19:
248:
515:
507:
158:
626:
Mathieu René Lafon states that at that time many Lower
Navarrese and Souletins traveled to the village of Leizarraga, Beraskoiz. Moreover, the writer's parents and grandparents were from Lower Navarre and the assistants assigned to him by the Queen of Navarre were Souletins. This would explain why
373:, at that time there were two other poets, the writer of pastorals Joan Etxegarai and Arnaut Logras, of whose works nothing has come down to us, since it is probable that they were published after Etxepareâwhich would explain the lack of references to these authors and that he says in his verses:
365:
Unlike
Leizarraga, this author was not concerned with seeking a unified Basque, since his aim was to make Basque known, not that all Basques understood it. Because of this, he wrote in the only dialect he knew, Eastern Lower Navarrese. In general, Etxepare's orthography is quite irregular, given
843:
Specifically in the
Province of GuipĂșzcoaâas also in Vizcayaâthe preservation of the universal nobility was of great concern. With this objective in mind, a census of foreigners was carried out in Guipuzcoa in 1528, in which, in addition to Jews, Moors and Turks, French, Castilians, Navarrese,
257:
The author of the first work in Basque was Bernat
Etxepareâor Dechepare, according to the old Basque orthography. Little is known about his life, as was the case with most authors in Basque until the 20th century. According to the 31-line prologue he wrote in his work, he was parish priest of
886:
Hori erakusten digute Azkuek
Zaraitzun eta aita Donostiak Otxagabian herriaren ahotik jaso zituzten zenbait bertsok, herriak buruz mendeetan zehar gordeak, gure poetaren beste zenbait bertsorekin antz handia dutenak, edota, hobeto esan, hauek haiekin, eta poetak seguruenik harengandik
310:
Etxepare is innovative in the choice of themes, since there is no record of a similar theme having been used in popular Basque lyric poetry; in this respect, the
Navarrese is innovative. In compiling his work, Etxepare employs, according to some authors, techniques typical of
1203:
BETOLAZAko Juan
Perezek Ripaldaren 1591.eko princeps-etik itzuli Doctrina cristiana en romance y basquence, Mitxelenak berreskuratu arte ezezaguna zitzaigun, baina Bilbon atera zen 1596.ean, Pedro Kole Ibarrakoarenean, Kalagorriko eta Galtzadako Pedro Manso Zuñiga apezpikuak
631:
On the other hand, it must be taken into account that the coast of Labort at that time was of great economic importance at the
European level and, although it was not integrated within the Kingdom of Navarre, Leizarraga used the verbal inflection of this region as a basis.
623:, the three dialects of the French Basque Country were once united, and Leizarraga would have written when this was still the case. This theory has a serious obstacle: barely a century later, different texts written in Labortano, Low Navarrese and Souletin are found.
469:
If there is anything noteworthy, it is the use of prose, which was believed not to have been developed until the advent of the didactic asceticism of the School of Sara, in the 17th century. It is also valuable as a testimony of the existence of the disappeared
111:
became, from 1512, a viceroyalty, also under the authority of the King of
Castile. However, the dynasty previously reigning in Navarre retained its domains of Ultrapuertos, where it would continue to reign until the definitive integration of the kingdom into
270:. Born around 1493âalthough other sources include his birth in the previous decadeâhe was imprisoned for political reasons, probably for having supported the side of the Beamonteses, supporters of Castilian domination, against the Agramonteses, followers of
231:
Anbates, otoyyes nausu, ey nessassu gourray proposian ordine den. Non yssena bayta fescheria egabe, genherassy badia sadassu noura assia. Aran hondovan gualde eydassu nay dassuna. Esou oussyc eguinan soury hin, et darstura eguy harm, Genicoa plasar
67:
and other works on religious themes, he stands out for his attempt to find a unified languageâa concern of many of the later authorsâand for his use of cultured verbal forms and compound sentences, nonexistent in written literature up to that time.
