746:
735:
51:
666:
38:
707:
areas. Camastra already had considerable experience as an administrator, having served in a number of senior military and judicial positions. The
Viceroy also appointed three generals as commissioners in order to organise the immediate relief efforts in the worst affected cities. One of the Duke of Camastra's first acts was to temporarily exempt the worst affected areas from taxes. Amongst other administrators sent to the damaged area was Colonel Don
767:
rebuild using the existing town plan. Examples of towns that fell in the first category were Avola and Noto, their former locations now being known as Avola Antica and Noto Antica. Catania is an example of a city that was rebuilt on the same site to a new plan while adapting some of the existing structures. Syracuse is an example of a city rebuilt entirely to its existing plan. Ragusa was partly rebuilt on its old site to the medieval plan (
479:
Siculo-Calabrian rift zone, or rupture along the subduction zone beneath the Ionian Sea. An analysis of the distribution of tsunami run-ups along the coast suggests that a submarine landslide triggered by the earthquake is the most likely source, in which case the tsunami provides no constraint on the epicenter. A landslide origin is supported by the observation of possible landslide bodies along the
Hyblean-Malta escarpment.
510:, a sequence containing several coarse clastic layers has been found, inconsistent with its lagoonal setting. The uppermost coarse layer, which has a strongly erosive base, consists of coarse sand with up to granule size clasts. The layer has been dated as 17th to 18th century based on pottery shards and one well-preserved clay pipe, consistent with the 1693 tsunami. Offshore from Augusta, a sequence identified using
374:
570:
559:
58:
630:
The earthquake also triggered large landslides, such as at Noto Antica and
Sortino, and in one case a large rockslide dammed a stream, forming a lake a few kilometres long. Several large NW-SE trending fractures were created up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) long and 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide, on
364:
with fills of up to 700 metres (2,300 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) respectively. Onshore, two ages of faulting have been recognised, an earlier phase trending NW-SE and a later phase trending SSW-NNE that clearly offsets the first group, including the Avola fault and the
Rosolini-Ispica
714:
In
Palermo, the Viceroy formed two councils, a civil one made up of nobles, and another that was ecclesiastical made up of senior church officials. They were directed to meet twice weekly, and were charged with the drawing up of plans for the reconstruction of the worst affected towns and cities.
766:
The initial reconstruction efforts concentrated on restoring the military defences of
Syracuse, Augusta, Catania and Acireale, due to their strategic importance. The reconstruction plans were of three types: move the town to a new site, rebuild at the same site with a completely new town plan or
706:
for the Val Demone and Val di Noto regions of Sicily respectively. Due to illness, both the Prince of Aragon and his replacement the bishop of
Syracuse were unable to take up the position of Vicar General for Val di Noto and the Duke of Camastra was forced to take on the responsibility for both
582:
Despite the difficulty of separating the effects of this event from the mainshock, some information is available. This earthquake caused widespread damage, particularly in
Augusta where almost half of the houses were destroyed. Most of the buildings in two districts of Avola collapsed and many
495:
The tsunami triggered by the earthquake affected most of the Ionian Sea coast of Sicily, about 230 kilometres (140 mi) in all. The first thing that was noted at all localities affected was a withdrawal of the sea. The strongest effects were concentrated around
Augusta, where the initial
486:
mention dozens of aftershocks, some as late as August 1694, and some reportedly as strong as the initial quake of 11 January 1693. Aftershocks continued until at least 1696, with their effects concentrated in towns along the coast, supporting an epicentre either near the coast or offshore.
