1786:
2142:
42:
803:
2602:. The word "kelvin" is not capitalized when used as a unit. It may be in plural form as appropriate (for example, "it is 283 kelvins outside", as for "it is 50 degrees Fahrenheit" and "10 degrees Celsius"). The unit's symbol K is a capital letter, per the SI convention to capitalize symbols of units derived from the name of a person. It is common convention to capitalize Kelvin when referring to Lord Kelvin or the Kelvin scale.
361:
4865:
3126:, p. 104: "If we push the strict principle of graduation, stated above, sufficiently far, we should arrive at a point corresponding to the volume of air being reduced to nothing, which would be marked as â273° of the scale (â100/·366, if ·366 be the coefficient of expansion); and therefore â273° of the air-thermometer is a point which cannot be reached at any finite temperature, however low."
2694:
485:
1663:
931:'s hypothesis", on account of it having been first assumed by Mayer. Thomson arranged numerous experiments in coordination with Joule, eventually concluding by 1854 that Joule's formula was correct and the effect of temperature on the density of saturated steam accounted for all discrepancies with Regnault's data. Therefore, in terms of the modern Kelvin scale
1888:. A challenge was to avoid degrading the accuracy of measurements close to the triple point. The redefinition was further postponed in 2014, pending more accurate measurements of the Boltzmann constant in terms of the current definition, but was finally adopted at the 26th CGPM in late 2018, with a value of
1104:. In 1854, Thomson and Joule thus formulated a second absolute scale that was more practical and convenient, agreeing with air thermometers for most purposes. Specifically, "the numerical measure of temperature shall be simply the mechanical equivalent of the thermal unit divided by Carnotâs function."
3692:, festgesetzt worden. Die Bezeichnung Skot wurde von der IBK nicht ĂŒbernommen, dafĂŒr soll "skotopisches Stilb" gesagt werden. Als höchstzulĂ€ssiger Grenzwert fĂŒr die Dunkelleuchtdichte ist in Deutschland 10 Skot festgesetzt worden, um eine Verwendung der Dunkelleuchtdichte im Gebiet des gemischten
1911:
For scientific purposes, the redefinition's main advantage is in allowing more accurate measurements at very low and very high temperatures, as the techniques used depend on the
Boltzmann constant. Independence from any particular substance or measurement is also a philosophical advantage. The kelvin
4016:
Newell, D B; Cabiati, F; Fischer, J; Fujii, K; Karshenboim, S G; Margolis, H S; de Mirandés, E; Mohr, P J; Nez, F; Pachucki, K; Quinn, T J; Taylor, B N; Wang, M; Wood, B M; Zhang, Z; et al. (Committee on Data for
Science and Technology (CODATA) Task Group on Fundamental Constants) (2018-01-29).
3700:
zu vermeiden, da in diesem
Bereich die photometrischen MaĂgröĂen wegen der allmĂ€hlich gleitenden Augenempfindlichkeitskurve ihren Sinn verlieren. Skot, abgek sk, Einheit fĂŒr die Dunkelleuchtdichte, welche fĂŒr zahlenmĂ€Ăige Angaben und zum AnschluĂ der Dunkelleuchtdichte an die normale Leuchtdichte
4181:
A derived unit is usually singular in
English, for example, the value 3 m·K/W is usually spelled out as 'three square meter kelvin per watt', and the value 3 C·m/V is usually spelled out as 'three coulomb meter squared per volt'. However, a 'single' unit may be plural; for example, the
4114:
Fischer, J; Fellmuth, B; Gaiser, C; Zandt, T; Pitre, L; Sparasci, F; Plimmer, M D; de
Podesta, M; Underwood, R; Sutton, G; Machin, G; Gavioso, R M; Madonna Ripa, D; Steur, P P M; Qu, J; Feng, X J; Zhang, J; Moldover, M R; Benz, S P; White, D R; Gianfrani, L; Castrillo, A; Moretti, L; Darquié, B;
1047:
The parameters of the scale were arbitrarily chosen to coincide with the
Celsius scale at 0° and 100 °C or 273 and 373 K (the melting and boiling points of water). On this scale, an increase of approximately 222 degrees corresponds to a doubling of Kelvin temperature, regardless of the
926:
of water, approximately 771.8 foot-pounds force per degree
Fahrenheit per pound (4,153 J/K/kg). Thomson was initially skeptical of the deviations of Joule's formula from experiment, stating "I think it will be generally admitted that there can be no such inaccuracy in Regnault's part of the
1708:
of water can be affected quite dramatically by raising or lowering the pressure), the triple point condition for a given substance can occur only at a single pressure and only at a single temperature. By the 1940s, the triple point of water had been experimentally measured to be about 0.6% of
1644:
The difference of temperatures between the freezing- and boiling-points of water under standard atmospheric pressure shall be called 100 degrees. (The same increment as the
Celsius scale) Thomson's best estimates at the time were that the temperature of freezing water was 273.7 K and the
396:
which underpin the concept of absolute zero. Instead, they chose defining points within the range of human experience that could be reproduced easily and with reasonable accuracy, but lacked any deep significance in thermal physics. In the case of the
Celsius scale (and the long since defunct
1724:
value) close to 0 °C. This was justified on the grounds that the triple point was judged to give a more accurately reproducible reference temperature than the melting point. The triple point could be measured with ±0.0001 °C accuracy, while the melting point just to ±0.001 °C.
2221:
Digital cameras and photographic software often use colour temperature in K in edit and setup menus. The simple guide is that higher colour temperature produces an image with enhanced white and blue hues. The reduction in colour temperature produces an image more dominated by reddish,
1735:
In 1967/1968, Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM renamed the unit increment of thermodynamic temperature "kelvin", symbol K, replacing "degree Kelvin", symbol °K. The 13th CGPM also held in
Resolution 4 that "The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is equal to the fraction
512:. The scale proposed in the paper turned out to be unsatisfactory, but the principles and formulas upon which the scale was based were correct. For example, in a footnote, Thomson derived the value of â273 °C for absolute zero by calculating the negative reciprocal of 0.00366âthe
4182:
value 5 kPa is spelled out as 'five kilopascals', although 'five kilopascal' is acceptable. If in such a single-unit case the number is less than one, the unit is always singular when spelled out; for example, 0.5 kPa is spelled out as 'five-tenths kilopascal'.
1762:
In 2005, noting that the triple point could be influenced by the isotopic ratio of the hydrogen and oxygen making up a water sample and that this was "now one of the major sources of the observed variability between different realizations of the water triple point", the
1045:
3947:
Milton responded to a question about what would happen if ... the CIPM or the CGPM voted not to move forward with the redefinition of the SI. He responded that he felt that by that time the decision to move forward should be seen as a foregone
2098:
to contain the uncertainty of water's triple point and water still normally freezes at 0 °C to a high degree of precision. But before the redefinition, the triple point of water was exact and the Boltzmann constant had a measured value of
1640:
The absolute values of two temperatures are to one another in the proportion of the heat taken in to the heat rejected in a perfect thermodynamic engine working with a source and refrigerator at the higher and lower of the temperatures
275:
scale (symbol °C) and the Kelvin scale have the exact same magnitude; that is, a rise of 1 K is equal to a rise of 1 °C and vice versa, and any temperature in degrees Celsius can be converted to kelvin by adding 273.15.
