615:(French for "the art of movement"). The firefighter performance caused both positive and negative attention. Some members of the group were concerned how the public would view their discipline since the performance did not demonstrate all aspects of it, such as their hard training and their values and ethics. Jean-François also sent pictures and video of the group to a French TV programme, and the popularity of parkour began to increase. A series of television programmes in various countries subsequently featured video footage of the group, and they began to get more requests for performances. During this time, conflicting interests arose within the group. Sébastien Foucan wanted to teach more rather than to train more, and David Belle had the ambition to become an actor. David and Sébastien chose to leave the group, and used the name "parkour" to describe their activity (see
704:, David Belle stressed that the most important aspect of parkour is not the physical movements, but rather the practitioner's mentality and understanding of its principles. "When young trainees come to see me and give me videos telling me to check out what they are doing, I just take the tape and throw it away. What I'm interested in is what the guy's got in his head, if he has self-confidence, if he masters the technique, if he has understood the principles of parkour. I just can't deal with guys who do Parkour because they saw videos on the Internet and thought it was kinda cool and want to do even better." Further, he states the importance of traceurs being aware of their abilities and limitations, and developing in their own way. "When a young person asks me, 'Can you show me how to do this?' I simply answer, ‘No, I am going to show you how
684:, "Competition pushes people to fight against others for the satisfaction of a crowd and/or the benefits of a few business people by changing its mindset. Parkour is unique and cannot be a competitive sport unless it ignores its altruistic core of self-development. If parkour becomes a sport, it will be hard to seriously teach and spread parkour as a non-competitive activity. And a new sport will be spread that may be called parkour, but that won't hold its philosophical essence anymore." Red Bull's sponsored athlete for parkour, Ryan Doyle, has said, "Sometimes people ask, 'Who is the best at parkour?' and it is because they don't understand what Parkour is; 'Who is the best?' is what you would say about a sport, and parkour is not a sport—it is an art, it's a discipline. That's like saying, 'What's the best song in the world?
401:) session consisting of ten fundamental groups: walking, running, jumping, quadrupedal movement, climbing, balancing, throwing, lifting, self-defence, and swimming. These were intended to develop "the three main forces": energetic (willpower, courage, coolness, and firmness), moral (benevolence, assistance, honour, and honesty), and physical (muscles and breath). During World War I and World War II, teaching continued to expand, becoming the standard system of French military education and training. Inspired by Hébert, a Swiss architect developed a "
652:
493:". He heard his father talk of the many repetitions he had done in order to find the best way of doing things. He learned that for his father, training was not a game but something vital which enabled him to survive and to protect the people he cared about. David realised that this was what he had been searching for, and so he began training in the same way. After a time, he found it far more important to him than schooling and he gave up his other commitments to focus all his time on his training.
721:
parkour is a training method for warriors. "So many people try to train easy—'Come do parkour! It's really cool!' But if tomorrow I made you do real training, you would end up crying. That's what you need to know: you are going to cry, you are going to bleed and you are going to sweat like never before." In his book, Belle also quotes his father
Raymond, "If two roads open up before you, always take the most difficult one. Because you know you can travel the easy one."
725:
manage a jump one time but it does not mean anything. It can be luck or chance. When you make a jump, you have to do it at least three times to be sure you can actually do it. It's an unavoidable rule. Do it the hard way and stop lying to yourself. When you come for training, you have to train. Even if it means doing the same jump fifty or a hundred times." To its founder, parkour is a method of self-refinement, used for learning to control and focus oneself.
572:
training, as it would hold back the whole group. If any member completed a challenge, everyone else had to do the same thing. During their training, no one was allowed to complain or be negative. Few excuses were allowed. For instance, if someone claimed that his shoes were too worn out in to make a jump, he had to do it anyway, even if it meant doing the jump barefoot. At the same time, everyone was required to have knowledge of their own limits.
36:
660:
freedom" or "kind of expression"; that parkour is "only a state of mind" rather than a set of actions, and that it is about overcoming and adapting to mental and emotional obstacles as well as physical barriers. Traceur Dylan Baker says, "Parkour also influences one's thought processes by enhancing self-confidence and critical thinking skills that allow one to overcome everyday physical and mental obstacles". A study by
362:
460:
7485:
6004:
7473:
824:
786:
836:
486:. As he got older, he learned of his father's exploits and was increasingly curious about what had enabled his father to accomplish these feats. Through conversations with his father, he realised that what he really wanted was a means to develop skills that would be useful to him in life, rather than just training to kick a ball or perform moves in a padded, indoor environment.
7509:
1287:, military forces around the world began looking for ways to incorporate elements from parkour into military training. A physical trainer with the Royal Marines trained with parkour practitioners with hopes of introducing some of their techniques to his own students. Colorado Parkour began a project to introduce elements from parkour into the U.S. military and one
584:
trust within the group. Every traceur was to encourage the others and show confidence through their behaviour. If a member violated the principles, the group could meet without the offending person to discuss various punishments. Anyone deemed unsuitable could be temporarily or even permanently banned from the group in order to uphold its disciplines and values.
7497:
672:
the world and interact with it, instead of being sheltered by it." Another traceur writes, "It is as much as a part of truly learning the physical art as well as being able to master the movements; it gives you the ability to overcome your fears and pains and reapply this to life, as you must be able to control your mind in order to master the art of parkour."
250:" to encompass all of his training including climbing, jumping, running, balancing, and the other methods he undertook in his personal athletic advancement. His son, David, further developed his father's methods and achieved success as a stuntman, and one day on a film set showed his 'Speed Air Man' video to
797:
Parkour is practiced without traditional equipment, though items such as bars, walls, and boxes found in the environment in which the parkour is being practiced in, are utilised to better navigate the area. Practitioners normally train wearing light, non-restrictive casual clothing. Traceurs who wear
724:
Belle is an influential proponent of discipline and control in parkour, saying, "Precision is all about being measured," and going on to describe parkour as an art that requires huge amounts of repetition and practice to master. "With parkour, I often say, 'Once is never'. In other words, someone can
965:
Parkour is not defined by a set of rules or guidelines, a feature which has proven particularly attractive to young people, allowing them to explore and engage in the activity on their own terms. It can be easily accepted by all cultures as a means of personal expression and recreation. For example,
912:
in April 2002. It featured David Belle leaping across London's rooftops from his office to home, in an attempt to catch his favourite BBC programme, and captured the imagination of many viewers, especially when they learned no special effects or wires were used. This advertisement, along with others
871:
Concerns have been raised by law enforcement and fire and rescue teams about the risks inherent in jumping off high buildings. They argue that practitioners are needlessly risking damage to both themselves and rooftops by practicing at height, with police forces calling for practitioners to stay off
847:
Parkour is not widely practiced in dedicated public facilities. Although efforts are being made to create places for it, many traceurs do not like the idea, as it is contradictory to parkour's values of adaptation, creativity, and freedom. Traceurs practice parkour in both rural and urban areas such
720:
that's my motto: 'There are no limits. There are plateaus, but you must not stay there, you must go beyond them. A man must constantly exceed his level.' If you're not better than you were the day before, then what are you doing—what's the point?" In an interview with the press, Belle explained that
802:, sometimes as a progression to bare feet, for better sensitivity and balance, while others prefer more cushioning for better absorption of impacts from large jumps. Barefoot training is done by some for movement competency without gear—David Belle noted that "bare feet are the best shoes." Various
691:
There are competitions that use parkour as the main influence for formatting and judging criteria. Sport
Parkour League's "North America Parkour Championships" hosts a series of local and regional qualifier events which culminate in a final event in Vancouver, B.C. Red Bull's Art of Motion event is
575:
Respecting one's health and physical well-being was one of the foundations of the group. If any member hurt himself during or after the execution of a movement, the movement was deemed a failure. A movement executed only once was not considered an achievement; only with repetition was the challenge
671:
A newer convention of parkour philosophy has been the idea of "human reclamation". Andy Tran of Urban
Evolution clarifies it as "a means of reclaiming what it means to be a human being. It teaches us to move using the natural methods that we should have learned from infancy. It teaches us to touch
583:
To join the group, new members had to be recommended by an existing member and then pass tests to evaluate their motivation for joining. Despite the huge emphasis on the collective, each traceur had to progress and develop independently—"to create the means to be yourself"—and there was a complete
579:
Humility was an important principle. No traceur was allowed to feel superior to someone else, for example, by executing a movement only to show off in front of someone who could not perform the movement. If any traceur in the group claimed that he had completed a difficult and dangerous challenge
571:
The group put themselves through challenges that forced them to find the physical and mental strength to succeed. Examples included training without food or water, or sleeping on the floor without a blanket to learn to endure the cold. For example, no one in the group was permitted to be late for
1359:
Both parkour and freerunning encompass the ideas of overcoming obstacles and self-expression; in freerunning, the greater emphasis is on self-expression. Although the differences between the disciplines are often hard to discern, practitioners tend to aspire to parkour and describe themselves as
1355:
group; rather, it takes a participatory approach focused on making the teaching more accessible. David Belle kept the term "parkour", saying the group contributed to the development of it, but that his father was the source of his motivation and had verbally communicated this method only to him.
875:
Because parkour philosophy is about learning to control oneself in interaction with the environment, many parkour experts consider serious injury evidence of the traceur's failure to follow the precepts of the discipline, specifically, knowing one's limitations. Daniel
Ilabaca, co-founder of the
659:
According to
Williams Belle, the philosophies and theories behind parkour are an integral aspect of the art, one that many non-practitioners have never been exposed to. Belle says he trains people because he wants it "to be alive" and "for people to use it". Châu Belle explains it is a "type of
421:
was acrobatic stuntman and entertainer known by the stage names of the Human Fly, the Flying
Phantom and the Brooklyn Tarzan whose acrobatic buildering and freestyle tree climbing bear striking resemblance to late 20th Century parkour. Those feats were featured in two 1942 Paramount Pictures
1303:
Studies have found that in exercises such as the standing long jump, depth jump, and vertical jump, parkour athletes outperform physical educators, gymnasts, and power athletes. Parkour training is especially linked with the development of eccentric load resistance and jumping ability.
380:
promoted athletic skill based on the models of indigenous tribes he had met in Africa. He noted, "their bodies were splendid, flexible, nimble, skillful, enduring, and resistant but yet they had no other tutor in gymnastics but their lives in nature." His rescue efforts during the
218:" had already been given to the activity by 1989. The discipline was popularised in the 1990s and 2000s through films, documentaries, video games, and advertisements. Similar techniques were known from French military obstacle courses, and some authors see influence from
876:
World
Parkour and Freerunning Federation, said, "Thinking you're going to fail at something gives you a higher risk of doing just that. Committing to something you're thinking or knowing you will land gives you a higher chance of landing or completing the task." On
739:
952:
in 2005. Both Jump films were shown in more than 80 countries, thereby introducing the discipline and its philosophy to an unprecedented global audience. Both films have been cited by numerous practitioners as their motivation for taking up the discipline.
1665:
1333:" was used as an attempt to translate "parkour", in order to make it more appealing to the English-speaking audience. Foucan decided to keep using the term "freerunning" to describe his discipline, to distinguish it from David Belle's methods.