478:
The source of the 11 January earthquake is debated. Some catalogues give an onshore epicentre without any direct association with a known structure, while others propose that the source was offshore due to the associated tsunami, involving either rupture along a normal fault, part of the
887:"I. An account of the earthquakes in Sicilia, on the ninth and eleventh of January, 1692/3. Translated from an Italian letter from Sicily by the noble Vincentius Bonajutus, and communicated to the Royal Society by the learned Marcellus Malpighius, physician to his present Holineß"
284:
of the disaster was probably close to the coast, possibly offshore, although the exact position remains unknown. The extent and degree of destruction caused by the earthquake resulted in the extensive rebuilding of the towns and cities of southeastern Sicily, particularly the
525:
assemblages, eleven possible high-energy events were found based on the presence of large numbers of shallow water forams combined with a greater proportion of fine sand in the same interval. The uppermost two events correlate well with the tsunamis from the
496:
withdrawal left the harbour dry, followed by a wave of at least 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) height, possibly as much as 8 metres (26 ft), that inundated part of the town. The maximum inundation of about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) was recorded at
1183:
Armigliato, A.; Tinti S.; Zaniboni F.; Pagnoni G. & Argnani A. (2007). "New contributions to the debate on the cause of the
January 11th, 1693 tsunami in eastern Sicily (Italy): earthquake or offshore landslide source (or may be both)?".
1563:
Smedile, A.; De Martini P.M.; Pantosti D.; Bellucci L.; Del Carlo P.; Gasperini L.; Pirrotta C.; Polonia A. & Boschi E. (2011). "Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)".
790:. At this time many of the palazzi, public buildings, cathedrals and churches were reconstructed in this style. Towns that suffered serious damage from the earthquake in which many of their structures were rebuilt, include
542:. Analysis of the relationship between eruptions and earthquakes has found that earthquakes are followed by long periods without activity in the 'rift zones' that extend out to north and south from the summit. Estimates of
1106:
695:
450:
The earthquake lasted for four minutes, according to contemporary accounts. The estimated magnitude of 7.4 is taken from the extent and degree of the recorded damage, with a very large area that reached X
1260:
831:
390:
A destructive earthquake occurred two days before the mainshock at 21:00 local time, centered in the Val di Noto. It had an estimated magnitude of 6.2 and a maximum perceived intensity of VIII–XI on the
341:
runs for about 370 kilometres (230 mi), forming three main segments through Calabria, along the east coast of Sicily and immediately offshore, and finally forming the southeastern margin of the
302:, "It was in this country impossible to keep upon our legs, or in one place on the dancing Earth; nay, those that lay along on the ground, were tossed from side to side, as if on a rolling billow."
583:
buildings were also destroyed in Noto, Floridia, Lentini and Mellili. Some buildings collapsed in Catania, Vizzini and Sortini. There were an estimated 200 deaths in both Augusta and
939:
National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972).
550:
intrusion in the rift zones associated with the 1669 eruption, suggest that this could have helped to trigger the 1693 earthquake, by increasing stress levels on the faults.
635:
were formed by jets of water spurting as much as several metres into the air, with similar phenomena being reported from the Lentini plain and along some river valleys.
595:
The area of severe damage covered most of southeastern Sicily, an area of about 14,000 square kilometres (5,400 sq mi), including all the present provinces of
265:, destroying at least 70 towns and cities, seriously affecting an area of 5,600 square kilometres (2,200 sq mi) and causing the death of about 60,000 people.
1290:
Catalano, S.; De Guidi G.; Monaco C.; Tortorici G. & Tortorici L. (2008). "Active faulting and seismicity along the Siculo–Calabrian Rift Zone (Southern Italy)".
1523:
298:
1799:
1769:
Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History (Queens' College Cambridge 2006), Exeter, Short Run Press, 2006, I, Pp. 799–815
538:
Although there are reports of an eruption at the time of the earthquake, most sources suggest that the volcano had been inactive since the destructive
745:
1212:
439:. Augusta lies well outside the main zone of severe shaking; its extensive damage is probably due to its construction on unconsolidated sediments.
1897:
920:
50:
2160:
2079:
2074:
200:
5–10-metre high waves devastated the coastal villages on the Ionian Sea and in the Straits of Messina. (Ambraseys-Sieberg intensity V tsunami)
1740:
1669:
2069:
1132:"Source of the 1693 Catania earthquake and tsunami (southern Italy): New evidence from tsunami modeling of a locked subduction fault plane"
1475:"Discrimination of Tsunami Sources (Earthquake versus Landslide) on the Basis of Historical Data in Eastern Sicily and Southern Calabria"
442:
From the shape and location of the area of maximum damage, the earthquake is thought to have been caused by movement on the Avola fault.
