Parkour - Knowledge (XXG)

615:(French for "the art of movement"). The firefighter performance caused both positive and negative attention. Some members of the group were concerned how the public would view their discipline since the performance did not demonstrate all aspects of it, such as their hard training and their values and ethics. Jean-François also sent pictures and video of the group to a French TV programme, and the popularity of parkour began to increase. A series of television programmes in various countries subsequently featured video footage of the group, and they began to get more requests for performances. During this time, conflicting interests arose within the group. Sébastien Foucan wanted to teach more rather than to train more, and David Belle had the ambition to become an actor. David and Sébastien chose to leave the group, and used the name "parkour" to describe their activity (see 704:, David Belle stressed that the most important aspect of parkour is not the physical movements, but rather the practitioner's mentality and understanding of its principles. "When young trainees come to see me and give me videos telling me to check out what they are doing, I just take the tape and throw it away. What I'm interested in is what the guy's got in his head, if he has self-confidence, if he masters the technique, if he has understood the principles of parkour. I just can't deal with guys who do Parkour because they saw videos on the Internet and thought it was kinda cool and want to do even better." Further, he states the importance of traceurs being aware of their abilities and limitations, and developing in their own way. "When a young person asks me, 'Can you show me how to do this?' I simply answer, ‘No, I am going to show you how 684:, "Competition pushes people to fight against others for the satisfaction of a crowd and/or the benefits of a few business people by changing its mindset. Parkour is unique and cannot be a competitive sport unless it ignores its altruistic core of self-development. If parkour becomes a sport, it will be hard to seriously teach and spread parkour as a non-competitive activity. And a new sport will be spread that may be called parkour, but that won't hold its philosophical essence anymore." Red Bull's sponsored athlete for parkour, Ryan Doyle, has said, "Sometimes people ask, 'Who is the best at parkour?' and it is because they don't understand what Parkour is; 'Who is the best?' is what you would say about a sport, and parkour is not a sport—it is an art, it's a discipline. That's like saying, 'What's the best song in the world? 401:) session consisting of ten fundamental groups: walking, running, jumping, quadrupedal movement, climbing, balancing, throwing, lifting, self-defence, and swimming. These were intended to develop "the three main forces": energetic (willpower, courage, coolness, and firmness), moral (benevolence, assistance, honour, and honesty), and physical (muscles and breath). During World War I and World War II, teaching continued to expand, becoming the standard system of French military education and training. Inspired by Hébert, a Swiss architect developed a " 652: 493:". He heard his father talk of the many repetitions he had done in order to find the best way of doing things. He learned that for his father, training was not a game but something vital which enabled him to survive and to protect the people he cared about. David realised that this was what he had been searching for, and so he began training in the same way. After a time, he found it far more important to him than schooling and he gave up his other commitments to focus all his time on his training. 721:

parkour is a training method for warriors. "So many people try to train easy—'Come do parkour! It's really cool!' But if tomorrow I made you do real training, you would end up crying. That's what you need to know: you are going to cry, you are going to bleed and you are going to sweat like never before." In his book, Belle also quotes his father Raymond, "If two roads open up before you, always take the most difficult one. Because you know you can travel the easy one."

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manage a jump one time but it does not mean anything. It can be luck or chance. When you make a jump, you have to do it at least three times to be sure you can actually do it. It's an unavoidable rule. Do it the hard way and stop lying to yourself. When you come for training, you have to train. Even if it means doing the same jump fifty or a hundred times." To its founder, parkour is a method of self-refinement, used for learning to control and focus oneself.

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training, as it would hold back the whole group. If any member completed a challenge, everyone else had to do the same thing. During their training, no one was allowed to complain or be negative. Few excuses were allowed. For instance, if someone claimed that his shoes were too worn out in to make a jump, he had to do it anyway, even if it meant doing the jump barefoot. At the same time, everyone was required to have knowledge of their own limits.

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freedom" or "kind of expression"; that parkour is "only a state of mind" rather than a set of actions, and that it is about overcoming and adapting to mental and emotional obstacles as well as physical barriers. Traceur Dylan Baker says, "Parkour also influences one's thought processes by enhancing self-confidence and critical thinking skills that allow one to overcome everyday physical and mental obstacles". A study by

362: 460: 7485: 6004: 7473: 824: 786: 836: 486:. As he got older, he learned of his father's exploits and was increasingly curious about what had enabled his father to accomplish these feats. Through conversations with his father, he realised that what he really wanted was a means to develop skills that would be useful to him in life, rather than just training to kick a ball or perform moves in a padded, indoor environment. 7509: 1287:, military forces around the world began looking for ways to incorporate elements from parkour into military training. A physical trainer with the Royal Marines trained with parkour practitioners with hopes of introducing some of their techniques to his own students. Colorado Parkour began a project to introduce elements from parkour into the U.S. military and one 584:

trust within the group. Every traceur was to encourage the others and show confidence through their behaviour. If a member violated the principles, the group could meet without the offending person to discuss various punishments. Anyone deemed unsuitable could be temporarily or even permanently banned from the group in order to uphold its disciplines and values.

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the world and interact with it, instead of being sheltered by it." Another traceur writes, "It is as much as a part of truly learning the physical art as well as being able to master the movements; it gives you the ability to overcome your fears and pains and reapply this to life, as you must be able to control your mind in order to master the art of parkour."

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Parkour is practiced without traditional equipment, though items such as bars, walls, and boxes found in the environment in which the parkour is being practiced in, are utilised to better navigate the area. Practitioners normally train wearing light, non-restrictive casual clothing. Traceurs who wear

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Belle is an influential proponent of discipline and control in parkour, saying, "Precision is all about being measured," and going on to describe parkour as an art that requires huge amounts of repetition and practice to master. "With parkour, I often say, 'Once is never'. In other words, someone can

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Parkour is not defined by a set of rules or guidelines, a feature which has proven particularly attractive to young people, allowing them to explore and engage in the activity on their own terms. It can be easily accepted by all cultures as a means of personal expression and recreation. For example,

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in April 2002. It featured David Belle leaping across London's rooftops from his office to home, in an attempt to catch his favourite BBC programme, and captured the imagination of many viewers, especially when they learned no special effects or wires were used. This advertisement, along with others

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Concerns have been raised by law enforcement and fire and rescue teams about the risks inherent in jumping off high buildings. They argue that practitioners are needlessly risking damage to both themselves and rooftops by practicing at height, with police forces calling for practitioners to stay off

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Parkour is not widely practiced in dedicated public facilities. Although efforts are being made to create places for it, many traceurs do not like the idea, as it is contradictory to parkour's values of adaptation, creativity, and freedom. Traceurs practice parkour in both rural and urban areas such

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that's my motto: 'There are no limits. There are plateaus, but you must not stay there, you must go beyond them. A man must constantly exceed his level.' If you're not better than you were the day before, then what are you doing—what's the point?" In an interview with the press, Belle explained that

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There are competitions that use parkour as the main influence for formatting and judging criteria. Sport Parkour League's "North America Parkour Championships" hosts a series of local and regional qualifier events which culminate in a final event in Vancouver, B.C. Red Bull's Art of Motion event is

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Respecting one's health and physical well-being was one of the foundations of the group. If any member hurt himself during or after the execution of a movement, the movement was deemed a failure. A movement executed only once was not considered an achievement; only with repetition was the challenge

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A newer convention of parkour philosophy has been the idea of "human reclamation". Andy Tran of Urban Evolution clarifies it as "a means of reclaiming what it means to be a human being. It teaches us to move using the natural methods that we should have learned from infancy. It teaches us to touch

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To join the group, new members had to be recommended by an existing member and then pass tests to evaluate their motivation for joining. Despite the huge emphasis on the collective, each traceur had to progress and develop independently—"to create the means to be yourself"—and there was a complete

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Humility was an important principle. No traceur was allowed to feel superior to someone else, for example, by executing a movement only to show off in front of someone who could not perform the movement. If any traceur in the group claimed that he had completed a difficult and dangerous challenge

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The group put themselves through challenges that forced them to find the physical and mental strength to succeed. Examples included training without food or water, or sleeping on the floor without a blanket to learn to endure the cold. For example, no one in the group was permitted to be late for

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Both parkour and freerunning encompass the ideas of overcoming obstacles and self-expression; in freerunning, the greater emphasis is on self-expression. Although the differences between the disciplines are often hard to discern, practitioners tend to aspire to parkour and describe themselves as

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group; rather, it takes a participatory approach focused on making the teaching more accessible. David Belle kept the term "parkour", saying the group contributed to the development of it, but that his father was the source of his motivation and had verbally communicated this method only to him.

