured concurrency
3447:Comparison by language
2631:Functional programming
2253:// -------------------
2250:// Nothing else to do.
1258:functional programming
1067:global and static data
988:global and static data
953:global and static data
907:
886:arithmetic on pointers
848:C programming language
638:It succeeded because:
323:, and the subprogram,
213:structured programming
200:Procedural programming
195:Procedural programming
138:imperative programming
4434:Programming paradigms
4405:Programming languages
4027:Multitier programming
3843:Interface description
3443:Programming paradigms
3403:, licensed under the
2323:"student.h"
2190:"student.h"
1113:declared without the
1087:is a special-purpose
905:
889:pointers to functions
287:arithmetic operations
275:Assignment statements
2981:. 12 September 2011.
2738:Bruce Eckel (2006).
2636:Reactive programming
2196:"person.h"
2079:"person.h"
1995:"person.h"
1313:relationships using
1305:persons don't have.
1158:library function to
800:Basic pioneered the
319:in many languages),
142:programming paradigm
54:improve this article
4167:Self-modifying code
3775:Probabilistic logic
3706:Functional reactive
3661:Expression-oriented
3615:Partial application
3389:Sebesta, Robert W.
3380:Marvin V. Zelkowitz
2085:"grade.h"
1518:"grade.h"
1119:automatic variables
1061:declared using the
921:require the fewest
906:Computer memory map
802:interactive session
217:modular programming
183:, which focuses on
4080:Attribute-oriented
3853:List comprehension
3798:Algebraic modeling
3611:Anonymous function
3503:Design by contract
3473:Jackson structures
2718:IONOS Digitalguide
2311:// ---------------
2308:// student_dvr.cpp
1296:relationships. In
1176:software engineers
990:region have their
908:
860:AT&T Bell Labs
854:was replaced with
4394:Computer language
4381:
4380:
4250:
4249:
4140:Program synthesis
4032:Organic computing
3968:
3967:
3873:Non-English-based
3848:Language-oriented
3626:Purely functional
3577:
3576:
3366:978-0-321-56384-2
3341:978-0-321-56384-2
3316:978-0-321-56384-2
3191:978-0-321-56384-2
3086:978-1-59327-220-3
3061:978-1-59327-220-3
2755:978-0-13-187248-6
2746:Pearson Education
2599:c++-cstudent.cpp
2522:rmstudent_dvr*.o
2073:#define STUDENT_H
2070:#ifndef STUDENT_H
1205:) datatypes like
1093:assembly language
875:high-level syntax
871:assembly language
791:Dartmouth College
488:Bjarne Stroustrup
429:Bell Laboratories
415:was developed by
388:compiled language
363:assembly language
269:computer programs
162:natural languages
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4441:
4420:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4254:
4152:by demonstration
4057:Service-oriented
4047:Process-oriented
4022:Macroprogramming
4007:Concurrent logic
3878:Page description
3868:Natural language
3838:Grammar-oriented
3765:Nondeterministic
3754:Constraint logic
3656:Point-free style
3651:Functional logic
3588:
3559:Immutable object
3478:Block-structured
3461:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3371:
3370:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3302:
3296:
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2854:
2841:
2840:
2822:
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2794:
2788:
2787:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2741:Thinking in Java
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2685:
2668:
2662:
2620:c++-cperson.cpp
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2317:<iostream>
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2110:
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2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:#define PERSON_H
1909:
1908:#ifndef PERSON_H
1906:
1903:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
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1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1342:. Here is a C++
1232:
1157:
1134:operating system
1116:
1072:
1064:
1051:to the function.
1043:formal parameter
1034:block delimiters
1032:
1029:
1025:
1014:
1010:
1005:global variables
945:
939:pointer variable
919:static variables
915:Global variables
882:inline assembler
867:operating system
806:operating system
714:Backus–Naur form
618:, it supported:
552:Sun Microsystems
526:(which included
516:Guido van Rossum
451:began designing
397:operating system
134:computer science
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4449:
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4407:
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4396:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4339:
4330:Very high-level
4286:
4281:
4251:
4246:
4188:
4181:
4072:Metaprogramming
4066:
3982:
3977:
3964:
3946:Graph rewriting
3784:
3760:Inductive logic
3740:Abductive logic
3726:
3683:
3646:Dependent types
3594:
3573:
3545:Prototype-based
3525:
3523:Object-oriented
3517:
3513:Nested function
3508:Invariant-based
3450:
3440:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3329:
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2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:c++-cgrade.cpp
2575:
2571:
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2201:
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2166:
2165:
2162:
2159:
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2049:
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2036:
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2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
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1802:
1799:
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1775:
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1760:
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1697:
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1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1488:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:#define GRADE_H
1375:
1373:#ifndef GRADE_H
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1311:subset/superset
1294:subset/superset
1266:member function
1230:
1172:
1155:
1114:
1111:Local variables
1070:
1062:
1059:Local variables
1038:local variables
1030:
1027:
1023:
1012:
1008:
943:
845:
784:
718:syntax-directed
703:
675:
597:
592:
423:was created by
378:, developed by
371:
241:
221:maintainability
197:
158:imperative mood
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4447:
4445:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4410:
4399:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3942:Transformation
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3828:Differentiable
3825:
3815:
3808:Automata-based
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3675:Function-level
3672:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3537:
3535:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:Non-structured
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3395:
3394:
3387:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3347:
3340:
3322:
3315:
3297:
3290:
3272:
3265:
3247:
3240:
3222:
3215:
3197:
3190:
3172:
3165:
3142:
3135:
3117:
3110:
3092:
3085:
3067:
3060:
3037:
3030:
3012:
3005:
2984:
2963:
2956:
2933:
2926:
2908:
2901:
2874:
2867:
2842:
2835:
2814:
2807:
2789:
2782:
2761:
2754:
2748:. p. 24.