2145:
653:(19%). The total death toll in the same source was recorded as 54,000 with other sources referring to totals of about 60,000. In 1853,
1792:
2038:
1387:"Constraints to the Cause of Three Historical Tsunamis (1908, 1783, and 1693) in the Messina Straits Region, Sicily, Southern Italy"
1344:
607:. At least 70 cities, towns and villages were devastated, with some examples of at least partial building collapse as far afield as
183:
649:(63% of the population), 5,045 in Ragusa (51%), 3,500 in Syracuse (23%) 3,000 in Noto (25%), 1,840 in Augusta (30%) and 3,400 in
2155:
2064:
734:
2150:
2140:
1852:
1386:
854:
2110:
1785:
752:
506:
linked to the 1693 tsunami have been found both onshore and offshore. At Ognina, just south of Syracuse, at the head of a
1538:
2130:
1942:
1808:
849:
756:
1474:
123:
2125:
483:
2059:
2120:
2033:
1998:
1988:
1932:
1922:
1872:
1615:
1353:
691:
346:
1600:
2135:
2003:
1902:
1862:
2018:
1978:
1968:
1963:
1882:
1877:
1822:
940:
778:
The degree and extent of the damage caused by the earthquake prompted an architectural revival in the towns of
687:
392:
262:
106:
917:
2089:
2054:
2028:
2008:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1947:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1867:
1857:
1837:
991:
543:
527:
356:, dipping to the east. Most of these lie offshore and some control basins that contain large thicknesses of
1340:"Quaternary normal faulting in southeastern Sicily (Italy): a seismic source for the 1693 large earthquake"
1131:
2115:
2084:
2023:
2013:
1937:
1927:
1887:
1847:
1832:
1827:
254:
963:
708:
378:
334:
352:
In the southern part of the eastern coast of Sicily, investigations have identified a series of active
1619:
1573:
1489:
1401:
1357:
1299:
1227:
1193:
1146:
604:
665:
642:
that were anchored in the harbour when they were grounded during the initial withdrawal of the sea.
37:
2165:
1842:
1443:
1079:
1052:"Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500)"
834:
711:, royal engineer to the King of Spain, who had experience in planning and building fortifications.
596:
311:
840:, inscribed in 1992, referring to the "exceptional quality" of the region's art and architecture.
1637:
1162:
1050:
Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari, G.; Mariotti, D.; Comastri, A.; Tarabusi, G.; Sgatoni, G.; Valensise, G.
600:
539:
342:
273:
296:
According to a contemporary account of the earthquake by Vincentius Bonajutus, published in the
1736:
1665:
1110:
807:
338:
1659:
1730:
1627:
1581:
1497:
1409:
1365:
1307:
1235:
1154:
1094:
1003:
944:
898:
859:
791:
787:
724:
670:
639:
290:
976:
924:
683:
620:
503:
396:
360:
sediments. The two largest faults, known as the western and eastern master faults, border
353:
235:
1708:
1664:. Studies in Architecture. Vol. 21. University of California Press. pp. 27–37.
1623:
1577:
1493:
1405:
1361:
1303:
1231:
1197:
1150:
521:
in 72 metres (236 ft) of water. Following detailed analysis of both grain size and
699:
558:
547:
323:
239:
1051:
373:
17:
2104:
1641:
1632:
1370:
1339:
795:
703:
654:
327:
315:
249:
on 11 January at around 21:00 local time. This earthquake was preceded by a damaging
1166:
268:
The earthquake was followed by tsunamis that devastated the coastal villages on the
1686:
645:
The number of deaths recorded at the time in official sources were about 12,000 in
632:
522:
333:
and considerable seismic activity. Most damaging earthquakes however, occur on the
1417:
1585:
1522:
Scicchitano, G.; Costa B.; Di Stefano A.; Longhitano S. & Monaco C. (2008).