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Because parkour philosophy is about learning to control oneself in interaction with the environment, many parkour experts consider serious injury evidence of the traceur's failure to follow the precepts of the discipline, specifically, knowing one's limitations. Daniel Ilabaca, co-founder of the

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According to Williams Belle, the philosophies and theories behind parkour are an integral aspect of the art, one that many non-practitioners have never been exposed to. Belle says he trains people because he wants it "to be alive" and "for people to use it". Châu Belle explains it is a "type of

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was acrobatic stuntman and entertainer known by the stage names of the Human Fly, the Flying Phantom and the Brooklyn Tarzan whose acrobatic buildering and freestyle tree climbing bear striking resemblance to late 20th Century parkour. Those feats were featured in two 1942 Paramount Pictures

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Studies have found that in exercises such as the standing long jump, depth jump, and vertical jump, parkour athletes outperform physical educators, gymnasts, and power athletes. Parkour training is especially linked with the development of eccentric load resistance and jumping ability.

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promoted athletic skill based on the models of indigenous tribes he had met in Africa. He noted, "their bodies were splendid, flexible, nimble, skillful, enduring, and resistant but yet they had no other tutor in gymnastics but their lives in nature." His rescue efforts during the

218:" had already been given to the activity by 1989. The discipline was popularised in the 1990s and 2000s through films, documentaries, video games, and advertisements. Similar techniques were known from French military obstacle courses, and some authors see influence from 876:

World Parkour and Freerunning Federation, said, "Thinking you're going to fail at something gives you a higher risk of doing just that. Committing to something you're thinking or knowing you will land gives you a higher chance of landing or completing the task." On

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in 2005. Both Jump films were shown in more than 80 countries, thereby introducing the discipline and its philosophy to an unprecedented global audience. Both films have been cited by numerous practitioners as their motivation for taking up the discipline.

1665: 1333:" was used as an attempt to translate "parkour", in order to make it more appealing to the English-speaking audience. Foucan decided to keep using the term "freerunning" to describe his discipline, to distinguish it from David Belle's methods. 848:

as gyms, parks, playgrounds, offices, and abandoned structures. Concerns have been raised regarding trespassing, damage of property, and use of inappropriate places such as cemeteries. Many parkour organizations around the globe support the

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American traceur Mark Toorock said injuries are rare "because participants rely not on what they can't control—wheels or the icy surfaces of snowboarding and skiing—but their own hands and feet." Lanier Johnson, executive director of the

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at the age of seven. He took it upon himself to train harder and longer than everyone else in order never to be a victim. At night, when everyone else was asleep, he would be outside running or climbing trees. He would use the military

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in secret, and also created courses of his own that tested his endurance, strength, and flexibility. Doing this enabled him not only to survive the hardships he experienced during his childhood, but also eventually to thrive. After the

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refers to a meeting of traceurs, involving training lasting anywhere from hours to several days, often with people from different cities. The first parkour jam was organised in July 2002 by Romain Drouet, with a dozen people including

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complete. Every movement had to be repeated at least ten times in a row without the traceur having to push his limits or sustaining any injury. If any mistake was made by any traceur in the group everyone had to start all over again.

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A study into the mechanics of the standing long jump showed that experienced traceurs use a lower take off angle than beginners (~25.6° vs ~34°). Wakai and Linthorne had previously estimated the optimal angle to be close to 22.6°.

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gloves are rare—bare hands are considered better for grip and tactile feedback. Light running shoes with good grip and flexibility are encouraged because they allow for more natural and fluid movements. Practitioners often use

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Academic research on parkour has tended to describe how parkour provides a novel way of interacting with the urban environment that challenges the use and meaning of urban space, metropolitan life, and embodiment.

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While there is no official list of "moves" in parkour, the style in which practitioners move often sets them apart from others, and there are a number of named movements that are characteristic, for example:

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do it. Then, you'll have to learn with your own technique, your own way of moving, your style, your abilities and your limitations. You are going to learn to be yourself, not someone else along the way.’"

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spaces, though it can be done anywhere. It involves seeing one's environment in a new way, and envisioning the potential for navigating it by movement around, across, through, over and under its features.

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in 2008, promoting safety, respect for the spaces used and their other users, and sometimes includes picking up rubbish to leave areas in better condition than they were found.

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Although parkour itself grew out of military obstacle-course training, it has become a separate discipline. After the attention that parkour received following the 2006 film

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In 1997, David Belle's brother Jean-François invited the group to perform for the public in a firefighter show in Paris. For the performance, the group named themselves

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of parkour-related emergency department visits in the United States between 2009 and 2015, most injuries were reportedly caused by landing or from striking objects.

4628: 4125: 5088: 4282: 2468: 6396: 4538: 3262: 1881: 1764: 5498: 4473: 3692: 2838: 7550: 5023: 2512: 6381: 2490: 131:) attempt to get from one point to another in the fastest and most efficient way possible, without assisting equipment and often while performing feats of 5467: 7435: 7404: 1079: 4020:"A Comparison of the Habitual Landing Strategies from Differing Drop Heights of Parkour Practitioners (Traceurs) and Recreationally Trained Individuals" 680:

A campaign was started on 1 May 2007 by the Parkour.NET portal to preserve parkour's philosophy against sports competition and rivalry. In the words of

6430: 6425: 1155: 741: 511:, found other young men (including his cousins) who had similar desires, and they began to train together. The group eventually included David Belle, 5755: 3575: 636: 5407:

Yanran, Ding; Chuanzheng, Li; Park, Hae-Won (2020). "Kinodynamic Motion Planning for Multi-Legged Robot Jumping via Mixed-Integer Convex Program".

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that should not be attempted unaided, he had to prove his claims by doing the challenge again. Anyone who lied violated the principle of humility.

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changed the presence of parkour in the UK almost overnight and is widely credited for inspiring a new generation of traceurs. It was followed by

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reinforced his belief that athletic skill must be combined with courage and altruism. Hébert became a physical education tutor at the college of

4992: 4822: 3943: 3105: 764:"Parkour roll": Rolling to absorb impacts from larger drops, moving diagonally over a shoulder to convert momentum from vertical to horizontal. 5118: 3922: 3775: 3023: 1725:

Rawlinson, Christopher; Guaralda, Mirko (11 September 2012). "Chaos and creativity of play: designing emotional engagement in public spaces".

179:—whatever is suitable for a given situation. Parkour is an activity that can be practiced alone or with others, and is usually carried out in 7565: 5716: 5676: 5645: 5556: 5434: 5371: 4450: 2178: 1818: 1591: 2875:

Cazenave, N. (2007). "La pratique du parkour chez les adolescents des banlieues: Entre recherche de sensation et renforcement narcissique".

405:"—military obstacle course—the first of the courses that are now standard in military training and which led to the development of civilian 4374: 5276:"The adaptation to standing long jump distance in parkour is performed by the modulation of specific variables prior and during take-off" 3744: 2617: 2397: 1703: 664:(Neuropsychiatry of Childhood and Adolescence) in France found traceurs seek more excitement and leadership situations than gymnasts do. 6391: 5141: 2423: 2132: 1846:

The First International Postgraduate Conference on Engineering, Designing and Developing the Built Environment for Sustainable Wellbeing

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The creation of parkour show-reels and documentaries has been crucial to the spread of parkour, and is common in the parkour community.