283:
first developed and proposed the scale. It was often called the "absolute Celsius" scale in the early 20th century. The kelvin was formally added to the International System of Units in 1954, defining 273.16 K to be the
1767:(CIPM), a committee of the CGPM, affirmed that for the purposes of delineating the temperature of the triple point of water, the definition of the kelvin would refer to water having the isotopic composition specified for
1884:. The committee hoped the program would be completed in time for its adoption by the CGPM at its 2011 meeting, but at the 2011 meeting the decision was postponed to the 2014 meeting when it would be considered part of a
1649:
These two properties would be featured in all future versions of the Kelvin scale, although it was not yet known by that name. In the early decades of the 20th century, the Kelvin scale was often called the "absolute
476:) by about 1/273 parts per degree Celsius of temperature's change up or down, between 0 °C and 100 °C. Extrapolation of this law suggested that a gas cooled to about â273 °C would occupy zero volume.
516:
of an ideal gas per degree Celsius relative to the ice point. This derived value agrees with the currently accepted value of â273.15 °C, allowing for the precision and uncertainty involved in the calculation.
1479:
1557:
954:
2791:
900:
1352:
1627:
1670:. The solid green line applies to most substances; the dashed green line gives the anomalous behavior of water. The boiling line (solid blue) runs from the triple point to the
601:
4218:
716:
4079:
1393:
777:
1223:
1849:
1764:
837:
670:
4910:
4436:
1277:
1250:
1163:
1136:
1654:" scale, indicating Celsius degrees counted from absolute zero rather than the freezing point of water, and using the same symbol for regular Celsius degrees, °C.
1082:
797:
3968:
1728:
In 1954, with absolute zero having been experimentally determined to be about â273.15 °C per the definition of °C then in use, Resolution 3 of the 10th
3727: = 2360 °K vereinbart. Eine Lichtquelle strahlt mit der Dunkelleuchtdichte 1 sk, wenn sie photometrisch gleich einer Strahlung der Farbtemperatur
1183:
1102:
949:
920:
736:
641:
621:
4172:
4840:
3928:
5128:
3899:
1729:
4397:"On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam"
4372:
3893:"General Conference on Weights and Measures approves possible changes to the International System of Units, including redefinition of the kilogram"
3824:
2094:
For practical purposes, the redefinition was unnoticed; enough digits were used for the Boltzmann constant to ensure that 273.16 K has enough
1732:(CGPM) introduced a new internationally standardized Kelvin scale which defined the triple point as exactly 273.15 + 0.01 = 273.16 degrees Kelvin.
927:
data, and there remains only the uncertainty regarding the density of saturated steam". Thomson referred to the correctness of Joule's formula as "
3892:
2712:
1716:
In 1948, the Celsius scale was recalibrated by assigning the triple point temperature of water the value of 0.01 °C exactly and allowing the
2179:
appear bluish. Colour temperature is important in the fields of image projection and photography, where a colour temperature of approximately
4300:
4270:
3685:
3663:
2728:
3676:
Dunkelleuchtdichte. Unter Zugrundelegung dieser Empfindlichkeitskurve hat man 1940 in Deutschland die Dunkelleuchtdichte mit der Einheit
2826:
673:
452:
of the temperature difference between the melting and boiling points. The same temperature interval was later used for the Kelvin scale.
4901:
4525:
4521:
4429:
3857:
377:
4373:"On an Absolute Thermometric Scale founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from Regnault's Observations"
4556:
1720:
at standard atmospheric pressure to have an empirically determined value (and the actual melting point at ambient pressure to have a
3375:
2296:
488:
92:
4306:
3707:
2877:
4746:
2707:
2623:
1768:
846:
4090:
2195:
2171:
radiator emits light with a frequency distribution characteristic of its temperature. Black bodies at temperatures below about
1671:
1398:
5138:
5133:
4850:
4422:
61:
3417:"A quantitative investigation of certain relations between the gaseous, the liquid, and the solid states of water-substance"
2158:
2122:. Afterward, the Boltzmann constant is exact and the uncertainty is transferred to the triple point of water, which is now
4565:
2975:
253:
5118:
1759:, this left the kelvin, the second, and the kilogram as the only SI units not defined with reference to any other unit.
672:
was "Carnotâs function", a substance-independent quantity depending on temperature, motivated by an obsolete version of
1785:
1484:
5113:
4115:
Moufarej, E; Daussy, C; Briaudeau, S; Kozlova, O; Risegari, L; Segovia, J J; MartĂn, M C; del Campo, D (2018-04-01).
3416:
2141:
1710:
2265:
2257:
3774:
3635:
3606:
3553:
1701:
350:
323:
3939:
2305:
derived from the kelvin is the degree Celsius. Like other SI units, the kelvin can also be modified by adding a
1282:
4804:
2284:
1683:
2950:
3702:
1562:
4894:
4845:
4380:
3445:
and consequently that the three curves would meet or cross each other in one point, which I have called the
3066:
1885:
1857:
1780:
469:
393:
297:
24:
3030:"Essay II. On the force of steam or vapour from water and various other liquids, both in vacuum and in air"
2214:
1806:
defined by the metre (m), second (s), and kilogram (kg). Those SI base units are themselves defined by the
5123:
4549:
4396:
3108:
2191:
1636:
This definition by itself is not sufficient. Thomson specified that the scale should have two properties:
1559:, one obtains the general principle of an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale for the Carnot engine,
923:
3832:
2199:
1040:{\displaystyle T_{1848}=100\times {\frac {\log(T/{\text{273 K}})}{\log({\text{373 K}}/{\text{273 K}})}}}
285:
3903:
4445:
4335:
4128:
4049:
3477:
3428:
3284:
2723:
2597:
840:
810:
When Thomson published his paper in 1848, he only considered Regnault's experimental measurements of
551:
436:
chosen to approximate the natural air pressure at sea level. Thus, an increment of 1 °C equals
1084:, the relationship between work and heat for a perfect thermodynamic engine was simply the constant
4830:
3803:
3647:
2095:
1675:
679:
3992:
3753:
3639:
3585:
3532:
1704:. While any two phases could coexist along a range of temperature-pressure combinations (e.g. the
1357:
741:
4887:
3734: = 2360 °K und der Leuchtdichte von 10 asb (Apostilb) ist. Bei der Farbtemperatur
3511:
2280:
2276:
2164:
2145:
2001:
1861:
1188:
545:
405:) the melting point of ice served as such a starting point, with Celsius being defined (from the
301:
102:
41:
2212:
544:." Specifically, Thomson expressed the amount of work necessary to produce a unit of heat (the
4868:
4754:
4542:
4296:
4266:
4241:
4154:
3659:
3493:
3436:
3371:
3312:
3048:
3029:
2253:
2210:
1913:
1807:
1721:
513:
264:
4260:
3868:
813:
646:
4500:
4144:
4136:
4059:
3651:
3485:
3302:
3292:
2245:
2130:
1985:
1821:
928:
473:
402:
2909:
2129:
The new definition officially came into force on 20 May 2019, the 144th anniversary of the
1789:
2019 SI unit dependencies. The kelvin (K) is now fixed in terms of the Boltzmann constant (
1255:
1228:
1141:
1114:
4621:
3697:
3693:
2302:
1979:
1835:
1803:
1067:
802:
782:
461:
4287:
3741: = 2360 °K gilt also die Relation: 1 sk = 10 asb = 10/Ï sb.