848:
as gyms, parks, playgrounds, offices, and abandoned structures. Concerns have been raised regarding trespassing, damage of property, and use of inappropriate places such as cemeteries. Many parkour organizations around the globe support the
887:
American traceur Mark
Toorock said injuries are rare "because participants rely not on what they can't control—wheels or the icy surfaces of snowboarding and skiing—but their own hands and feet." Lanier Johnson, executive director of the
442:
at the age of seven. He took it upon himself to train harder and longer than everyone else in order never to be a victim. At night, when everyone else was asleep, he would be outside running or climbing trees. He would use the military
447:
in secret, and also created courses of his own that tested his endurance, strength, and flexibility. Doing this enabled him not only to survive the hardships he experienced during his childhood, but also eventually to thrive. After the
313:
refers to a meeting of traceurs, involving training lasting anywhere from hours to several days, often with people from different cities. The first parkour jam was organised in July 2002 by Romain Drouet, with a dozen people including
576:
complete. Every movement had to be repeated at least ten times in a row without the traceur having to push his limits or sustaining any injury. If any mistake was made by any traceur in the group everyone had to start all over again.
1307:
A study into the mechanics of the standing long jump showed that experienced traceurs use a lower take off angle than beginners (~25.6° vs ~34°). Wakai and
Linthorne had previously estimated the optimal angle to be close to 22.6°.
798:
gloves are rare—bare hands are considered better for grip and tactile feedback. Light running shoes with good grip and flexibility are encouraged because they allow for more natural and fluid movements. Practitioners often use
4605:
667:
Academic research on parkour has tended to describe how parkour provides a novel way of interacting with the urban environment that challenges the use and meaning of urban space, metropolitan life, and embodiment.
1657:
4638:
759:
While there is no official list of "moves" in parkour, the style in which practitioners move often sets them apart from others, and there are a number of named movements that are characteristic, for example:
708:
do it. Then, you'll have to learn with your own technique, your own way of moving, your style, your abilities and your limitations. You are going to learn to be yourself, not someone else along the way.’"
183:
spaces, though it can be done anywhere. It involves seeing one's environment in a new way, and envisioning the potential for navigating it by movement around, across, through, over and under its features.
7394:
2834:
5031:
7389:
745:
743:
740:
744:
4568:
4969:
688:" This seems to be the consensus among many professional traceurs who view parkour as a lifestyle more than as a set of tricks, as has been popularised by YouTube and most media exposure.
3605:
1170:, Michael Turner, Oleg Vorslav, Ben Jenkin, Daniel Arroyo, Pip Andersen and King David. The programme format was a two-part weekly competition in different Southern California locations.
3939:
5114:
5252:
4591:
4912:
742:
863:
in 2008, promoting safety, respect for the spaces used and their other users, and sometimes includes picking up rubbish to leave areas in better condition than they were found.
7441:
6408:
7453:
1281:
Although parkour itself grew out of military obstacle-course training, it has become a separate discipline. After the attention that parkour received following the 2006 film
3818:
3397:
5723:
592:
In 1997, David Belle's brother Jean-François invited the group to perform for the public in a firefighter show in Paris. For the performance, the group named themselves
4746:
840:
1611:
515:, Châu Belle Dinh, Williams Belle, Yann Hnautra, Laurent Piemontesi, Guylain N'Guba Boyeke, Malik Diouf, and Charles Perrière. The group began calling themselves the
4155:
884:
of parkour-related emergency department visits in the United States between 2009 and 2015, most injuries were reportedly caused by landing or from striking objects.
4628:
4125:
5088:
4282:
2468:
6396:
4538:
3262:
1881:
1764:
5498:
4473:
3692:
2838:
7550:
5023:
2512:
6381:
2490:
131:) attempt to get from one point to another in the fastest and most efficient way possible, without assisting equipment and often while performing feats of
5467:
7435:
7404:
1079:
4020:"A Comparison of the Habitual Landing Strategies from Differing Drop Heights of Parkour Practitioners (Traceurs) and Recreationally Trained Individuals"
680:
A campaign was started on 1 May 2007 by the
Parkour.NET portal to preserve parkour's philosophy against sports competition and rivalry. In the words of
6430:
6425:
1155:
741:
511:, found other young men (including his cousins) who had similar desires, and they began to train together. The group eventually included David Belle,
5755:
3575:
636:
5407:
Yanran, Ding; Chuanzheng, Li; Park, Hae-Won (2020). "Kinodynamic Motion Planning for Multi-Legged Robot Jumping via Mixed-Integer Convex Program".
3430:
2937:
580:
that should not be attempted unaided, he had to prove his claims by doing the challenge again. Anyone who lied violated the principle of humility.
4957:
3597:
4417:
3898:
946:
changed the presence of parkour in the UK almost overnight and is widely credited for inspiring a new generation of traceurs. It was followed by
393:
reinforced his belief that athletic skill must be combined with courage and altruism. Hébert became a physical education tutor at the college of
4992:
4822:
3943:
3105:
764:"Parkour roll": Rolling to absorb impacts from larger drops, moving diagonally over a shoulder to convert momentum from vertical to horizontal.
5118:
3922:
3775:
3023:
1725:
Rawlinson, Christopher; Guaralda, Mirko (11 September 2012). "Chaos and creativity of play: designing emotional engagement in public spaces".
179:—whatever is suitable for a given situation. Parkour is an activity that can be practiced alone or with others, and is usually carried out in
7565:
5716:
5676:
5645:
5556:
5434:
5371:
4450:
2178:
1818:
1591:
2875:
Cazenave, N. (2007). "La pratique du parkour chez les adolescents des banlieues: Entre recherche de sensation et renforcement narcissique".
405:"—military obstacle course—the first of the courses that are now standard in military training and which led to the development of civilian
4374:
5276:"The adaptation to standing long jump distance in parkour is performed by the modulation of specific variables prior and during take-off"
3744:
2617:
2397:
1703:
664:(Neuropsychiatry of Childhood and Adolescence) in France found traceurs seek more excitement and leadership situations than gymnasts do.
6391:
5141:
2423:
2132:
1846:
The First International Postgraduate Conference on Engineering, Designing and Developing the Built Environment for Sustainable Wellbeing
928:
The creation of parkour show-reels and documentaries has been crucial to the spread of parkour, and is common in the parkour community.
4904:
4767:
4236:
880:
grounds, studies found parkour landing techniques result in lower landing forces in comparison with traditional sport techniques. In a
6040:
4231:
2611:
2126:
1933:
958:
889:
3841:
3364:
972:
published a short video featuring three young men from the Gaza Strip who were active members of the parkour community. In 2014, the
6376:
6361:
5528:
5216:
1854:
1736:
2549:
1256:
608:, meaning strong in one's person, or "strong man, strong spirit". Sébastien Foucan also invented a name for what they were doing: "
4200:
1553:
1220:
games are heavily inspired by parkour, consisting entirely of efficiently moving around buildings, rooftops, and other obstacles.
5709:
3867:
3338:
1520:
599:
4856:
3627:
2963:
5058:
4806:'The series itself practically revolves around parkour when it's not trying to shove myths and grave robbing down your throat.'
4338:
3810:
3407:
3159:
2996:
2259:
2233:
776:"Climb up": Moving from a position hanging from a wall-top or ledge, to standing on the top or vaulting over to the other side.
382:
4071:
Rossheim, ME; Stephenson, CJ (October 2017). "Parkour injuries presenting to United States emergency departments, 2009–2015".
7513:
7374:
5760:
4743:
4049:
3996:
2639:
1057:
featured Sébastien Foucan in a chase taking place early in the movie, sparking renewed media interest in parkour. Along with
4721:
2184:
1988:
980:. Zahid Shah founded the Kashmir Freerunning and Parkour Federation, finding hope in the non-violent discipline of parkour.
5385:
4660:
4147:
1607:
5163:
4560:
4115:
3238:
773:"Wall run": Running toward a high wall and then jumping and pushing off the wall with a foot to reach the top of the wall.
5189:
3544:
2020:
7304:
6681:
5084:
4690:
4274:
2458:
2047:
1089:
4530:
4312:
7560:
2318:
1059:
5490:
4477:
3685:
2207:
5275:
7570:
7545:
6676:
6442:
5977:
1292:
1200:
Modern video games frequently include aspects of parkour as major game-play elements. Since the series' inception,
4935:
4507:
1464:
7540:
7364:
6726:
5935:
5914:
3075:
1283:
1053:
977:
260:" to a "k" because it was stronger and more dynamic, and to remove the silent "s" for the same reason, forming "
7279:
7274:
6420:
5988:
5791:
5459:
3654:
3435:
1176:
390:
2912:
1860:
1742:
988:
Parkour has become a popular element in action sequences, with film directors hiring parkour practitioners as
5587:
Kidder, J. L. (2012). "Parkour, the Affective Appropriation of Urban Space, and the Real/Virtual Dialectic".
770:"Arm jump": Jumping and landing feet-first on a vertical surface, catching the horizontal top with the hands.
7555:
7409:
7204:
7179:
7070:
7063:
6468:
6371:
6326:
5972:
4561:"Ben Hardy talks defying gravity in Michael Bay's latest action-packed thriller, '6 Underground' - Metro US"
3470:
2783:
1895:
Ameel, L.; Tani, S. (2012). "Everyday aesthetics in action: Parkour Eyes and the beauty of concrete walls".
1426:
1201:
449:
3522:
3365:"Is there any equipment cost, membership fee, or exclusive conditions required for my child to do Parkour?"
438:, his father died and he was separated from his mother, after which he was sent to a military orphanage in
7379:
7319:
7229:
6872:
6625:
6481:
6413:
6033:
5982:
5967:
5854:
5596:
4768:"Kick Ass Caity Lotz From MTV's Death Valley Talks About Zombies, Parcour and Twilight's Jackson Rathbone"
4343:
3967:"Ground Reaction Forces and Loading Rates Associated with Parkour and Traditional Drop Landing Techniques"
3276:
McLean, C. R.; Houshian, S.; Pike, J. (2006). "Paediatric fractures sustained in Parkour (free running)".
1244:
1034:
857:
754:
548:
452:
in 1954, he returned to France and remained in military education until the age of 19, when he joined the
160:
5786:
3572:
3311:
Chow, B. D. V. (2010). "Parkour and the critique of ideology: Turn-vaulting the fortresses of the city".
1490:
939:
655:
A beginner takes a leap in Seattle's Freeway Park under the guidance of experienced practitioners (2012).
7354:
7269:
6771:
6637:
2941:
1187:
learned parkour at Tempest Academy in preparation for his role as Oliver Queen in the television series
1173:
1073:
560:
489:
Through conversations with his father, David learned about this way of training that his father called "
4407:
1843:
Rawlinson, Christopher; Guaralda, Mirko (27 April 2011), "Play in the city: Parkour and architecture",
3894:
651:
267:
According to Sebastien Foucan, the activity had already been given the name "le parcours" by the year
7501:
7384:
7369:
7359:
6610:
6576:
6356:
6130:
6108:
6089:
5000:
3722:
3440:
1227:
1119:
346:
4818:
3097:
1179:
is a long-time practitioner of parkour and often incorporates it into his wrestling style, with the
7259:
7077:
7056:
6959:
6901:
6896:
6855:
6830:
6753:
6659:
6581:
6493:
6234:
5921:
5781:
5601:
5544:
4440:
4120:
3919:
3785:
3031:
1326:
1208:
935:
877:
512:
435:
315:
303:
20:
7472:
1779:
7399:
6981:
6949:
6620:
6603:
6459:
6437:
6403:
6152:
6147:
6142:
5957:
5868:
5614:
5440:
5412:
5377:
5312:
5244:
4600:
4096:
3492:
3202:
3045:
2363:
2086:
1810:
1758:
1347:, also not wanting to associate it too closely with parkour. Similar to Sébastien's freerunning,
1288:
1222:
968:
881:
556:
534:
453:
4835:
It's a good start, an excellent free-roaming adventure with some of the best use of parkour yet.