116:. Even in the kingdom of Navarre, Basque had traditionally been neglected in favor of the neo-Latin languages, despite the fact that, especially among the peasantry, but also among the elites, a large part of society was monolingual in Basque.
608:
dialects. It is considered that he decided to unite the three dialects in order to reach a wider audience. Or, perhaps, that he himself spoke this mixture of different dialects. In this regard, the following theories have been put forward:
866:
According to
Juaristi, the verses used by Etxepare actually have 16 syllables and not 15, since one more syllable must be added due to their acute ending. According to this, the meter used by Etxepare would be the acute hexadecasyllable
407:, has meant that many of the ideas conceived until now about the history of Basque literature need to be revised, among them the isolation to which literature in Basque was said to have been subjected until well into the Modern Era.
430:
due not only to the proximity, but also to the taste of both for history and chronicles, which the author would capture in the Genealogy of his family, by which he was known until the discovery of the manuscript.
319:
used in cultured poetry. Other authors, however, do not agree with this opinion. He is considered a popular poet because of his use of meters typical of bertsolarism, probably intended to be read or sung.
744:: Christian doctrine and spiritual pasture of the soul for those with a heavy soul and for all states in Castilian and Basque). Its author was Sancho Eltso, and it is the first catechism printed in
855:...Etxeparek aukeratutako bide bertsolaritzako bide herrikoiak neurri eta errimetan akatsak zeuzkan (...) Bertsolaritzaren moldeak erabili izanagatik Oihenartek kritika zorrotza egin zion.
857:" Translation: "Etxepare's chosen paths of bertsolarism had errors in metrics and rhyme. (...) it is due to the use of meters of bertsolarism that Oihenart harshly criticized his verses."
723:, and the Alavese dialect is similar in many grammatical and syntactic features to the current Biscayanâdue to the fact that this one absorbed in later centuries the one spoken in Alava.
343:. It is far from the idealistic courtly lyric of the European Middle Ages; it treats the subject of love relationships with total naturalness, without any trace of Platonism.
1214:, until Mitxelena discovered it was unknown to us, but it was published in 1596 in Pedro Kole de Ibarra's, by order of Pedro Manso Zuñiga, bishop of Calahorra and Galtzada."
844:
Galicians, Labortians, Irish, Greeks, Venetians and Agotes were also registered. All of them were required to have a title of nobility before proceeding to their settlement.
585:. Critics highlight his merits as a translator, since, without having a model for writing prose in Basque, he had to do an immense work of translation. Influenced by
434:
The manuscript is composed of 102 pages in total, of which two thirds are poetry and the rest is part of a growing genre that had many followers at the time, the
764:. It is thanks to this litigation that we have knowledge of the first catechism in Basque of which no copy has been left to us, as that Flemish printer went to
596:
The recipients of his translations were the Basque speakers of the French Basque Country, although it is also unclear which dialect he used, as he took from
635:
Because of the cultured use of language that such a translation demanded and the meticulous fidelity he demanded of himself, Leizarraga used numerous
711:
we know that the dialect spoken in Alava had not yet receded nor had it been absorbed by the Biscayan dialect, so probably the one spoken both in
1112:
323:
The theme of love is treated with innocence, but with freshness, according to Julio Urkixo, so it has been said that it is halfway between the
414:, coming from Oñate, where he had settled at the end of the 15th century. He and his brother probably studied at the recently created
369:
Bernat's work cannot be understood as that of a solitary author; it was the result of a context, since, as Oihenart wrote in 1665 in
1288:
923:
458:
and many others, including Joan Perez Lazarraga. As in Sannazaro's, in Lazarraga's work prose and verse are intermingled. Far from
1054:
1032:
693:, Pedro Manso Zuñiga, it was republished several times after the author's death in 1600, and thanks to this copies are preserved.