1311:
886:
803:
518:
468:
455:) or more on the Mercalli scale. The maximum shaking reached XI in the towns of
420:
361:
286:
257:, the most powerful in Italian recorded history, and a maximum intensity of XI (
1130:
Gutscher, M.-A.; Roger, J.; Baptista, M.-A.; Miranda, J. M.; Tinti, S. (2006).
569:
293:, described as "the culmination and final flowering of Baroque art in Europe".
1115:((...) and about sixty thousand people died under the ruins of the earthquake)
357:
330:
319:
269:
138:
125:
612:
281:
250:
1413:
992:"Seismic history of the Maltese islands and considerations on seismic risk"
903:
1158:
460:
404:
242:
562:
Depiction of the earthquake in an engraving from 1696, possibly showing
1777:
1501:
799:
646:
616:
608:
563:
497:
472:
464:
456:
436:
432:
424:
416:
408:
277:
1524:"Tsunami deposits in the Siracusa coastal area (south-eastern Sicily)"
1264:
1240:
253:
on 9 January. The main quake had an estimated magnitude of 7.4 on the
1601:"Stress interaction between seismic and volcanic activity at Mt Etna"
1473:
Gerardi, P.; Barbano M.S.; De Martini P.M. & Pantosti D. (2008).
948:
819:
815:
811:
779:
650:
428:
231:
165:
1099:
1008:
1764:
1186:
American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007, Abstract #S53A-1019
827:
823:
783:
771:) and partly on a new, but neighbouring site, to a 'modern' plan (
664:
624:
568:
557:
514:
511:
400:
372:
246:
227:
169:
161:
1261:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
1107:
Juan Francisco Pacheco y Téllez-Girón, 4th Consort Duke of Uceda
669:
The Cathedral of Noto, one of the many buildings constructed in
584:
412:
1781:
1338:
Bianca, M.; Monaco C.; Tortorici L. & Cernobori L. (1999).
326:. This subduction zone is responsible for the formation of the
1265:"Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-Eastern Sicily)"
1213:"A revision of the 1693 eastern Sicily earthquake and tsunami"
507:
1765:"The Reconstruction of Catania after the Earthquake of 1693"
1599:
Feuillet, N.; Cocco M.; Musumeci C. & Nostro C. (2006).
918:
USGS: "1693 01 11 – Sicily, Italy – M 7.5 Fatalities 60,000"
838:
Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-Eastern Sicily)
759:
building which was built in 1696–1705 to replace it (bottom)
1385:
Billi, A.; Minelli L.; Orecchio B. & Presti D. (2010).
345:. Faults in the Calabrian segment were responsible for the
1444:"Spanish sources concerning the 1693 earthquake in Sicily"
1080:"Spanish sources concerning the 1693 earthquake in Sicily"
891:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
657:
recorded 93,000 deaths, in his catalogue of earthquakes.
1661:
The Genesis of Noto: An Eighteenth-century Sicilian City
395:. Intensities of VIII or higher have been estimated for
943:. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.
1537:. Società Geologica Italiana: 159–162. Archived from
1463:
List of aftershocks 1693–1694 from the AGS documents.
631:
the plains just south of Catania. In the same area,
152:
The exact location of the epicentre remains uncertain
702:, the Duke of Camastra, and the Prince of Aragon as
2047:
1956:
1815:
212:
204:
196:
175:
156:
117:
101:
93:
85:
70:
755:which was damaged in the earthquake (top) and the
1482:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
1400:(6). Seismological Society of America: 907–915.
517:data was sampled with a 6.7 metres (22 ft)
276:. Almost two-thirds of the entire population of
299:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
638:At Augusta the tsunami damaged galleys of the
57:
1793:
8:
1220:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
1178:
1176:
1073:
1071:
1069:
682:Sicily was at the time ruled as part of the
30:
1653:
1651:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
880:
878:
876:
874:
830:. Many of these towns now form part of the
1800:
1786:
1778:
1125:
1123:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
36:
29:
1631:
1369:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1239:
1098:
1007:
902:
573:Ruins of the Norman castle in Noto Antica
107:
1442:Rodríguez de la Torre, Fernando (1995).
