1479:
1086:
1431:
1380:
1491:
1356:
1455:
1443:
1396:
1467:
1368:
1419:
1105:
1503:
492:
50:
70:
484:
377:. In humans, the placenta averages 22 cm (9 inch) in length and 2–2.5 cm (0.8–1 inch) in thickness, with the center being the thickest, and the edges being the thinnest. It typically weighs approximately 500 grams (just over 1 lb). It has a dark reddish-blue or crimson color. It connects to the fetus by an
556:
400:
The placenta occasionally takes a form in which it comprises several distinct parts connected by blood vessels. The parts, called lobes, may number two, three, four, or more. Such placentas are described as bilobed/bilobular/bipartite, trilobed/trilobular/tripartite, and so on. If there is a clearly
893:
look for. These tests will work when menses has not occurred or after implantation has happened on days seven to ten. hCG may also have an anti-antibody effect, protecting it from being rejected by the mother's body. hCG also assists the male fetus by stimulating the testes to produce testosterone,
429:
About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal mature placenta. Some 350 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the placenta and fewer than 100 genes are highly placenta specific. The corresponding specific proteins are
352:
evolved more than 100 million years ago and was a critical factor in the explosive diversification of placental mammals. Although all mammalian placentas have the same functions, there are important differences in structure and function in different groups of mammals. For example, human, bovine,
393:(has an eccentric attachment). Vessels branch out over the surface of the placenta and further divide to form a network covered by a thin layer of cells. This results in the formation of villous tree structures. On the maternal side, these villous tree structures are grouped into lobules called
539:
continuous cell layer that covers the surface of the placenta. It forms as a result of differentiation and fusion of the underlying cytotrophoblasts, a process that continues throughout placental development. The syncytiotrophoblast contributes to the barrier function of the placenta.
754:
The placenta intermediates the transfer of nutrients between mother and fetus. The perfusion of the intervillous spaces of the placenta with maternal blood allows the transfer of nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus and the transfer of waste products and
919:
is a crucial hormone in the process of proliferation. This involves the enlargement of the breasts and uterus, allowing for growth of the fetus and production of milk. Estrogen is also responsible for increased blood supply towards the end of pregnancy through
695:
begins as a physiological separation from the wall of the uterus. The period from just after the child is born until just after the placenta is expelled is called the "third stage of labor". The placenta is usually expelled within 15–30 minutes of birth.
584:
are remodeled so that they become less convoluted and their diameter is increased. The increased diameter and straighter flow path both act to increase maternal blood flow to the placenta. There is relatively high pressure as the maternal blood fills
630:. In the villi, these vessels eventually branch to form an extensive arterio-capillary-venous system, bringing the fetal blood extremely close to the maternal blood; but no intermingling of fetal and maternal blood occurs ("placental barrier").
845:(CMV) can travel across the placental barrier, generally taking advantage of conditions at certain gestational periods as the placenta develops. CMV and Zika travel from the maternal bloodstream via placental cells to the fetal bloodstream.
703:
via intramuscular injection followed by cord traction to assist in delivering the placenta. Alternatively, it can be managed expectantly, allowing the placenta to be expelled without medical assistance. Blood loss and the risk of
3946:
3204:"Active suppression of host-vs-graft reaction in pregnant mice. VII. Spontaneous abortion of allogeneic CBA/J x DBA/2 fetuses in the uterus of CBA/J mice correlates with deficient non-T suppressor cell activity"
1478:
912:
by stimulating an increase in secretions necessary for fetal nutrition. Progesterone, like hCG, is necessary to prevent spontaneous abortion because it prevents contractions of the uterus and is necessary for
249:) tissue comes away with the placenta when it is expelled from the uterus following birth (sometimes incorrectly referred to as the 'maternal part' of the placenta). Placentas are a defining characteristic of
711:
The habit is to cut the cord immediately after birth, but it is theorised that there is no medical reason to do this; on the contrary, it is theorised that not cutting the cord helps the baby in its
3738:
1379:
1042:
However, the placental barrier is not the sole means of evading the immune system, as foreign fetal cells also persist in the maternal circulation, on the other side of the placental barrier.
3939:
1430:
938:
production and regulating intermediary metabolism. In the fetus, hPL acts on lactogenic receptors to modulate embryonic development, metabolism and stimulate production of IGF,
3932:
1855:
Blackburn DG, Avanzati AM, Paulesu L (November 2015). "Classics revisited. History of reptile placentology: Studiati's early account of placentation in a viviparous lizard".
3507:
1762:
353:
equine and canine placentas are very different at both the gross and the microscopic levels. Placentas of these species also differ in their ability to provide maternal
767:. Placental nutrient metabolism was found to play a key role in limiting the transfer of some nutrients. Adverse pregnancy situations, such as those involving maternal
3731:
2047:
Bipartite placenta represented 4.2 per cent (366 of 8,505) of placentas of white women at the Boston
Hospital for Women who were enrolled in the Collaborative Project.
881:
ceases activity and atrophies. If hCG did not interrupt this process, it would lead to spontaneous abortion of the fetus. The corpus luteum also produces and releases
1367:
864:
antibodies, because of their larger size, cannot cross the placenta, one reason why infections acquired during pregnancy can be particularly hazardous for the fetus.
741:
may be present in healthy tissue. However, whether these microbes exist or are clinically important is highly controversial and is the subject of active research.
1089:
Ultrasound image of human placenta and umbilical cord (color
Doppler rendering) with central cord insertion and three umbilical vessels, at 20 weeks of pregnancy
209:. It plays critical roles in facilitating nutrient, gas and waste exchange between the physically separate maternal and fetal circulations, and is an important
3107:
Handwerger S, Freemark M (April 2000). "The roles of placental growth hormone and placental lactogen in the regulation of human fetal growth and development".
593:
in blood, allowing an exchange of gases to take place. In humans and other hemochorial placentals, the maternal blood comes into direct contact with the fetal
4325:
3724:
2088:
Uhlén M, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, Mardinoglu A, et al. (January 2015). "Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome".
218:
2003:
2384:"Seven-month developmental outcomes of very low birth weight infants enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of delayed versus immediate cord clamping"
655:
The fetoplacental circulation is vulnerable to persistent hypoxia or intermittent hypoxia and reoxygenation, which can lead to generation of excessive
4320:
1285:
and Malay, believe that the placenta has a spirit and needs to be buried outside the family house. Some Malays would bury the baby's placenta with a
1277:
believe that the placenta is a part of the baby, and traditionally plant it with a tree that can then grow alongside the child. Various cultures in
708:
may be reduced in women offered active management of the third stage of labour, however there may be adverse effects and more research is necessary.
1502:
1070:. This methylation pattern is principally required to regulate placental development and function, which in turn is critical for embryo survival.
4088:
1490:
1454:
924:. The levels of estrogen during pregnancy can increase so that they are thirty times what a non-pregnant woman mid-cycles estrogen level would be.