4384:
2806:
1387:– a philosophy and technique of rapid, serendipitous movement through mostly urban environments
962:
broadcast a segment about parkour on 16 September 2007, featuring Foucan and Stephane Vigroux.
7489:
7414:
7209:
7137:
7112:
7098:
7091:
6906:
6808:
6488:
6159:
6084:
6026:
5875:
5672:
5641:
5552:
5524:
5430:
5367:
5332:
5293:
5236:
5133:
4088:
4041:
3988:
3752:
3293:
3256:
2607:
2597:
2401:
2174:
2122:
1929:
1923:
1875:
1850:
1802:
1732:
1691:
1587:
1431:
1189:
1158:. This was followed in May 2010 with a six-episode series of the same name. The athletes were
1105:
479:
373:
365:
241:
172:
2554:
Original French biography sourced from 'Allo Dix-Huit', the magazine of the Parisian pompiers
2427:
2112:
1692:"Parkour and the Built Environment: Spatial Practices and the Plasticity of School Buildings"
1581:
872:
the rooftops. Some practitioners of parkour agree that such behaviour should be discouraged.
292:, which normally means "to trace", as in "tracing a path", in reference to drawing. The verb
7535:
7349:
7284:
7264:
7239:
7224:
6991:
6969:
6845:
6588:
6224:
6007:
5928:
5840:
5606:
5422:
5359:
5324:
5283:
5228:
4852:
4771:
4226:
4190:
4080:
4031:
3978:
3320:
3285:
2884:
2078:
1904:
1794:
1232:
1216:
1014:
823:
810:. Many other companies around the world have started offering clothing targeted at parkour.
799:
767:"Precision jump": Jumping and landing accurately with the feet on small or narrow obstacles.
602:
520:
332:
283:
251:
219:
188:
176:
144:
2347:
1940:"flips: ... "However they are usually designated as a part of freerunning, not of Parkour."
35:
7477:
7344:
7289:
7244:
7219:
7189:
6974:
6944:
6867:
6862:
6721:
6669:
6593:
6554:
6527:
6212:
6185:
5962:
5833:
5796:
4793:
4750:
3926:
3845:
3780:
3579:
2787:
1441:
1400:
1029:
1004:
989:
712:
The philosophy of parkour has been compared to that of martial arts. In an interview with
444:
336:
136:
119:
2557:
2339:
1260:
allows the character to use several freerunning techniques while not on the skateboard.
7336:
7309:
7214:
7184:
7049:
6996:
6939:
6934:
6884:
6825:
6761:
6632:
6615:
6532:
6366:
6331:
6296:
6291:
6246:
6204:
6175:
6125:
6113:
5896:
5861:
5816:
5801:
5494:
5463:
4178:
4036:
3983:
2463:
2351:
1638:
1545:
1436:
1421:
1395:
1262:
1159:
1099:
1040:
853:
681:
422:
newsreels coincident with the release of the feature film Tarzan's New York Adventure.
386:
361:
240:(obstacle course), the classic obstacle course method of military training proposed by
3940:"The Beachcomber : Parkour Legends: Daniel Ilabaca, Tim Shieff, and Oleg Vorslov"
3871:
3371:
3342:
459:
7529:
7299:
7199:
7144:
7105:
7004:
6954:
6929:
6840:
6813:
6693:
6549:
6515:
6336:
6311:
6190:
6180:
6137:
6120:
6064:
5610:
5444:
4848:
4596:
3631:
2971:
2835:"Students on campus are mastering parkour, an art of self-awareness and body control"
2114:
Geographies, Mobilities, and Rhythms over the Life-Course: Adventures in the Interval
2090:
1405:
1184:
1068:
934:
is a 2003 documentary explaining some of the background of parkour, culminating with
406:
199:, a discipline derived from parkour but emphasising artistry rather than efficiency.
5618:
5381:
5248:
5054:
4348:
4100:
3155:
3000:
2263:
2237:
1814:
434:, Raymond Belle was the son of a French physician and Vietnamese mother. During the
7419:
7314:
7194:
7130:
7009:
6964:
6708:
6571:
6559:
6520:
6505:
6316:
6241:
6229:
6079:
5882:
5692:
5426:
3929:
Pacific Northwest Parkour Association. 20 September 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
1379:
948:
331:
The practice of similar techniques existed in French military obstacle courses and
140:
5352:"Swing leg retraction using virtual apex method for the ParkourBot climbing robot"
5232:
4019:
3966:
2888:
2647:
1516:
195:
movements, these are not essential to the discipline. Rather, they are central to
4713:
3289:
2164:
1984:
1908:
1254:
include an emphasis on gripping and vaulting from ledges and protruding objects.
372:
In Western Europe, a forerunner of parkour was developed by French naval officer
7254:
7249:
6986:
6879:
6778:
6564:
6498:
6321:
6301:
6263:
6251:
6217:
5952:
5889:
5847:
5776:
5736:
5664:
5328:
5101:
Later on in story mode, you'll even get the chance to learn some parkour skills!
5024:"Dying Light preview: Zombies are even more stomach-churning in virtual reality"
4668:
3402:
2603:
2170:
1416:
1390:
1330:
1321:
1250:
1238:
1110:
1025:
1020:
930:
807:
785:
538:
483:
471:
463:
418:
377:
350:
302:
was originally the name of a parkour group headed by David Belle which included
203:
196:
168:
88:
5409:
2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)
5356:
2017 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)
5351:
5167:
4084:
3229:
1214:
also makes heavy use of parkour movement (called freerunning in the game). The
835:
288:
6835:
6716:
6649:
6510:
6281:
6258:
6101:
6096:
5811:
5806:
5363:
5193:
5071:
It's part super hero (think Hulk or Neo), part Jumping Flash and part parkour.
4682:
4304:
3548:
3496:
3206:
3049:
2513:"1942 Paramount Pictures Newsreel 2 – 1942 Paramount Pictures Newsreel 2"
2491:"1942 Paramount Pictures Newsreel 1 – 1942 Paramount Pictures Newsreel 1"
2367:
2043:
2010:
1798:
1374:
1369:
1194:
1167:
1163:
1134:
1048:
993:
918:
901:
692:
the longest running and highest profile professional freerunning competition.
475:
180:
132:
5297:
5217:"Performance characteristics of Parkour practitioners: Who are the traceurs?"
2082:
1806:
1311:
Studies and experiments have integrated parkour kinaesthetics into robotics.
1154:
premiered as a one-hour special in October 2009 starring the athletes of the
7158:
7151:
7019:
7014:
6924:
6889:
6803:
6748:
6654:
6598:
6537:
6286:
4633:
4445:
4379:
4222:
2314:
2118:
1633:
1024:, another feature film involving advanced parkour chase sequences, starring
914:
717:
552:
192:
156:
5336:
5240:
5134:"Freerunning goes to war as marines take tips from EZ, Livewire and Sticky"
4092:
4045:
3992:
3324:
3297:
3024:"'Jumped-up' plan to stage world competition sees free runners falling out"
2343:
1780:"Nice-looking obstacles: Parkour as urban practice of deterritorialization"
1384:
5701:
4891:... the game features 'a challenging parkour path of escape ...'
2805:
Belle, Châu; Belle, Williams; Hnautra, Yann and Daniels, Mark (director).
2211:
1658:"From 'Play to Display': Parkour as Media-Mimetics or Nature Reclamation?"
7234:
7084:
6820:
6783:
6741:
6731:
6049:
5750:
5288:
2812:
1410:
1270:
1009:
803:
594:
543:
502:
341:
152:
124:
74:
4499:
1583:
The Ultimate Parkour & Freerunning Book: Discover your possibilities
6850:
6736:
6686:
6542:
4412:
2905:
Gilchrist, Paul; Wheaton, Belinda (30 July 2012). Hutchins/Rowe (ed.).
2069:
Atkinson, M. (2009). "Parkour, Anarcho-Environmentalism, and Poiesis".
2015:
1468:
1129:
1124:
1114:
905:
619:
above). The seven remaining Yamakasi members continued to use the term
431:
164:
148:
3745:"American Parkour leaves Meridian Park when asked during national jam"
3071:
2166:
Breaking the Jump: The Secret Story of Parkour's High Flying Rebellion
526:, meaning strong in one's person, or "strong man, strong spirit" (see
6698:
6664:
5696:
4195:
1728:
In Out of Control: 8th International Conference on Design and Emotion
1580:
Gerling, Ilona E.; Pach, Alexander; Witfeld, Jan (15 November 2013).
998:
922:
828:
508:
439:
5117:(Interview). Interviewed by Ricardo Torres. GameSpot. Archived from
4905:"Review: Mirror's Edge, the First-Person Parkour Game You Must Play"
3662:
2911:. Digital Media Sport: Technology and Power in the Network Society.
1123:
featured several parkour scenes choreographed and performed by team
5417:
2906:
1844:
1726:
1067:
is credited with starting a new wave of Parkour-inspired stunts in
7447:
7294:
6766:
6644:
6476:
1139:
834:
822:
784:
737:
650:
458:
394:
360:
19:"Parcours" redirects here. For the term used in cycle racing, see
3462:
2780:
806:
manufacturers have developed shoes specifically for parkour and
268:
6022:
5705:
4869:
Leave it to the French to bring us the first parkour video game
3518:
2599:
East Asian Cinemas: Exploring Transnational Connections on Film
2046:[Interview with David Belle (OSRAM 2006)] (Interview).
4958:"GDC Europe: Perfecting The SMART Parkour Traversal System In
4717:
4686:
4664:
3583:
1494:
1180:
1147:
973:
831:
re-painting a wall and repairing shoe scuff marks from parkour
716:, David Belle acknowledges the influence, "There's a quote by
640:
102:
3137:
3135:
624:
482:
but became increasingly disaffected with both school and the
7448:
Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes
4305:"Kashmir freerunning: Finding freedom in the art of parkour"
3598:"Gravestone vaulting teenagers condemned over YouTube stunt"
2426:(in French). INSEP – Musée de la Marine. Archived from
1849:, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia,
1731:. Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design, London.
1083:(2010), choreographed by David Belle. Several films besides
904:, parkour was first introduced to the British public by the
6018:
5274:
Grosprêtre, Sidney; Ufland, Pierre; Jecker, Daniel (2018).
3463:"10 Best Parkour Shoes (2020) – Freerunning Shoes Reviewed"
2398:"Georges Hebert and the Natural Method of Physical Culture"
925:, had a large-scale impact on public awareness of parkour.
4018:
Standing, Regan J.; Maulder, Peter S. (24 November 2015).
3718:
2940:. Parkour North America. 7 September 2007. Archived from
2900:
2898:
1207:
has included increasingly numerous parkour elements. The
5491:"How Boston Dynamics' Robot Videos Became Internet Gold"
900:
Initially featured in films of French director/producer
507:
David initially trained on his own, and after moving to
5311:
Wakai, Masaki; Linthorne, Nicholas P. (February 2005).
