30:
37:
60:
88:
74:
46:
371:
Evidence of a major earthquake at about this time affecting the full 600 km (370 mi) has been found by trenching across the fault at many localities. The 600 km length is based on the assumption that there was a single large event rather than several smaller events, but that would require a
335:
in the west. In detail the fault is formed of many separate segments. Movement on parts of this fault zone have been responsible for many large and damaging earthquakes. They tend to form overall westward propagating sequences that can last for many decades. The most recent sequence began with the
400:
The town of Bolu was reported to be almost completely destroyed by the earthquake, with 1,800 fatalities. There was also severe damage further east along the fault, with another 6,000 reported casualties between
384:
shows clear evidence of propagating across a much wider stepover and this has been backed by further numerical modelling that suggests that ruptures can jump 8 km or more in the case of mature fault systems.
576:
610:"Palaeoearthquakes on the Kelkit Valley Segment of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey: Implications for the Surface Rupture of the Historical 17 August 1668 Anatolian Earthquake"
711:
388:
The 1668 earthquake is regarded as probably the first in a mainly westward propagating sequence that continued into the 19th century, including events in 1719, 1754,
1116:
380:. Despite evidence from past events, backed up by dynamic rupture modelling, that most earthquakes are unable to jump more than about 5 km (3.1 mi), the
1480:
1400:
1355:
29:
631:Şengör, A.M.C.; Tüysüz, O.; İmren, C.; Sakınç, M.; Eyidoğan, H.; Görür, N.; Le Pichon, X.; Rangin, C. (2005). "The North Anatolian Fault: A new look".
360: (based on the interpreted rupture length). The suggested rupture length varies from 380 km (240 mi) to 600 km (370 mi). In
1385:
1068:
583:
142:
1405:
1646:
991:
1299:
1425:
1209:
1656:
1636:
1616:
1109:
1053:
470:
1661:
1595:
1641:
1154:
697:
535:
506:
272:
216:
1575:
1535:
1510:
1380:
1375:
1395:
1390:
1631:
474:
1621:
1199:
1102:
720:
1365:
704:
315:. Relative to the Eurasian Plate the Anatolian Plate is being forced westwards by the continuing northward movement of the
1174:
1159:
1125:
945:
924:
862:
791:
292:
1294:
1006:
801:
1570:
1540:
811:
1460:
1415:
1410:
1279:
328:
352:
at the western end of the rupture zone. The mainshock was very large, with an estimated magnitude ranging from 7.8 M
1626:
1585:
1560:
1555:
1545:
1345:
1319:
1309:
996:
955:
857:
1580:
1530:
1470:
1455:
1420:
1304:
1259:
1249:
960:
836:
831:
816:
749:
744:
575:
Albini, P.; Musson, R.M.W.; Gomez Capera, A.A.; Locati, M.; Rovida, A.; Stucchi, M.; Viganò, D. (October 2013).
1565:
1500:
1430:
1370:
1335:
1289:
1229:
975:
965:
929:
919:
898:
867:
739:
389:
337:
263:
125:
1590:
1520:
1515:
340:, continuing with major earthquakes in 1942, 1943, 1944, 1949, 1951, 1957, 1966, 1967, 1992 and two in 1999.
1495:
1485:
1450:
1284:
1254:
1234:
1194:
1184:
1048:
1001:
888:
826:
821:
770:
439:
1440:
1350:
1314:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1189:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1144:
1139:
1078:
1073:
1063:
1032:
1027:
950:
914:
883:
796:
405:
and Niksar. Some damage was also reported from as far east as
Erzincan and at various locations along the
381:
1525:
1505:
1465:
1445:
1435:
1360:
1274:
1269:
1244:
1239:
1058:
893:
852:
775:
734:
666:
Gündüz, A.; Türkmen, S.; Eryiğit, U.; Karaca, Y.; Aydın, M. (2013). "Is Turkey an
Earthquake Country?".
373:
324:
177:
1550:
1490:
1475:
1340:
1264:
1149:
1083:
1022:
765:
640:
544:
499:
Earthquakes in the
Mediterranean and Middle East: A Multidisciplinary Study of Seismicity up to 1900
806:
348:
Analysis of historical records suggests that the 17 August earthquake was preceded by a number of
608:
Zabci, C.; Akyüz, H. S.; Karabacak, V.; Sançar, T.; Altunel, E.; Gürsoy, H.; Tatar, O. (2011).