1916:(see 2019 SI unit dependencies diagram), allowing the kelvin to be expressed exactly as:
4132:
4054:
3481:
3432:
3288:
2626:
provided for compatibility with legacy encodings. The Unicode standard recommends using
360:
5051:
5046:
4774:
4706:
4510:
4505:
4173:"NIST Guide to the SI | Chapter 9: Rules and Style Conventions for Spelling Unit Names"
4149:
4116:
3307:
3272:
1811:
1697:
1279:
is the temperature of the cold reservoir in Celsius. The Carnot function is defined as
1168:
1087:
934:
905:
721:
626:
606:
418:
385:
327:
261:
3261:, p. 105: "The arbitrary points which coincide on the two scales are 0° and 100°"
3003:
2643:. "Three letterlike symbols have been given canonical equivalence to regular letters:
472:
that, at constant pressure, ideal gases expanded or contracted their volume linearly (
5107:
4980:
4835:
4759:
4696:
4686:
4495:
4465:
4354:
3681:
2827:"SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI) â 9th edition (updated in 2022)"
2699:
2306:
1856:) using a more experimentally rigorous method. In particular, the committee proposed
1853:
1717:
1713:
and very close to 0.01 °C per the historical definition of Celsius then in use.
1705:
1667:
1651:
1630:
1049:
425:
389:
293:
268:
216:
4194:
520:
The scale was designed on the principle that "a unit of heat descending from a body
384:
and centigrade (later Celsius). These scales predated much of the modern science of
5041:
4990:
4975:
4779:
4736:
4721:
4676:
4656:
4573:
4490:
4485:
2235:
2223:
1688:
1629:. The definition can be shown to correspond to the thermometric temperature of the
1108:
398:
369:
245:
3831:. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1967. Section 2.1.1.5. Archived from
3465:
5077:
5010:
4651:
4606:
4449:
3677:
2717:
2310:
2249:
2241:
505:
484:
465:
365:
280:
249:
20:
4140:
4064:
4018:
3960:
3775:"Resolution 4: Definition of the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)"
2847:
372:(shown here in Celsius) before the physical nature of heat was well understood.
5072:
4965:
4924:
4470:
3713:
3655:
2689:
2272:
2168:
381:
296:
scales were redefined in terms of the Kelvin scale using this definition. The
289:
194:
47:
3497:
3440:
3080:
2596:
According to SI convention, the kelvin is never referred to nor written as a
5016:
4716:
4631:
3858:"Draft Chapter 2 for SI Brochure, following redefinitions of the base units"
2693:
2261:
2187:
4158:
3688:(IBK) die Bezugstemperatur auf 2046 °K, die Erstarrungstemperatur des
3316:
2976:"Handbook 44 â 2022 â Appendix C â General Tables of Units of Measurement"
1844:). Black arrows trace the dependencies from these constants to the kelvin.
5092:
5006:
4596:
4475:
3929:"Report on the Meeting of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants"
3689:
2878:"A Turning Point for Humanity: Redefining the World's Measurement System"
1693:
1053:
922:
is "the mechanical equivalent of a unit of heat", now referred to as the
501:
433:
4414:
3782:
2216:
2167:
of light sources. Colour temperature is based upon the principle that a
1662:
5087:
5082:
5056:
5021:
4784:
4769:
4711:
4641:
4636:
4586:
4460:
3680:(sk) so festgesetzt, daà bei einem Licht der Farbtemperatur 2360 °
2606:
1674:, beyond which further increases in temperature and pressure produce a
272:
3614:
3561:
3489:
3297:
5036:
4934:
4799:
4701:
4611:
4581:
843:
suggested to Thomson that the true formula for Carnot's function was
319:
127:
3646:(in German) (1 ed.). Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg, Germany:
540:, would give out the same mechanical effect, whatever be the number
4262:
Chemistry, Student Study Guide: The Study of Matter and Its Changes
46:
Equivalent temperatures in kelvin (K), Celsius (°C), and
19:
This article is about the unit of temperature. For the person, see
5031:
5026:
4950:
4814:
4809:
4794:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4646:
4601:
1799:
1756:
1661:
801:
483:
410:
406:
359:
3781:. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1967. Archived from
3613:. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1967. Archived from
3560:. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1954. Archived from
3554:"Resolution 3: Definition of the thermodynamic temperature scale"
4985:
4955:
4929:
4789:
4731:
4726:
4227:
4086:
3935:
1752:
of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water."
4883:
4538:
4418:
4341:. 9th Edition. International Committee for Weights and Measures
4295:. Mountain View, CA, USA: The Unicode Consortium. August 2015.
3069:(1802), "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs",
3053:
Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester
3034:
Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester
4960:
4764:
4691:
4681:
3712:
geschaffen wurde. FĂŒr diesen AnschluĂ wurde die Strahlung des
2682:. In all three instances, the regular letter should be used."
2203:
3720: = 2360 °K, d.h. eine Strahlung der Farbtemperatur
3607:"Resolution 3: SI unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)"
2792:"Mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin in the SI"
2198:
are based, in part, upon their surface temperature, known as
806:
Thermometer showing temperature in kelvin and degrees Celsius
4879:
4534:
1852:
began a programme to redefine the kelvin (along with other
66:
1138:
is the amount of heat energy transferred into the system,
1064:
Thomson understood that with Joule's proposed formula for
3158:
3156:
2939:
editions from the 1920s and 1950s, the article "Planets".
2640:
1474:{\displaystyle T_{H}=J\times Q_{H}\times (t_{H}-t_{C})/W}
300:
now defines the kelvin in terms of energy by setting the
2279:
and can be used to determine the noise temperature of a
1252:
is the temperature of the hot reservoir in Celsius, and
676:. The scale is derived by finding a change of variables
3987:
3985:
3965:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3580:
3578:
3049:"Essay IV. On the expansion of elastic fluids by heat"
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
1565:
1487:
1401:
1360:
1285:
1258:
1231:
1191:
1171:
1144:
1117:
1090:
1070:
957:
937:
908:
849:
816:
785:
744:
724:
682:
649:
629:
609:
554:
3684:
1 sk = 10 asb gilt. 1948 ist von der
5065:
4999:
4943:
4917:
4823:
4745:
4620:
4572:
2720:â product of the Boltzmann constant and temperature
212:
190:
170:
143:
98:
88:
80:
72:
60:
55:
34:
4334:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2019).
1621:
1551:
1473:
1387:
1346:
1271:
1244:
1217:
1177:
1157:
1130:
1107:To explain this definition, consider a reversible
1096:
1076:
1039:
943:
914:
894:
831:
791:
771:
730:
710:
664:
635:
615:
595:
4336:"The International System of Units (SI) Brochure"
3273:"A History of Thermodynamics: The Missing Manual"
1552:{\displaystyle T_{H}-T_{C}=J\times (t_{H}-t_{c})}
951:, the first scale could be expressed as follows:
432:This definition assumes pure water at a specific
4403:. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2206:, for instance, has an effective temperature of
2183:is required to match "daylight" film emulsions.