5280:
Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité
5115:"Tron Evolution Pre-E3 Hands-On Interview: Alex Peters"
4531:"The truth about those parkour scenes in 6 Underground"
3072:"Sport Parkour | Parkour Competitions | NAPC"
1269:
s basic movements and combat were based on parkour and
1183:
giving him the nickname "The Prince of Parkour". Actor
1077:(2007), again with stuntman/actor Cyril Raffaelli, and
5215:
Grosprêtre, Sidney; Lepers, Romuold (12 August 2015).
3573:
Gloucestershire – Rooftop-jumping youths arrested
3341:. americanparkour.com. 6 November 2005. Archived from
3237:(Doctoral dissertation), Central European University,
3231:
Knowing Obstacles: Urban Dialogues in Parkour Practice
2208:"English welcome – Parkour Worldwide Association"
7390:
Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada
3965:
Puddle, Damien L.; Maulder, Peter S. (1 March 2013).
1928:. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 146.
1540:
1538:
7442:
International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation
7395:
Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade
3868:"Terrible Representation of Parkour and Freerunning"
2997:"Keeping parkour rivalry-free : JOIN IN !"
7454:
Union of International Mountain Leader Associations
7428:
7335:
7328:
7172:
7122:
7041:
7034:
6917:
6796:
6707:
6467:
6458:
6451:
6349:
6274:
6203:
6168:
6072:
6063:
6056:
5945:
5906:
5825:
5769:
5743:
4936:"Mirror's Edge puts grace of parkour at fingertips"
4744:"Stephen Amell Back In Training For Arrow Season 3"
4373:Bessaoud, Yuba; Delmar-Morgan, Alex (9 July 2006).
2713:
2711:
2709:
2696:
2694:
2681:
2679:
2677:
892:, said that many of the injuries are not reported.
127:discipline or sport in which practitioners (called
97:
81:
69:
61:
53:
45:
5460:"Watch Boston Dynamics' Humanoid Robot Do Parkour"
5313:"Optimum take-off angle in the standing long jump"
5192:. US Marine Corps. 23 January 2009. Archived from
3942:. Beachcombermb.com. 17 March 2013. Archived from
1351:is less about the hard discipline of the original
5539:
5537:
2877:Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence
662:Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence
5085:"Tony Hawk's American Wasteland – Xbox 360"
4408:"Fremantle Pacts to Bring Parkour to TV Screens"
1979:
1977:
1975:
1608:"Parkour – A Young Sport with Olympic Ambitions"
841:Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art
635:International parkour organizations include the
533:Some members of the group drew inspiration from
397:in France. Hébert set up a "méthode naturelle" (
5350:Nir, Omer; Gaathon, Adar; Degani, Amir (2017).
4592:"Aamir Khan learns French technique of Parkour"
4474:"Prince of Persia: Tackling Stunts and Parkour"
4368:
4366:
4332:
4330:
4260:International Review for the Sociology of Sport
2991:
2989:
2932:
2930:
2556:. Parkour.NET. 17 February 2006. Archived from
2452:
2450:
2448:
2344:(intransitive, informal) to leave, to get going
1610:. European Olympic Committees. 24 August 2016.
1319:In September 2003, Mike Christie's documentary
1226:introduced a parkour mechanic into a realistic
349:training technique, most famously practiced by
298:used familiarly means: "to hurry up". The term
4849:"Review: 'Assassin's Creed' Not Quite Perfect"
2764:
2762:
2532:
2530:
2285:
2283:
2281:
1329:, was released. In the documentary, the term "
1071:film and television. Parkour was prominent in
6034:
5717:
3805:
3803:
3370:. washingtonparkour.com. 2008. Archived from
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2315:"Portail lexical – Définition de tracer"
1662:FlowTV, vol 11, lokaliseret den 01-04-2011 på
1493:. 3run.co.uk. 6 December 2012. Archived from
1113:racing through a city for survival. The 2019
843:in 2012 prohibiting parkour (removed in 2018)
8:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2424:"Georges Hébert – la methode naturalle"
2342:or to run (go) fast (to leave in a hurry) →
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
639:, established in 2007, who have worked with
293:
255:
245:
235:
208:
28:
5570:
5568:
3628:"Leave No Trace Campaign (practice policy)"
3586:. 31 January 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
3022:Bignell, Paul; Sharp, Rob (22 April 2007).
1087:are about thieves who use parkour, such as
7436:International Federation of Sport Climbing
7332:
7038:
6464:
6455:
6069:
6060:
6041:
6027:
6019:
5724:
5710:
5702:
4073:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
3261:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2862:Parkour Journeys – Training with Andi
2579:
2577:
2575:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1880:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1763:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1242:include a central parkour mechanic, while
1156:World Freerunning & Parkour Federation
1008:in 2001 featuring members of the original
625:§ Derivative terminologies and disciplines
206:in the 1980s, and it was initially called
5657:Parkour: From the Origins to the Practise
5600:
5416:
5287:
4194:
4035:
3982:
3568:
3566:
3439:. Abu Dhabi Media Company. Archived from
3429:Money-Coutts, Sophia (23 February 2009).
3156:"Bruce Lee and the Philosophy of Parkour"
2999:. Parkour.NET. 1 May 2007. Archived from
2908:New Media Technologies in Lifestyle Sport
2044:"Entrevista com David Belle (OSRAM 2006)"
1685:
1683:
1651:
1649:
1575:
1573:
1571:
474:, was born in 1973. He experimented with
254:. Koundé suggested he change the "c" of "
5756:World Freerunning and Parkour Federation
4755:Bleeding Cool Comic Book, Movie, TV News
3495:. YouTube. 16 March 2007. Archived from
2352:(idiomatic, dated) Hurry up; make haste.
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
1586:. Meyer & Meyer Verlag. p. 23.
1315:Derivative terminologies and disciplines
637:World Freerunning and Parkour Federation
4529:Gates, Christopher (13 December 2019).
4179:"Urban Free Flow: A Poetics of Parkour"
3686:"New Zealand Parkour Vision and Values"
1987:. Parkour Generations. 22 August 2014.
1459:
1457:
1453:
976:covered youth parkour participation in
555:, The group also was influenced by the
5655:Belle, David & Perriére, Charles.
5521:The Parkour & Freerunning Handbook
5083:Williamson, Steven (8 February 2006).
4881:P., Andrew (January 2008). "Review of
4024:Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
3971:Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
3895:"Running Through Life the Parkour Way"
3313:Journal of Dance and Somatic Practices
3254:
2811:(TV-Documentary) (in French). France:
1873:
1756:
274:A practitioner of parkour is called a
27:
5388:from the original on 12 February 2019
5144:from the original on 17 December 2013
4915:from the original on 24 December 2017
4608:from the original on 18 November 2011
4541:from the original on 14 December 2019
4420:from the original on 1 September 2009
4315:from the original on 18 November 2015
4239:from the original on 26 December 2007
4148:"Unmissable new campaign for BBC ONE"
3842:"Parkour growing by leaps and bounds"
3725:from the original on 14 February 2012
3396:Arnold, Tiffany (28 September 2009).
3244:from the original on 13 December 2013
2023:from the original on 14 December 2015
1360:traceurs rather than as freerunners.
466:is considered the founder of parkour.
118:
7:
7496:
5501:from the original on 9 November 2018
5470:from the original on 12 October 2018
5255:from the original on 10 January 2022
4972:from the original on 8 December 2015
4825:from the original on 1 December 2007
4724:from the original on 5 November 2015
4641:from the original on 9 November 2020
4629:"'Aadhi' packs a punch with parkour"
4590:Lalwani, Vickey (18 November 2011).
4571:from the original on 10 January 2022
4510:from the original on 17 January 2016
4453:from the original on 20 January 2008
4203:from the original on 8 December 2015
4128:from the original on 7 November 2012
4052:from the original on 10 January 2022
3999:from the original on 10 January 2022
3698:from the original on 21 January 2016
3493:"David Belle – Parkour simples"
3473:from the original on 22 October 2019
2938:"Two Theories on Parkour Philosophy"
2915:from the original on 10 January 2022
2596:Hunt, Leon; Wing-Fai, Leung (2010).
2471:from the original on 11 October 2007
2364:"An Interview With Stephane Vigroux"
2071:Journal of Sport & Social Issues
1991:from the original on 8 December 2015
1668:from the original on 5 November 2019
1614:from the original on 26 October 2016
1556:from the original on 8 December 2015
1299:Scientific research and applications
1018:in 2004. Also in 2004, Besson wrote
942:demonstrating their parkour skills.
852:initiative, an urban version of the
749:A practitioner performing a wall run
222:and Asian martial arts in Parkour.
7551:Games and sports introduced in 1988
7508:
5091:from the original on 29 August 2012
5061:from the original on 4 January 2008
4993:"E3 – Dying Light Hands-On Preview"
4439:Kornblum, Janet (3 December 2007).
4262:. Sage Publications Inc. p. 5.
4158:from the original on 5 January 2016
3545:"American Parkour HotSpots Contest"
3046:"Ryan Doyle – Parkour Training Jam"
2321:from the original on 18 August 2011
2260:"The name Parkour, simple question"
1824:from the original on 27 August 2020
1340:members continued to use the term "
1080:Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time
527:
282:or simply a "Parkourist". They are
5166:. Colorado Parkour. Archived from
4956:Nutt, Christian (15 August 2011).
4847:Pearson, Ryan (16 November 2007).
4794:"5 Best Parkour Games of All Time"
4337:Barrera, Sandra (2 January 2007).
4285:from the original on 14 March 2017
3398:"Parkour: All in a day's training"
3078:from the original on 7 August 2020
2236:. 23 February 2006. Archived from
1546:"BBC film's rooftop stunts 'real'"
1523:from the original on 31 March 2014
992:. The first director to do so was
890:American Sports Medicine Institute
643:to produce parkour-related shows.
14:
7405:South African Climbing Federation
5221:European Journal of Sport Science
5132:Booth, Robert (12 January 2008).
5034:from the original on 2 April 2015
4934:Elfman, Doug (28 November 2008).
4903:Baker, Chris (11 November 2008).
4859:from the original on 4 March 2009
4693:from the original on 13 July 2016
4627:George, Vijay (25 January 2018).
4273:Sorcher, Sara (13 October 2010).
4116:"Jump First, Ask Questions Later"
3821:from the original on 12 June 2008
3339:"What Should I Wear for parkour?"
3162:from the original on 23 July 2011
3108:from the original on 26 June 2020
3048:. 28 October 2010. Archived from
2457:Wilkinson, Alec (16 April 2007).
2366:. 27 January 2009. Archived from
2348:(reflexive) to haste, to hurry up
1706:from the original on 2 April 2015
1413:– Chinese martial arts techniques
1038:in 2009 and remade in English as
551:, and the training philosophy of
187:Although a traceur may perform a
7507:
7495:
7484:
7483:
7471:
6377:IFSC World Championships winners
6003:
6002:
5611:10.1111/j.1540-6040.2012.01406.x
5190:"Parkour: Getting over the wall"
5022:Dingman, Hayden (1 March 2015).
4991:Mcaloon, Alissa (13 June 2014).
4712:Adkins, Greg (31 January 2011).
4441:"'Look, Ma, no hands' – or feet"
4406:Szalai, Georg (28 August 2009).
3901:from the original on 5 July 2015
3608:from the original on 8 June 2008
3596:Gammell, Caroline (6 May 2008).
3525:from the original on 13 May 2014
2864:(DVD). London: Catsnake Studios.
2620:from the original on 3 June 2020
2187:from the original on 2 July 2021
2135:from the original on 3 June 2020
2050:from the original on 8 July 2013
1863:from the original on 14 May 2013
1745:from the original on 14 May 2013
1696:Journal of Curriculum Theorizing
1146:Parkour is also featured on TV.