502:
320:
531:"Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering"
478:
675:
648:
552:
255:
652:
308:
304:
262:
on 17 August 1668 in the late morning. It had an estimated magnitude in the range 7.8–8.0
442:(in Turkish). Boğaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute
644:
548:
557:
530:
312:
202:
609:
1651:
1610:
410:
316:
356: (based on the size of the area affected by shaking of intensity VI) to 8.0 M
526:
187:
522:
365:
332:
280:
259:
157:
144:
406:
349:
276:
689:
679:
402:
288:
198:
1094:
377:
327:. This 1,500 km (930 mi) long structure extends from the
361:
319:. This motion is accommodated by a major dextral (right lateral)
577:"Global Historical Earthquake Archive and Catalogue (1000-1903)"
413:
were damaged and some parts of the structure "were demolished".
284:
1098:
693:
376:(lateral offset) of 10 km (6.2 mi) in the fault at
291:, resulting in about 8,000 deaths. It is thought to be the
460:
Samsun İl Halk
Library Manuscripts, no. 711, folio 1r.
570:
568:
364:
the earthquake was followed by at least six months of
36:
582:. GEM Technical Report 2013-01 V1.0.0. Archived from
1328:
1132:
1041:
1015:
984:
938:
907:
876:
845:
784:
758:
727:
283:. It caused widespread damage from as far west as
245:
237:
229:
208:
193:
183:
173:
136:
120:
112:
104:
501:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 512–515.
492:
490:
488:
279:of the earthquake was on the southern shore of
1110:
705:
633:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
440:"Tarihsel Depremler (Historical Earthquakes)"
271:and the maximum felt intensity was IX on the
8:
19:
372:propagating rupture to jump across a major
16:Most powerful earthquake in Turkish history
1117:
1103:
1095:
712:
698:
690:
668:The Journal of Academic Emergency Medicine
18:
556:
264:
126:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
422:
653:10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120415
303:North Anatolia lies across the mainly
7:
558:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1997.tb05321.x
293:most powerful earthquake in Turkey
14:
614:Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
536:Geophysical Journal International
273:Modified Mercalli intensity scale
471:"Historic Worldwide Earthquakes"
86:
72:
59:
58:
44:
35:
28:
475:United States Geological Survey
409:coast. The walls and towers of
209:
87:
73:
20:1668 North Anatolia earthquake
1:
1647:History of Erzincan Province
1596:2023 Gaziantep–Kahramanmaraş
1401:1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik
45:
529:; Dieterich, J. H. (1997).
1678:
1657:History of Amasya Province
1637:History of Samsun Province
1617:1668 in the Ottoman Empire
1356:1935 Erdek–Marmara Islands
1662:History of Tokat Province
24:
1642:History of Bolu Province
1054:1692 Northwestern Europe
721:17th-century earthquakes
338:1939 Erzincan earthquake
329:Karlıova Triple Junction
1069:1694 Irpinia–Basilicata
241:Continued for 6 months
1632:1668 natural disasters
1481:1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye
497:Ambraseys, N. (2009).
382:2001 Kunlun earthquake
258:was struck by a large
1622:Earthquakes in Turkey
1386:1943 Adapazarı–Hendek
1126:Earthquakes in Turkey
680:10.5152/jaem.2013.012
325:North Anatolian Fault
178:North Anatolian Fault
374:extensional stepover
1220:1668 North Anatolia
1200:1509 Constantinople
971:1668 North Anatolia
645:2005AREPS..33...37S
549:1997GeoJI.128..594S
331:in the east to the
287:and as far east as
154: /
21:
1300:1899 Aydın–Denizli
1175:557 Constantinople
1160:447 Constantinople
863:1638 New Hampshire
792:1620 Robben Island
589:on 1 February 2020
305:transform boundary
1627:1660s earthquakes
1604:
1603:
1511:1998 Adana–Ceyhan
1426:1953 Yenice–Gönen
1381:1942 Niksar–Erbaa
1210:1598 Amasya–Çorum
1092:
1091:
1007:1679 Sanhe-Pinggu
802:1622 North Guyuan
392:, 1859 and 1893.