2730:
2705:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2500:
2306:
2184:// -----------
2181:// student.cpp
2179:
2168:Here is a C++
2062:
2051:Here is a C++
1984:
1973:Here is a C++
1900:
1889:Here is a C++
1507:
1353:
1211:floating-point
1186:into separate
1174:In the 1970s,
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1146:
1145:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1105:
1104:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1053:
1052:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
998:
997:
996:
995:
984:
965:
964:
925:to store. The
900:
899:
893:
892:bit operations
890:
887:
884:
844:
841:
826:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
795:microcomputers
783:
780:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
725:
716:. This led to
702:
699:
674:
671:
670:
669:
663:
650:
649:
646:
643:
636:
635:
630:
625:
596:
593:
591:
588:
572:.NET Framework
540:Rasmus Lerdorf
538:, released by
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2720:. 21 May 2021
2719:
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2177:
2175:
2174:STUDENT class
2171:
2060:
2058:
2057:STUDENT class
2054:
1989:// ----------
1986:// person.cpp
1982:
1980:
1976:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1614:grade_numeric
1590:grade_numeric
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1240:. However, a
1239:
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1213:numbers, and
1212:
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1154:provides the
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1142:out of memory
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1085:stack pointer
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873:, but uses a
872:
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804:. It offered
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548:James Gosling
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417:Niklaus Wirth
414:
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249:lisp machines
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74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4419:}}
4413:{{
4408:}}
4402:{{
4397:}}
4391:{{
4217:Event-driven
3621:Higher-order
3549:Object-based
3455:
3398:
3390:
3383:
3356:
3350:
3331:
3325:
3306:
3300:
3281:
3275:
3256:
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2996:
2947:
2917:
2911:
2892:
2858:
2826:
2798:
2792:
2773:
2740:
2733:
2722:. Retrieved
2717:
2708:
2697:. Retrieved
2693:
2683:
2660:
2492:
2302:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2067:// ---------
2064:// student.h
2056:
2052:
2050:
1979:PERSON class
1978:
1974:
1972:
1895:PERSON class
1894:
1890:
1888:
1512:// ---------
1509:// grade.cpp
1501:
1495:
1493:
1482:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1289:
1288:
1283:
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1269:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1231:integer_list
1191:
1183:
1173:
1151:
1138:heap pointer
1137:
1118:
1110:
1092:
1066:
1058:
1041:
1037:
1004:
987:
978:
974:data segment
972:initialized
971:
960:
956:
952:
931:declarations
923:clock cycles
918:
914:
910:
909:
846:
833:Visual Basic
827:
799:
785:
745:
704:
691:
686:Grace Hopper
676:
651:
637:
608:declarations
598:
560:Brendan Eich
520:Visual Basic
498:. Design of
457:
445:Jean Ichbiah
372:
359:abstractions
344:
329:
314:
273:
267:, while not
263:and process
253:
245:machine code
242:
232:
229:
198:
188:
184:
178:
173:
137:
131:
116:
110:October 2011
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4313:Interpreted
4227:Intentional
4207:Data-driven
4189:of concerns
4148:Inferential
4135:Multi-stage
4115:Interactive
3992:Actor-based
3979:distributed
3922:Stack-based
3722:Synchronous
3679:Value-level
3666:Applicative
3583:Declarative
3541:Class-based
2530:student_dvr
2524:student_dvr
2514:student_dvr
2392:'a'
2170:source file
2053:header file
1975:source file
1905:// --------
1902:// person.h
1891:header file
1854:'f'
1842:'F'
1806:'d'
1794:'D'
1758:'c'
1746:'C'
1710:'b'
1698:'B'
1662:'a'
1650:'A'
1502:GRADE class
1497:source file
1491:statement.