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grounds, studies found parkour landing techniques result in lower landing forces in comparison with traditional sport techniques. In a

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published a short video featuring three young men from the Gaza Strip who were active members of the parkour community. In 2014, the

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games are heavily inspired by parkour, consisting entirely of efficiently moving around buildings, rooftops, and other obstacles.

5709: 3867: 3338: 1520: 599: 4856: 3627: 2963: 5058: 4806:'The series itself practically revolves around parkour when it's not trying to shove myths and grave robbing down your throat.' 4338: 3810: 3407: 3159: 2996: 2259: 2233: 776:"Climb up": Moving from a position hanging from a wall-top or ledge, to standing on the top or vaulting over to the other side. 382: 4071:

Rossheim, ME; Stephenson, CJ (October 2017). "Parkour injuries presenting to United States emergency departments, 2009–2015".

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featured Sébastien Foucan in a chase taking place early in the movie, sparking renewed media interest in parkour. Along with

4721: 2184: 1988: 980:. Zahid Shah founded the Kashmir Freerunning and Parkour Federation, finding hope in the non-violent discipline of parkour. 5385: 4660: 4147: 1607: 5163: 4560: 4115: 3238: 773:"Wall run": Running toward a high wall and then jumping and pushing off the wall with a foot to reach the top of the wall. 5189: 3544: 2020: 7304: 6681: 5084: 4690: 4274: 2458: 2047: 1089: 4530: 4312: 7560: 2318: 1059: 5490: 4477: 3685: 2207: 5275: 7570: 7545: 6676: 6442: 5977: 1292: 1200:

Modern video games frequently include aspects of parkour as major game-play elements. Since the series' inception,

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Parkour has become a popular element in action sequences, with film directors hiring parkour practitioners as

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Kidder, J. L. (2012). "Parkour, the Affective Appropriation of Urban Space, and the Real/Virtual Dialectic".

770:"Arm jump": Jumping and landing feet-first on a vertical surface, catching the horizontal top with the hands. 7555: 7409: 7204: 7179: 7070: 7063: 6468: 6371: 6326: 5972: 4561:"Ben Hardy talks defying gravity in Michael Bay's latest action-packed thriller, '6 Underground' - Metro US" 3470: 2783: 1895:

Ameel, L.; Tani, S. (2012). "Everyday aesthetics in action: Parkour Eyes and the beauty of concrete walls".

1426: 1201: 449: 3522: 3365:"Is there any equipment cost, membership fee, or exclusive conditions required for my child to do Parkour?" 438:, his father died and he was separated from his mother, after which he was sent to a military orphanage in 7379: 7319: 7229: 6872: 6625: 6481: 6413: 6033: 5982: 5967: 5854: 5596: 4768:"Kick Ass Caity Lotz From MTV's Death Valley Talks About Zombies, Parcour and Twilight's Jackson Rathbone" 4343: 3967:"Ground Reaction Forces and Loading Rates Associated with Parkour and Traditional Drop Landing Techniques" 3276:

McLean, C. R.; Houshian, S.; Pike, J. (2006). "Paediatric fractures sustained in Parkour (free running)".

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in 1954, he returned to France and remained in military education until the age of 19, when he joined the

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Chow, B. D. V. (2010). "Parkour and the critique of ideology: Turn-vaulting the fortresses of the city".

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A beginner takes a leap in Seattle's Freeway Park under the guidance of experienced practitioners (2012).

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learned parkour at Tempest Academy in preparation for his role as Oliver Queen in the television series

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Through conversations with his father, David learned about this way of training that his father called "

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Rawlinson, Christopher; Guaralda, Mirko (27 April 2011), "Play in the city: Parkour and architecture",

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According to Sebastien Foucan, the activity had already been given the name "le parcours" by the year

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is a long-time practitioner of parkour and often incorporates it into his wrestling style, with the

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It's a good start, an excellent free-roaming adventure with some of the best use of parkour yet.

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broadcast a segment about parkour on 16 September 2007, featuring Foucan and Stephane Vigroux.

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Original French biography sourced from 'Allo Dix-Huit', the magazine of the Parisian pompiers

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the rooftops. Some practitioners of parkour agree that such behaviour should be discouraged.

292:, which normally means "to trace", as in "tracing a path", in reference to drawing. The verb 7535: 7349: 7284: 7264: 7239: 7224: 6991: 6969: 6845: 6588: 6224: 6007: 5928: 5840: 5606: 5422: 5359: 5324: 5283: 5228: 4852: 4771: 4226: 4190: 4080: 4031: 3978: 3320: 3285: 2884: 2078: 1904: 1794: 1232: 1216: 1014: 823: 810:. Many other companies around the world have started offering clothing targeted at parkour. 799: 767:"Precision jump": Jumping and landing accurately with the feet on small or narrow obstacles. 602: 520: 332: 283: 251: 219: 188: 176: 144: 2347: 1940:"flips: ... "However they are usually designated as a part of freerunning, not of Parkour." 35: 7477: 7344: 7289: 7244: 7219: 7189: 6974: 6944: 6867: 6862: 6721: 6669: 6593: 6554: 6527: 6212: 6185: 5962: 5833: 5796: 4793: 4750: 3926: 3845: 3780: 3579: 2787: 1441: 1400: 1029: 1004: 989: 712:

The philosophy of parkour has been compared to that of martial arts. In an interview with

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allows the character to use several freerunning techniques while not on the skateboard.

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newsreels coincident with the release of the feature film Tarzan's New York Adventure.

386: 361: 240:(obstacle course), the classic obstacle course method of military training proposed by 3940:"The Beachcomber : Parkour Legends: Daniel Ilabaca, Tim Shieff, and Oleg Vorslov" 3871: 3371: 3342: 459: 7529: 7299: 7199: 7144: 7105: 7004: 6954: 6929: 6840: 6813: 6693: 6549: 6515: 6336: 6311: 6190: 6180: 6137: 6120: 6064: 5610: 5444: 4848: 4596: 3631: 2971: 2835:"Students on campus are mastering parkour, an art of self-awareness and body control" 2114:

Geographies, Mobilities, and Rhythms over the Life-Course: Adventures in the Interval

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is a 2003 documentary explaining some of the background of parkour, culminating with

406: 199:, a discipline derived from parkour but emphasising artistry rather than efficiency. 5618: 5381: 5248: 5054: 4348: 4100: 3155: 3000: 2263: 2237: 1814: 434:, Raymond Belle was the son of a French physician and Vietnamese mother. During the 7419: 7314: 7194: 7130: 7009: 6964: 6708: 6571: 6559: 6520: 6505: 6316: 6241: 6229: 6079: 5882: 5692: 5426: 3929:

Pacific Northwest Parkour Association. 20 September 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2016.

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The practice of similar techniques existed in French military obstacle courses and

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movements, these are not essential to the discipline. Rather, they are central to

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include an emphasis on gripping and vaulting from ledges and protruding objects.

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In Western Europe, a forerunner of parkour was developed by French naval officer

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Later on in story mode, you'll even get the chance to learn some parkour skills!

5024:"Dying Light preview: Zombies are even more stomach-churning in virtual reality" 4668: 3402: 2603: 2170: 1416: 1390: 1330: 1321: 1250: 1238: 1110: 1025: 1020: 930: 807: 785: 538: 483: 471: 463: 418: 377: 350: 302:

was originally the name of a parkour group headed by David Belle which included

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2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)

5356:

2017 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)

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also makes heavy use of parkour movement (called freerunning in the game). The

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It's part super hero (think Hulk or Neo), part Jumping Flash and part parkour.