321:strike-slip fault
256:Northern Anatolia
253:
252:
1669:
1536:2004 Doğubayazıt
1406:1946 Varto–Hınıs
1396:1944 Bolu–Gerede
1391:1943 Tosya–Ladik
1119:
1112:
1105:
1096:
812:1625 El Salvador
714:
707:
700:
691:
684:
683:
663:
657:
656:
628:
622:
621:
605:
599:
598:
596:
594:
588:
581:
572:
563:
562:
560:
519:
513:
512:
494:
483:
482:
477:. Archived from
467:
461:
458:
452:
451:
449:
447:
436:
299:Tectonic setting
269:
225:
223:
211:
169:
168:
166:
165:
164:
159:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
131:
90:
89:
76:
75:
62:
61:
48:
47:
39:
38:
32:
22:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1586:2020 Aegean Sea
1561:2017 Aegean Sea
1556:2014 Aegean Sea
1324:
1155:262 SW Anatolia
1128:
1123:
1093:
1088:
1037:
1011:
980:
956:1663 Charlevoix
946:1662 Hyūga-nada
934:
925:1657 Concepción
903:
872:
841:
780:
754:
723:
718:
688:
687:
665:
664:
660:
630:
629:
625:
607:
606:
602:
592:
590:
586:
579:
574:
573:
566:
521:
520:
516:
509:
496:
495:
486:
469:
468:
464:
459:
455:
445:
443:
438:
437:
424:
419:
398:
359:
355:
346:
309:Anatolian Plate
301:
268:
217:
215:
162:
160:
156:
153:
148:
145:
143:
141:
140:
130:
113:Local time
105:Local date
100:
99:
98:
97:
96:
95:
91:
83:
82:
81:
77:
69:
68:
67:
63:
55:
54:
53:
49:
41:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1421:1952 Hasankale
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:1941 Van–Erciş
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1305:1903 Manzikert
1302:
1297:
1295:1898 Balıkesir
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1250:1856 Heraklion
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
988:
986:
982:
981:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
961:1667 Dubrovnik
958:
953:
948:
942:
940:
936:
935:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
911:
909:
905:
904:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
880:
878:
874:
873:
871:
870:
865:
860:
858:1638 Calabrian
855:
849:
847:
843:
842:
840:
839:
837:1629 Banda Sea
834:
832:1628 Camarines
829:
824:
819:
817:1626 Girifalco
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
788:
786:
782:
781:
779:
778:
773:
768:
762:
760:
756:
755:
753:
752:
747:
745:1605 Guangdong
742:
737:
731:
729:
725:
724:
719:
717:
716:
709:
702:
694:
686:
685:
658:
623:
600:
564:
543:(3): 594–604.
514:
507:
484:
481:on 2009-08-25.
462:
453:
421:
420:
418:
415:
397:
394:
357:
353:
345:
342:
313:Eurasian Plate
300:
297:
266:
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
213:
206:
205:
203:Ottoman Empire
195:
194:Areas affected
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
138:
134:
133:
128:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
108:17 August 1668
106:
102:
101:
93:
92:
85:
84:
79:
78:
71:
70:
65:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:
43:
42:
34:
33:
27:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1674:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:2019 Istanbul
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:1992 Erzincan
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:1969 Alaşehir
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:1951 Kurşunlu
1414:
1412:
1411:1949 Karlıova
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:1939 Erzincan
1369:
1367:
1366:1938 Kırşehir
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:1924 Pasinler
1334:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:1894 Istanbul
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1230:1766 Istanbul
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
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1193:
1191:
1188:
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1168:
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1161:
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1156:
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1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
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1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
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1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
987:
983:
977:
976:1668 Shandong
974:
972:
969:
967:
966:1667 Shamakhi
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
941:
937:
931:
930:1659 Calabria
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:1654 Tianshui
918:
916:
913:
912:
910:
906:
900:
899:1647 Santiago
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
879:
875:
869:
868:1639 Amatrice
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
848:
844:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
787:
783:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
761:
757:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
740:1604 Quanzhou
738:
736:
733:
732:
730:
726:
722:
715:
710:
708:
703:
701:
696:
695:
692:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
627:
624:
619:
615:
611:
604:
601:
585:
578:
571:
569:
565:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
532:
528:
524:
518:
515:
510:
508:9781316347850
504:
500:
493:
491:
489:
485:
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476:
472:
466:
463:
457:
454:
441:
435:
433:
431:
429:
427:
423:
416:
414:
412:
411:Samsun Castle
408:
404:
395:
393:
391:
386:
383:
379:
375:
369:
367:
363:
351:
343:
341:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:Arabian Plate
314:
310:
306:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
261:
257:
248:
244:
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207:
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196:
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182:
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172:
167:
158:40.9°N 36.0°E
139:
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119:
115:
111:
107:
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31:
23:
1546:2011 Kütahya
1496:1986 Malatya
1486:1983 Erzurum
1451:1967 Mudurnu
1431:1957 Fethiye
1346:1929 Suşehri
1329:Contemporary
1320:1919 Ayvalık
1310:1912 Mürefte
1285:1893 Malatya
1265:1872 Antioch
1255:1859 Erzurum
1235:1766 Marmara
1219:
1195:1269 Cilicia
1185:847 Damascus
1049:1692 Jamaica
1002:1679 Armenia
970:
889:1641 Caracas
827:1627 Gargano
822:1626 Lingqiu
771:1611 Sanriku
671:
667:
661:
636:
632:
626:
617:
613:
603:
591:. Retrieved
584:the original
540:
534:
527:Barka, A. A.