870:
972:
961:
934:
932:
7:
1763:Condorelli, Stefano (January 2006).
1735:. Casa Editrice Bonechi. p. 9.
941:"Significant Earthquake Information"
786:, a style that has become known as
310:Sicily lies on part of the complex
1078:Rodríguez de la Torre, F. (1995).
25:
1608:Geophysical Journal International
1345:Geophysical Journal International
1211:Piatanesi, A.; Tinti, S. (1998).
1633:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02824.x
1371:10.1046/j.1365-246X.1999.00942.x
744:
733:
56:
49:
234:, then a territory part of the
176:
1394:Seismological Research Letters
855:List of historical earthquakes
291:homogeneous late Baroque style
1:
2161:1693 in the Kingdom of Sicily
208:A magnitude 6.2 on 9 January
1586:10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002
1139:Geophysical Research Letters
850:List of earthquakes in Italy
1531:Rend. Online SGI Note Brevi
1312:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.05.008
484:Archivo General de Simancas
2182:
2146:Natural disasters in Malta
2080:January 2017 Central Italy
2075:October 2016 Central Italy
1616:Royal Astronomical Society
1354:Royal Astronomical Society
1298:(1–4). Elsevier: 177–192.
860:Sicilian Baroque from 1693
722:
673:style after the earthquake
482:Historic documents in the
369:Earthquake characteristics
347:1783 Calabrian earthquakes
2070:August 2016 Central Italy
530:and the 1693 earthquake.
226:struck parts of southern
44:
35:
27:1693 earthquake in Sicily
698:, reacted by appointing
534:Link to eruption of Etna
393:Mercalli intensity scale
263:Mercalli intensity scale
1898:1694 Irpinia–Basilicata
1732:Art and History: Sicily
1572:(1–4). Elsevier: 1–13.
544:Coulomb stress transfer
528:1908 Messina earthquake
2156:1693 natural disasters
2039:1997 Umbria and Marche
1414:10.1785/gssrl.81.6.907
971:Cite journal requires
904:10.1098/rstl.1694.0001
885:Bonajutus, V. (1694).
674:
574:
566:
382:
255:moment magnitude scale
224:1693 Sicily earthquake
31:1693 Sicily earthquake
18:1693 Sicily Earthquake
2151:17th-century tsunamis
2141:Earthquakes in Europe
1658:Tobriner, S. (1982).
723:Further information:
709:Carlos de Grunenbergh
668:
572:
561:
379:Siculo-Calabrian rift
376:
335:Siculo-Calabrian rift
2111:Earthquakes in Italy
1809:Earthquakes in Italy
1159:10.1029/2005GL025442
1113:at the time reports
996:Annals of Geophysics
591:11 January mainshock
446:11 January mainshock
339:extensional faulting
2131:Disasters in Sicily
2065:2012 Northern Italy
1729:Valdes, G. (2003).
1624:2006GeoJI.164..697F
1578:2011MGeol.281....1S
1494:2008BuSSA..98.2795G
1451:Annali di Geofisica
1423:on 25 February 2012
1406:2010SeiRL..81..907B
1362:1999GeoJI.139..370B
1304:2008Tectp.453..177C
1269:World Heritage List
1232:1998JGR...103.2749P
1198:2007AGUFM.S53A1019A
1151:2006GeoRL..33.8309G
1087:Annali di Geofisica
835:World Heritage Site
578:9 January foreshock
386:9 January foreshock
377:Main faults of the
337:zone. This zone of
312:convergent boundary
135: /
32:
2126:Geography of Malta
1853:1456 Central Italy
1707:Siracusa-sicilia.
1685:Siracusa-sicilia.
1502:10.1785/0120070192
990:Galea, P. (2007).