677:. Its interest is mainly linguistic, since except for an extensive prayer in verse, the rest of the work is a translation of the
208:
represents the appearance of the first complete and printed text in Basque (in chapter IX). According to Vinson, this text is in
738:
Doctrina cristiana y pasto espiritual del alma para los que tienen cargo de almas y para todos estados en castellano y vascuence
1010:
541:
988:
752:
in 1568 by the Flemish printer Adriano Anvers, according to the Pamplona historian Isasti. In 1570, the author denounced the
139:(Spanish Basque Country) the feudal system suffered a severe blow with the appearance of a new legal figure, the universal
800:
466:
but without meeting the exactitude that Oihenart would ask for in the 17th century, he uses known forms of Basque verse.
1226:
616:
sticks to what the author himself says in the prologue, namely that he used his native Basque, i.e. Lapurdi Labortano.
1167:
1312:
871:, p. 35)). Juaristi also understands that we cannot properly speak of bertsolarism in such an early period. (
357:
The meters, measures and popular rhymes chosen by Etxepare had errors for the new Renaissance poetry, errors that
613:
597:
213:
71:
In addition to the works of the aforementioned authors, a translation of the catechism of JerĂłnimo de Ripalda by
1317:
1307:
669:
is the first Christian doctrine published in Basque and the first testimony we have of the Western dialectâor
400:
387:, is an authentic hymn to the Basque language, to which a brilliant future was predicted by Koldo Izaguirre.
216:. The first part of the text is a sentence and the second part is Panurgo's answer to Pantagruel's question:
1327:
1322:
820:...ezin dira ahaztu beste zenbait poeta, François Villon, Clément Marot eta Probentzako juglareak esaterako.
708:
666:
411:
259:
72:
34:
23:
620:
415:
128:
686:
719:
must have been that one. On the other hand, this doctrine was published for the Basque provinces and in
650:
132:
1140:
593:, with abundant subordinate sentences, although he masterfully alternated short and long propositions.
479:
1116:
169:
161:
76:
455:
451:
18:
180:
in Paris, thanks to the protection of the kings of Navarre to that college. In 1534, he published
950:
704:
649:. Although innovative in the use of cultured lexicon, his Basque is somewhat archaic in terms of
482:'s dictionary. The Basque used by Lazarraga is undoubtedly an archaic Basque, marked by forms in
427:
335:
275:
271:
177:
141:
108:
55:
and the popular Basque templates can be observed. In the case of Etxepare, often compared to the
823:
251:
168:
The first author to publish a text in Basque was the physician, priest and famous French writer
120:
748:, and the first book in Basque published in Hispanic Vasconia that is known. It was printed in
410:
Little is known about the Lord of the Tower of Larrea, belonging to the influential lineage of
59:, the influence of French literature has been mentioned. Regarding Leizarraga, translator into
1284:
790:
699:
recovered this translation due to its great linguistic interest, since the author was born in
590:
525:
42:
350:
The freshness and naturalness with which he treats love themes became unacceptable after the
827:
741:
712:
670:
605:
463:
443:
351:
209:
197:
173:
104:
38:
641:
to the detriment of Basque heritage words. For example, he translated "fisher of men" into
306:
Praise to the Basque language, to which he predicts a hopeful future (chapters XIV and XV).
962:
753:
749:
745:
696:
674:
601:
475:
471:
282:
185:
88:
60:
528:
is relevant for his translations of religious texts. He was born in 1525 in Beraskoitze (
303:
Autobiographical poems (chapter XIII): his hard stay in prison and plea of his innocence.
932:
145:
for Vizcaya, GuipĂșzcoa and some Navarre and Alava valleys, although clashes between the
1062:
1040:
757:
495:
316:
247:
1301:
795:
545:
537:
491:
462:, he is closer to the traditional lyric songs of the 15th century. More elegant than
419:
312:
263:
64:
657:. As in Lazarraga's work, linguistic traces can be found prior to the 16th century.
1018:
1193:
996:
637:
514:
378:
If until now you were unprinted, from today you will circulate all over the world.