34:
5551:. Ulysses Press. pp. 8–9.
5489:Simon, Matt (30 October 2018).
5458:Simon, Matt (11 October 2018).
3893:Comenetz, Jacob (9 June 2005).
3684:Puddle, Damien (23 July 2014).
2340:(Populaire) Filer, se dépêcher.
2234:"PAWA statement on Freerunning"
1656:Ferrari, Matthew (7 May 2010).
278:, with the feminine form being
244:. Raymond Belle used the term "
7375:British Mountaineering Council
5761:Australian Parkour Association
5427:10.1109/IROS45743.2020.9341572
5113:Hedges, Darren (18 May 2010).
5055:"10 Reasons to Play Crackdown"
4742:Wickline, Dan (18 June 2014).
4375:"Focus: Look Mum, watch this!"
4114:Bane, Colin (8 January 2008).
3870:. 13 June 2008. Archived from
3717:Hansen, Jimmy (1 March 2011).
3653:Bafford, Tenedra (June 2013).
3205:. 16 July 2011. Archived from
1257:Tony Hawk's American Wasteland
616:
1:
5233:10.1080/17461391.2015.1060263
5053:Shea, Cam (10 January 2007).
4819:"Assassin's Creed (Xbox 360)"
4770:. Daemon's TV. Archived from
3547:. 21 May 2008. Archived from
2889:10.1016/j.neurenf.2007.02.001
2163:Angel, Julie (16 June 2016).
1690:De Feitas, Elizabeth (2011).
1467:. David Belle. Archived from
1465:"Actor David Belle Biography"
286:derived from the French verb
40:An athlete performing parkour
16:Athletic training disciplines
7566:Sports originating in France
5358:. IEEE. pp. 3352–3358.
4889:. No. 224. p. 89.
4661:"Ultimate Parkour Challenge"
3774:Rawe, Julie (5 April 2008).
3290:10.1016/j.injury.2006.04.119
2833:Mai, Jeffy (14 April 2008).
2011:"Interview with David Belle"
1909:10.1016/j.emospa.2011.09.003
537:, notably the acrobatics of
21:Glossary of cycling § P
5329:10.1016/j.humov.2004.12.001
3840:Branum, Don (2 June 2008).
3189:
3141:
3126:
2768:
2550:"Raymond Belle's biography"
2536:
2289:
1127:. Parkour also featured in
335:. A similar discipline in
202:Parkour was established by
191:as well as other aesthetic
7587:
5978:Ultimate Parkour Challenge
5574:
4085:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.04.040
2753:
2741:
2729:
2717:
2700:
2685:
2668:
2583:
2301:
2111:Stratford, Elaine (2014).
1966:
1897:Emotion, Space and Society
1152:Ultimate Parkour Challenge
956:The Australian version of
854:outdoor conservation ethic
839:A notice on a wall of the
752:
500:
18:
7467:
7365:Appalachian Mountain Club
5998:
5630:General and cited sources
5364:10.1109/IROS.2017.8206173
4887:Electronic Gaming Monthly
4339:"Parkour: Leaps of faith"
4177:Geyh, Paula (July 2006).
3228:Murray, Joseph B (2010),
2860:Kalteis, Andreas (2006).
1799:10.1007/s00146-010-0294-2
1639:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1517:"About the Tapp Brothers"
1032:, followed by the sequel
135:. With roots in military
33:
7280:Mountain Safety Research
7275:Mountain Equipment Co-op
4714:"It's good to be "King""
4383:. London. Archived from
3925:27 February 2017 at the
3578:13 February 2008 at the
3431:"You might as well jump"
3030:. London. Archived from
2083:10.1177/0193723509332582
1922:Kidder, Jeffrey (2017).
1519:. LearnMoreParkour.com.
1197:is also a practitioner.
409:and confidence courses.
391:Saint-Pierre, Martinique
7410:South Tyrol Alpine Club
7205:Eastern Mountain Sports
7071:Canadian Alpine Journal
7064:American Alpine Journal
6327:Roof and tunnel hacking
4749:9 February 2015 at the
3920:Parkour FAQ for Parents
3659:Vertical Floor Magazine
3203:"David Belle – Parkour"
1427:Tricking (martial arts)
1291:staff sergeant trained
856:created by the Seattle
450:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
426:Raymond and David Belle
7230:Holubar Mountaineering
7042:Magazines and journals
6372:IFSC World Cup winners
5968:Red Bull Art of Motion
5936:Mirror's Edge Catalyst
5855:District 13: Ultimatum
5411:. pp. 3998–4005.
5317:Human Movement Science
4472:Levy, Emanuel (2010).
4344:Los Angeles Daily News
4258:Thorpe, Holly (2013).
3325:10.1386/jdsp.2.2.143_1
1103:(2015). The 2011 film
1035:District 13: Ultimatum
1012:group, and its sequel
938:, Johann Vigroux, and
844:
832:
794:
755:Vault (urban movement)
750:
656:
549:Hong Kong action films
467:
456:, a French Army unit.
403:parcours du combattant
369:
318:and Stéphane Vigroux.
306:and Stéphane Vigroux.
294:
256:
246:
237:parcours du combattant
236:
209:
7355:Alpine Club of Canada
7265:Marmot Mountain Works
7220:GERRY Mountain Sports
5636:Angel, Julie (2011).
5519:Edwardes, Dan (2009)
4275:"Palestinian Parkour"
4225:(16 September 2007).
2042:Belle, David (2006).
1174:Professional wrestler
1090:Breaking and Entering
1074:Live Free or Die Hard
1002:in 1998, followed by
838:
826:
788:
748:
654:
561:Jean-Claude Van Damme
462:
364:
7385:Club Alpino Italiano
7370:Austrian Alpine Club
7360:American Alpine Club
5841:The Sons of the Wind
5589:City & Community
4821:. 28 November 2007.
4774:on 18 September 2011
4567:. 13 December 2019.
3755:on 27 September 2013
3634:on 29 September 2012
3217:– via YouTube.
3060:– via YouTube.
2841:on 25 September 2010
2786:14 July 2018 at the
2378:– via YouTube.
2266:on 27 September 2007
2240:on 27 September 2007
1925:Parkour and the City
1778:Brunner, C. (2010).
1349:l'art du déplacement
1342:l'art du déplacement
1336:The remaining seven
1228:first-person shooter
1060:The Bourne Ultimatum
621:l'art du déplacement
610:l'art du déplacement
347:Chinese martial arts
214:; however the name "
210:l'art du déplacement
177:quadrupedal movement
105:discussions underway
7380:Club Alpin Français
6754:Mountaineering boot
6367:Piolet d'Or winners
4671:on 7 December 2013.
4351:on 24 February 2007
4311:. 7 December 2014.
4121:The Washington Post
3815:Your Local Guardian
3602:The Daily Telegraph
3443:on 26 February 2009
3180:Cine parkour, p. 22
3158:. WorldWideJam.tv.
2808:Generation Yamakasi
2644:Parkour Generations
2560:on 17 February 2006
2019:. 20 January 2009.
908:TV channel trailer
867:Injuries and deaths
436:First Indochina War
143:, parkour includes
30:
7561:Outdoor recreation
7400:German Alpine Club
5958:Jump City: Seattle
5869:Choose Not to Fall
5289:10.1051/sm/2017022
4601:The Times of India
4279:The New York Times
3897:. Deutsche Welle.
3776:"Student Stuntmen"
3499:on 30 October 2021
3410:on 3 February 2014
3345:on 3 February 2009
3209:on 30 October 2021
3052:on 30 October 2021
3034:on 1 January 2008.
2754:Belle and Perriére
2742:Belle and Perriére
2730:Belle and Perriére
2718:Belle and Perriére
2701:Belle and Perriére
2686:Belle and Perriére
2370:on 30 October 2021
2206:Russell, Matthew.
1471:on 20 October 2014
969:The New York Times
845:
833:
795:
751:
657:
557:martial arts films
535:Asian martial arts
468:
454:Paris Fire Brigade
370:
7571:Types of climbing
7546:Culture of France
7523:
7522:
7463:
7462:
7415:Swiss Alpine Club
7168:
7167:
7123:Non-fiction films
7099:Planinski Vestnik
7092:Himalayan Journal
7030:
7029:
6792:
6791:
6421:Historical events
6392:Eight-thousanders
6345:
6344:
6199:
6198:
6016:
6015:
5678:978-2-35756-025-3
5647:978-0-9569717-1-5
5558:978-1-56975-652-2
5545:Foucan, Sébastien
5436:978-1-7281-6212-6
5373:978-1-5386-2682-5
5170:on 28 August 2009
5003:on 20 August 2014
4796:. 26 October 2021
4387:on 29 August 2008
4154:. 11 April 2002.
4079:(10): 1503–1505.
3811:"Youths on Roofs"
3655:"Without a Trace"
3467:ParkourShoesGuide
2964:"Parkour History"
2640:"Parkour History"
2180:978-1-78131-554-5
1985:"Parkour History"
1593:978-1-78255-020-4
1552:. 19 April 2002.
1432:Urban exploration
1277:Military training
978:Jammu and Kashmir
793:vaults a railing.
746:
700:In his 2009 book
559:of Belgian actor
123:) is an athletic
109:
108:
70:Date of formation
62:Country of origin
7578:
7541:Acrobatic sports
7511:
7510:
7499:
7498:
7487:
7486:
7475:
7333:
7285:Outdoor Research
7039:
6465:
6456:
6426:Grade milestones
6235:Expedition style
6070:
6061:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6020:
6006:
6005:
5922:Assassin's Creed
5787:Jérôme Ben Aoues
5782:Sébastien Foucan
5726:
5719:
5712:
5703:
5682:
5660:
5651:
5623:
5622:
5604:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5563:
5562:
5541:
5532:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5420:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5291:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5196:on 14 April 2009
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5096:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5066:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
4999:. Archived from
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4883:Assassin's Creed
4878:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4864:
4853:Fox News Channel
4844:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4801:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4764:
4758:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4667:. Archived from
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4476:. Archived from
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4347:. Archived from
4334:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4198:
4196:10.5204/mcj.2635
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4152:BBC Press Office
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4039:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3986:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3946:on 7 August 2013
3936:
3930:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3844:. Archived from
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3817:. 2 April 2008.
3807:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3784:. Archived from
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3751:. Archived from
3749:American Parkour
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3719:"Parkour at UGA"
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3690:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3665:on 27 April 2016
3661:. Archived from
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3630:. Archived from
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3593:
3587:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3551:on 14 April 2009
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3519:"Know Obstacles"
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3469:. 11 June 2017.