1765:International Committee for Weights and Measures
267:that starts at the lowest possible temperature (
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
1912:now only depends on the Boltzmann constant and
1692:to describe the combination of temperature and
2747:The absolute uncertainty can be calculated as
2275:) is a type of thermal noise derived from the
1645:temperature of boiling water was 373.7 K.
4895:
4550:
4430:
4011:
4009:
2163:The kelvin is often used as a measure of the
1700:of a substance were capable of coexisting in
643:is the coefficient of thermal expansion, and
8:
4259:Brady, James E.; Senese, Fred (2008-01-28).
3825:"Unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)"
2957:. Taking Measure (official blog of the NIST)
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2244:, the kelvin is used as an indicator of how
271:), taken to be 0 K. By definition, the
4841:Historical definitions of the SI base units
2932:
2930:
1048:starting temperature, and "infinite cold" (
895:{\displaystyle \mu (t)=J{\frac {E}{1+Et}},}
4902:
4888:
4880:
4557:
4543:
4535:
4437:
4423:
4415:
4356:Mathematical and physical papers: Volume I
3900:General Conference on Weights and Measures
3421:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
2175:appear reddish, whereas those above about
2114:, with a relative standard uncertainty of
1822:caesium-133 hyperfine transition frequency
1730:General Conference on Weights and Measures
1347:{\displaystyle \mu =W/Q_{H}/(t_{H}-t_{C})}
413:) by calibrating a thermometer such that:
40:
31:
4148:
4063:
4053:
3306:
3296:
1802:. The joule is not shown because it is a
1682:In 1873, William Thomson's older brother
1613:
1604:
1598:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1540:
1527:
1505:
1492:
1486:
1463:
1454:
1441:
1425:
1406:
1400:
1377:
1365:
1359:
1335:
1322:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1284:
1263:
1257:
1236:
1230:
1209:
1196:
1190:
1170:
1149:
1143:
1122:
1116:
1089:
1069:
1026:
1021:
1016:
997:
992:
977:
962:
956:
936:
907:
868:
848:
815:
784:
758:
752:
743:
723:
687:
681:
648:
628:
608:
585:
553:
4379:. Philosophical Magazine. Archived from
3851:
3849:
3102:
3100:
2315:
2248:a circuit is in relation to an ultimate
2140:
1784:
500:In 1848, William Thomson, who was later
460:From 1787 to 1802, it was determined by
351:Thermodynamic temperature § History
4353:Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin) (1882).
4242:"Writing with SI (Metric System) Units"
4080:"Updating the definition of the kelvin"
3961:"2022 CODATA Value: Boltzmann constant"
3804:"Resolution 10 of the 23rd CGPM (2007)"
3703:Deutschen Lichttechnischen Gesellschaft
3402:
3390:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3091:
2951:"Busting Myths about the Metric System"
2775:
2740:
2713:International Temperature Scale of 1990
2148:(right) of various light sources (left)
1622:{\displaystyle Q_{H}/T_{H}=Q_{C}/T_{C}}
3993:"Resolution 1 of the 26th CGPM (2018)"
3754:"Resolution 4 of the 13th CGPM (1967)"
3686:Internationalen Beleuchtungskommission
3586:"Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM (1967)"
3533:"Resolution 3 of the 10th CGPM (1954)"
2218:as adopted by IAU 2015 Resolution B3.
491:, the namesake of the unit of measure.
364:An ice water bath offered a practical
4265:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 15.
3512:"Resolution 3 of the 9th CGPM (1948)"
3459:
3457:
2324:
2321:
2230:Kelvin as a unit of noise temperature
322:per kelvin; every 1 K change of
7:
2729:Outline of metrology and measurement
1696:at which the solid, liquid, and gas
1052:) has a numerical value of negative
2639:instead; that is, a normal capital
2303:SI derived unit with a special name
279:The 19th century British scientist
1757:the 1983 redefinition of the metre
1354:, and the absolute temperature as
14:
5129:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
4371:Thomson, William (October 1848).
4289:The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0
4220:CERN English Language Style Guide
3898:(Press release). SĂšvres, France:
3642:. In Westphal, Wilhelm H. (ed.).
3464:Swinton, F. L. (September 1967).
2297:Orders of magnitude (temperature)
510:On an Absolute Thermometric Scale
147:
93:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
4864:
4863:
2949:Benham, Elizabeth (2020-10-06).
2708:Comparison of temperature scales
2692:
2605:The unit symbol K is encoded in
2194:of stars and their place on the
1769:Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water
1185:is the work done by the system (
1165:is the heat leaving the system,
514:coefficient of thermal expansion
4395:Thomson, William (March 1851).
4312:from the original on 2016-12-06
3640:"Nox, Dunkelleuchtdichte, Skot"
3107:Magie, William Francis (1935).
623:is the temperature in Celsius,
596:{\displaystyle \mu (t)(1+Et)/E}
4851:System of units of measurement
3927:Wood, B. (3â4 November 2014).
3370:. Cham: Springer. p. 77.
3081:English translation (extract).
2291:Derived units and SI multiples
2264:(which produces an associated
1546:
1520:
1460:
1434:
1341:
1315:
1031:
1013:
1002:
986:
859:
853:
826:
820:
705:
699:
659:
653:
582:
567:
564:
558:
1:
4359:. Cambridge University Press.
3470:Journal of Chemical Education
3368:A treatise of heat and energy
1873:) would take the exact value
1711:standard atmospheric pressure
1395:. One finds the relationship
711:{\displaystyle T_{1848}=f(T)}
254:International System of Units
3902:. 2011-10-23. Archived from
3779:Resolutions of the 13th CGPM
3611:Resolutions of the 13th CGPM
3558:Resolutions of the 10th CGPM
3466:"The triplet point of water"
1388:{\displaystyle T_{H}=J/\mu }
772:{\displaystyle dT_{1848}/dT}
4038:for the revision of the SI"
4019:"The CODATA 2017 values of
3938:. p. 7. Archived from
3332:, p. 190, formula (7).
2762:for all practical purposes.
2317:SI multiples of kelvin (K)
2196:HertzsprungâRussell diagram
1218:{\displaystyle Q_{H}-Q_{C}}
528:° of this scale, to a body
378:multiple temperature scales
5155:
3650:. pp. 125, 271, 389.
3636:Westphal, Wilhelm Heinrich
2848:"SI base unit: kelvin (K)"
2758:, which can be rounded to
2294:
2233:
2156:
1778:
348:
18:
4859:
4519:
4456:
3656:10.1007/978-3-662-12706-3
3644:Physikalisches Wörterbuch
3271:Saslow, WM (2020-01-07).
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2202:. The photosphere of the
2159:StefanâBoltzmann constant
1702:thermodynamic equilibrium
376:During the 18th century,
324:thermodynamic temperature
166:
39:
4805:minute and second of arc
4141:10.1088/1681-7575/aaa790
4065:10.1088/1681-7575/aa950a
3856:Ian Mills (2010-09-29).