923:2010-07-28 at the
753:cathedral of Mdina
675:
575:
567:
383:
274:Straits of Messina
2121:1690s earthquakes
2098:
2097:
1943:1883 Casamicciola
1742:978-88-476-0756-9
1671:978-0-520-03526-3
1241:10.1029/97JB03403
1226:(B2): 2749–2758.
1111:Viceroy of Sicily
808:Palazzolo Acreide
280:were killed. The
220:
219:
16:(Redirected from
2173:
2136:Sicilian Baroque
1802:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
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1726:
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1704:
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1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1488:(6): 2795–2805.
1479:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1448:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1416:. Archived from
1391:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1335:
1316:
1315:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1257:
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1245:
1243:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1117:(August 4, 1695)
1104:
1102:
1084:
1075:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1047:
1014:
1013:
1011:
987:
981:
980:
974:
969:
967:
959:
957:
955:
949:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
936:
927:
915:
909:
908:
906:
882:
788:Sicilian Baroque
773:Ragusa Superiore
748:
737:
725:Vincenzo Sinatra
671:Sicilian Baroque
640:Knights of Malta
540:eruption of 1669
504:Tsunami deposits
343:Hyblaean Plateau
306:Tectonic setting
192:
190:
178:
150:
149:
147:
146:
145:
140:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
112:
81:
79:
60:
59:
53:
40:
33:
21:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2043:
2034:1990 Carlentini
1999:1930 Senigallia
1989:1920 Garfagnana
1952:
1933:1857 Basilicata
1811:
1806:
1776:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1467:
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1100:10.4401/ag-4054
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1009:10.4401/ag-3053
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721:
694:in Madrid, the
684:Crown of Aragon
680:
663:
621:Reggio Calabria
593:
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236:Crown of Aragon
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74:11 January 1693
71:Local date
66:
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2016:
2011:
2006:
2004:1936 Cansiglio
2001:
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1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
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1925:
1923:1783 Calabrian
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
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1873:1638 Calabrian
1870:
1865:
1863:1626 Girifalco
1860:
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1566:Marine Geology
1555:
1514:
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1377:
1317:
1292:Tectonophysics
1282:
1247:
1203:
1172:
1119:
1065:
1015:
1002:(6): 725–740.
982:
973:|journal=
928:
910:
869:
867:
864:
863:
862:
857:
852:
845:
842:
751:The medieval
750:
743:
742:
741:
732:
731:
730:
729:
728:
720:
719:Reconstruction
717:
704:Vicars General
700:Giuseppe Lanza
688:Kings of Spain
679:
676:
662:
659:
633:sand volcanoes
592:
589:
579:
576:
555:
552:
535:
532:
492:
489:
447:
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387:
384:
370:
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365:fault system.
324:Eurasian Plate
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240:Kings of Spain
218:
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210:
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72:
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2116:1693 in Italy
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2060:2009 L'Aquila
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2027:
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2019:1971 Tuscania
2017:
2015:
2012:
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1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
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1979:1915 Avezzano
1977:
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1969:1907 Calabria
1967:
1965:
1964:1905 Calabria
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1901:
1899:
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1709:"Noto Antica"
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1614:(3). London:
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1352:(2). London:
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1192:: S53A–1019.
1191:
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897:(207): 2–10.
896:
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406:
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401:Avola Vecchia
398:
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375:
368:
366:
363:
359:
355:
354:normal faults
350:
348:
344:
340:
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332:
329:
328:stratovolcano
325:
321:
317:
316:African Plate
313:
305:
303:
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294:
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283:
279:
275:
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266:
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216:60,000 deaths
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174:
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155:
148:
139:37.3°N 15.1°E
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2029:1980 Irpinia
2009:1962 Irpinia
1994:1930 Irpinia
1974:1908 Messina
1957:20th century
1948:1887 Liguria
1918:1743 Salento
1913:1732 Irpinia
1908:1706 Abruzzo
1892:
1868:1627 Gargano
1858:1570 Ferrara
1838:1222 Brescia
1768:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1731:
1724:
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1702:
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1680:
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1546:. Retrieved
1539:the original
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1530:
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1485:
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1425:. Retrieved
1418:the original
1397:
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1349:
1343:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1268:
1223:
1219:
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1185:
1142:
1138:
1114:
1109:the Spanish
1093:(5–6): 526.