523:Stein, R. S.
517:
498:
479:the original
465:
456:
444:. Retrieved
399:
387:
370:
347:
323:system, the
307:between the
302:
254:
219:
116:Late morning
1581:2020 Bingöl
1571:2020 Elazığ
1541:2010 Elazığ
1531:2003 Bingöl
1471:1971 Bingöl
1456:1968 Bartın
1441:1964 Manyas
1351:1930 Salmas
1315:1914 Burdur
1260:1866 Bingöl
1225:1688 Smyrna
1215:1653 Smyrna
1205:1513 Marash
1190:1114 Marash
1180:840 Erzurum
1170:528 Antioch
1165:526 Antioch
1145:115 Antioch
1140:AD 17 Lydia
1079:1698 Ambato
1074:1695 Linfen
1064:1693 Sicily
1033:1688 Sannio
1028:1688 Smyrna
951:1662 Kanbun
915:1653 Smyrna
884:1641 Tabriz
797:1621 Panama
750:1605 Keichō
366:aftershocks
238:Aftershocks
188:Strike-slip
161: /
1611:Categories
1591:2022 Düzce
1526:2002 Afyon
1521:1999 Düzce
1516:1999 İzmit
1506:1995 Dinar
1466:1970 Gediz
1446:1966 Varto
1436:1957 Abant
1361:1935 Digor
1280:1883 Çeşme
1275:1881 Chios
1270:1875 Dinar
1245:1855 Bursa
1240:1840 Ahora
1133:Historical
1059:1692 Salta
992:1674 Ambon
894:1645 Luzon
853:1630 Crete
776:1615 Arica
735:1604 Arica
639:: 37–112.
620:: 411–427.
593:1 February
446:1 February
417:References
350:foreshocks
344:Earthquake
333:Aegean Sea
281:Ladik Lake
260:earthquake
249:8,000 dead
246:Casualties
230:Foreshocks
163:40.9; 36.0
1491:1983 Biga
1476:1975 Lice
1341:1926 Kars
1150:141 Lycia
1084:1699 Java
1023:1687 Peru
997:1677 Bōsō
766:1611 Aizu
674:: 33–37.
407:Black Sea
277:epicenter
212:intensity
137:Epicentre
121:Magnitude
1576:2020 Van
1551:2011 Van
807:1624 Fez
403:Merzifon
311:and the
289:Erzincan
218:MMI IX (
199:Anatolia
124:7.8–8.0
66:Erzincan
641:Bibcode
545:Bibcode
220:Violent
149:36°00′E
146:40°54′N
505:
396:Damage
378:Niksar
275:. The
197:North
94:Samsun
80:Niksar
1042:1690s
1016:1680s
985:1670s
939:1660s
908:1650s
877:1640s
846:1630s
785:1620s
759:1610s
728:1600s
587:(PDF)
580:(PDF)
362:Tokat
174:Fault
1652:Bolu
595:2020
503:ISBN
448:2020
390:1766
285:Bolu
233:Yes
210:Max.
184:Type
52:Bolu
676:doi
649:doi
553:doi
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