3829:SI Brochure, 8th edition
3344:, pp. 106, 232â236.
3110:A Source Book In Physics
3067:Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis
2937:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2309:that multiplies it by a
2285:Friis formulas for noise
380:were developed, notably
4846:2019 revision of the SI
4199:www.merriam-webster.com
4117:"The Boltzmann project"
3415:Thomson, James (1873).
2624:compatibility character
1781:2019 revision of the SI
832:{\displaystyle \mu (t)}
665:{\displaystyle \mu (t)}
470:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
394:kinetic theory of gases
298:2019 revision of the SI
208: â 459.67) °F
186: â 273.15) °C
25:Kelvin (disambiguation)
4195:"Definition of KELVIN"
3366:Wang, Lin-Shu (2020).
2910:"Kelvin: Introduction"
2637:LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K
2192:stellar classification
2149:
1845:
1679:
1623:
1553:
1475:
1389:
1348:
1273:
1246:
1219:
1179:
1159:
1132:
1098:
1078:
1041:
945:
924:specific heat capacity
916:
896:
833:
807:
793:
773:
732:
712:
666:
637:
617:
597:
492:
373:
161:... corresponds to ...
23:. For other uses, see
16:SI unit of temperature
5139:Scales in meteorology
5134:Scales of temperature
3867:. CCU. Archived from
3674:. pp. 271, 389:
3047:Dalton, John (1801).
3028:Dalton, John (1801).
2622:. However, this is a
2258:JohnsonâNyquist noise
2200:effective temperature
2144:
1858:redefining the kelvin
1788:
1665:
1658:Triple point standard
1624:
1554:
1476:
1390:
1349:
1274:
1272:{\displaystyle t_{C}}
1247:
1245:{\displaystyle t_{H}}
1220:
1180:
1160:
1158:{\displaystyle Q_{C}}
1133:
1131:{\displaystyle Q_{H}}
1099:
1079:
1060:Modern absolute scale
1042:
946:
917:
897:
834:
805:
794:
774:
733:
713:
667:
638:
618:
598:
487:
363:
286:triple point of water
4944:Derived non EM units
4747:Other accepted units
3055:. 5 part 2: 595â602.
3036:. 5 part 2: 550â574.
2724:Negative temperature
1563:
1485:
1399:
1358:
1283:
1256:
1229:
1189:
1169:
1142:
1115:
1088:
1077:{\displaystyle \mu }
1068:
955:
935:
906:
847:
841:James Prescott Joule
814:
792:{\displaystyle \mu }
783:
742:
722:
680:
647:
627:
607:
552:
508:, published a paper
496:First absolute scale
5119:Scottish inventions
4831:Conversion of units
4522:Conversion formulas
4230:. 2022. p. 64.
4133:2018Metro..55R...1F
4055:2018Metro..55L..13N
3648:Springer-Verlag OHG
3482:1967JChEd..44..541S
3433:1873RSPS...22...27T
3289:2020Entrp..22...77S
3225:, pp. 214â215.
3094:, pp. 100â106.
2790:BIPM (2019-05-20).
2318:
2271:when combined with
1914:universal constants
1808:universal constants
1676:supercritical fluid
779:is proportional to
532:at the temperature
524:at the temperature
455:
56:General information
5114:1848 introductions
4624:with special names
2316:
2277:Boltzmann constant
2165:colour temperature
2153:Colour temperature
2150:
2146:Colour temperature
2124:273.1600(1) K
2096:significant digits
1862:Boltzmann constant
1846:
1680:
1619:
1549:
1471:
1385:
1344:
1269:
1242:
1215:
1175:
1155:
1128:
1094:
1074:
1037:
941:
912:
892:
839:. That same year,
829:
808:
789:
769:
728:
708:
662:
633:
613:
593:
546:thermal efficiency
493:
374:
330:change of exactly
302:Boltzmann constant
222:
214:
200:
192:
178:
172:
5101:
5100:
5066:Derived ESU units
5000:Derived EMU units
4877:
4876:
4755:astronomical unit
4532:
4531:
4302:978-1-936213-10-8
4272:978-0-470-18464-6
3714:schwarzen Körpers
3665:978-3-662-12707-0
3490:10.1021/ed044p541
3298:10.3390/e22010077
3071:Annales de Chimie
3004:"Kelvin: History"
2589:
2588:
2254:noise temperature
1775:2019 redefinition
1178:{\displaystyle W}
1097:{\displaystyle J}
1035:
1029:
1019:
1000:
944:{\displaystyle T}
915:{\displaystyle J}
887:
731:{\displaystyle T}
636:{\displaystyle E}
616:{\displaystyle t}
326:corresponds to a
265:temperature scale
234:
233:
144:Conversions
5146:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4881:
4867:
4866:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4536:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4360:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4311:
4294:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4095:
4089:. Archived from
4084:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4057:
4013:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3989:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3944:
3933:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3897:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3873:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3711:
3673:
3672:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3300:
3283:(1). eqn. (36).
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3078:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2906:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2874:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2823:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2787:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2319:
2224:"warmer" colours
2209:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2131:Metre Convention
2125:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1920:1 kelvin =
1907:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1842:
1833:
1818:
1797:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1686:coined the term
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1532:
1531:
1510:
1509:
1497:
1496:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1446:
1445:
1430:
1429:
1411:
1410:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1370:
1369:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1327:
1326:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1200:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
978:
967:
966:
950:
948:
947:
942:
921:
919:
918:
913:
901:
899:
898:
893:
888:
886:
869:
838:
836:
835:
830:
798:
796:
795:
790:
778:
776:
775:
770:
762:
757:
756:
737:
735:
734:
729:
717:
715:
714:
709:
692:
691:
674:Carnot's theorem
671:
669:
668:
663:
642:
640:
639:
634:
622:
620:
619:
614:
602:
600:
599:
594:
589:
543:
539:
537:
531:
527:
523:
451:
449:
448:
445:
442:
340:
338:
335:
317:
315:
312:
229:
223:
215:
207:
201:
193:
185:
179:
173:
153:
139:
137:
136:
133:
130:
122:
120:
117:
110:
44:
32:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5061:
4995:
4939:
4913:
4908:
4878:
4873:
4855:
4836:Metric prefixes
4819:
4741:
4623:
4616:
4568:
4563:
4533:
4528:
4515:
4452:
4443:
4406:
4404:
4394:
4386:
4384:
4370:
4367:
4352:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4292:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4203:
4201:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4037:
4015:
4014:
4007:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3974:
3972:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3945:on 2015-10-13.
3942:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3847:
3838:
3836:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3809:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3788:
3786:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3705:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3567:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3013:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2928:
2919:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2896:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2862:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2594:
2299:
2293:
2238:
2232:
2207:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2161:
2155:
2139:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1840:
1836:Planck constant
1832:
1825:
1816:
1796:
1790:
1783:
1777:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1660:
1609:
1594:
1581:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1536:
1523:
1501:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:. By supposing
1450:
1437:
1421:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1331:
1318:
1300:
1281:
1280:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1205:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1167:
1166:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1086:
1085:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1006:
979:
958:
953:
952:
933:
932:
904:
903:
873:
845:
844:
812:
811:
781:
780:
748:
740:
739:
720:
719:
718:of temperature
683:
678:
677:
645:
644:
625:
624:
605:
604:
550:
549:
541:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
498:
482:
464:(unpublished),
462:Jacques Charles
458:
446:
443:
440:
439:
437:
428:is 100 °C.