775:, can increase or decrease levels of nutrient transporters in the placenta potentially resulting in overgrowth or restricted growth of the fetus.
2433:"A critical assessment of the "sterile womb" and "in utero colonization" hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome"
4345:
146:
2134:
3679:
3572:
3065:
2634:
2191:
1804:
Reznick DN, Mateos M, Springer MS (November 2002). "Independent origins and rapid evolution of the placenta in the fish genus
Poeciliopsis".
1616:
1395:
1078:
The placenta also provides a reservoir of blood for the fetus, delivering blood to it in case of hypotension and vice versa, comparable to a
2764:
2207:
1355:
930:(hPL) is a hormone used in pregnancy to develop fetal metabolism and general growth and development. Human placental lactogen works with
1058:(see day 9 in Figure, above, showing the initial stages of human embryogenesis). Placental trophoblast cells have a unique genome-wide
271:) between mother and fetus, has a certain RNA signature in its genome that has led to the hypothesis that it originated from an ancient
1085:
4189:
1215:, burial of the placenta is believed to protect and ensure the health of the baby and the mother. If a mother dies in childbirth, the
563:, nutrients, water, and gases are actively and passively exchanged, then deoxygenated blood is displaced by the next maternal pulse.
547:. Development of the maternal blood supply to the placenta is complete by the end of the first trimester of pregnancy week 14 (DM).
856:. This passive immunity lingers for several months after birth, providing the newborn with a carbon copy of the mother's long-term
848:
Beginning as early as 13 weeks of gestation, and increasing linearly, with the largest transfer occurring in the third trimester,
4020:
3515:
2067:
1759:
3593:
3019:
Simister NE, Story CM (December 1997). "Human placental Fc receptors and the transmission of antibodies from mother to fetus".
1781:
1203:
traditionally bury the placenta from a newborn child to emphasize the relationship between humans and the earth. Likewise, the
712:
3713:, 18th Edition, F. Gary Cunningham, M.D., Paul C. MacDonald, M.D., Norman F. Grant, M.D., Appleton & Lange, Publishers.
3188:
1442:
3150:
1969:
1341:
1246:, the proper disposal of the placenta and umbilical cord is believed to promote devoutness in the child later in life. In
976:
4335:
1322:
874:
824:
807:
The placenta functions as a selective barrier between maternal and fetal cells, preventing maternal blood, proteins and
527:, cells that form the outer layer of the placenta. This outer layer is divided into two further layers: the underlying
4055:
1790:
1067:
1418:
1466:
2158:
935:
3297:"Mechanisms and function of de novo DNA methylation in placental development reveals an essential role for DNMT3B"
1321:, literally "purple river car") is thought to be a healthful restorative and is sometimes used in preparations of
1142:, when the placenta implants too deeply, all the way to the actual muscle of uterine wall (without penetrating it)
4330:
509:
206:
141:
28:
1633:
1207:
bury the placenta and umbilical cord at a specially chosen site, particularly if the baby dies during birth. In
622:
to the placenta. At the junction of umbilical cord and placenta, the umbilical arteries branch radially to form
397:. In humans, the placenta usually has a disc shape, but size varies vastly between different mammalian species.
3776:
2007:
1527:
927:
451:
129:
3081:
2617:
Wright C, Sibley CP (2011). "Placental
Transfer in Health and Disease". In Kay H, Nelson M, Yuping W (eds.).
4150:
4083:
3442:
963:
820:
734:
664:
2215:
1942:
4145:
4035:
3903:
1226:
The placenta is believed by some communities to have power over the lives of the baby or its parents. The
1223:
bury the placenta in a secret place so that the mother's spirit will not return to claim her baby's life.
943:
443:
153:
3710:
652:. On the other hand, there is no neural vascular regulation, and catecholamines have only little effect.
4155:
4065:
3344:
Assad RS, Lee FY, Hanley FL (May 2001). "Placental compliance during fetal extracorporeal circulation".
1266:
889:, and hCG stimulates it to increase the amount that it releases. hCG is the indicator of pregnancy that
198:
2827:
Pereira L (September 2018). "Congenital Viral
Infection: Traversing the Uterine-Placental Interface".
2021:
Fujikura T, Benson RC, Driscoll SG (August 1970). "The bipartite placenta and its clinical features".
4340:
4025:
3898:
3295:
Andrews S, Krueger C, Mellado-Lopez M, Hemberger M, Dean W, Perez-Garcia V, Hanna CW (January 2023).
2714:
1813:
990:
955:
724:
438:. Examples of proteins with elevated expression in placenta compared to other organs and tissues are
394:
314:, "flat, slab-like", with reference to its round, flat appearance in humans. The classical plural is
2703:"Maternal diet modulates placenta growth and gene expression in a mouse model of diabetic pregnancy"
3991:
3771:
1330:
1326:
1154:
819:) from crossing the maternal-fetal barrier. Deterioration in placental functioning, referred to as
705:
692:
687:
532:
496:
467:
459:
268:
20:
4299:
4263:
4030:
3981:
3956:
3804:
3644:
3477:
3369:
3233:
3132:
2852:
2257:
2113:
1837:
1742:
951:
627:
623:
619:
586:
560:
3854:
604:
Maternal blood flow begins between days 5–12, and is approximately 600–700 ml/min at term.
405:. Sometimes the blood vessels connecting the lobes get in the way of fetal presentation during
4275:
4243:
4165:
3964:
3675:
3636:
3568:
3485:
3361:
3326:
3274:
3225:
3124:
3061:
3055:
3036:
3001:
2950:
2901:
2844:
2809:
2742:
2683:
2630:
2626:
2599:
2558:
2513:
2464:
2413:
2364:
2301:
2249:
2187:
2105:
2038:
1981:
1923:
1872:
1829:
1734:
1693:
1612:
1589:
1532:
1334:
1257:
Several cultures believe the placenta to be or have been alive, often a relative of the baby.
1254:, interaction with a disposed placenta is thought to influence the parents' future fertility.
1099:
1063:
947:
764:
613:
390:
105:
19:
This article is about the temporary organ. For the expulsion of the placenta after birth, see
1234:
bury girls' placentas to give the girl skill in digging clams, and expose boys' placentas to
759:
back from the fetus to the maternal blood. Nutrient transfer to the fetus can occur via both
4283:
4271:
4223:
4050:
3996:
3844:
3753:
3667:
3628:
3469:
3421:
3353:
3316:
3308:
3264:
3251:
Williams Z, Zepf D, Longtine J, Anchan R, Broadman B, Missmer SA, Hornstein MD (June 2009).