1090:
1086:
1056:. Retrieved
999:
995:
985:
964:cite journal
952:. Retrieved
913:
894:
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777:
772:
768:
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681:
644:
637:
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523:foraminifera
519:gravity core
502:
494:
481:
477:
452:
449:
441:
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362:half-grabens
351:
322:beneath the
309:
297:
295:
267:
258:
223:
221:
186:
2090:2018 Molise
2085:2017 Ischia
2055:2002 Molise
2024:1976 Friuli
2014:1968 Belice
1984:1916 Rimini
1938:1873 Alpago
1928:1805 Molise
1893:1693 Sicily
1888:1688 Sannio
1848:1348 Friuli
1843:1343 Naples
1833:1169 Sicily
1828:1117 Verona
1748:22 November
1714:20 November
1692:20 November
1618:: 697–718.
1548:21 November
1507:20 November
1457:(5–6): 531.
1427:20 November
1356:: 370–394.
1275:22 November
804:Caltagirone
769:Ragusa Ibla
546:due to the
421:Francofonte
413:Noto Antica
287:Val di Noto
272:and in the
142: /
2166:Mount Etna
2105:Categories
1823:62 Pompeii
1816:Historical
1058:16 January
1054:. INGV-SGA
866:References
358:Quaternary
349:sequence.
331:Mount Etna
320:subducting
314:where the
270:Ionian Sea
213:Casualties
205:Foreshocks
164:, notably
144:37.3; 15.1
78:1693-01-11
1642:131262844
661:Aftermath
613:Agrigento
282:epicentre
261:) on the
251:foreshock
179:intensity
160:Southern
118:Epicenter
102:Magnitude
97:4 minutes
1461:Table I.
1271:. UNESCO
1167:32098099
954:30 March
921:Archived
844:See also
792:Syracuse
678:Response
605:Syracuse
469:Occhiola
461:Floridia
405:Floridia
243:Calabria
185:MMI XI (
94:Duration
1687:"Avola"
1620:Bibcode
1574:Bibcode
1490:Bibcode
1402:Bibcode
1358:Bibcode
1300:Bibcode
1228:Bibcode
1194:Bibcode
1147:Bibcode
800:Catania
757:Baroque
692:Viceroy
686:by the
647:Catania
617:Palermo
609:Messina
597:Catania
564:Catania
498:Mascali
491:Tsunami
473:Sortino
465:Melilli
457:Buscemi
453:Extreme
437:Vizzini
433:Sortino
425:Lentini
417:Catania
409:Melilli
397:Augusta
289:, in a
278:Catania
259:Extreme
238:by the
197:Tsunami
187:Extreme
130:15°06′E
127:37°18′N
76: (
1739:
1668:
1640:
1165:
832:UNESCO
820:Scicli
816:Comiso
812:Modica
796:Ragusa
780:Sicily
690:. The
655:Mallet
651:Modica
601:Ragusa
554:Damage
429:Scicli
245:, and
232:Sicily
168:, and
166:Sicily
1638:S2CID
1604:(PDF)
1542:(PDF)
1527:(PDF)
1478:(PDF)
1447:(PDF)
1421:(PDF)
1390:(PDF)
1216:(PDF)
1163:S2CID
1135:(PDF)
1083:(PDF)
828:Malta
824:Mdina
784:Malta
625:Malta
515:sonar
512:chirp
247:Malta
230:near
228:Italy
170:Malta
162:Italy
89:21:00
1750:2011
1737:ISBN
1716:2011
1694:2011
1666:ISBN
1550:2011
1509:2011
1429:2011
1277:2011
1060:2020
977:help
956:2022
822:and
782:and
623:and
603:and
585:Noto
548:dyke
471:and
435:and
381:zone
222:The
177:Max.
105:7.4
1628:doi
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