1094:
206:
Horribles et épouvantables prouesses du trÚs renommé Pantagruel, roi des Dipsodes
119:
The main impulse to the literary use of Basque was given by the queen of Navarre
1251:
1076:
578:
519:
506:
483:
439:
366:
that, as his book was the first published in Basque, he lacked written models.
79:
are also preserved. Another translation of a doctrinal textânow lostâis known.
396:
380:", or that they were not published, as happened with Lazarraga's manuscript.
761:
690:
682:
654:
582:
533:
340:
330:
124:
100:
56:
1230:
544:, which commissioned him to help spread the reformation by translating the
149:(high nobility families) continued to dominate part of the political life.
1171:
765:
716:
700:
459:
358:
325:
286:
136:
51:
346:
For a time this author's work was criticized for the following reasons:
822:" Translation: "Nor can we forget the influence of other poets such as
529:
720:
661:
A Forgotten Translation: Doctrina christiana in romanca and basquence
423:
404:
297:
Religion (chapters I and II): the Virgin Mary and Christian doctrine.
267:
113:
92:
91:
was fragmented in different areas of sovereignty. The territories of
756:
muleteer Juan Bastida for having failed to deliver to the priest of
426:. Pruden Gartzia defends that Lazarraga could have had contact with
281:
Etxepare was the first author to publish a work entirely written in
157:
540:âas did the queenâand placed himself at the orders of the Synod of
586:
246:
96:
900:
Iparraldeko euskaldunentzat idatzi zuela igartzen zaio, bestalde
46:
285:âsomething he was probably aware of himself. It was printed in
87:
In the 16th century, as nowadays, the linguistic domain of the
768:
in 1568, with all reference to it disappearing from then on.
418:. His brother, after becoming a widower, would later move to
278:
returned the Lower Navarre territories to the house of Foix.
49:, the influence of the traditional court lyric, the Italian
1055:"Lazarragaren eskuizkribuaren estraineko datatze-azterketa"
518:
Dialectal distribution according to the doctoral thesis of
293:, and it is a short collection of poems about four themes:
736:
This book, now lost, was written in 1561 with the title
45:. In the manuscript of the first of them, discovered in
548:
into Basque. Leizarraga published three translations:
399:
found by Borja Aginagalde in 2004 and acquired by the
182:
Vie horrifique du grand Gargantua, pĂšre de Pantagruel
1194:"Literaturan barrenako ibilaldia eliz-egileen bidez"
1206:Translation: "Juan Perez translated from Ripalda's
853:
Euskera eta literatura (Batxillergoa), pp. 19-20: "
315:(4/4//4/3), presumably because he did not know the
300:
Love (chapters III-IV): lustful and amorous verses.
1227:"literaturaren zubitegia - Aurkibide alfabetikoa"
1168:"literaturaren zubitegia - Aurkibide alfabetikoa"
931:. Vol. 17. pp. 264â266. Archived from
26:discovered in the year 2004 by Borja Aginagalde.
884:Speech by Patxi Altuna. Euskaltzaindia, 1995: "
818:"Lur hiztegi entziklopedikoa" Lur, 1991-1994: "
228:
218:
190:
33:begins with three authors considered classics:
1162:
1160:
1135:
1133:
553:Jesus Krist Gure Jaunaren Testamentu Berria (
8:
1033:"Larrea Burgos baino hobea, Toledoren kidea"
383:One of the compositions of Etxepare's work,
577:The three works were published in 1571 in
184:, where he already included a sentence in
1212:Doctrina cristiana en romanca y basquence
627:all three forms are present in his texts.
975:
872:
868:
513:
505:
156:
17:
914:
811:
703:and the work was published in the then
665:The translation made by the Alava-born
958:
948:
589:, he used a syntax similar to that of
1113:"Piarres Lafitte: Euskal literaturaz"
1077:"TeorĂas Sobre El Origen Del Euskara"
573:(on Christian teachings or doctrine).