3215:
3116:
3028:
2991:
2981:
2940:
2932:
2891:
2883:
2836:
2801:
2772:
2732:
2722:
2673:
2663:
2618:
2589:
2548:
2540:
2503:
2495:
2454:
2444:
2403:
2395:
2354:
2346:
2291:
2241:
2097:
2030:
1913:
1903:
1864:
1821:
1724:
1683:
1673:
1579:
1569:
1274:
1231:
1164:
1145:
1139:
1031:
998:
994:
857:
760:
641:
382:
250:
210:
3616:
2840:
1373:
Fetus of about 8 weeks, enclosed in the amnion. Magnified a little over two diameters.
1030:
There is presence of small lymphocytic suppressor cells in the fetus that inhibit maternal
4294:
4060:
3913:
3819:
3800:
3766:
3390:
2805:
2280:"Melatonin and stable circadian rhythms optimize maternal, placental and fetal physiology"
1785:
1766:
1409:
1386:
1282:
1270:
1112:
1059:
986:
959:
877:(hCG) hormone. This is responsible for stopping the process at the end of menses when the
841:
590:
577:
573:
528:
447:
194:
101:
1196:
263:
placentas probably first evolved about 150 million to 200 million years ago. The protein
3924:
2718:
1817:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4205:
4137:
3908:
3849:
3839:
3831:
3793:
3321:
3296:
2996:
2969:
2945:
2920:
2896:
2871:
2737:
2702:
2678:
2651:
2553:
2532:
2508:
2483:
2459:
2432:
2408:
2383:
2359:
2334:
1918:
1891:
1688:
1661:
1584:
1557:
1124:
1024:
1013:
931:
905:
890:
849:
756:
738:
424:
386:
378:
230:
83:
59:
3697:
3032:
2650:
Perazzolo S, Hirschmugl B, Wadsack C, Desoye G, Lewis RM, Sengers BG (February 2017).
2059:
1104:
4314:
4213:
4122:
4045:
4001:
3986:
3973:
3662:"Placental Weights: Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles by Gestational Age".
3648:
3269:
3252:
2619:
2034:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1216:
1204:
1181:
1035:
878:
829:
660:
536:
303:
299:
3716:
3589:
3538:
3237:
3136:
2856:
2261:
1778:
1746:
34:
For a less technical description, see the Simple
English Knowledge (XXG) version at
4117:
4109:
3814:
3373:
3057:
Maternal and Child Health
Nursing: Care of the Childbearing and Childrearing Family
2350:
1868:
1841:
1247:
1120:
1009:
982:
921:
897:
882:
656:
649:
645:
503:
411:
336:
2117:
1128:
491:
3357:
2727:
1678:
946:
hormones. hPL values increase with multiple pregnancies, intact molar pregnancy,
134:
35:
3761:
3426:
3409:
3220:
3203:
3180:
1200:
1160:
1116:
1051:
672:
524:
517:
431:
246:
24:
3312:
3158:
3120:
2968:
Palmeira P, Quinello C, Silveira-Lessa AL, Zago CA, Carneiro-Sampaio M (2012).
2887:
2533:"The microbiome, parturition, and timing of birth: more questions than answers"
2499:
1989:
1896:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
381:
of approximately 55–60 cm (22–24 inch) in length, which contains two
49:
4173:
4127:
3893:
3671:
2936:
2777:
2544:
2449:
1574:
1401:
1262:
1212:
1185:
1108:
1055:
904:
implant by assisting passage through the fallopian tubes. It also affects the
835:
792:
637:
633:
513:
455:
406:
284:
272:
254:
222:
202:
96:
3640:
3632:
2333:
Begley CM, Gyte GM, Devane D, McGuire W, Weeks A, Biesty LM (February 2019).
572:
In preparation for implantation of the blastocyst, the endometrium undergoes
3783:
2296:
2279:
2101:
1908:
1825:
1662:"The placenta goes viral: Retroviruses control gene expression in pregnancy"
1484:
Close-up of umbilical attachment to fetal side of freshly delivered placenta
1405:
1278:
1079:
1017:
796:
788:
668:
544:
435:
374:
330:
The placenta has evolved independently multiple times, probably starting in
280:
260:
226:
55:
3489:
3365:
3330:
3278:
3128:
3005:
2954:
2905:
2848:
2813:
2746:
2687:
2652:"The influence of placental metabolism on fatty acid transfer to the fetus"
2603:
2562:
2517:
2468:
2417:
2368:
2335:"Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour"
2305:
2253:
2214:. Universities of Fribourg, Lausanne and Bern (Switzerland). Archived from
2109:
1927:
1876:
1833:
1738:
1697:
1593:
3229:
3040:
2986:
2042:
1985:
4290:
4228:
3460:
Shepardson M (1978). "Changes in Navajo mortuary practices and beliefs".
2792:
Erlebacher A (2013-03-21). "Immunology of the maternal-fetal interface".
2484:"Trophoblast-microbiome interaction: a new paradigm on immune regulation"
1760:
Henry George
Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus
1227:
1208:
1020:
916:
886:
860:
to see the infant through the crucial first months of extrauterine life.
812:
768:
700:
354:
264:
214:
2668:
2594:
2577:
2399:
2382:
Mercer JS, Vohr BR, Erickson-Owens DA, Padbury JF, Oh W (January 2010).
1607:
Pough FH, Andrews RM, Cadle JE, Crump ML, Savitsky AH, Wells KD (2004).
1180:, with many societies conducting rituals regarding its disposal. In the
894:
which is the hormone needed to allow the sex organs of the male to grow.
159:
4218:
3877:
3788:
3481:
1638:
1344:
that include the manufacturing of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food.
1239:
1220:
1177:
939:
852:
can pass through the human placenta, providing protection to the fetus
816:
808:
772:
730:
594:
581:
370:
342:
242:
238:
1943:"Implantation and Development of the Placenta: Introduction and Index"
1729:
1712:
1329:
has become a more recent trend in western cultures and is not without
1318:
1315:
1312:
827:
of some infectious diseases. A very small number of viruses including
3809:
1537:
1286:
1243:
1192:
1149:
909:
901:
463:
234:
187:
75:
3706:
3473:
2245:
483:
69:
1148:, when the placement of the placenta is too close to or blocks the
699:
Placental expulsion can be managed actively, for example by giving
601:, the deoxygenated blood flows back through the endometrial veins.
4279:
4267:
3060:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 202.
2431:
Perez-Muñoz ME, Arrieta MC, Ramer-Tait AE, Walter J (April 2017).
1305:
1258:
1251:
1235:
1103:
1084:
598:
597:, though no fluid is exchanged. As the pressure decreases between
555:
554:
482:
439:
295:
276:
191:
117:
79:
401:
discernible main lobe and auxiliary lobe, the latter is called a
2970:"IgG placental transfer in healthy and pathological pregnancies"
1522:
1511:(紫河车), dried human placenta used in traditional Chinese medicine
784:
331:
3928:
3720:
3701:
2232:
Kiserud T, Acharya G (December 2004). "The fetal circulation".