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3406:. Archived from
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3369:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3236:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2970:. Archived from
2968:Urban discipline
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2837:. Archived from
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2802:
2791:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2704:
2698:
2689:
2683:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2646:. Archived from
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2454:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2404:on 23 March 2005
2400:. Archived from
2393:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2360:
2354:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2292:, pp. 31–70
2287:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2262:. Archived from
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2210:. Archived from
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2160:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1970:
1964:
1941:
1939:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1787:AI & Society
1784:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1461:
1346:
1327:Sébastien Foucan
1268:
1233:Prince of Persia
1210:Assassin's Creed
1015:Les fils du vent
990:stunt performers
940:Jérôme Ben Aoues
936:Sébastien Foucan
800:minimalist shoes
747:
687:
614:
547:displays in his
528:§ Name and split
513:Sébastien Foucan
445:obstacle courses
430:Born in 1939 in
333:Hong Kong cinema
316:Sébastien Foucan
304:Sébastien Foucan
297:
259:
249:
239:
220:Hong Kong cinema
212:
122:
120:[paʁkuʁ]
117:
77:region of France
57:Obstacle passing
38:
31:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7519:
7459:
7424:
7324:
7190:Cascade Designs
7164:
7118:
7026:
6913:
6788:
6722:Abalakov thread
6703:
6447:
6341:
6270:
6195:
6164:
6148:Deep-water solo
6052:
6047:
6017:
6012:
5994:
5963:Obstacle racing
5941:
5902:
5821:
5797:Cyril Raffaelli
5765:
5739:
5730:
5689:
5679:
5663:
5654:
5648:
5640:. Julie Angel.
5635:
5632:
5627:
5626:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5543:
5542:
5535:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5502:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5473:
5471:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5437:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5374:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5256:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5173:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5121:on 18 May 2013.
5112:
5111:
5107:
5094:
5092:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5064:
5062:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5037:
5035:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5006:
5004:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4975:
4973:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4940:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4916:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4862:
4860:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4828:
4826:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4799:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4751:Wayback Machine
4741:
4737:
4727:
4725:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4694:
4683:"John Morrison"
4681:
4680:
4676:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4642:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4609:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4574:
4572:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4513:
4511:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4483:
4481:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4421:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4390:
4388:
4372:
4371:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4242:
4240:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4159:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3927:Wayback Machine
3918:
3914:
3904:
3902:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3877:
3875:
3874:on 12 June 2008
3866:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3822:
3809:
3808:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3788:on 12 June 2008
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3580:Wayback Machine
3571:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3377:on 8 March 2010
3374:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3102:www.redbull.com
3096:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3028:The Independent
3021:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
3003:on 13 July 2007
2995:
2994:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2974:on 17 July 2011
2962:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2944:on 12 July 2012
2936:
2935:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2804:
2803:
2794:
2788:Wayback Machine
2781:History of WFPF
2779:
2775:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2707:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2456:
2455:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2433:on 18 July 2006
2430:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2396:Artful Dodger.
2395:
2394:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2181:
2162:
2161:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2129:
2110:
2109:
2098:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1973:
1965:
1944:
1936:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1739:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1497:on 6 March 2014
1489:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1442:World Chase Tag
1401:Obstacle racing
1366:
1344:
1317:
1301:
1279:
1266:
1109:is about eight
1030:Cyril Raffaelli
996:, for the film
986:
898:
869:
861:Parkour Visions
821:
816:
783:
757:
738:
736:
731:
698:
685:
678:
649:
633:
612:
590:
569:
505:
499:
470:Raymond's son,
428:
415:
359:
337:Chinese culture
329:
324:
228:
137:obstacle course
115:
101:Not currently;
93:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7584:
7582:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7556:Jumping sports
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7528:
7527:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7505:
7493:
7481:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7451:
7445:
7439:
7432:
7430:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7341:
7339:
7330:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7310:The North Face
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7240:Sierra Designs
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7215:Frostline Kits
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7109:
7106:Rock & Ice
7102:
7095:
7088:
7081:
7074:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7050:Alpine Journal
7045:
7043:
7036:
7032:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6940:Climbing route
6937:
6932:
6927:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6899:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6885:Simul-climbing
6882:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6826:Front pointing
6823:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6762:Avalanche cord
6756:
6751:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6734:
6729:
6727:Bottled oxygen
6724:
6719:
6713:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6679:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6591:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6574:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6491:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6473:
6471:
6462:
6453:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6382:IFSC victories
6379:
6374:
6369:
6359:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6209:
6207:
6205:Mountaineering
6201:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6082:
6076:
6074:
6067:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6023:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5862:Brick Mansions
5858:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5817:Damien Walters
5814:
5809:
5804:
5802:Daniel Ilabaca
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5688:
5687:External links
5685:
5684:
5683:
5677:
5671:. Intervista.
5661:
5652:
5646:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5602:10.1.1.645.395
5595:(3): 229–253.
5579:
5564:
5557:
5533:
5512:
5495:Wired magazine
5481:
5464:Wired magazine
5450:
5435:
5399:
5372:
5342:
5303:
5282:(100): 27–37.
5266:
5227:(5): 526–535.
5207:
5181:
5155:
5124:
5105:
5075:
5045:
5014:
4997:twinfinite.com
4983:
4948:
4926:
4895:
4873:
4839:
4810:
4785:
4759:
4735:
4704:
4674:
4652:
4619:
4582:
4552:
4521:
4491:
4464:
4431:
4398:
4362:
4326:
4296:
4265:
4250:
4214:
4169:
4139:
4106:
4063:
4030:(4): 723–731.
4010:
3977:(1): 122–129.
3957:
3931:
3912:
3885:
3859:
3848:on 5 July 2009
3832:
3799:
3766:
3736:
3709:
3676:
3645:
3619:
3588:
3562:
3536:
3510:
3484:
3454:
3421:
3388:
3356:
3330:
3319:(2): 143–154.
3303:
3284:(8): 795–797.
3268:
3220:
3194:
3182:
3173:
3146:
3131:
3119:
3098:"Series Stops"
3089:
3063:
3037:
3014:
2985:
2955:
2926:
2894:
2883:(3): 154–159.
2867:
2852:
2825:
2792:
2773:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2705:
2690:
2673:
2661:
2650:on 31 May 2019
2631:
2613:978-0857712271
2612:
2588:
2571:
2541:
2526:
2515:. 21 July 2014
2504:
2493:. 21 July 2014
2482:
2464:The New Yorker
2459:"No Obstacles"
2444:
2415:
2381:
2355:
2332:
2306:
2294:
2277:
2251:
2225:
2198:
2179:
2146:
2128:978-1135117429
2127:
2121:. p. 79.
2096:
2077:(2): 169–194.
2061:
2034:
2002:
1971:
1942:
1935:978-0813571980
1934:
1914:
1903:(3): 164–173.
1887:
1855:
1835:
1793:(2): 143–152.
1770:
1737:
1717:
1679:
1645:
1642:(Online). n.d.
1625:
1599:
1592:
1567:
1534:
1508:
1482:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:Woggle hopping
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Street workout
1419:
1414:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1396:List of sports
1393:
1388:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1316:
1313:
1300:
1297:
1278:
1275:
1263:Tron Evolution
1193:, and co-star
1160:Daniel Ilabaca
1041:Brick Mansions
985:
982:
897:
894:
868:
865:
850:Leave No Trace
820:
817:
815:
812:
782:
779:
778:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
753:Main article:
735:
732:
730:
727:
714:The New Yorker
697:
694:
682:Erwan Le Corre
677:
674:
648:
645:
632:
629:
589:
588:Name and split
586:
568:
565:
501:Main article:
498:
495:
427:
424:
417:Born in 1922,
414:
411:
407:fitness trails
399:natural method
374:Georges Hébert
366:Georges Hébert
358:
357:Georges Hébert
355:
328:
325:
323:
320:
242:Georges Hébert
227:
224:
107:
106:
99:
95:
94:
92:
91:
85:
83:
79:
78:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7583:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7516:
7515:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7474:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7455:
7452:
7449:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7429:International
7427:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7329:Organizations
7327:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7200:Early Winters
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7180:Black Diamond
7178:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7145:The Dawn Wall
7142:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7103:
7101:
7100:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7061:
7059:
7058:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7037:
7033:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7005:Bachar ladder
7003:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6955:Climbing wall
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6930:Approach shoe
6928:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6550:Climbing rope
6548:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6432:
6431:First ascents
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6065:Rock climbing
6062:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6044:
6039:
6037:
6032:
6030:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6009:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5989:Worldwide Jam
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5929:Mirror's Edge
5926:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5792:John Hennigan
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:Practitioners
5768:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5727:
5722:
5720:
5715:
5713:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5529:0-06-178367-6
5526:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5485:
5482:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5451:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5400:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5270:
5267:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5208:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5128:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5060:
5056:
5049:
5046:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5015:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4984:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4952:
4949:
4937:
4930:
4927:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4705:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4623:
4620:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4597:Mumbai Mirror
4593:
4586:
4583:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4522:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4480:on 7 May 2012
4479:
4475:
4468:
4465:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4435:
4432:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4402:
4399:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4170:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4011:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3958:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3886:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3833:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3767:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3710:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3677:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3646:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3425:
3422:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3373:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3224:
3221:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2320:
2317:(in French).
2316:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2214:on 8 May 2005
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1862:
1858:
1856:9780980582741
1852:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1836:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1738:9780957071926
1734:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1718:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:Platform game
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1284:Casino Royale
1276:
1274:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1217:Mirror's Edge
1213:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1185:Stephen Amell
1182:
1178:
1177:John Hennigan
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1120:6 Underground
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1065:Casino Royale
1062:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1054:Casino Royale
1050:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
1000:
995:
991:
984:Entertainment
983:
981:
979:
975:
971:
970:
963:
961:
960:
954:
951:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:
926:
924:
920:
916:
911:
907:
903:
895:
893:
891:
885:
883:
879:
878:biomechanical
873:
866:
864:
862:
859:
855:
851:
842:
837:
830:
825:
818:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
792:
787:
780:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
762:
761:
756:
733:
728:
726:
722:
719:
715:
710:
707:
703:
695:
693:
689:
683:
675:
673:
669:
665:
663:
653:
646:
644:
642:
638:
631:Organizations
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
611:
607:
604:
601:
597:
596:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
566:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
504:
496:
494:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
461:
457:
455:
451:
446:
441:
437:
433:
425:
423:
420:
412:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:1902 eruption
379:
376:, who before
375:
367:
363:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
343:
338:
334:
326:
321:
319:
317:
312:
307:
305:
301:
296:
291:
290:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
265:
263:
258:
253:
252:Hubert Koundé
248:
243:
238:
234:derives from
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
211:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:training and
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
113:
104:
100:
98:Olympic sport
96:
90:
87:
86:
84:
80:
76:
73:1980s in the
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
46:Also known as
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
7512:
7500:
7488:
7476:
7420:USA Climbing
7320:Wild Country
7315:Therm-a-Rest
7157:
7150:
7143:
7136:
7131:The Alpinist
7129:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7090:
7083:
7076:
7069:
7062:
7055:
7048:
7010:Campus board
6965:First ascent
6709:Ice and snow
6506:Belay device
6357:Alpine clubs
6317:Ropes course
6306:
6230:Alpine style
5987:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5915:Free Running
5913:
5895:
5888:
5883:Jump Britain
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5732:
5668:
5665:Belle, David
5656:
5638:Ciné Parkour
5637:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5549:Free Running
5548:
5523:. It Books.
5520:
5515:
5503:. Retrieved
5484:
5472:. Retrieved
5453:
5408:
5402:
5390:. Retrieved
5355:
5345:
5323:(1): 81–96.