474:, which had already been proposed by
442:. This genre had been inaugurated by
7:
1141:"Literatura y tradiciĂłn oral - hiru"
989:"Domingo Agirre Badiola (1864-1920)"
732:The Catechism of Sancho Eltso (1561)
673:âdespite the clear influence of the
536:-Clairence. In 1560 he converted to
221:Jona andie, guassa goussyetan behar.
564:(calendar of religious festivities)
689:. Commissioned by the cardinal of
131:. While this was happening in the
123:, when, in 1559, she converted to
14:
571:ABC edo Kristinoen instrukzionea,
450:and continued by authors such as
289:in the year 1545, with the title
153:The first text: François Rabelais
1192:Bidador, Joxemiel (March 1998).
1095:"Dialectos: Siglos XVII Y XVIII"
898:Euskera eta literatura. Elkar: "
780:Joan Etxegarai and Arnaut Logras
777:The songbooks of Juan de Undiano
707:. Thanks to the manuscript of
172:, in 1542, three years before
75:and two verses of an elegy by
31:16th-century Basque literature
1:
801:Culture of the Basque Country
645:, instead of the traditional
204:The second edition (1542) of
103:had been integrated into the
1229:. 2016-05-02. Archived from
1170:. 2016-05-05. Archived from
1115:. 2016-03-25. Archived from
494:) and the old forms in the
127:and decided to promote the
1344:
925:Rabelais y la lengua basca
510:Basque dialects by region.
486:already lost, the archaic
291:Linguae Vasconum Primitiae
274:, king of Navarre, before
176:. Rabelais studied at the
422:and then to the court of
200:: "Friend, let's drink!")
581:, the stronghold of the
361:would criticize harshly.
1015:Literaturaren Zubitegia
993:Literaturaren Zubitegia
922:Vinson, Julien (1887).
403:from an antiquarian in
401:DiputaciĂłn de GuipĂșzcoa
391:Joan Perez de Lazarraga
258:Eyheralar, a town near
107:for centuries, and the
35:Joan Perez de Lazarraga
24:Joan Perez de Lazarraga
1279:Juaristi, Jon (1987).
667:Juan PĂ©rez de Betolaza
621:Louis Lucien Bonaparte
532:) and died in 1601 in
522:
511:
260:San Juan Pie de Puerto
254:
235:
224:
202:
165:
129:Protestant Reformation
73:Juan PĂ©rez de Betolaza
27:
1198:Euskaldunon Egunkaria
999:on 29 September 2007.
517:
509:
371:L'art poétique basque
250:
238:Three classic authors
160:
133:French Basque Country
21:
1065:on 14 January 2022.
1043:on 14 January 2022.
830:and the minstrels (
687:JerĂłnimo de Ripalda
456:Miguel de Cervantes
452:Jorge de Montemayor
416:University of Oñate
1283:. Madrid: Taurus.
760:444 copies of the
705:Lordship of Biscay
523:
512:
341:Archpriest of Hita
336:Libro de buen amor
276:Charles I of Spain
272:John III of Albret
255:
226:And it continues:
178:College of Navarre
166:
109:Kingdom of Navarre
83:Historical context
57:Archpriest of Hita
28:
1313:Basque literature
1256:euskalkultura.eus
791:Basque literature
591:Romance languages
555:The New Testament
526:Joanes Leizarraga
502:Joanes Leizarraga
170:François Rabelais
162:François Rabelais
43:Joanes Leizarraga
1335:
1294:
1281:Literatura vasca
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1252:"Euskal kultura"
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:on 25 March 2016
1109:
1103:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1061:. Archived from
1051:
1045:
1044:
1039:. Archived from
1029:
1023:
1022:
1021:on 24 June 2008.