3617:"The placenta economy: From trashed to treasured bio-products"
1004:
For this purpose, the placenta uses several mechanisms :
861:
1558:"Micro-RNAs in Human Placenta: Tiny Molecules, Immense Power"
1300:
In some cultures, the placenta is eaten, a practice known as
3414:
Sites: A Journal of Social
Anthropology and Cultural Studies
2135:"Stages of Development of the Fetus - Women's Health Issues"
1436:
A 3D Power Doppler image of vasculature in 20-week placenta
2060:"The human proteome in placenta - The Human Protein Atlas"
1713:"Viruses and the placenta: the essential virus first view"
334:, where it originated multiple times, including the genus
3253:"Foreign fetal cells persist in the maternal circulation"
2531:
Prince AL, Antony KM, Chu DM, Aagaard KM (October 2014).
1460:
Maternal side of a whole human placenta, just after birth
873:
The first hormone released by the placenta is called the
257:
and some non-mammals with varying levels of development.
3086:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
2872:"Microbial Vertical Transmission during Human Pregnancy"
2765:"Break on through: How some viruses infect the placenta"
2278:
Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Korkmaz A, Rosales-Corral SA (2013).
985:
inside the mother and must be protected from the normal
241:-dependent manner. In humans, a thin layer of maternal
2870:
Arora N, Sadovsky Y, Dermody TS, Coyne CB (May 2017).
1892:"Darwin's greatest discovery: design without designer"
1176:
The placenta often plays an important role in various
993:. The placenta and fetus are thus treated as sites of
3567:. Universiti Islam Malaysia Press. pp. 236–237.
3508:"Placenta Rituals and Folklore from around the World"
1127:
is seen off-centre at the bottom-right of the image.
523:
The outer layer of the late blastocyst, is formed of
589:
through these spiral arteries which bathe the fetal
4242:
4202:
4182:
4164:
4136:
4108:
4101:
4076:
4010:
3972:
3963:
3886:
3865:
3830:
3752:
3109:
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism
2701:Kappen C, Kruger C, MacGowan J, Salbaum JM (2012).
1261:think of the placenta as a friend of the baby; the
140:
128:
116:
111:
95:
90:
42:
1556:Jin M, Xu Q, Li J, Xu S, Tang C (September 2022).
267:, found in the outer barrier of the placenta (the
2182:Dashe JS, Bloom SL, Spong CY, Hoffman BL (2018).
1389:, ruptured at the margin at the left in the image
1023:to avoid detection by the immune system of their
425:Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression
16:Organ that connects the fetus to the uterine wall
2758:
2756:
2273:
2271:
2212:Online course in embryology for medical students
1634:"How the placenta evolved from an ancient virus"
733:, but recent research suggests that a resident,
783:Waste products excreted from the fetus such as
3290:
3288:
2227:
2225:
1325:and various health products. The practice of
1135:Numerous pathologies can affect the placenta.
1016:molecules. This is the same mechanism used by
520:, very early on in pregnancy at about week 4.
23:. For equivalent organs in other animals, see
3940:
3732:
3615:Kroløkke C, Dickinson E, Foss KA (May 2018).
2578:"Does a prenatal bacterial microbiota exist?"
2488:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
2023:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
233:, and on the opposite aspect to the maternal
229:. The placenta connects to the fetus via the
8:
3501:
3499:
981:The placenta and fetus may be regarded as a
729:The placenta is traditionally thought to be
365:Placental mammals, including humans, have a
3202:Clark DA, Chaput A, Tutton D (March 1986).
2919:Robbins JR, Bakardjiev AI (February 2012).
2339:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1163:, inflammation of the placenta, such as by
626:. Chorionic arteries, in turn, branch into
4105:
3969:
3947:
3933:
3925:
3739:
3725:
3717:
3443:"Bridging the Cultural Divide in Medicine"
1947:Pathophysiology of the Reproductive System
68:
48:
3425:
3410:"Working In/Playing With Three Languages"
3320:
3268:
3219:
2995:
2985:
2944:
2895:
2776:
2736:
2726:
2677:
2667:
2621:The Placenta: From Development to Disease
2593:
2552:
2507:
2458:
2448:
2407:
2358:
2295:
1917:
1907:
1728:
1687:
1677:
1583:
1573:
795:are transferred to the maternal blood by
2129:
2127:
2004:"Placental Structure and Classification"
989:of the mother that would cause it to be
618:Deoxygenated fetal blood passes through
490:
470:expressed in extravillous trophoblasts.
4089:Protein signalling in heart development
3082:"What infections can affect pregnancy?"
2974:Clinical & Developmental Immunology
2159:"How Your Fetus Grows During Pregnancy"
1548:
1351:
1273:regard it as the baby's older sibling.
3558:
3556:
3385:
3383:
2921:"Pathogens and the placental fortress"
2841:10.1146/annurev-virology-092917-043236
1361:Human placenta immediately post birth.
1195:the placenta for various reasons. The
1157:, premature detachment of the placenta
389:. The umbilical cord inserts into the
341:Placentation has also evolved in some
157:
39:
2806:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032712-100003
1115:(CMV) infection of the placenta (CMV
279:that helped pave the transition from
7:
3596:from the original on 5 December 2008
2763:Madhusoodanan J (October 10, 2018).
1304:. In some eastern cultures, such as
535:layer. The syncytiotrophoblast is a
508:The placenta begins to develop upon
326:Evolution and phylogenetic diversity
4326:Embryology of cardiovascular system
3664:Placental and Gestational Pathology
3621:European Journal of Women's Studies
3191:from the original on 29 April 2012.
1054:is the outer layer of cells of the
175:
4190:Vascular remodelling in the embryo
3181:"Placenta 'fools body's defences'"
3021:Journal of Reproductive Immunology
2537:Journal of Reproductive Immunology
1496:Placenta weight by gestational age
322:is more common in modern English.
14:
3747:Membranes of the fetus and embryo
715:, especially in preterm infants.
310:, accusative of πλακόεις/πλακούς
4321:Vertebrate developmental biology
4021:Primary interventricular foramen
3590:"Medicinal Uses of the Placenta"
3270:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.02.008
2625:. John Wiley and Sons. pp.
2576:Hornef M, Penders J (May 2017).
2006:. Colorado State. Archived from
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1394:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1333:; its practice being considered
3441:Francisco E (3 December 2004).
2925:Current Opinion in Microbiology
2482:Mor G, Kwon JY (October 2015).
2070:from the original on 2017-09-26
713:adaptation to extrauterine life
3709:, gynob.com, with quotes from
3698:The placenta-specific proteome
3565:Ensiklopedia Perbidanan Melayu
3157:. May 17, 2009. Archived from
2351:10.1002/14651858.CD007412.pub5
2139:Merck Manuals Consumer Version
1869:10.1016/j.placenta.2015.09.013
1711:Villarreal LP (January 2016).