4682: 4304: 3548: 3496: 3206: 3049: 2513:"1942 Paramount Pictures Newsreel 2 – 1942 Paramount Pictures Newsreel 2" 2491:"1942 Paramount Pictures Newsreel 1 – 1942 Paramount Pictures Newsreel 1" 2367: 2043: 2010: 1798: 1374: 1369: 1194: 1167: 1163: 1134: 1048: 993: 918: 901: 692:

the longest running and highest profile professional freerunning competition.

475: 180: 132: 5297: 5217:"Performance characteristics of Parkour practitioners: Who are the traceurs?" 2082: 1806: 1311:

Studies and experiments have integrated parkour kinaesthetics into robotics.

1154:

premiered as a one-hour special in October 2009 starring the athletes of the

7158: 7151: 7019: 7014: 6924: 6889: 6803: 6748: 6654: 6598: 6537: 6286: 4633: 4445: 4379: 4222: 2314: 2118: 1633: 1024:, another feature film involving advanced parkour chase sequences, starring 914: 717: 552: 192: 156: 5336: 5240: 5134:"Freerunning goes to war as marines take tips from EZ, Livewire and Sticky" 4092: 4045: 3992: 3324: 3297: 3024:"'Jumped-up' plan to stage world competition sees free runners falling out" 2343: 1780:"Nice-looking obstacles: Parkour as urban practice of deterritorialization" 1384: 5701: 4891:... the game features 'a challenging parkour path of escape ...' 2805:

Belle, Châu; Belle, Williams; Hnautra, Yann and Daniels, Mark (director).

2211: 1658:"From 'Play to Display': Parkour as Media-Mimetics or Nature Reclamation?" 7234: 7084: 6820: 6783: 6741: 6731: 6049: 5750: 5288: 2812: 1410: 1270: 1009: 803: 594: 543: 502: 341: 152: 124: 74: 4499: 1583:

The Ultimate Parkour & Freerunning Book: Discover your possibilities

6850: 6736: 6686: 6542: 4412: 2905:

Gilchrist, Paul; Wheaton, Belinda (30 July 2012). Hutchins/Rowe (ed.).

2069:

Atkinson, M. (2009). "Parkour, Anarcho-Environmentalism, and Poiesis".

2015: 1468: 1129: 1124: 1114: 905: 619:

above). The seven remaining Yamakasi members continued to use the term

431: 164: 148: 3745:"American Parkour leaves Meridian Park when asked during national jam" 3071: 2166:

Breaking the Jump: The Secret Story of Parkour's High Flying Rebellion

526:, meaning strong in one's person, or "strong man, strong spirit" (see 6698: 6664: 5696: 4195: 1728:

In Out of Control: 8th International Conference on Design and Emotion

1580:

Gerling, Ilona E.; Pach, Alexander; Witfeld, Jan (15 November 2013).

998: 922: 828: 508: 439: 5117:(Interview). Interviewed by Ricardo Torres. GameSpot. Archived from 4905:"Review: Mirror's Edge, the First-Person Parkour Game You Must Play" 3662: 2911:. Digital Media Sport: Technology and Power in the Network Society. 1123:

featured several parkour scenes choreographed and performed by team

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is credited with starting a new wave of Parkour-inspired stunts in

7447: 7294: 6766: 6644: 6476: 1139: 834: 822: 784: 737: 650: 458: 394: 360: 19:"Parcours" redirects here. For the term used in cycle racing, see 3462: 2780: 806:

manufacturers have developed shoes specifically for parkour and

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Leave it to the French to bring us the first parkour video game

3518: 2599:

East Asian Cinemas: Exploring Transnational Connections on Film

2046:[Interview with David Belle (OSRAM 2006)] (Interview). 4958:"GDC Europe: Perfecting The SMART Parkour Traversal System In 4717: 4686: 4664: 3583: 1494: 1180: 1147: 973: 831:

re-painting a wall and repairing shoe scuff marks from parkour

716:, David Belle acknowledges the influence, "There's a quote by 640: 102: 3137: 3135: 624: 482:

but became increasingly disaffected with both school and the

7448:

Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes

4305:"Kashmir freerunning: Finding freedom in the art of parkour" 3598:"Gravestone vaulting teenagers condemned over YouTube stunt" 2426:(in French). INSEP – Musée de la Marine. Archived from 1849:, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, 1731:. Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design, London. 1083:(2010), choreographed by David Belle. Several films besides 904:, parkour was first introduced to the British public by the 6018: 5274:

Grosprêtre, Sidney; Ufland, Pierre; Jecker, Daniel (2018).

3463:"10 Best Parkour Shoes (2020) – Freerunning Shoes Reviewed" 2398:"Georges Hebert and the Natural Method of Physical Culture" 925:, had a large-scale impact on public awareness of parkour. 4018:

Standing, Regan J.; Maulder, Peter S. (24 November 2015).

3718: 2940:. Parkour North America. 7 September 2007. Archived from 2900: 2898: 1207:

has included increasingly numerous parkour elements. The

5491:"How Boston Dynamics' Robot Videos Became Internet Gold" 900:

Initially featured in films of French director/producer

507:

David initially trained on his own, and after moving to

5311:

Wakai, Masaki; Linthorne, Nicholas P. (February 2005).

5280:

Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité

5115:"Tron Evolution Pre-E3 Hands-On Interview: Alex Peters" 4531:"The truth about those parkour scenes in 6 Underground" 3072:"Sport Parkour | Parkour Competitions | NAPC" 1269:

s basic movements and combat were based on parkour and

1183:

giving him the nickname "The Prince of Parkour". Actor

1077:(2007), again with stuntman/actor Cyril Raffaelli, and 5215:

Grosprêtre, Sidney; Lepers, Romuold (12 August 2015).

3573:

Gloucestershire – Rooftop-jumping youths arrested

3341:. americanparkour.com. 6 November 2005. Archived from 3237:(Doctoral dissertation), Central European University, 3231:

Knowing Obstacles: Urban Dialogues in Parkour Practice

2208:"English welcome – Parkour Worldwide Association" 7390:

Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada

3965:

Puddle, Damien L.; Maulder, Peter S. (1 March 2013).

1928:. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 146. 1540: 1538: 7442:

International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation

7395:

Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade

3868:"Terrible Representation of Parkour and Freerunning" 2997:"Keeping parkour rivalry-free : JOIN IN !" 7454:

Union of International Mountain Leader Associations

7428: 7335: 7328: 7172: 7122: 7041: 7034: 6917: 6796: 6707: 6467: 6458: 6451: 6349: 6274: 6203: 6168: 6072: 6063: 6056: 5945: 5906: 5825: 5769: 5743: 4936:"Mirror's Edge puts grace of parkour at fingertips" 4744:"Stephen Amell Back In Training For Arrow Season 3" 4373:Bessaoud, Yuba; Delmar-Morgan, Alex (9 July 2006). 2713: 2711: 2709: 2696: 2694: 2681: 2679: 2677: 892:, said that many of the injuries are not reported. 127:discipline or sport in which practitioners (called 97: 81: 69: 61: 53: 45: 5460:"Watch Boston Dynamics' Humanoid Robot Do Parkour" 5313:"Optimum take-off angle in the standing long jump" 5192:. US Marine Corps. 23 January 2009. Archived from 3942:. Beachcombermb.com. 17 March 2013. Archived from 1351:is less about the hard discipline of the original 5539: 5537: 2877:Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence 662:Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence 5085:"Tony Hawk's American Wasteland – Xbox 360" 4408:"Fremantle Pacts to Bring Parkour to TV Screens" 1979: 1977: 1975: 1608:"Parkour – A Young Sport with Olympic Ambitions" 841:Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art 635:International parkour organizations include the 533:Some members of the group drew inspiration from 397:in France. Hébert set up a "méthode naturelle" ( 5350:Nir, Omer; Gaathon, Adar; Degani, Amir (2017). 4592:"Aamir Khan learns French technique of Parkour" 4474:"Prince of Persia: Tackling Stunts and Parkour" 4368: 4366: 4332: 4330: 4260:International Review for the Sociology of Sport 2991: 2989: 2932: 2930: 2556:. Parkour.NET. 17 February 2006. Archived from 2452: 2450: 2448: 2344:(intransitive, informal) to leave, to get going 1610:. European Olympic Committees. 24 August 2016. 1319:In September 2003, Mike Christie's documentary 1226:introduced a parkour mechanic into a realistic 349:training technique, most famously practiced by 298:used familiarly means: "to hurry up". The term 4849:"Review: 'Assassin's Creed' Not Quite Perfect" 2764: 2762: 2532: 2530: 2285: 2283: 2281: 1329:, was released. In the documentary, the term " 1071:film and television. Parkour was prominent in 6034: 5717: 3805: 3803: 3370:. washingtonparkour.com. 2008. Archived from 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2315:"Portail lexical – Définition de tracer" 1662:FlowTV, vol 11, lokaliseret den 01-04-2011 på 1493:. 3run.co.uk. 6 December 2012. Archived from 1113:racing through a city for survival. The 2019 843:in 2012 prohibiting parkour (removed in 2018) 8: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2424:"Georges Hébert – la methode naturalle" 2342:or to run (go) fast (to leave in a hurry) → 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 639:, established in 2007, who have worked with 293: 255: 245: 235: 208: 28: 5570: 5568: 3628:"Leave No Trace Campaign (practice policy)" 3586:. 31 January 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2008. 3022:Bignell, Paul; Sharp, Rob (22 April 2007). 1087:are about thieves who use parkour, such as 7436:International Federation of Sport Climbing 7332: 7038: 6464: 6455: 6069: 6060: 6041: 6027: 6019: 5724: 5710: 5702: 4073:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 3261:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2862:Parkour Journeys – Training with Andi 2579: 2577: 2575: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1880:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1763:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1242:include a central parkour mechanic, while 1156:World Freerunning & Parkour Federation 1008:in 2001 featuring members of the original 625:§ Derivative terminologies and disciplines 206:in the 1980s, and it was initially called 5657:Parkour: From the Origins to the Practise 5600: 5416: 5287: 4194: 4035: 3982: 3568: 3566: 3439:. Abu Dhabi Media Company. Archived from 3429:Money-Coutts, Sophia (23 February 2009). 3156:"Bruce Lee and the Philosophy of Parkour" 2999:. Parkour.NET. 1 May 2007. Archived from 2908:New Media Technologies in Lifestyle Sport 2044:"Entrevista com David Belle (OSRAM 2006)" 1685: 1683: 1651: 1649: 1575: 1573: 1571: 474:, was born in 1973. He experimented with 254:. Koundé suggested he change the "c" of " 5756:World Freerunning and Parkour Federation 4755:Bleeding Cool Comic Book, Movie, TV News 3495:. YouTube. 16 March 2007. Archived from 2352:(idiomatic, dated) Hurry up; make haste. 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 1586:. Meyer & Meyer Verlag. p. 23. 1315:Derivative terminologies and disciplines 637:World Freerunning and Parkour Federation 4529:Gates, Christopher (13 December 2019). 4179:"Urban Free Flow: A Poetics of Parkour" 3686:"New Zealand Parkour Vision and Values" 1987:. Parkour Generations. 22 August 2014. 1459: 1457: 1453: 976:covered youth parkour participation in 555:, The group also was influenced by the 5655:Belle, David & Perriére, Charles. 5521:The Parkour & Freerunning Handbook 5083:Williamson, Steven (8 February 2006). 4881:P., Andrew (January 2008). "Review of 4024:Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 3971:Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 3895:"Running Through Life the Parkour Way" 3313:Journal of Dance and Somatic Practices 3254: 2811:(TV-Documentary) (in French). France: 1873: 1756: 274:A practitioner of parkour is called a 27: 5388:from the original on 12 February 2019 5144:from the original on 17 December 2013 4915:from the original on 24 December 2017 4608:from the original on 18 November 2011 4541:from the original on 14 December 2019 4420:from the original on 1 September 2009 4315:from the original on 18 November 2015 4239:from the original on 26 December 2007 4148:"Unmissable new campaign for BBC ONE" 3842:"Parkour growing by leaps and bounds" 3725:from the original on 14 February 2012 3396:Arnold, Tiffany (28 September 2009). 3244:from the original on 13 December 2013 2023:from the original on 14 December 2015 1360:traceurs rather than as freerunners. 466:is considered the founder of parkour. 118: 7: 7496: 5501:from the original on 9 November 2018 5470:from the original on 12 October 2018 5255:from the original on 10 January 2022 4972:from the original on 8 December 2015 4825:from the original on 1 December 2007 4724:from the original on 5 November 2015 4641:from the original on 9 November 2020 4629:"'Aadhi' packs a punch with parkour" 4590:Lalwani, Vickey (18 November 2011). 4571:from the original on 10 January 2022 4510:from the original on 17 January 2016 4453:from the original on 20 January 2008 4203:from the original on 8 December 2015 4128:from the original on 7 November 2012 4052:from the original on 10 January 2022 3999:from the original on 10 January 2022 3698:from the original on 21 January 2016 3493:"David Belle – Parkour simples" 3473:from the original on 22 October 2019 2938:"Two Theories on Parkour Philosophy" 2915:from the original on 10 January 2022 2596:Hunt, Leon; Wing-Fai, Leung (2010). 2471:from the original on 11 October 2007 2364:"An Interview With Stephane Vigroux" 2071:Journal of Sport & Social Issues 1991:from the original on 8 December 2015 1668:from the original on 5 November 2019 1614:from the original on 26 October 2016 1556:from the original on 8 December 2015 1299:Scientific research and applications 1018:in 2004. Also in 2004, Besson wrote 942:demonstrating their parkour skills. 852:initiative, an urban version of the 749:A practitioner performing a wall run 222:and Asian martial arts in Parkour. 7551:Games and sports introduced in 1988 7508: 5091:from the original on 29 August 2012 5061:from the original on 4 January 2008 4993:"E3 – Dying Light Hands-On Preview" 4439:Kornblum, Janet (3 December 2007). 4262:. Sage Publications Inc. p. 5. 4158:from the original on 5 January 2016 3545:"American Parkour HotSpots Contest" 3046:"Ryan Doyle – Parkour Training Jam" 2321:from the original on 18 August 2011 2260:"The name Parkour, simple question" 1824:from the original on 27 August 2020 1340:members continued to use the term " 1080:Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time 527: 282:or simply a "Parkourist". They are 5166:. Colorado Parkour. Archived from 4956:Nutt, Christian (15 August 2011). 4847:Pearson, Ryan (16 November 2007). 4794:"5 Best Parkour Games of All Time" 4337:Barrera, Sandra (2 January 2007). 4285:from the original on 14 March 2017 3398:"Parkour: All in a day's training" 3078:from the original on 7 August 2020 2236:. 23 February 2006. Archived from 1546:"BBC film's rooftop stunts 'real'" 1523:from the original on 31 March 2014 992:. The first director to do so was 890:American Sports Medicine Institute 643:to produce parkour-related shows. 