1017:. Archived from
1011:"Beñat Etxepare"
1007:
1001:
1000:
995:. Archived from
985:
979:
973:
967:
966:
960:
956:
954:
946:
944:
943:
937:
930:
919:
903:
896:
890:
882:
876:
864:
858:
851:
845:
841:
835:
816:
772:Other lost works
671:Biscayan dialect
478:in his study of
464:Bernard Etxepare
444:Jacopo Sannazaro
352:Council of Trent
210:Souletin dialect
105:Crown of Castile
39:Bernard Etxepare
1343:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1318:Poems in Basque
1308:Basque language
1298:
1297:
1291:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1009:
1008:
1004:
987:
986:
982:
974:
970:
957:
947:
941:
939:
935:
928:
921:
920:
916:
911:
906:
897:
893:
883:
879:
875:, p. 24)).
865:
861:
852:
848:
842:
838:
834:) of Provence."
824:François Villon
817:
813:
809:
787:
774:
734:
729:
697:Koldo Mitxelena
675:Alavese dialect
663:
614:Piarres Lafitte
602:lower Navarrese
504:
496:auxiliary verbs
476:Koldo Mitxelena
436:novela pastoril
393:
252:Jeanne d'Albret
245:
243:Bernat Etxepare
240:
195:
193:Lagona edatera!
155:
147:Ahaide Nagusiak
121:Jeanne d'Albret
89:Basque language
85:
77:Juan de Amendux
52:novela pastoril
12:
11:
5:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1328:Basque writers
1325:
1323:Basque history
1320:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1243:
1218:
1184:
1156:
1129:
1104:
1086:
1068:
1046:
1024:
1002:
980:
976:Juaristi (1987
968:
913:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:
891:
877:
873:Juaristi (1987
869:Juaristi (1987
859:
846:
836:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
798:
793:
786:
783:
782:
781:
778:
773:
770:
733:
730:
728:
725:
662:
659:
643:giza pescadore
629:
628:
624:
617:
575:
574:
568:
559:
503:
500:
472:Alavic dialect
392:
389:
363:
362:
355:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
266:, present-day
244:
241:
239:
236:
154:
151:
84:
81:
22:Manuscript of
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1340:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1292:
1290:84-306-2529-1
1286:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1233:on 2 May 2016
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1213:
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1273:Bibliography
1259:. Retrieved
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1235:. Retrieved
1231:the original
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1176:. Retrieved
1172:the original
1148:. Retrieved
1145:www.hiru.eus
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959:|work=
758:Cintruénigo
681:edition of
579:La Rochelle
562:Kalendrera,
520:Koldo Zuazo
484:subjunctive
460:petrarchism
440:renaissance
1302:Categories
1261:2022-09-07
1237:2022-09-07
1178:2022-09-07
1150:2022-09-07
1123:2022-09-07
942:2022-09-08
909:References
651:morphology
647:arrantzale
448:La Arcadia
397:manuscript
333:, and the
1204:aginduta.
961:ignored (
951:cite book
762:catechism
709:Lazarraga
691:Calahorra
683:catechism
655:phonetics
638:cultismos
598:Labortano
583:Huguenots
534:Labastide
438:from the
412:Lazarraga
385:Contrapas
331:Alfonso X
142:hidalguia
125:Calvinism
101:Guipuzcoa
1210:of 1591
1208:princeps
1099:hiru.com
1081:hiru.eus
887:ikasiak.
785:See also
766:Pamplona
717:Betolaza
713:La Rioja
679:princeps
606:Souletin
492:ablative
480:Landucci
359:Oihenart
326:Cantigas
287:Bordeaux
174:Etxepare
137:Hegoalde
750:Estella
742:English
715:and in
530:Labourd
428:Garibay
317:metrics
198:English
63:of the
1287:
754:Tudela
746:Basque
721:Bilbao
488:nondik
424:Madrid
420:Toledo
405:Madrid
283:Basque
268:France
186:Basque
114:France
93:Biscay
61:Basque
936:(PDF)
929:(PDF)
807:Notes
701:Ălava
587:Latin
446:with
339:, by
329:, by
262:, in
232:vadu.
135:, in
97:Alava
1285:ISBN
963:help
653:and
604:and
395:The
99:and
47:2004
41:and
832:sic
685:by
542:Pau
212:or
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