1448:Schematic view of the placenta
1062:pattern determined by de novo
1034:by inhibiting the response to
568:Maternal placental circulation
543:The placenta grows throughout
434:and have functions related to
1:
4346:Human female endocrine system
3346:Journal of Applied Physiology
3033:10.1016/s0165-0378(97)00068-5
2208:"Placental blood circulation"
1970:"Examination of the placenta"
1424:Micrograph of CMV placentitis
1342:alternative uses for placenta
1184:, the placenta is most often
977:Immune tolerance in pregnancy
644:in placental arteries, while
3358:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.5.1882
2728:10.1371/journal.pone.0038445
2320:Williams book of obsteritcis
2186:. McGraw Hill Professional.
2035:10.1016/0002-9378(70)90621-6
1679:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000028
1323:traditional Chinese medicine
1119:). The characteristic large
875:human chorionic gonadotropin
825:mother-to-child transmission
737:, and diverse population of
4056:Primary interatrial foramen
3427:10.11157/sites-vol2iss2id65
3221:10.4049/jimmunol.136.5.1668
2794:Annual Review of Immunology
1791:Online Etymology Dictionary
1632:Mitra A (31 January 2020).
1472:Fetal side of same placenta
419:Gene and protein expression
4362:
3313:10.1038/s41467-023-36019-9
3151:"Human Placental Lactogen"
3121:10.1515/jpem.2000.13.4.343
2888:10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.007
2500:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.039
1660:Chuong EB (October 2018).
1097:
974:
954:. They are decreased with
936:insulin-like growth factor
750:Nutrition and gas exchange
722:
685:
678:This begins at day 17–22.
611:
501:
422:
33:
18:
3672:10.1017/9781316848616.039
3537:Davenport A (June 2005).
3462:American Indian Quarterly
2937:10.1016/j.mib.2011.11.006
2829:Annual Review of Virology
2778:10.1146/knowable-101018-1
2656:Journal of Lipid Research
2545:10.1016/j.jri.2014.03.006
2450:10.1186/s40168-017-0268-4
2284:Human Reproduction Update
1974:American Family Physician
1611:(3rd ed.). Pearson.
1575:10.3390/molecules27185943
659:. This may contribute to
608:Fetoplacental circulation
559:Maternal blood fills the
152:
67:
47:
29:Placenta (disambiguation)
3777:Intermediate trophoblast
3633:10.1177/1350506816679004
1968:Yetter JF (March 1998).
1528:Choriovitelline placenta
928:Human placental lactogen
531:layer and the overlying
367:chorioallantoic placenta
253:, but are also found in
74:Human placenta shown in
4151:Posterior cardinal vein
4084:Aorticopulmonary septum
3702:the Human Protein Atlas
3257:Fertility and Sterility
2876:Cell Host & Microbe
2388:Journal of Perinatology
2102:10.1126/science.1260419
1909:10.1073/pnas.0701072104
1826:10.1126/science.1076018
1385:Placenta with attached
964:Placental insufficiency
821:placental insufficiency
665:pregnancy complications
446:PAGE4 and expressed in
4146:Anterior cardinal vein
4036:Atrioventricular canal
3543:Johns Hopkins Magazine
2494:(4 Suppl): S131–S137.
1902:(Suppl 1): 8567–8573.
1308:, the dried placenta (
1289:(if it is a boy) or a
1132:
1090:
1032:cytotoxic T cells
745:Physiology of placenta
667:. It is proposed that
564:
499:
495:The initial stages of
488:
403:succenturiate placenta
154:Anatomical terminology
27:. For other uses, see
4156:Common cardinal veins
3666:. 2017. p. 336.
3391:"Why eat a placenta?"
3208:Journal of Immunology
3054:Pillitteri A (2009).
2297:10.1093/humupd/dmt054
1890:Ayala FJ (May 2007).
1107:
1094:Clinical significance
1088:
975:Further information:
971:Immunological barrier
799:across the placenta.
612:Further information:
558:
551:Placental circulation
502:Further information:
494:
486:
444:cancer testis antigen
423:Further information:
4026:Endocardial cushions
3187:. 10 November 2007.
2064:www.proteinatlas.org
1238:to encourage future
823:, may be related to
725:Placental microbiome
460:syncytiotrophoblasts
430:mainly expressed in
369:that forms from the
306:πλακόεντα/πλακοῦντα
54:Human placenta from
4336:Reproductive system
3992:Primitive ventricle
3955:Development of the
3904:Reichert's membrane
3772:Syncytiotrophoblast
3711:Williams Obstetrics
3563:Barakbah A (2017).
2987:10.1155/2012/985646
2719:2012PLoSO...738445K
2669:10.1194/jlr.P072355
2595:10.1038/mi.2016.141
2400:10.1038/jp.2009.170
2184:Williams Obstetrics
1818:2002Sci...298.1018R
1812:(5595): 1018–1020.
1340:Some cultures have
1327:human placentophagy
1297:(if it is a girl).
1172:Society and culture
1155:Placental abruption
868:Hormonal regulation
706:postpartum bleeding
693:Placental expulsion
688:Placental expulsion
671:plays a role as an
533:syncytiotrophoblast
497:human embryogenesis
308:plakóenta/plakoúnta
269:syncytiotrophoblast
217:that regulate both
21:placental expulsion
4300:Vitelline arteries
4264:Inferior vena cava
4031:Septum intermedium
3982:Truncus arteriosus
3957:circulatory system
3805:Intervillous space
3155:www.ucsfhealth.org
2582:Mucosal Immunology
2539:. 104–105: 12–19.
2234:Prenatal Diagnosis
1784:2016-01-30 at the
1765:2012-04-05 at the
1133:
1129:H&E stain
1123:of a CMV-infected
1091:
1064:methyltransferases
1036:interleukin 2
952:Rh incompatibility
628:cotyledon arteries
624:chorionic arteries
620:umbilical arteries
587:intervillous space
565:
561:intervillous space
516:into the maternal
500:
489:
409:, which is called
383:umbilical arteries
350:mammalian placenta
4308:
4307:
4276:Ductus arteriosus
4244:Fetal circulation
4198:
4197:
4097:
4096:
4017:Atrioventricular
4011:Chamber formation
3922:
3921:
3899:Heuser's membrane
3681:978-1-316-84861-6
3574:978-967-13305-9-3
3518:on 6 January 2008
3161:on April 29, 2017
3067:978-1-58255-999-5
2769:Knowable Magazine
2636:978-1-4443-3366-4
2240:(13): 1049–1059.
2193:978-1-259-64433-7
2096:(6220): 1260419.
1863:(11): 1207–1211.
1730:10.1111/apm.12485
1618:978-0-13-100849-6
1533:Pregnancy in fish
1348:Additional images
1100:Placental disease
1010:neurokinin B
942:, surfactant and
765:passive transport
675:in the placenta.