14: 7405:South African Climbing Federation 5221:European Journal of Sport Science 5132:Booth, Robert (12 January 2008). 5034:from the original on 2 April 2015 4934:Elfman, Doug (28 November 2008). 4903:Baker, Chris (11 November 2008). 4859:from the original on 4 March 2009 4693:from the original on 13 July 2016 4627:George, Vijay (25 January 2018). 4273:Sorcher, Sara (13 October 2010). 4116:"Jump First, Ask Questions Later" 3821:from the original on 12 June 2008 3339:"What Should I Wear for parkour?" 3162:from the original on 23 July 2011 3108:from the original on 26 June 2020 3048:. 28 October 2010. Archived from 2457:Wilkinson, Alec (16 April 2007). 2366:. 27 January 2009. Archived from 2348:(reflexive) to haste, to hurry up 1706:from the original on 2 April 2015 1413:– Chinese martial arts techniques 1038:in 2009 and remade in English as 551:, and the training philosophy of 187:Although a traceur may perform a 7507: 7495: 7484: 7483: 7471: 6377:IFSC World Championships winners 6003: 6002: 5611:10.1111/j.1540-6040.2012.01406.x 5190:"Parkour: Getting over the wall" 5022:Dingman, Hayden (1 March 2015). 4991:Mcaloon, Alissa (13 June 2014). 4712:Adkins, Greg (31 January 2011). 4441:"'Look, Ma, no hands' – or feet" 4406:Szalai, Georg (28 August 2009). 3901:from the original on 5 July 2015 3608:from the original on 8 June 2008 3596:Gammell, Caroline (6 May 2008). 3525:from the original on 13 May 2014 2864:(DVD). London: Catsnake Studios. 2620:from the original on 3 June 2020 2187:from the original on 2 July 2021 2135:from the original on 3 June 2020 2050:from the original on 8 July 2013 1863:from the original on 14 May 2013 1745:from the original on 14 May 2013 1696:Journal of Curriculum Theorizing 1146:Parkour is also featured on TV. 34: 5551:. Ulysses Press. pp. 8–9. 5489:Simon, Matt (30 October 2018). 5458:Simon, Matt (11 October 2018). 3893:Comenetz, Jacob (9 June 2005). 3684:Puddle, Damien (23 July 2014). 2340:(Populaire) Filer, se dépêcher. 2234:"PAWA statement on Freerunning" 1656:Ferrari, Matthew (7 May 2010). 278:, with the feminine form being 244:. Raymond Belle used the term " 7375:British Mountaineering Council 5761:Australian Parkour Association 5427:10.1109/IROS45743.2020.9341572 5113:Hedges, Darren (18 May 2010). 5055:"10 Reasons to Play Crackdown" 4742:Wickline, Dan (18 June 2014). 4375:"Focus: Look Mum, watch this!" 4114:Bane, Colin (8 January 2008). 3870:. 13 June 2008. Archived from 3717:Hansen, Jimmy (1 March 2011). 3653:Bafford, Tenedra (June 2013). 3205:. 16 July 2011. Archived from 1257:Tony Hawk's American Wasteland 616: 1: 5233:10.1080/17461391.2015.1060263 5053:Shea, Cam (10 January 2007). 4819:"Assassin's Creed (Xbox 360)" 4770:. Daemon's TV. Archived from 3547:. 21 May 2008. Archived from 2889:10.1016/j.neurenf.2007.02.001 2163:Angel, Julie (16 June 2016). 1690:De Feitas, Elizabeth (2011). 1467:. David Belle. Archived from 1465:"Actor David Belle Biography" 286:derived from the French verb 40:An athlete performing parkour 16:Athletic training disciplines 7566:Sports originating in France 5358:. IEEE. pp. 3352–3358. 4889:. No. 224. p. 89. 4661:"Ultimate Parkour Challenge" 3774:Rawe, Julie (5 April 2008). 3290:10.1016/j.injury.2006.04.119 2833:Mai, Jeffy (14 April 2008). 2011:"Interview with David Belle" 1909:10.1016/j.emospa.2011.09.003 537:, notably the acrobatics of 21:Glossary of cycling § P 5329:10.1016/j.humov.2004.12.001 3840:Branum, Don (2 June 2008). 3189: 3141: 3126: 2768: 2550:"Raymond Belle's biography" 2536: 2289: 1127:. Parkour also featured in 335:. A similar discipline in 202:Parkour was established by 191:as well as other aesthetic 7587: 5978:Ultimate Parkour Challenge 5574: 4085:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.04.040 2753: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2700: 2685: 2668: 2583: 2301: 2111:Stratford, Elaine (2014). 1966: 1897:Emotion, Space and Society 1152:Ultimate Parkour Challenge 956:The Australian version of 854:outdoor conservation ethic 839:A notice on a wall of the 752: 500: 18: 7467: 7365:Appalachian Mountain Club 5998: 5630:General and cited sources 5364:10.1109/IROS.2017.8206173 4887:Electronic Gaming Monthly 4339:"Parkour: Leaps of faith" 4177:Geyh, Paula (July 2006). 3228:Murray, Joseph B (2010), 2860:Kalteis, Andreas (2006). 1799:10.1007/s00146-010-0294-2 1639:Dictionary.com Unabridged 1517:"About the Tapp Brothers" 1032:, followed by the sequel 135:. With roots in military 33: 7280:Mountain Safety Research 7275:Mountain Equipment Co-op 4714:"It's good to be "King"" 4383:. London. Archived from 3925:27 February 2017 at the 3578:13 February 2008 at the 3431:"You might as well jump" 3030:. London. Archived from 2083:10.1177/0193723509332582 1922:Kidder, Jeffrey (2017). 1519:. LearnMoreParkour.com. 1197:is also a practitioner. 409:and confidence courses. 391:Saint-Pierre, Martinique 7410:South Tyrol Alpine Club 7205:Eastern Mountain Sports 7071:Canadian Alpine Journal 7064:American Alpine Journal 6327:Roof and tunnel hacking 4749:9 February 2015 at the 3920:Parkour FAQ for Parents 3659:Vertical Floor Magazine 3203:"David Belle – Parkour" 1427:Tricking (martial arts) 1291:staff sergeant trained 856:created by the Seattle 450:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 426:Raymond and David Belle 7230:Holubar Mountaineering 7042:Magazines and journals 6372:IFSC World Cup winners 5968:Red Bull Art of Motion 5936:Mirror's Edge Catalyst 5855:District 13: Ultimatum 5411:. pp. 3998–4005. 5317:Human Movement Science 4472:Levy, Emanuel (2010). 4344:Los Angeles Daily News 4258:Thorpe, Holly (2013). 3325:10.1386/jdsp.2.2.143_1 1103:(2015). The 2011 film 1035:District 13: Ultimatum 1012:group, and its sequel 938:, Johann Vigroux, and 844: 832: 794: 755:Vault (urban movement) 750: 656: 549:Hong Kong action films 467: 456:, a French Army unit. 403:parcours du combattant 369: 318:and Stéphane Vigroux. 306:and Stéphane Vigroux. 294: 256: 246: 237:parcours du combattant 236: 209: 7355:Alpine Club of Canada 7265:Marmot Mountain Works 7220:GERRY Mountain Sports 5636:Angel, Julie (2011). 5519:Edwardes, Dan (2009) 4275:"Palestinian Parkour" 4225:(16 September 2007). 2042:Belle, David (2006). 1174:Professional wrestler 1090:Breaking and Entering 1074:Live Free or Die Hard 1002:in 1998, followed by 838: 826: 788: 748: 654: 561:Jean-Claude Van Damme 462: 364: 7385:Club Alpino Italiano 7370:Austrian Alpine Club 7360:American Alpine Club 5841:The Sons of the Wind 5589:City & Community 4821:. 28 November 2007. 4774:on 18 September 2011 4567:. 13 December 2019. 3755:on 27 September 2013 3634:on 29 September 2012 3217:– via YouTube. 3060:– via YouTube. 2841:on 25 September 2010 2786:14 July 2018 at the 2378:– via YouTube. 2266:on 27 September 2007 2240:on 27 September 2007 1925:Parkour and the City 1778:Brunner, C. (2010). 1349:l'art du déplacement 1342:l'art du déplacement 1336:The remaining seven 1228:first-person shooter 1060:The Bourne Ultimatum 621:l'art du déplacement 610:l'art du déplacement 347:Chinese martial arts 214:; however the name " 210:l'art du déplacement 177:quadrupedal movement 105:discussions underway 7380:Club Alpin Français 6754:Mountaineering boot 6367:Piolet d'Or winners 4671:on 7 December 2013. 4351:on 24 February 2007 4311:. 7 December 2014. 4121:The Washington Post 3815:Your Local Guardian 3602:The Daily Telegraph 3443:on 26 February 2009 3180:Cine parkour, p. 22 3158:. WorldWideJam.tv. 2808:Generation Yamakasi 2644:Parkour Generations 2560:on 17 February 2006 2019:. 20 January 2009. 908:TV channel trailer 867:Injuries and deaths 436:First Indochina War 143:, parkour includes 30: 7561:Outdoor recreation 7400:German Alpine Club 5958:Jump City: Seattle 5869:Choose Not to Fall 5289:10.1051/sm/2017022 4601:The Times of India 4279:The New York Times 3897:. Deutsche Welle. 3776:"Student Stuntmen" 3499:on 30 October 2021 3410:on 3 February 2014 3345:on 3 February 2009 3209:on 30 October 2021 3052:on 30 October 2021 3034:on 1 January 2008. 2754:Belle and Perriére 2742:Belle and Perriére 2730:Belle and Perriére 2718:Belle and Perriére 2701:Belle and Perriére 2686:Belle and Perriére 2370:on 30 October 2021 2206:Russell, Matthew. 1471:on 20 October 2014 969:The New York Times 845: 833: 795: 751: 657: 557:martial arts films 535:Asian martial arts 468: 454:Paris Fire Brigade 370: 7571:Types of climbing 7546:Culture of France 7523: 7522: 7463: 7462: 7415:Swiss Alpine Club 7168: 7167: 7123:Non-fiction films 7099:Planinski Vestnik 7092:Himalayan Journal 7030: 7029: 6792: 6791: 6421:Historical events 6392:Eight-thousanders 6345: 6344: 6199: 6198: 6016: 6015: 5678:978-2-35756-025-3 5647:978-0-9569717-1-5 5558:978-1-56975-652-2 5545:Foucan, Sébastien 5436:978-1-7281-6212-6 5373:978-1-5386-2682-5 5170:on 28 August 2009 5003:on 20 August 2014 4796:. 