5320:
5316:
5306:
5279:
5269:
5257:. Retrieved
5224:
5220:
5210:
5198:. Retrieved
5194:the original
5184:
5172:. Retrieved
5168:the original
5158:
5146:. Retrieved
5138:The Guardian
5137:
5127:
5119:the original
5108:
5100:
5093:. Retrieved
5078:
5070:
5063:. Retrieved
5048:
5036:. Retrieved
5027:
5017:
5005:. Retrieved
5001:the original
4996:
4986:
4974:. Retrieved
4965:
4959:
4951:
4941:23 September
4939:. Retrieved
4929:
4917:. Retrieved
4908:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4868:
4863:23 September
4861:. Retrieved
4842:
4834:
4827:. Retrieved
4813:
4805:
4798:. Retrieved
4788:
4776:. Retrieved
4772:the original
4762:
4754:
4738:
4726:. Retrieved
4707:
4695:. Retrieved
4677:
4669:the original
4655:
4643:. Retrieved
4632:
4622:
4610:. Retrieved
4595:
4585:
4573:. Retrieved
4565:www.metro.us
4564:
4555:
4543:. Retrieved
4534:
4524:
4512:. Retrieved
4503:
4500:"Run (2013)"
4494:
4482:. Retrieved
4478:the original
4467:
4455:. Retrieved
4444:
4434:
4424:23 September
4422:. Retrieved
4411:
4401:
4389:. Retrieved
4385:the original
4378:
4353:. Retrieved
4349:the original
4342:
4317:. Retrieved
4308:
4299:
4287:. Retrieved
4278:
4268:
4259:
4253:
4241:. Retrieved
4230:
4217:
4205:. Retrieved
4186:
4182:
4172:
4160:. Retrieved
4151:
4142:
4130:. Retrieved
4119:
4109:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4054:. Retrieved
4027:
4023:
4013:
4001:. Retrieved
3974:
3970:
3960:
3948:. Retrieved
3944:the original
3934:
3915:
3903:. Retrieved
3888:
3876:. Retrieved
3872:the original
3862:
3850:. Retrieved
3846:the original
3835:
3823:. Retrieved
3814:
3790:. Retrieved
3786:the original
3779:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3753:the original
3748:
3739:
3727:. Retrieved
3712:
3700:. Retrieved
3679:
3667:. Retrieved
3663:the original
3658:
3648:
3636:. Retrieved
3632:the original
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3601:
3591:
3553:. Retrieved
3549:the original
3539:
3527:. Retrieved
3513:
3501:. Retrieved
3497:the original
3487:
3475:. Retrieved
3466:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:the original
3436:The National
3434:
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3408:the original
3401:
3391:
3379:. Retrieved
3372:the original
3359:
3347:. Retrieved
3343:the original
3333:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3246:, retrieved
3230:
3223:
3211:. Retrieved
3207:the original
3197:
3185:
3176:
3164:. Retrieved
3154:Green, Rob.
3149:
3122:
3110:. Retrieved
3101:
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3066:
3054:. Retrieved
3050:the original
3040:
3032:the original
3027:
3017:
3005:. Retrieved
3001:the original
2976:. Retrieved
2972:the original
2967:
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2942:the original
2917:. Retrieved
2907:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2861:
2855:
2843:. Retrieved
2839:the original
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2807:
2776:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:the original
2643:
2634:
2622:. Retrieved
2598:
2591:
2562:. Retrieved
2558:the original
2553:
2544:
2517:. Retrieved
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2462:
2437:22 September
2435:. Retrieved
2428:the original
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:the original
2372:. Retrieved
2368:the original
2358:
2335:
2323:. Retrieved
2309:
2297:
2268:. Retrieved
2264:the original
2254:
2242:. Retrieved
2238:the original
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:the original
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2165:
2137:. Retrieved
2113:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2014:
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1924:
1917:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1865:, retrieved
1845:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1790:
1786:
1773:
1747:. Retrieved
1727:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1699:
1695:
1670:. Retrieved
1661:
1637:
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1602:
1582:
1558:. Retrieved
1549:
1525:. Retrieved
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1495:the original
1491:"3RUN Story"
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1469:the original
1380:Calisthenics
1358:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:in parkour.
1282:
1280:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1188:
1172:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1104:
1098:
1097:(2013), and
1094:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1047:In 2006 the
1046:
1039:
1033:
1019:
1013:
1003:
997:
987:
967:
964:
957:
955:
949:Jump Britain
947:
943:
929:
927:
909:
899:
886:
874:
870:
860:
849:
846:
827:Traceurs in
796:
790:
758:
723:
713:
711:
705:
701:
699:
690:
679:
670:
666:
661:
658:
634:
620:
609:
605:
593:
591:
582:
578:
574:
570:
542:
532:
523:
516:
506:
490:
488:
484:sports clubs
469:
429:
416:
402:
398:
371:
340:
330:
310:
308:
299:
287:
279:
275:
273:
266:
261:
247:les parcours
231:
229:
215:
207:
201:
186:
141:martial arts
128:
111:
110:
25:
7514:WikiProject
7350:Alpine Club
7345:Access Fund
7255:Lowe Alpine
7250:La Sportiva
6987:Fall factor
6880:Self-arrest
6856:Redpointing
6779:Snow anchor
6533:Boulder mat
6482:Daisy chain
6452:Terminology
6443:Terminology
6322:Rooftopping
6264:Hillwalking
6252:Dry-tooling
6218:Via ferrata
6131:Traditional
6109:Competition
6090:Multi-pitch
6073:Disciplines
5953:Jackie Chan
5907:Video games
5890:Jump London
5848:District 13
5777:David Belle
5737:Freerunning
5392:24 December
5259:13 December
5095:10 February
4976:29 November
4829:11 December
4612:24 November
4484:10 February
4355:11 December
4183:M/C Journal
4056:13 December
4003:13 December
3403:Herald Mail
2919:8 September
2771:, pp. 71–79
2604:I.B. Tauris
2564:29 November
2539:, pp. 23–30
2171:Aurum Press
2054:10 February
1969:, pp. 17–20
1618:15 December
1417:Rooftopping
1391:Freerunning
1331:freerunning
1325:, starring
1322:Jump London
1251:Crackdown 2
1239:Dying Light
1203:Tomb Raider
1137:(2014) and
1111:freerunners
1026:David Belle
1021:District 13
944:Jump London
931:Jump London
819:Trespassing
808:freerunning
696:David Belle
676:Competition
617:§ Etymology
598:, from the
539:Jackie Chan
519:, from the
472:David Belle
464:David Belle
419:John Ciampa
413:John Ciampa
387:Mount Pelée
378:World War I
368:(1875–1957)
351:Jackie Chan
216:le parcours
204:David Belle
197:freerunning
169:plyometrics
89:David Belle
7530:Categories
7138:El Capitan
6902:Traversing
6851:Onsighting
6831:Glissading
6814:Dülfersitz
6809:Australian
6772:Transeiver
6717:Alpenstock
6650:Portaledge
6638:Copperhead
6577:Descenders
6511:Auto belay
6302:Commercial
6282:Buildering
6259:Scrambling
6169:Rock types
6160:Top roping
6097:Bouldering
5876:Freerunner
5812:Tim Shieff
5807:Ryan Doyle
5505:9 November
5474:9 November
5418:2011.01809
5164:"Projects"
5140:. London.
4728:31 January
4697:1 December
4645:30 January
4575:22 January
4545:22 January
4535:Looper.com
4514:13 January
4457:7 December
4319:1 December
4232:60 Minutes
4223:Hayes, Liz
4207:2 December
4162:2 December
3759:7 November
3604:. London.
3166:1 February
2519:11 October
2497:11 October
2475:14 October
2027:2 December
1995:2 December
1702:(3): 209.
1672:16 January
1560:2 December
1375:Buildering
1370:Acrobatics
1293:US Marines
1195:Caity Lotz
1168:Ryan Doyle
1164:Tim Shieff
1135:Bang Bang!
1106:Freerunner
1049:James Bond
994:Luc Besson
959:60 Minutes
902:Luc Besson
647:Philosophy
567:Discipline
476:gymnastics
133:acrobatics
7290:Patagonia
7173:Companies
7159:Hard Grit
7152:Free Solo
7020:MoonBoard
7015:Hangboard
7001:Training
6950:Guidebook
6925:Ape index
6890:Rope team
6804:Abseiling
6749:Ice screw
6655:Quickdraw
6538:Carabiner
6460:Equipment
6438:Technique
6404:Equipment
6287:Canyoning
6225:Himalayan
6153:Rope solo
6143:Free solo
5597:CiteSeerX
5445:226237107
5298:2118-5735
5065:3 January
4634:The Hindu
4446:USA Today
4391:3 January
4380:The Times
4281:(video).
4243:3 January
4227:"Go Jump"
2978:5 January
2818:25 August
2325:28 August
2119:Routledge
2091:146783270
1807:0951-5666
1759:cite book
1634:"parkour"
1448:Citations
1289:San Diego
1245:Crackdown
1044:in 2014.
915:Coca-Cola
910:Rush Hour
858:nonprofit
781:Equipment
718:Bruce Lee
606:ya makási
600:Congolese
553:Bruce Lee
524:ya makási
480:athletics
230:The word
226:Etymology
193:acrobatic
7490:Category
7337:National
7235:JanSport
7210:Five Ten
7085:Desnivel
7078:Climbing
7057:Alpinist
6982:Exposure
6960:Chipping
6907:Tyrolean
6897:Spotting
6868:Crevasse
6846:Flashing
6836:Jumaring
6821:Belaying
6784:Snowshoe
6742:Ice tool
6732:Crampons
6582:Figure-8
6494:Ascender
6362:Climbers
6102:Highball
6085:Big wall
6050:Climbing
6008:Category
5973:Tricking
5834:Yamakasi
5751:Yamakasi
5667:(2009).
5619:16058286
5577:, p. 39.
5547:(2008).
5499:Archived
5468:Archived
5386:Archived
5382:12291745
5337:15949583
5253:Archived
5249:37269563
5241:26267256
5200:9 August
5174:9 August
5148:9 August
5142:Archived
5089:Archived
5059:Archived
5032:Archived
4970:Archived
4966:Gamasura
4913:Archived
4857:Archived
4823:Archived
4747:Archived
4722:Archived
4691:Archived
4639:Archived
4606:Archived
4569:Archived
4539:Archived
4508:Archived
4451:Archived
4418:Archived
4313:Archived
4309:BBC News
4283:Archived
4237:Archived
4201:Archived
4156:Archived
4132:19 April
4126:Archived
4101:39559873
4093:28455090
4050:Archived
4046:26664268
3997:Archived
3993:24149735
3923:Archived
3905:9 August
3899:Archived
3825:9 August
3819:Archived
3723:Archived
3702:18 April
3693:Archived
3669:18 April
3638:18 April
3606:Archived
3576:Archived
3523:Archived
3471:Archived
3349:21 April
3298:16806217
3257:citation
3248:16 March
3239:archived
3160:Archived
3106:Archived
3076:Archived
2948:16 April
2913:Archived
2845:19 April
2813:France 2
2790:wfpf.com
2784:Archived
2654:13 March
2624:14 March
2618:Archived
2586:, p. 35.
2469:Archived
2319:Archived
2304:, p. 37.
2270:12 April
2191:27 March
2185:Archived
2139:14 March
2133:Archived
2048:Archived
2021:Archived
1989:Archived
1876:citation
1867:16 March
1861:archived
1819:Archived
1815:11017425
1749:16 March
1743:Archived
1704:Archived
1666:Archived
1612:Archived
1554:Archived
1550:BBC News
1521:Archived
1411:Qinggong
1364:See also
1353:Yamakasi
1338:Yamakasi
1271:capoeira
1150:'s show
1143:(2018).