614:Fetal circulation
251:placental mammals
186:) is a temporary
168:
167:
163:
147:E5.11.3.1.1.0.5
106:chorion frondosum
4353:
4331:Organs (anatomy)
4284:Umbilical artery
4272:Pulmonary artery
4224:Connecting stalk
4106:
4051:Foramen secundum
3997:Primitive atrium
3970:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3926:
3845:Umbilical artery
3741:
3734:
3727:
3718:
3686:
3685:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3539:"The Love Offer"
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3514:. Archived from
3503:
3494:
3493:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3408:Metge J (2005).
3405:
3399:
3398:
3397:. 18 April 2006.
3387:
3378:
3377:
3352:(5): 1882–1886.
3341:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3263:(6): 2593–2595.
3248:
3242:
3241:
3223:
3214:(5): 1668–1675.
3199:
3193:
3192:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2989:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2730:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2624:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2452:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2029:(7): 1013–1017.
2018:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1988:. Archived from
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1949:. Colorado State
1938:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1801:
1795:
1776:
1770:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1732:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1681:
1672:(10): e3000028.
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1553:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1398:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1275:Native Hawaiians
1232:British Columbia
1165:TORCH infections
1146:Placenta praevia
1140:Placenta accreta
999:immune tolerance
995:immune privilege
858:humoral immunity
642:vasoconstriction
448:cytotrophoblasts
312:plakóeis/plakoús
275:: essentially a
177:
160:edit on Wikidata
72:
56:just after birth
52:
40:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4295:Vitelline veins
4238:
4206:hemangiogenesis
4204:
4194:
4178:
4160:
4132:
4093:
4072:
4061:Septum secundum
4006:
3959:
3953:
3923:
3918:
3914:Gestational sac
3882:
3861:
3855:Wharton's jelly
3826:
3801:Chorionic villi
3767:Cytotrophoblast
3748:
3745:
3694:
3689:
3682:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3562:
3561:
3554:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3474:10.2307/1184564
3459:
3458:
3454:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3389:
3388:
3381:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3088:. 27 April 2021
3080:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2345:(2): CD007412.
2332:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2246:10.1002/pd.1062
2231:
2230:
2223:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1786:Wayback Machine
1777:
1773:
1767:Wayback Machine
1758:
1754:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1494:
1485:
1482:
1473:
1470:
1461:
1458:
1449:
1446:
1437:
1434:
1425:
1422:
1413:
1404:of a placental
1399:
1390:
1387:fetal membranes
1383:
1374:
1371:
1362:
1359:
1350:
1271:Malay Peninsula
1269:populations in
1174:
1113:cytomegalovirus
1102:
1096:
1076:
1060:DNA methylation
1048:
1046:DNA methylation
987:immune response
979:
973:
960:choriocarcinoma
891:pregnancy tests
870:
842:cytomegalovirus
805:
781:
752:
747:
727:
721:
690:
684:
616:
610:
578:Spiral arteries
574:decidualization
570:
553:
529:cytotrophoblast
506:
481:
476:
427:
421:
391:chorionic plate
363:
355:immunoglobulins
328:
318:, but the form
294:comes from the
211:endocrine organ
164:
102:Decidua basalis
86:
63:
38:
36:simple:Placenta
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4359:
4357:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4313:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4286:
4260:Ductus venosus
4256:Umbilical vein
4252:umbilical cord
4248:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4203:Extraembryonic
4200:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3929:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3909:Vitelline duct
3906:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3850:Umbilical vein
3847:
3840:Umbilical cord
3836:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3794:Decidual cells
3786:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3704:
3693:
3692:External links
3690:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3654:
3627:(2): 138–153.
3607:
3580:
3573:
3552:
3529:
3495:
3468:(4): 383–396.
3452:
3433:
3400:
3379:
3336:
3284:
3243:
3194:
3172:
3142:
3115:(4): 343–356.
3099:
3073:
3066:
3046:
3011:
2960:
2911:
2882:(5): 561–567.
2862:
2835:(1): 273–299.
2819:
2800:(1): 387–411.
2784:
2752:
2693:
2662:(2): 443–454.
2642:
2635:
2609:
2588:(3): 598–601.
2568:
2523:
2474:
2423:
2374:
2325:
2311:
2290:(2): 293–307.
2267:
2221:
2218:on 2011-09-28.
2199:
2192:
2174:
2150:
2123:
2080:
2051:
2013:
2010:on 2016-02-11.
1995:
1992:on 2011-10-16.
1980:(5): 1045–54.
1960:
1933:
1882:
1847:
1796:
1771:
1752:
1723:(1–2): 20–30.
1703:
1652:
1624:
1617:
1599:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1191:Some cultures
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1098:Main article:
1095:
1092:
1075:
1072:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1028:
1014:phosphocholine
972:
969:
968:
967:
944:adrenocortical
932:growth hormone
925:
914:
908:tubes and the
895:
869:
866:
850:IgG antibodies
804:
801:
780:
777:
757:carbon dioxide
751:
748:
746:
743:
739:microorganisms
735:non-pathogenic
723:Main article:
720:
717:
686:Main article:
683:
680:
609:
606:
569:
566:
552:
549:
537:multinucleated
480:
477:
475:
472:
420:
417:
387:umbilical vein
379:umbilical cord
362:
359:
357:to the fetus.
327:
324:
300:a type of cake
231:umbilical cord
205:shortly after
166:
165:
156:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
132:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
109:
108:
99:
93:
92:
88:
87:
84:umbilical cord
73:
65:
64:
60:umbilical cord
53:
45:
44:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4358:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:Blood islands
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4166:Lymph vessels
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:Aortic arches
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4066:Foramen ovale
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4046:Septum primum
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4003:
4002:Sinus venosus
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3987:Bulbus cordis
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3974:Tubular heart
3971:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3530:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3100:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2713:(6): e38445.
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:placentophagy
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:Western world
1179:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1068:embryogenesis
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
978:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
934:to stimulate
933:
929:
926:
923:
918:
915:
913:implantation.
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:corpus luteum
876:
872:
871:
867:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
831:
830:rubella virus
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
778:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
749:
744:
742:
740:
736:
732:
726:
718:
716:
714:
709:
707:
702:
697:
694:
689:
681:
679:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:pre-eclampsia
658:
657:free radicals
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
629:
625:
621:
615:
607:
605:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
579:
575:
567:
562:
557:
550:
548:
546:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
505:
498:
493:
485:
478:
473:
471:
469:
465:
461:
458:expressed in
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
426:
418:
416:
414:
413:
408:
404:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
360:
358:
356:
351:
346:
344:
340:
338:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
173:
161:
155:
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
133:
131:
127:
124:
121:
119:
115:
110:
107:
103:
100:
98:
94:
89:
85:
81:
78:connected to
77:
71:
66:
61:
57:
51:
46:
41:
37:
30:
26:
22:
4233:
4118:Dorsal aorta
3872:
3707:The Placenta
3663:
3657:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3598:. Retrieved
3583:
3564:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3520:. Retrieved
3516:the original
3511:
3506:Buckley SJ.