26 October 2021 4387:on 29 August 2008 4154:. 11 April 2002. 4079:(10): 1503–1505. 3811:"Youths on Roofs" 3655:"Without a Trace" 3467:ParkourShoesGuide 2964:"Parkour History" 2640:"Parkour History" 2180:978-1-78131-554-5 1985:"Parkour History" 1593:978-1-78255-020-4 1552:. 19 April 2002. 1432:Urban exploration 1277:Military training 978:Jammu and Kashmir 793:vaults a railing. 746: 700:In his 2009 book 559:of Belgian actor 123:) is an athletic 109: 108: 70:Date of formation 62:Country of origin 7578: 7541:Acrobatic sports 7511: 7510: 7499: 7498: 7487: 7486: 7475: 7333: 7285:Outdoor Research 7039: 6465: 6456: 6426:Grade milestones 6235:Expedition style 6070: 6061: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6020: 6006: 6005: 5922:Assassin's Creed 5787:Jérôme Ben Aoues 5782:Sébastien Foucan 5726: 5719: 5712: 5703: 5682: 5660: 5651: 5623: 5622: 5604: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5563: 5562: 5541: 5532: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5420: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5291: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5196:on 14 April 2009 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5096: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4999:. Archived from 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4883:Assassin's Creed 4878: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4864: 4853:Fox News Channel 4844: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4801: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4764: 4758: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4667:. Archived from 4657: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4476:. Archived from 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4347:. Archived from 4334: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4198: 4196:10.5204/mcj.2635 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4152:BBC Press Office 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4039: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3986: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3946:on 7 August 2013 3936: 3930: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3844:. Archived from 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3817:. 2 April 2008. 3807: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3784:. Archived from 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3751:. Archived from 3749:American Parkour 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3719:"Parkour at UGA" 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3697: 3690: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3665:on 27 April 2016 3661:. Archived from 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3630:. Archived from 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3593: 3587: 3570: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3551:on 14 April 2009 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3519:"Know Obstacles" 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3469:. 11 June 2017. 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3406:. Archived from 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3376: 3369: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3260: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2970:. Archived from 2968:Urban discipline 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2934: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2837:. 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Archived from 2203: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2160: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2108: 2095: 2094: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1981: 1970: 1964: 1941: 1939: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1823: 1787:AI & Society 1784: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1687: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1653: 1644: 1643: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1577: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1542: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1461: 1346: 1327:Sébastien Foucan 1268: 1233:Prince of Persia 1210:Assassin's Creed 1015:Les fils du vent 990:stunt performers 940:Jérôme Ben Aoues 936:Sébastien Foucan 800:minimalist shoes 747: 687: 614: 547:displays in his 528:§ Name and split 513:Sébastien Foucan 445:obstacle courses 430:Born in 1939 in 333:Hong Kong cinema 316:Sébastien Foucan 304:Sébastien Foucan 297: 259: 249: 239: 220:Hong Kong cinema 212: 122: 120:[paʁkuʁ] 117: 77:region of France 57:Obstacle passing 38: 31: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7459: 7424: 7324: 7190:Cascade Designs 7164: 7118: 7026: 6913: 6788: 6722:Abalakov thread 6703: 6447: 6341: 6270: 6195: 6164: 6148:Deep-water solo 6052: 6047: 6017: 6012: 5994: 5963:Obstacle racing 5941: 5902: 5821: 5797:Cyril Raffaelli 5765: 5739: 5730: 5689: 5679: 5663: 5654: 5648: 5640:. Julie Angel. 5635: 5632: 5627: 5626: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5543: 5542: 5535: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5437: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5374: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5121:on 18 May 2013. 5112: 5111: 5107: 5094: 5092: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5064: 5062: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5006: 5004: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4862: 4860: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4828: 4826: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4799: 4797: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4751:Wayback Machine 4741: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4683:"John Morrison" 4681: 4680: 4676: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4372: 4371: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4336: 4335: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3927:Wayback Machine 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3874:on 12 June 2008 3866: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3809: 3808: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3788:on 12 June 2008 3773: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3580:Wayback Machine 3571: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3377:on 8 March 2010 3374: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3102:www.redbull.com 3096: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3028:The Independent 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 3003:on 13 July 2007 2995: 2994: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2974:on 17 July 2011 2962: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2944:on 12 July 2012 2936: 2935: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2904: 2903: 2896: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2804: 2803: 2794: 2788:Wayback Machine 2781:History of WFPF 2779: 2775: 2767: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2707: 2699: 2692: 2684: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2614: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2456: 2455: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2433:on 18 July 2006 2430: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2396:Artful Dodger. 2395: 2394: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2181: 2162: 2161: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2129: 2110: 2109: 2098: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2009: 2008: 2004: 1994: 1992: 1983: 1982: 1973: 1965: 1944: 1936: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1857: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1755: 1748: 1746: 1739: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1579: 1578: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1544: 1543: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1497:on 6 March 2014 1489: 1488: 1484: 1474: 1472: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1450: 1442:World Chase Tag 1401:Obstacle racing 1366: 1344: 1317: 1301: 1279: 1266: 1109:is about eight 1030:Cyril Raffaelli 996:, for the film 986: 898: 869: 861:Parkour Visions 821: 816: 783: 757: 738: 736: 731: 698: 685: 678: 649: 633: 612: 590: 569: 505: 499: 470:Raymond's son, 428: 415: 359: 337:Chinese culture 329: 324: 228: 137:obstacle course 115: 101:Not currently; 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Intervista. 5661: 5652: 5646: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5602:10.1.1.645.395 5595:(3): 229–253. 