1133:(2013),
1093:(2006),
1085:Yamakasi
1063:(2007),
1010:Yamakasi
1005:Yamakasi
966:in 2010
791:traceuse
734:Movement
729:Practice
627:below).
595:Yamakasi
544:qinggong
541:such as
530:below).
517:Yamakasi
503:Yamakasi
497:Yamakasi
491:parcours
342:qinggong
280:traceuse
257:parcours
161:vaulting
157:swinging
153:climbing
145:flipping
129:traceurs
125:training
75:Normandy
7536:Parkour
7502:Commons
7456:(UIMLA)
7450:(UIAGM)
6841:Leading
6758:Rescue
6737:Ice axe
6687:Camalot
6621:Lanyard
6604:Skyhook
6589:Harness
6560:Dynamic
6543:Maillon
6516:Glasses
6397:Everest
6388:Deaths
6307:Parkour
5897:Tracers
5733:Parkour
5693:Parkour
5669:Parkour
5531:. p. 11
5038:1 March
5028:PCWorld
5007:13 June
4919:16 June
4413:Reuters
4037:4657414
3984:3761764
3878:13 June
3852:27 June
3792:13 June
3612:13 June
3555:13 June
3477:19 June
3447:25 July
3414:25 July
3381:4 April
3192:, p. 27
3144:, p. 59
3129:, p. 58
3112:24 June
3082:24 June
2756:, p. 44
2744:, p. 47
2732:, p. 53
2720:, p. 46
2703:, p. 42
2688:, p. 43
2671:, p. 23
2016:YouTube
1828:11 June
1710:1 March
1130:Dhoom 3
1125:Storror
1115:Netflix
1100:Tracers
1069:Western
906:BBC One
804:sneaker
702:Parkour
603:Lingala
521:Lingala
432:Vietnam
327:Origins
322:History
300:traceur
276:traceur
262:parkour
232:parkour
173:rolling
165:jumping
149:running
116:French:
112:Parkour
82:Creator
29:Parkour
7478:Portal
7444:(UIAA)
7438:(IFSC)
7270:Millet
7260:Mammut
7225:Grivel
7195:Deuter
7113:Summit
6997:Guides
6992:Grades
6863:Rescue
6797:Action
6699:Tricam
6665:Grigri
6611:Hammer
6565:Static
6521:Gloves
6489:Anchor
6409:Brands
6213:Alpine
5744:Groups
5697:Curlie
5675:
5644:
5617:
5599:
5555:
5527:
5443:
5433:
5380:
5370:
5335:
5296:
5247:
5239:
4778:27 May
4289:10 May
4099:
4091:
4044:
4034:
3991:
3981:
3950:22 May
3729:6 June
3529:12 May
3503:7 July
3296:
3278:Injury
3213:22 May
3056:22 May
3007:11 May
2610:
2408:2 July
2374:22 May
2244:12 May
2218:12 May
2177:
2125:
2089:
1932:
1853:
1813:
1805:
1735:
1590:
1527:22 May
1501:22 May
1475:22 May
1385:Dérive
1212:series
1205:series
999:Taxi 2
923:Toyota
921:, and
896:Impact
882:survey
829:Lisses
509:Lisses
440:Da Lat
295:tracer
289:tracer
175:, and
65:France
7295:Petzl
7245:Kelty
7035:Media
6970:Pitch
6935:Clean
6918:Other
6767:RECCO
6694:Shoes
6682:SLCDs
6677:Sling
6645:Piton
6594:Hooks
6572:Chalk
6499:Croll
6477:Aider
6414:Knots
6350:Lists
6332:Slide
6297:Grass
6292:Crane
6275:Other
6247:Mixed
6176:Crack
6126:Sport
6114:Speed
6057:Types
5983:Vault
5946:Other
5826:Films
5615:S2CID
5575:Angel
5441:S2CID
5413:arXiv
5378:S2CID
5245:S2CID
4960:Brink
4909:Wired
4800:9 May
4189:(3).
4097:S2CID
3696:(PDF)
3689:(PDF)
3375:(PDF)
3368:(PDF)
3242:(PDF)
3235:(PDF)
3190:Belle
3142:Belle
3127:Belle
2769:Belle
2669:Angel
2584:Angel
2537:Belle
2431:(JPG)
2302:Angel
2290:Belle
2087:S2CID
1967:Angel
1822:(PDF)
1811:S2CID
1783:(PDF)
1267:'
1223:Brink
1190:Arrow
1140:Aadhi
1117:film
1051:film
814:Risks
623:(see
395:Reims
284:nouns
181:urban
54:Focus
7185:CAMP
6975:Topo
6945:Beta
6873:Self
6670:Revo
6660:SLDs
6599:Fifi
6555:Cord
6528:Bolt
6469:Rock
6337:Tree
6312:Pole
6191:Slab
6186:Roof
6181:Face
6138:Solo
6121:Free
5735:and
5673:ISBN
5642:ISBN
5553:ISBN
5525:ISBN
5507:2018
5476:2018
5431:ISBN
5394:2020
5368:ISBN
5333:PMID
5294:ISSN
5261:2020
5237:PMID
5202:2009
5176:2009
5150:2009
5097:2013
5067:2008
5040:2015
5009:2014
4978:2015
4943:2009
4921:2017
4865:2009
4831:2007
4802:2021
4780:2016
4730:2011
4699:2011
4647:2018
4614:2011
4577:2020
4547:2020
4516:2016
4504:IMDb
4486:2013
4459:2007
4426:2009
4393:2008
4357:2007
4321:2015
4291:2017
4245:2008
4209:2015
4164:2015
4134:2008
4089:PMID
4058:2020
4042:PMID
4005:2020
3989:PMID
3952:2014
3907:2009
3880:2008
3854:2008
3827:2009
3794:2008
3781:Time
3761:2015
3731:2011
3704:2016
3671:2016
3640:2016
3614:2008
3557:2008
3531:2014
3505:2007
3479:2017
3449:2010
3416:2010
3383:2008
3351:2007
3294:PMID
3263:link
3250:2013
3215:2014
3168:2011
3114:2020
3084:2020
3058:2014
3009:2007
2980:2015
2950:2008
2921:2013
2847:2008
2820:2007
2656:2019
2626:2019
2608:ISBN
2566:2007
2521:2023
2499:2023
2477:2007
2439:2007
2410:2013
2376:2014
2327:2007
2272:2007
2246:2007
2220:2007
2193:2021
2175:ISBN
2141:2019
2123:ISBN
2056:2013
2029:2015
1997:2015
1930:ISBN
1882:link
1869:2013
1851:ISBN
1830:2019
1803:ISSN
1765:link
1751:2013
1733:ISBN
1712:2015
1674:2020
1620:2021
1588:ISBN
1562:2015
1529:2014
1503:2014
1477:2014
1248:and
1236:and
1028:and
919:Nike
913:for
478:and
345:, a
269:1989
189:flip
7305:REI
7300:Rab
6633:Nut
6626:PAC
6616:Hex
6242:Ice
6080:Aid
5695:at
5607:doi
5423:doi
5360:doi
5325:doi
5284:doi
5229:doi
4885:".
4718:WWE
4687:WWE
4665:MTV
4191:doi
4081:doi
4032:PMC
3979:PMC
3584:BBC
3321:doi
3286:doi
2885:doi
2079:doi
1905:doi
1795:doi
1181:WWE
1148:MTV
1095:Run
974:BBC
641:MTV
389:on
385:of
339:is
311:jam
264:".
103:IOC
7532::
5613:.
5605:.
5593:11
5591:.
5567:^
5536:^
5497:.
5493:.
5466:.
5462:.
5439:.
5429:.
5421:.
5384:.
5376:.
5366:.
5354:.
5331:.
5321:24
5319:.
5315:.
5292:.
5278:.
5251:.
5243:.
5235:.
5225:16
5223:.
5219:.
5136:.
5099:.
5087:.
5069:.
5057:.
5030:.
5026:.
4995:.
4968:.
4964:.
4911:.
4907:.
4867:.
4855:.
4851:.
4833:.
4804:.
4753:.
4720:.
4716:.
4689:.
4685:.
4663:.
4637:.
4631:.
4604:.
4599:;
4594:.
4563:.
4537:.
4533:.
4506:.
4502:.
4449:.
4443:.
4416:.
4410:.
4377:.
4365:^
4341:.
4329:^
4307:.
4277:.
4235:.
4229:.
4199:.
4185:.
4181:.
4150:.
4124:.
4118:.
4095:.
4087:.
4077:35
4075:.
4048:.
4040:.
4028:14
4026:.
4022:.
3995:.
3987:.
3975:12
3973:.
3969:.
3813:.
3802:^
3778:.
3747:.
3721:.
3691:.
3657:.
3600:.
3582:.
3565:^
3521:.
3465:.
3433:.
3400:.
3315:.
3292:.
3282:37
3280:.
3259:}}
3255:{{
3134:^
3104:.
3100:.
3074:.
3026:.
2988:^
2966:.
2929:^
2897:^
2881:55
2879:.
2795:^
2761:^
2708:^
2693:^
2676:^
2642:.
2616:.
2606:.
2602:.
2574:^
2552:.
2529:^
2467:.
2461:.
2447:^
2384:^
2350:→
2346:,
2280:^
2183:.
2173:.
2169:.
2149:^
2131:.
2117:.
2099:^
2085:.
2075:33
2073:.
2013:.
1974:^
1945:^
1899:.
1878:}}
1874:{{
1859:,
1817:.
1809:.
1801:.
1791:26
1789:.
1785:.
1761:}}
1757:{{
1741:.
1700:27
1698:.
1694:.
1682:^
1664:.
1660:.
1648:^
1636:.
1570:^
1548:.
1537:^
1456:^
1273:.
1230:.
1166:,
1162:,
917:,
789:A
563:.
353:.
309:A
271:.
171:,
167:,
163:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
147:,
49:PK
6042:e
6035:t
6028:v
5725:e
5718:t
5711:v
5681:.
5659:.
5650:.
5621:.
5609::
5561:.
5509:.
5478:.
5447:.
5425::
5415::
5396:.
5362::
5339:.
5327::
5300:.
5286::
5263:.
5231::
5204:.
5178:.
5152:.
5042:.
5011:.
4980:.
4962:"
4945:.
4923:.
4782:.
4757:.
4732:.
4701:.
4649:.
4616:.
4579:.
4549:.
4518:.
4488:.
4461:.
4428:.
4395:.
4359:.
4323:.
4293:.
4247:.
4211:.
4193::
4187:9
4166:.
4136:.
4103:.
4083::
4060:.
4007:.
3954:.
3909:.
3882:.
3856:.
3829:.
3796:.
3763:.
3733:.
3706:.
3673:.
3642:.
3616:.
3559:.
3533:.
3507:.
3481:.
3451:.
3418:.
3385:.
3353:.
3327:.
3323::
3317:2
3300:.
3288::
3265:)
3170:.
3116:.
3086:.
3011:.
2982:.
2952:.
2923:.
2891:.
2887::
2849:.
2822:.
2658:.
2628:.
2568:.
2523:.
2501:.
2479:.
2441:.
2412:.
2329:.
2274:.
2248:.
2222:.
2195:.
2143:.
2093:.
2081::
2058:.
2031:.
1999:.
1938:.
1911:.
1907::
1901:5
1884:)
1832:.
1797::
1767:)
1753:.
1714:.
1676:.
1622:.
1596:.
1564:.
1531:.
1505:.
1479:.
1345:"
706:I
686:'
613:"
114:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.