3465:
3461:
3455:
3446:
3436:
3420:(2): 83–90.
3417:
3413:
3403:
3394:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3304:
3300:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3184:
3175:
3163:. Retrieved
3159:the original
3154:
3145:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3085:
3076:
3056:
3049:
3024:
3020:
3014:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2931:(1): 36–43.
2928:
2924:
2914:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2768:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2620:
2612:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2536:
2526:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2394:(1): 11–16.
2391:
2387:
2377:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2319:
2314:
2287:
2283:
2237:
2233:
2216:the original
2211:
2202:
2183:
2177:
2166:. Retrieved
2163:www.acog.org
2162:
2153:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2072:. Retrieved
2063:
2054:
2046:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2008:the original
1998:
1990:the original
1977:
1973:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1946:
1936:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1789:
1774:
1755:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1669:
1666:PLOS Biology
1665:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1637:
1627:
1608:
1602:
1568:(18): 5943.
1565:
1561:
1551:
1508:
1412:placentitis)
1339:
1337:is debated.
1309:
1299:
1256:
1248:Transylvania
1242:visions. In
1225:
1190:
1175:
1134:
1077:
1049:
1041:
1012:-containing
1008:It secretes
1003:
983:foreign body
980:
922:vasodilation
898:Progesterone
883:progesterone
853:
847:
840:
834:
828:
806:
782:
753:
728:
710:
698:
691:
677:
654:
650:vasodilation
646:nitric oxide
632:
617:
603:
571:
542:
525:trophoblasts
522:
510:implantation
507:
504:Placentation
432:trophoblasts
428:
410:
402:
399:
366:
364:
349:
347:
337:Poeciliopsis
335:
329:
319:
315:
311:
307:
291:
289:
259:
213:, producing
207:implantation
197:that begins
183:
179:
171:
169:
122:
4341:Microbiomes
3866:Circulatory
3762:Trophoblast
3600:25 November
3027:(1): 1–23.
1609:Herpetology
1335:cannibalism
1331:controversy
1201:New Zealand
1186:incinerated
1161:Placentitis
1117:placentitis
1052:trophoblast
811:(including
673:antioxidant
638:prostanoids
518:endometrium
479:Development
412:vasa previa
247:endometrial
112:Identifiers
25:Placentalia
4315:Categories
4174:Lymph sacs
4128:Aortic sac
3894:Blastocoel
3588:Falcao R.
3307:(1): 371.
3301:Nat Commun
2980:: 985646.
2437:Microbiome
2168:2022-06-12
2144:2022-06-12
2074:2017-09-26
1779:"placenta"
1544:References
1402:Micrograph
1281:, such as
1263:orang Asli
1213:Costa Rica
1109:Micrograph
1056:blastocyst
900:helps the
836:Zika virus
793:creatinine
719:Microbiome
663:and other
634:Endothelin
514:blastocyst
474:Physiology
395:cotyledons
285:live-birth
281:egg-laying
273:retrovirus
255:marsupials
223:physiology
221:and fetal
203:blastocyst
199:developing
190:and later
3784:Allantois
3649:151874106
3641:1350-5068
3522:7 January
3512:Mothering
2443:(1): 48.
1941:Bowen R.
1562:Molecules
1406:infection
1279:Indonesia
1240:prophetic
1080:capacitor
1021:nematodes
1018:parasitic
906:fallopian
815:and most
797:diffusion
789:uric acid
779:Excretion
669:melatonin
545:pregnancy
436:pregnancy
375:allantois
361:Structure
320:placentas
316:placentae
298:word for
290:The word
261:Mammalian
227:pregnancy
201:from the
188:embryonic
184:placentae
180:placentas
97:Precursor
58:with the
4291:yolk sac
4234:Placenta
4229:Yolk sac
4110:Arteries
3873:Placenta
3594:Archived
3490:11614175
3395:BBC News
3366:11299282
3331:36690623
3279:18384774
3238:22815679
3189:Archived
3185:BBC News
3165:July 21,
3137:28778529
3129:10776988
3006:22235228
2955:22169833
2906:28494237
2857:51724379
2849:30048217
2814:23298207
2747:22701643
2707:PLOS ONE
2688:27913585
2604:28120852
2563:24793619
2518:26428492
2469:28454555
2418:19847185
2369:30754073
2306:24132226
2262:25040285
2254:15614842
2110:25613900
2068:Archived
1928:17494753
1877:26474917
1857:Placenta
1834:12411703
1782:Archived
1763:Archived
1747:12042851
1739:26818259
1698:30300353
1594:36144676
1517:See also
1283:Javanese
1259:Nepalese
1228:Kwakiutl
1209:Cambodia
1178:cultures
991:rejected
948:diabetes
917:Estrogen
887:estrogen
854:in utero
813:bacteria
809:microbes
803:Immunity
769:diabetes
701:oxytocin
487:Placenta
442:and the
385:and one
343:reptiles
292:placenta
265:syncytin
243:decidual
219:maternal
215:hormones
172:placenta
123:placenta
62:in place
43:Placenta
4219:Chorion
4102:Vessels
4042:Atrial
3878:Chorion
3789:Decidua
3482:1184564
3447:Science
3374:8785947
3322:9870994
3230:2936806
3092:25 June
3041:9501287
2997:3251916
2946:3265690
2897:6148370
2738:3372526
2715:Bibcode
2679:5282960
2554:4157949
2509:6800181
2460:5410102
2409:2799542
2360:6372362
2090:Science
2043:5429965
1986:9518951
1919:1876431
1842:2372572
1814:Bibcode
1806:Science
1689:6177113
1645:9 March
1585:9501247
1509:Ziheche
1310:ziheche
1221:Bolivia
1121:nucleus
1066:during
997:, with
956:toxemia
940:insulin
817:viruses
773:obesity
731:sterile
648:causes
595:chorion
582:decidua
580:in the
512:of the
371:chorion
302:, from
239:species
225:during
135:D010920
91:Details
3820:cavity
3810:Amnion
3754:Embryo
3678:
3647:
3639:
3571:
3488:
3480:
3372:
3364:
3329:
3319:
3277:
3236:
3228:
3135:
3127:
3064:
3039:
3004:
2994:
2953:
2943:
2904:
2894:
2855:
2847:
2812:
2745:
2735:
2686:
2676:
2633:
2602:
2561:
2551:
2516:
2506:
2467:
2457:
2416:
2406:
2367:
2357:
2304:
2260:
2252:
2190:
2118:802377
2116:
2108:
2041:
1984:
1953:7 July
1926:
1916:
1875:
1840:
1832:
1745:
1737:
1696:
1686:
1615:
1592:
1582:
1538:Zygote
1295:thread
1291:needle
1287:pencil
1244:Turkey
1236:ravens
1217:Aymara
1205:Navajo
1150:cervix
962:, and
910:uterus
902:embryo
791:, and
761:active
640:cause
599:pulses
464:PAPPA2
462:, and
235:uterus
76:uterus
4280:Aorta
4268:Heart
4183:Other
4138:Veins
4077:Other
3965:Heart
3887:Other
3832:Fetus
3645:S2CID
3478:JSTOR
3370:S2CID
3234:S2CID
3133:S2CID
2853:S2CID
2258:S2CID
2114:S2CID
1838:S2CID
1743:S2CID
1717:APMIS
1306:China
1267:Malay
1252:Japan
1197:Māori
1111:of a
1074:Other
682:Birth
591:villi
456:KISS1
440:PEG10
407:labor
304:Greek
296:Latin
277:virus
237:in a
195:organ
192:fetal
158:[
118:Latin
82:with
80:fetus
3676:ISBN
3637:ISSN
3602:2008
3569:ISBN
3549:(3).