1485:constructor
1348:GRADE class
1344:header file
1340:header file
1315:inheritance
830:Microsoft's
731:"for" loops
628:subroutines
612:expressions
554:) in 1995,
407:(1960) and
380:John Backus
340:subroutines
307:Conditional
295:while loops
283:expressions
281:of complex
204:subroutines
4345:Generation
4325:High-level
4202:Components
4187:Separation
4162:Reflective
4156:by example
4100:Extensible
3974:Concurrent
3950:Production
3937:Templating
3917:Simulation
3902:Scientific
3822:Spacecraft
3750:Constraint
3745:Answer set
3697:Flow-based
3597:comparison
3592:Functional
3564:Persistent
3528:comparison
3493:Procedural
3465:Structured
3456:Imperative
2724:2022-05-03
2699:2022-12-20
2675:References
2505:# --------
2502:# makefile
2493:Here is a
1358:// -------
1355:// grade.h
1298:set theory
1280:operations
1223:structures
1219:characters
1184:physically
947:function.
712:using the
633:"do" loops
616:statements
556:JavaScript
524:Visual C++
508:Larry Wall
325:subroutine
279:evaluation
265:checklists
150:statements
148:that uses
80:newspapers
4320:Low-level
4089:Inductive
4085:Automatic
3907:Scripting
3606:Recursive
2580:student.o
1271:operation
1209:numbers,
1199:datatypes
1192:logically
1049:interface
1045:variables
992:addresses
941:from the
897:operators
741:recursion
736:functions
668:to arrays
542:in 1994;
532:Microsoft
518:in 1990;
510:in 1987;
490:designed
468:Smalltalk
449:Honeywell
310:branching
303:for loops
257:variables
4428:Category
4385:See also
4335:Esoteric
4308:Compiled
4303:Assembly
4242:Subjects
4232:Literate
4222:Features
4177:Template
4172:Symbolic
4144:Bayesian
4124:Hygienic
3984:parallel
3863:Modeling
3858:Low-code
3833:End-user
3770:Ontology
3702:Reactive
3689:Dataflow
2625:See also
2601:person.o
2495:makefile
2446:<<
2428:<<
2422:<<
2410:<<
2320:#include
2314:#include
2193:#include
2187:#include
2172:for the
2082:#include
2076:#include
2055:for the
1992:#include
1977:for the
1893:for the
1515:#include
1346:for the
1196:abstract
1160:allocate
1156:malloc()
1089:register
944:malloc()
752:Modula-2
666:pointers
590:Examples
564:Netscape
472:Alan Kay
433:Modula-2
291:function
170:computer
168:for the
166:commands
146:software
4298:Machine
4197:Aspects
4105:Generic
4095:Dynamic
3954:Pattern
3932:Tactile
3897:Quantum
3887:filters
3818:Command
3717:Streams
3712:Signals
3483:Modular
3401:Nupedia
2593:student
2586:student
2559:grade.o
2544:student
2473:student
2443:numeric
2431:student
2413:student
2371:student
2359:STUDENT
2350:student
2344:STUDENT
2265:STUDENT
2259:STUDENT
2205:STUDENT
2199:STUDENT
2142:STUDENT
2118:STUDENT
2097:STUDENT
1584:numeric
1469:numeric
1302:element
1284:objects
1238:classes
1215:strings
1207:integer
1180:modules
1097:runtime
957:program
661:records
600:FORTRAN
595:Fortran
566:), and
464:objects
376:FORTRAN
347:Fortran
261:Recipes
94:scholar
4368:Fourth
4358:Second
3960:Visual
3927:System
3812:Action
3636:Strict
3363:
3338:
3313:
3288:
3263:
3238:
3213:
3188:
3163:
3133:
3108:
3083:
3058:
3028:
3003:
2954:
2924:
2899:
2865:
2833:
2805:
2780:
2752:
2694:Medium
2614:person
2607:person
2551:person
2479:return
2470:delete
2455:"
2449:"
2283:delete
2235:PERSON
2163:#endif
2112:public
2106:PERSON
2103:public
2004:PERSON
1998:PERSON
1968:#endif
1929:PERSON
1923:public
1917:PERSON
1875:return
1863:return
1848:letter
1836:letter
1815:return
1800:letter
1788:letter
1767:return
1752:letter
1740:letter
1719:return
1704:letter
1692:letter
1671:return
1656:letter
1644:letter
1626:letter
1596:letter
1566:letter
1560:letter
1539:letter
1478:#endif
1454:letter
1427:letter
1412:letter
1388:public
1333:Simula
1309:model
1262:method
1246:object
1203:scalar
1163:stack.
1115:static
1063:static
1024:main()
1013:main()
1009:main()
858:, and
764:Oberon
760:Delphi
748:Pascal
710:syntax
623:arrays
614:, and
604:string
576:VB.NET
512:Python
480:Simula
437:Oberon
419:, and
413:Pascal
357:) are
353:, and
321:switch
301:, and
140:is a
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4373:Fifth
4363:Third
4353:First
4291:Level
4237:Roles
4120:Macro
3883:Pipes
3803:Array
3780:Query
3732:Logic
3641:GADTs
3631:Total
3554:Agent
2652:Notes
2572:grade
2565:grade
2537:grade
2517:clean
2440:->
2437:grade
2434:->
2416:->
2386:GRADE
2377:grade
2374:->
2292:grade
2289:->
2211:const
2154:grade
2148:GRADE
2124:const
2094:class
2031:->
2010:const
1950:const
1935:const
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