358:
353:
347:
336:
333:
331:
313:
310:
308:
288:. The Celsius,
225:
221:
213:
203:
199:
191:
181:
177:
171:
149:
134:
131:
126:
125:
123:
118:
115:
113:
109:
103:
99:2019 definition
51:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5152:
5150:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5106:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4642:degree Celsius
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4622:Derived units
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4539:
4530:
4529:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4392:
4366:
4365:External links
4363:
4362:
4361:
4350:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4301:
4278:
4271:
4251:
4233:
4210:
4186:
4179:, 2016-01-28,
4164:
4106:
4071:
4048:(1): L13âL16.
4035:
4005:
3981:
3952:
3919:
3884:
3845:
3816:
3795:
3766:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3698:StÀbchensehens
3664:
3627:
3598:
3574:
3545:
3524:
3503:
3453:
3407:
3405:, p. 236.
3395:
3393:, p. 235.
3383:
3376:
3358:
3356:, p. 234.
3346:
3334:
3322:
3263:
3251:
3249:, p. 388.
3239:
3237:, p. 213.
3227:
3215:
3213:, p. 192.
3203:
3201:, p. 186.
3191:
3189:, p. 212.
3179:
3177:, p. 193.
3167:
3165:, p. 106.
3152:
3150:, p. 187.
3140:
3138:, p. 104.
3128:
3116:
3113:. p. 237.
3096:
3084:
3058:
3039:
3020:
2995:
2967:
2941:
2926:
2894:
2860:
2839:
2807:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2687:
2684:
2609:at code point
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2295:Main article:
2292:
2289:
2234:Main article:
2231:
2228:
2154:
2151:
2138:
2137:Practical uses
2135:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2068:
2005:
1990:
1893:
1886:larger program
1869:
1860:such that the
1830:
1812:speed of light
1794:
1779:Main article:
1776:
1773:
1672:critical point
1659:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1631:ideal gas laws
1616:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1266:
1262:
1239:
1235:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1174:
1152:
1148:
1125:
1121:
1111:engine, where
1093:
1073:
1061:
1058:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1004:
995:
991:
988:
985:
982:
976:
973:
970:
965:
961:
940:
911:
891:
885:
882:
879:
876:
872:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
828:
825:
822:
819:
788:
768:
765:
761:
755:
751:
747:
727:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
690:
686:
661:
658:
655:
652:
632:
612:
592:
588:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
497:
494:
481:
478:
457:
454:
430:
429:
422:
419:freezing point
386:thermodynamics
357:
354:
346:
343:
328:thermal energy
232:
231:
219:
210:
209:
197:
188:
187:
175:
168:
167:
164:
163:
158:
146:
145:
141:
140:
107:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5151:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5124:SI base units
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4900:
4898:
4893:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4870:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:degree of arc
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4555:
4553:
4548:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4383:on 2008-02-01
4382:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4351:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4291:
4290:
4282:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4255:
4252:
4248:. 2010-01-13.
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4222:
4221:
4214:
4211:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4127:(2): R1âR20.
4126:
4122:
4118:
4110:
4107:
4096:on 2008-11-23
4092:
4088:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4010:
4006:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3920:
3909:on 2012-02-09
3905:
3901:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3874:on 2011-01-10
3870:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3835:on 2007-09-26
3834:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3785:on 2007-06-15
3784:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3704:
3701:1940 von der
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3667:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3617:on 2007-04-21
3616:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3564:on 2007-06-23
3563:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3377:9783030057466
3373:
3369:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2984:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2744:
2741:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:Energy portal
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2680:ANGSTROM SIGN
2642:
2625:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2591:
2585:quettakelvin
2584:
2581:
2578:
2576:quectokelvin
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2328:
2322:Submultiples
2320:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2307:metric prefix
2304:
2298:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2097:
2080:
2067:
2062:
2008:
2004:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1897: =
1892:
1887:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:SI base units
1851:
1848:In 2005, the
1843:
1837:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1718:melting point
1714:
1712:
1707:
1706:boiling point
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:phase diagram
1664:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1643:
1641:respectively.
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1264:
1260:
1237:
1233:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1172:
1150:
1146:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1105:
1091:
1071:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1050:absolute zero
1022:
1010:
1007:
993:
989:
983:
980:
974:
971:
968:
963:
959:
938:
930:
925:
909:
889:
883:
880:
877:
874:
870:
865:
862:
856:
850:
842:
823:
817:
804:
800:
786:
766:
763:
759:
753:
749:
745:
725:
702:
696:
693:
688:
684:
675:
656:
650:
630:
610:
590:
586:
579:
576:
573:
570:
561:
555:
547:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
495:
490:
486:
479:
477:
475:
474:Charles's law
471:
467:
463:
456:Charles's law
453:
435:
427:
426:boiling point
423:
421:is 0 °C.
420:
416:
415:
414:
412:
408:
404:
403:RĂ©aumur scale
400:
395:
391:
390:atomic theory
387:
383:
379:
371:
367:
362:
355:
352:
344:
342:
329:
325:
321:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
277:
274:
270:
269:absolute zero
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
228:
220:
218:
211:
206:
198:
196:
189:
184:
176:
169:
165:
162:
159:
157:
152:
148:
142:
129:
111:
106:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
4970:
4780:electronvolt
4591:
4480:
4405:. Retrieved
4401:zapatopi.net
4400:
4385:. Retrieved
4381:the original
4377:zapatopi.net
4376:
4355:
4343:. Retrieved
4328:Bibliography
4314:. Retrieved
4288:
4281:
4261:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4219:
4213:
4202:. Retrieved
4198:
4189:
4180:
4176:
4167:
4124:
4120:
4109:
4098:. Retrieved
4091:the original
4074:
4045:
4041:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
3997:. Retrieved
3973:. Retrieved
3964:
3955:
3946:
3940:the original
3922:
3911:. Retrieved
3904:the original
3887:
3876:. Retrieved
3869:the original
3864:
3837:. Retrieved
3833:the original
3828:
3819:
3808:. Retrieved
3798:
3787:. Retrieved
3783:the original
3778:
3769:
3758:. Retrieved
3748:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3717:
3675:
3669:. Retrieved
3643:
3630:
3619:. Retrieved
3615:the original
3610:
3601:
3590:. Retrieved
3566:. Retrieved
3562:the original
3557:
3548:
3537:. Retrieved
3527:
3516:. Retrieved
3506:
3473:
3469:
3447:triple point
3446:
3444:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3403:Thomson 1882
3398:
3391:Thomson 1882
3386:
3367:
3361:
3354:Thomson 1882
3349:
3342:Thomson 1882
3337:
3330:Thomson 1882
3325:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3259:Thomson 1882
3254:
3247:Thomson 1882
3242:
3235:Thomson 1882
3230:
3223:Thomson 1882
3218:
3211:Thomson 1882
3206:
3199:Thomson 1882
3194:
3187:Thomson 1882
3182:
3175:Thomson 1882
3170:
3163:Thomson 1882
3148:Thomson 1882
3143:
3136:Thomson 1882
3131:
3124:Thomson 1882
3119:
3109:
3092:Thomson 1882
3087:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3052:
3042:
3033:
3023:
3012:. Retrieved
3010:. 2018-05-14
3007:
2998:
2987:. Retrieved
2982:
2970:
2959:. Retrieved
2954:
2944:
2936:
2918:. Retrieved
2916:. 2018-05-14
2913:
2886:. Retrieved
2884:. 2018-05-12
2881:
2852:. Retrieved
2842:
2831:. Retrieved
2799:. Retrieved
2795:
2760:0.10 mK
2743:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2565:ronnakelvin
2556:rontokelvin
2545:yottakelvin
2536:yoctokelvin
2525:zettakelvin
2516:zeptokelvin
2476:femtokelvin
2416:microkelvin
2396:millikelvin
2385:hectokelvin
2376:centikelvin
2300:
2266:
2239:
2236:Noise figure
2220:
2185:
2162:
2128:
2093:
2078:
2065:
2060:
2002:
1987:
1980:
1910:
1890:
1866:
1847:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1804:derived unit
1791:
1761:
1754:
1734:
1727:
1715:
1689:triple point
1687:
1681:
1648:
1635:
1109:Carnot cycle
1106:
1063:
809:
519:
509:
499:
459:
431:
399:Newton scale
388:, including
375:
370:thermometers
305:
278:
258:Kelvin scale
257:
241:
237:
235:
226:
204:
182:
160:
155:
150:
104:
73:Unit of
29:
5078:statcoulomb
4450:temperature
4177:NIST SP 811
3948:conclusion.