5579: 5564: 5557: 5533: 5512: 5495:Wired magazine 5481: 5464:Wired magazine 5450: 5435: 5399: 5372: 5342: 5303: 5282:(100): 27–37. 5266: 5227:(5): 526–535. 5207: 5181: 5155: 5124: 5105: 5075: 5045: 5014: 4997:twinfinite.com 4983: 4948: 4926: 4895: 4873: 4839: 4810: 4785: 4759: 4735: 4704: 4674: 4652: 4619: 4582: 4552: 4521: 4491: 4464: 4431: 4398: 4362: 4326: 4296: 4265: 4250: 4214: 4169: 4139: 4106: 4063: 4030:(4): 723–731. 4010: 3977:(1): 122–129. 3957: 3931: 3912: 3885: 3859: 3848:on 5 July 2009 3832: 3799: 3766: 3736: 3709: 3676: 3645: 3619: 3588: 3562: 3536: 3510: 3484: 3454: 3421: 3388: 3356: 3330: 3319:(2): 143–154. 3303: 3284:(8): 795–797. 3268: 3220: 3194: 3182: 3173: 3146: 3131: 3119: 3098:"Series Stops" 3089: 3063: 3037: 3014: 2985: 2955: 2926: 2894: 2883:(3): 154–159. 2867: 2852: 2825: 2792: 2773: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2705: 2690: 2673: 2661: 2650:on 31 May 2019 2631: 2613:978-0857712271 2612: 2588: 2571: 2541: 2526: 2515:. 21 July 2014 2504: 2493:. 21 July 2014 2482: 2464:The New Yorker 2459:"No Obstacles" 2444: 2415: 2381: 2355: 2332: 2306: 2294: 2277: 2251: 2225: 2198: 2179: 2146: 2128:978-1135117429 2127: 2121:. p. 79. 2096: 2077:(2): 169–194. 2061: 2034: 2002: 1971: 1942: 1935:978-0813571980 1934: 1914: 1903:(3): 164–173. 1887: 1855: 1835: 1793:(2): 143–152. 1770: 1737: 1717: 1679: 1645: 1642:(Online). n.d. 1625: 1599: 1592: 1567: 1534: 1508: 1482: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1437:Woggle hopping 1434: 1429: 1424: 1422:Street workout 1419: 1414: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1396:List of sports 1393: 1388: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1365: 1362: 1316: 1313: 1300: 1297: 1278: 1275: 1263:Tron Evolution 1193:, and co-star 1160:Daniel Ilabaca 1041:Brick Mansions 985: 982: 897: 894: 868: 865: 850:Leave No Trace 820: 817: 815: 812: 782: 779: 778: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 753:Main article: 735: 732: 730: 727: 714:The New Yorker 697: 694: 682:Erwan Le Corre 677: 674: 648: 645: 632: 629: 589: 588:Name and split 586: 568: 565: 501:Main article: 498: 495: 427: 424: 417:Born in 1922, 414: 411: 407:fitness trails 399:natural method 374:Georges Hébert 366:Georges Hébert 358: 357:Georges Hébert 355: 328: 325: 323: 320: 242:Georges Hébert 227: 224: 107: 106: 99: 95: 94: 92: 91: 85: 83: 79: 78: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 39: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7583: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7516: 7515: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7429:International 7427: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7329:Organizations 7327: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7200:Early Winters 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7180:Black Diamond 7178: 7177: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7145:The Dawn Wall 7142: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7005:Bachar ladder 7003: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6955:Climbing wall 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6930:Approach shoe 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6550:Climbing rope 6548: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6431:First ascents 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6065:Rock climbing 6062: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6044: 6039: 6037: 6032: 6030: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6009: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5989:Worldwide Jam 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5929:Mirror's Edge 5926: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5792:John Hennigan 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5770:Practitioners 5768: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5722: 5720: 5715: 5713: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5529:0-06-178367-6 5526: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5482: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5400: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5267: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5208: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5046: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5015: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4984: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4961: 4952: 4949: 4937: 4930: 4927: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4745: 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2115: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2035: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1877: 1862: 1858: 1856:9780980582741 1852: 1848: 1847: 1839: 1836: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1774: 1771: 1766: 1760: 1744: 1740: 1738:9780957071926 1734: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1718: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1406:Platform game 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1284:Casino Royale 1276: 1274: 1272: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1217:Mirror's Edge 1213: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1185:Stephen Amell 1182: 1178: 1177:John Hennigan 1175: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1120:6 Underground 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1065:Casino Royale 1062: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1054:Casino Royale 1050: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1001: 1000: 995: 991: 984:Entertainment 983: 981: 979: 975: 971: 970: 963: 961: 960: 954: 951: 950: 945: 941: 937: 933: 932: 926: 924: 920: 916: 911: 907: 903: 895: 893: 891: 885: 883: 879: 878:biomechanical 873: 866: 864: 862: 859: 855: 851: 842: 837: 830: 825: 818: 813: 811: 809: 805: 801: 792: 787: 780: 775: 772: 769: 766: 763: 762: 761: 756: 733: 728: 726: 722: 719: 715: 710: 707: 703: 695: 693: 689: 683: 675: 673: 669: 665: 663: 653: 646: 644: 642: 638: 631:Organizations 630: 628: 626: 622: 618: 611: 607: 604: 601: 597: 596: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 566: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 545: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 522: 518: 514: 510: 504: 496: 494: 492: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 465: 461: 457: 455: 451: 446: 441: 437: 433: 425: 423: 420: 412: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 383:1902 eruption 379: 376:, who before 375: 367: 363: 356: 354: 352: 348: 344: 343: 338: 334: 326: 321: 319: 317: 312: 307: 305: 301: 296: 291: 290: 285: 281: 277: 272: 270: 265: 263: 258: 253: 252:Hubert Koundé 248: 243: 238: 234:derives from 233: 225: 223: 221: 217: 213: 211: 205: 200: 198: 194: 190: 185: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 139:training and 138: 134: 130: 126: 121: 113: 104: 100: 98:Olympic sport 96: 90: 87: 86: 84: 80: 76: 73:1980s in the 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 46:Also known as 44: 37: 32: 26: 22: 7512: 7500: 7488: 7476: 7420:USA Climbing 7320:Wild Country 7315:Therm-a-Rest 7157: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7131:The Alpinist 7129: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7010:Campus board 6965:First ascent 6709:Ice and snow 6506:Belay device 6357:Alpine clubs 6317:Ropes course 6306: 6230:Alpine style 5987: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5915:Free Running 5913: 5895: 5888: 5883:Jump Britain 5881: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5732: 5668: 5665:Belle, David 5656: 5638:Ciné Parkour 5637: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5549:Free Running 5548: 5523:. It Books. 5520: 5515: 5503:. Retrieved 5484: 5472:. Retrieved 5453: 5408: 5402: 5390:. Retrieved 5355: 5345: 5323:(1): 81–96. 5320: 5316: 5306: 5279: 5269: 5257:. Retrieved 5224: 5220: 5210: 5198:. Retrieved 5194:the original 5184: 5172:. Retrieved 5168:the original 5158: 5146:. Retrieved 5138:The Guardian 5137: 5127: 5119:the original 5108: 5100: 5093:. Retrieved 5078: 5070: 5063:. Retrieved 5048: 5036:. Retrieved 5027: 5017: 5005:. Retrieved 5001:the original 4996: 4986: 4974:. Retrieved 4965: 4959: 4951: 4941:23 September 4939:. Retrieved 4929: 4917:. Retrieved 4908: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4868: 4863:23 September 4861:. Retrieved 4842: 4834: 4827:. Retrieved 4813: 4805: 4798:. Retrieved 4788: 4776:. Retrieved 4772:the original 4762: 4754: 4738: 4726:. Retrieved 4707: 4695:. Retrieved 4677: 4669:the original 4655: 4643:. Retrieved 4632: 4622: 4610:. Retrieved 4595: 4585: 4573:. Retrieved 4565:www.metro.us 4564: 4555: 4543:. Retrieved 4534: 4524: 4512:. 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