3524:2008
3486:PMID
3362:PMID
3327:PMID
3275:PMID
3226:PMID
3167:2017
3125:PMID
3094:2021
3062:ISBN
3037:PMID
3002:PMID
2978:2012
2951:PMID
2902:PMID
2845:PMID
2810:PMID
2743:PMID
2684:PMID
2631:ISBN
2600:PMID
2559:PMID
2514:PMID
2465:PMID
2414:PMID
2365:PMID
2343:2019
2302:PMID
2250:PMID
2188:ISBN
2106:PMID
2039:PMID
1982:PMID
1955:2019
1924:PMID
1873:PMID
1830:PMID
1735:PMID
1694:PMID
1647:2020
1639:WHYY
1613:ISBN
1590:PMID
1523:Caul
1293:and
1265:and
1250:and
1211:and
1193:bury
1125:cell
1050:The
1025:host
950:and
885:and
839:and
785:urea
763:and
636:and
468:PRG2
466:and
454:and
452:CSH1
373:and
348:The
332:fish
170:The
130:MeSH
3815:sac
3700:at
3668:doi
3629:doi
3470:doi
3422:doi
3354:doi
3317:PMC
3309:doi
3265:doi
3216:doi
3212:136
3117:doi
3029:doi
2992:PMC
2982:doi
2941:PMC
2933:doi
2892:PMC
2884:doi
2837:doi
2802:doi
2773:doi
2733:PMC
2723:doi
2674:PMC
2664:doi
2590:doi
2549:PMC
2541:doi
2504:PMC
2496:doi
2492:213
2455:PMC
2445:doi
2404:PMC
2396:doi
2355:PMC
2347:doi
2292:doi
2242:doi
2098:doi
2094:347
2031:doi
2027:107
1914:PMC
1904:doi
1900:104
1865:doi
1822:doi
1810:298
1725:doi
1721:124
1684:PMC
1674:doi
1580:PMC
1570:doi
1410:CMV
1230:of
1219:of
1199:of
862:IgM
771:or
283:to
182:or
176:pl.
4317::
4293::
4282:→
4278:→
4274:→
4270:→
4266:→
4262:→
4258:→
4254::
3674:.
3643:.
3635:.
3625:25
3623:.
3619:.
3592:.
3555:^
3547:57
3545:.
3541:.
3510:.
3498:^
3484:.
3476:.
3464:.
3445:.
3416:.
3412:.
3393:.
3382:^
3368:.
3360:.
3350:90
3348:.
3325:.
3315:.
3305:14
3303:.
3299:.
3287:^
3273:.
3261:91
3259:.
3255:.
3232:.
3224:.
3210:.
3206:.
3183:.
3153:.
3131:.
3123:.
3113:13
3111:.
3084:.
3035:.
3025:37
3023:.
3000:.
2990:.
2976:.
2972:.
2949:.
2939:.
2929:15
2927:.
2923:.
2900:.
2890:.
2880:21
2878:.
2874:.
2851:.
2843:.
2831:.
2808:.
2798:31
2796:.
2771:.
2767:.
2755:^
2741:.
2731:.
2721:.
2709:.
2705:.
2682:.
2672:.
2660:58
2658:.
2654:.
2629:.
2627:66
2598:.
2586:10
2584:.
2580:.
2557:.
2547:.
2535:.
2512:.
2502:.
2490:.
2486:.
2463:.
2453:.
2439:.
2435:.
2412:.
2402:.
2392:30
2390:.
2386:.
2363:.
2353:.
2341:.
2337:.
2300:.
2288:20
2286:.
2282:.
2270:^
2256:.
2248:.
2238:24
2236:.
2224:^
2210:.
2161:.
2137:.
2126:^
2112:.
2104:.
2092:.
2066:.
2062:.
2045:.
2037:.
2025:.
1978:57
1976:.
1972:.
1945:.
1922:.
1912:.
1898:.
1894:.
1871:.
1861:36
1859:.
1836:.
1828:.
1820:.
1808:.
1788:.
1741:.
1733:.
1719:.
1715:.
1692:.
1682:.
1670:16
1668:.
1664:.
1636:.
1588:.
1578:.
1566:27
1564:.
1560:.
1188:.
1082:.
1001:.
958:,
833:,
787:,
576:.
450:,
415:.
345:.
287:.
178::
142:TE
104:,
3948:e
3941:t
3934:v
3803:/
3740:e
3733:t
3726:v
3684:.
3670::
3651:.
3631::
3604:.
3577:.
3526:.
3492:.
3472::
3466:4
3449:.
3430:.
3424::
3418:2
3376:.
3356::
3333:.
3311::
3281:.
3267::
3240:.
3218::
3169:.
3139:.
3119::
3096:.
3070:.
3043:.
3031::
3008:.
2984::
2957:.
2935::
2908:.
2886::
2859:.
2839::
2833:5
2816:.
2804::
2781:.
2775::
2749:.
2725::
2717::
2711:7
2690:.
2666::
2639:.
2606:.
2592::
2565:.
2543::
2520:.
2498::
2471:.
2447::
2441:5
2420:.
2398::
2371:.
2349::
2322:.
2308:.
2294::
2264:.
2244::
2196:.
2171:.
2147:.
2120:.
2100::
2077:.
2033::
1957:.
1930:.
1906::
1879:.
1867::
1844:.
1824::
1816::
1794:.
1769:.
1749:.
1727::
1700:.
1676::
1649:.
1621:.
1596:.
1572::
1408:(
1319:车
1316:河
1313:紫
1167:.
1131:.
1038:.
1027:.
966:.
339:.
245:(
174:(
162:]
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