3706: [
2718:kT (energy)
2667:KELVIN SIGN
2620:KELVIN SIGN
2592:Orthography
2496:attokelvin
2485:petakelvin
2465:terakelvin
2456:picokelvin
2445:gigakelvin
2436:nanokelvin
2425:megakelvin
2405:kilokelvin
2365:decakelvin
2356:decikelvin
2311:power of 10
2252:, i.e. the
2250:noise floor
2242:electronics
2208:5772 K
2181:5600 K
2177:7500 K
2173:4000 K
2112:10 J/K
1906:10 Jâ
K
1882:10 J/K
1722:fluctuating
506:Lord Kelvin
489:Lord Kelvin
480:Lord Kelvin
466:John Dalton
366:calibration
281:Lord Kelvin
250:temperature
202:(1.8
89:Named after
76:temperature
62:Unit system
21:Lord Kelvin
5108:Categories
5073:statampere
4925:centimetre
4918:Base units
4574:Base units
4526:comparison
4471:Fahrenheit
4407:2024-05-05
4387:2022-02-21
4345:2022-04-28
4316:2015-09-06
4204:2023-08-21
4121:Metrologia
4100:2010-02-23
4042:Metrologia
3999:2022-02-21
3975:2024-05-18
3971:. May 2024
3913:2011-10-25
3878:2011-01-01
3839:2008-02-06
3810:2022-02-21
3789:2008-02-06
3760:2022-02-21
3671:2023-03-16
3621:2008-02-06
3592:2022-02-21
3568:2008-02-06
3539:2022-02-21
3518:2022-02-21
3476:(9): 541.
3014:2022-02-21
2989:2022-02-21
2961:2022-02-21
2920:2022-09-02
2888:2022-02-21
2854:2022-03-05
2833:2022-09-07
2801:2022-02-18
2770:References
2579:10 K
2570:10 K
2559:10 K
2550:10 K
2539:10 K
2530:10 K
2519:10 K
2510:10 K
2505:exakelvin
2499:10 K
2490:10 K
2479:10 K
2470:10 K
2459:10 K
2450:10 K
2439:10 K
2430:10 K
2419:10 K
2410:10 K
2399:10 K
2390:10 K
2379:10 K
2370:10 K
2359:10 K
2350:10 K
2342:SI symbol
2333:SI symbol
2325:Multiples
2283:using the
2273:capacitors
2169:black body
2157:See also:
1834:) and the
1798:) and the
1666:A typical
738:such that
382:Fahrenheit
368:point for
356:Precursors
349:See also:
290:Fahrenheit
256:(SI). The
224:1.8
195:Fahrenheit
50: (°F)
48:Fahrenheit
5017:abcoulomb
4911:CGS units
4717:steradian
4632:becquerel
3498:0021-9584
3441:0370-1662
2755:10 K
2749:273.16 Ă
2301:The only
2262:resistors
2188:astronomy
1534:−
1518:×
1499:−
1448:−
1432:×
1419:×
1383:μ
1329:−
1287:μ
1203:−
1072:μ
1011:
984:
975:×
851:μ
818:μ
787:μ
651:μ
556:μ
339:10 J
246:base unit
244:) is the
240:(symbol:
230: °Ra
5093:statvolt
5007:abampere
4869:Category
4824:See also
4597:kilogram
4566:SI units
4511:Wedgwood
4476:Gas mark
4307:Archived
4286:"22.2".
4159:31080297
3638:(1952).
3317:33285852
2983:nist.gov
2796:BIPM.org
2686:See also
2677:Å
2664:K
2654:OHM SIGN
2651:Ω
2617:K
1694:pressure
1054:infinity
603:, where
502:ennobled
434:pressure
424:Water's
417:Water's
392:and the
262:absolute
154: K
5088:statohm
5083:statmho
5057:oersted
5052:maxwell
5047:gilbert
5022:abhenry
4785:hectare
4770:decibel
4712:sievert
4707:siemens
4637:coulomb
4587:candela
4501:RĂ©aumur
4496:Rankine
4466:Delisle
4461:Celsius
4150:6508687
4129:Bibcode
4050:Bibcode
3690:Platins
3478:Bibcode
3429:Bibcode
3308:7516509
3285:Bibcode
3277:Entropy
2607:Unicode
2281:circuit
2086:
2056:
2052:
2018:
2011:
1975:
1971:
1923:
1820:), the
1810:of the
1750:
1738:
1652:Celsius
450:
438:
409:to the
345:History
306:exactly
294:Rankine
273:Celsius
252:in the
217:Rankine
174:Celsius
138:
124:
5037:abvolt
4981:kayser
4971:kelvin
4935:second
4800:minute
4760:dalton
4702:radian
4697:pascal
4687:newton
4612:second
4592:kelvin
4582:ampere
4491:Newton
4486:Leiden
4481:Kelvin
4446:Scales
4299:
4269:
4157:
4147:
4031:, and
3995:. BIPM
3806:. BIPM
3756:. BIPM
3696:- und
3694:Zapfen
3662:
3588:. BIPM
3535:. BIPM
3514:. BIPM
3496:
3439:
3427:: 28.
3374:
3315:
3305:
2985:. NIST
2850:. BIPM
2829:. BIPM
2674:
2672:U+212B
2669:, and
2661:
2659:U+212A
2648:
2646:U+2126
2634:K
2631:
2629:U+004B
2614:
2612:U+212A
2599:degree
2339:Value
2330:Value
2256:. The
2190:, the
2022:13.806
1755:After
1747:273.16
1698:phases
902:where
468:, and
320:joules
318:
292:, and
260:is an
238:kelvin
156:in ...
81:Symbol
35:kelvin
5042:gauss
5032:abohm
5027:abmho
4991:stilb
4976:poise
4951:barye
4815:tonne
4810:neper
4795:litre
4737:weber
4722:tesla
4677:lumen
4672:katal
4667:joule
4662:hertz
4657:henry
4647:farad
4602:metre
4506:RĂžmer
4339:(PDF)
4310:(PDF)
4293:(PDF)
4224:(PDF)
4094:(PDF)
4083:(PDF)
3943:(PDF)
3932:(PDF)
3907:(PDF)
3896:(PDF)
3872:(PDF)
3861:(PDF)
3710:]
3077:: 137
3075:XLIII
2979:(PDF)
2735:Notes
2345:Name
2336:Name
2269:noise
2246:noisy
2101:1.380
2033:6.091
1943:6.626
1927:1.380
1899:1.380
1875:1.380
1800:joule
1684:James
1028:273 K
1018:373 K
999:273 K
929:Mayer
548:) as
538:â 1)°
411:1940s
407:1740s
332:1.380
309:1.380
114:1.380
5011:biot
4986:phot
4956:dyne
4930:gram
4790:hour
4732:watt
4727:volt
4652:gray
4607:mole
4524:and
4297:ISBN
4267:ISBN
4246:NIST
4228:CERN
4155:PMID
4087:BIPM
3969:NIST
3936:BIPM
3865:BIPM
3716:bei
3678:Skot
3660:ISBN
3494:ISSN
3437:ISSN
3372:ISBN
3313:PMID
3008:NIST
2955:NIST
2914:NIST
2882:NIST
2362:daK
2240:For
2108:(51)
1877:6505
1850:CIPM
964:1848
754:1848
689:1848
401:and
248:for
236:The
4966:gal
4961:erg
4765:day
4692:ohm
4682:lux
4448:of
4145:PMC
4137:doi
4060:doi
3652:doi
3486:doi
3303:PMC
3293:doi
2751:3.7
2582:QK
2573:qK
2562:RK
2553:rK
2542:YK
2533:yK
2522:ZK
2513:zK
2502:EK
2493:aK
2482:PK
2473:fK
2462:TK
2453:pK
2442:GK
2433:nK
2422:MK
2413:ÎŒK
2402:kK
2393:mK
2382:hK
2373:cK
2353:dK
2267:kTC
2260:of
2204:Sun
2186:In
2116:3.7
2103:649
2044:866
2041:113
2038:297
2035:102
1965:770
1962:631
1959:192
1945:070
1929:649
1901:649
1225:),
1008:log
981:log
972:100
504:as
447:100
334:649
311:649
304:to
116:649
5110::
4399:.
4375:.
4305:.
4244:.
4226:.
4197:.
4175:,
4153:.
4143:.
4135:.
4125:55
4123:.
4119:.
4085:.
4058:.
4046:55
4044:.
4040:.
4027:,
4023:,
4008:^
3984:^
3967:.
3963:.
3934:.
3863:.
3848:^
3827:.
3777:.
3708:de
3658:.
3609:.
3577:^
3556:.
3492:.
3484:.
3474:44
3472:.
3468:.
3456:^
3443:.
3435:.
3425:22
3423:.
3419:.
3311:.
3301:.
3291:.
3281:22
3279:.
3275:.
3155:^
3099:^
3079:.
3073:,
3051:.
3032:.
3006:.
2981:.
2953:.
2929:^
2912:.
2897:^
2880:.
2863:^
2810:^
2794:.
2778:^
2656:,
2313::
2287:.
2226:.
2133:.
2126:.
2120:10
2106:03
2069:Cs
2047:55
2024:49
2015:=
1991:Cs
1955:)(
1953:10
1948:15
1934:10
1908:.
1831:Cs
1771:.
1633:.
1056:.
799:.
341:.
316:10
121:10
112:â
67:SI
5013:)
5009:(
4903:e
4896:t
4889:v
4558:e
4551:t
4544:v
4438:e
4431:t
4424:v
4410:.
4390:.
4348:.
4319:.
4275:.
4207:.
4161:.
4139::
4131::
4103:.
4068:.
4062::
4052::
4036:A
4033:N
4029:k
4025:e
4021:h
4002:.
3978:.
3916:.
3881:.
3842:.
3813:.
3792:.
3763:.
3739:1
3736:T
3732:2
3729:T
3725:1
3722:T
3718:T
3682:K
3654::
3624:.
3595:.
3571:.
3542:.
3521:.
3500:.
3488::
3480::
3449:.
3431::
3380:.
3319:.
3295::
3287::
3017:.
2992:.
2964:.
2923:.
2891:.
2857:.
2836:.
2804:.
2753:Ă
2641:K
2118:Ă
2110:Ă
2090:.
2082:B
2079:k
2075:/
2066:Μ
2064:Î
2061:h
2029:/
2006:B
2003:k
1998:/
1988:Μ
1986:Î
1981:h
1968:)
1957:9
1951:Ă
1941:(
1938:/
1932:Ă
1904:Ă
1894:B
1891:k
1880:Ă
1870:B
1867:k
1864:(
1841:h
1838:(
1828:Μ
1826:Î
1824:(
1817:c
1814:(
1795:B
1792:k
1744:/
1741:1
1678:.
1615:C
1611:T
1606:/
1600:C
1596:Q
1592:=
1587:H
1583:T
1578:/
1572:H
1568:Q
1547:)
1542:c
1538:t
1529:H
1525:t
1521:(
1515:J
1512:=
1507:C
1503:T
1494:H
1490:T
1469:W
1465:/
1461:)
1456:C
1452:t
1443:H
1439:t
1435:(
1427:H
1423:Q
1416:J
1413:=
1408:H
1404:T
1379:/
1375:J
1372:=
1367:H
1363:T
1342:)
1337:C
1333:t
1324:H
1320:t
1316:(
1312:/
1306:H
1302:Q
1297:/
1293:W
1290:=
1265:C
1261:t
1238:H
1234:t
1211:C
1207:Q
1198:H
1194:Q
1173:W
1151:C
1147:Q
1124:H
1120:Q
1092:J
1032:)
1023:/
1014:(
1003:)
994:/
990:T
987:(
969:=
960:T
939:T
910:J
890:,
884:t
881:E
878:+
875:1
871:E
866:J
863:=
860:)
857:t
854:(
827:)
824:t
821:(
767:T
764:d
760:/
750:T
746:d
726:T
706:)
703:T
700:(
697:f
694:=
685:T
660:)
657:t
654:(
631:E
611:t
591:E
587:/
583:)
580:t
577:E
574:+
571:1
568:(
565:)
562:t
559:(
542:T
536:T
534:(
530:B
526:T
522:A
444:/
441:1
337:Ă
314:Ă
242:K
227:x
205:x
183:x
180:(
151:x
135:K
132:/
128:J
119:Ă
108:B
105:k
84:K
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
